![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nickname(s) | La Blanquirroja (The White and Red) Los Incas (The Incas) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Association | Peruvian Football Federation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Confederation | CONMEBOL (South America) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Head coach | Vacant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Captain | Claudio Pizarro[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Most caps | Roberto Palacios (128)[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Top scorer | Teófilo Cubillas (26)[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Home stadium | Estadio Nacional | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FIFA code | PER | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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FIFA ranking | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Current | 39 ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Highest | 19 (July 2013) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lowest | 91 (September 2009) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
First international | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() ![]() (Lima, Peru; November 1, 1927) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Biggest win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() ![]() (Bogotá, Colombia; August 11, 1938) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Biggest defeat | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() ![]() (Santa Cruz, Bolivia; June 26, 1997) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
World Cup | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearances | 4 (first in 1930) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Best result | Round 2, 1970 & 1978 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Copa América | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearances | 34 (first in 1927) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Best result | Winners, 1939 and 1975 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CONCACAF Gold Cup | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearances | 1 (first in 2000) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Best result | Third (shared), 2000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Medal record
|
The Peru national football team has represented Peru in international football since 1927. Managed by the Peruvian Football Federation (FPF),[A] it is one of the 10 members of FIFA's South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL). The Peruvian team's performance has been inconsistent; it enjoyed its most successful periods in the 1930s and 1970s.[3] It plays home matches primarily at the Estadio Nacional in Lima, the country's capital.
The Peru national team has won the Copa América twice, qualified for four FIFA World Cup final tournaments, and participated in the 1936 Olympic football competition. It has longstanding rivalries with Chile and with Ecuador.[4] The Peruvian team is well-known for its white shirts adorned with a red "sash" running from the left shoulder to the right hip—this basic design has been used continuously since 1936. The white and red colors, taken from the country's national flag, give rise to the team's common Spanish nickname, la Blanquirroja ("the white-and-red").[5]
Peru took part in the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930 and enjoyed victories in the 1938 Bolivarian Games and the 1939 Copa América, when it was led by players Teodoro Fernández, Juan Valdivieso, and Alejandro Villanueva.[3] Peruvian football's successful period in the 1970s brought it worldwide recognition, with players such as Héctor Chumpitaz, Hugo Sotil, and Teófilo Cubillas.[6] This team qualified for three FIFA World Cups and won the Copa América in 1975.
Peru last reached the World Cup finals in 1982; it has since failed to qualify, and has not won any major tournament. FIFA temporarily suspended the team from international competition in late 2008 while Peruvian government investigated allegations of corruption within the FPF. Peru appointed Uruguayan Sergio Markarián as its head coach in 2010 and, after achieving third place at the 2011 Copa América, was unable to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.
History
Association football was introduced to Peru in the 19th century by British immigrants and Peruvians returning from England.[7] Members of the British community in the capital Lima founded the Lima Cricket Club, a sports club dedicated to cricket, rugby and football, in 1859.[B][9][10] These new sports became popular among upper-class Peruvians over the following decades. After early developments were halted by the War of the Pacific against Chile from 1879 to 1883,[11] coastal society in Peru embraced modern innovations such as football, which became a popular daily activity in Lima barrios. Urban bosses encouraged their workers to take up the sport, hoping that it would breed solidarity and improved productivity.[12] In the adjacent port of Callao and other commercial areas, British civilian workers and sailors played the sport among themselves and with locals.[13][C] Sports rivalries between locals and foreigners arose in Callao, and between elites and workers in Lima. Over time, as foreigners departed, this evolved into a rivalry between Callao and Lima.[7][15] These factors, coupled with the sport's rapid development among the urban poor of Lima's La Victoria district (where the Alianza Lima club was formed in 1901), led to Peru developing the strongest footballing culture in the Andean region.[16]
The Peruvian Football League was formed in 1912 and held each year until it broke up in 1921 amid disputes between the member clubs.[17] The Peruvian Football Federation (FPF) was created the following year and, in 1926, it reorganized the annual league competition.[18] The FPF joined the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) in 1925, and formed a national team in 1927—the delay was due to financial issues.[19] The team debuted in the 1927 South American Championship, which the FPF hosted at the Estadio Nacional in Lima.[13] Peru's first match was a 0–4 loss against Uruguay; its second was a 3–2 victory over Bolivia.[20] Peru took part in the inaugural FIFA World Cup in Uruguay in 1930.[21]
The 1930s have been called Peruvian football's first golden era.[3] Starting with Ciclista Lima in 1926, Peruvian clubs toured Latin America. During one of these tours—Alianza Lima's undefeated journey through Chile in 1935—a group of players emerged that became called the Rodillo Negro ("Black Roller"), led by forwards Alejandro Villanueva and Teodoro Fernández and goalkeeper Juan Valdivieso.[22] Sports historian Richard Witzig described these three as "a soccer triumvirate unsurpassed in the world at that time", citing their combined innovation and effectiveness at both ends of the field.[3] Peru and the Rodillo Negro awed crowds at the 1936 Summer Olympics, won the inaugural Bolivarian Games in 1938, and finished the decade as South American champions.[23][24] Subsequent years proved less successful for the team; according to historian David Goldblatt, "despite all the apparent preconditions for footballing growth and success, Peruvian football disappeared".[25] He attributes this sudden decline to Peruvian authorities' repression of "social, sporting and political organizations among the urban and rural poor" during the 1940s and 1950s.[25] Peru generally performed creditably at the South American Championships during this period, however, and only narrowly missed qualification for the Sweden 1958 World Cup finals, losing over two legs to eventual champions Brazil.[26]
![Photo of three men, wearing all-white uniforms marked by a red diagonal stripe in their jerseys, inside a stadium filled with spectators](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Sotil_Cubillas_Challe_1973.png)
A series of successes during the late 1960s, culminating with qualification for the 1970 World Cup finals in Mexico, ushered in a second golden period for Peruvian football.[3][28] Peru reached the quarter-finals in 1970, losing to the tournament winners Brazil, and earned the first FIFA Fair Play Trophy.[29][30] Five years later, Peru were crowned South American champions for the second time when they won the 1975 Copa América (as the South American Championship was renamed that year). The team then qualified for two consecutive World Cup tournaments: it reached the second round in Argentina 1978, and was knocked out in the first group stage at the 1982 tournament in Spain. Peru's early elimination in 1982 ended a period when its "flowing football was admired across the globe".[31]
Following its failure to qualify for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, renewed expectations for Peru were centered on a young generation of Alianza Lima players known colloquially as Los Potrillos ("The Colts").[D] However, on December 8, 1987, an aircraft returning most of Alianza's team and coaching staff from Pucallpa (in the Peruvian Amazon) to Lima crashed into the Pacific Ocean. All aboard were killed except the pilot. Among the dead were the national team coach Marcos Calderón and several Peruvian international players, including Luis Escobar, widely tipped as a future star forward, and goalkeeper José González Ganoza.[33] Peru's ensuing hiatus, finishing last in both the 1990 and 1994 World Cup qualifiers, was followed by a slight recovery at the end of the decade. After earning fourth place at the 1997 Copa América, it missed qualification for the France 1998 World Cup only on goal difference.[34] Peru later won the 1999 Kirin Cup held in Japan (sharing the title with Belgium) and placed third at the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup,[35][36] where it was invited as a guest team. However, the national squad failed to secure qualification for the South Korea/Japan 2002 and Germany 2006 World Cup finals.[37]
Much of the blame for Peru's performance was placed on FPF president Manuel Burga.[38] In 2008, the Peruvian government charged Burga with corruption and declared his re-election illegal. In response, FIFA suspended Peruvian Football League officials and referees, the national football team, and prevented Peru from hosting the 2009 South American Youth Championship.[39] After the Peruvian Institute of Sport (IPD) agreed to discuss matters and reach an agreement with the FPF, with IPD President Arturo Woodman avoiding direct communications with Burga, FIFA president Sepp Blatter lifted the bans and restrictions.[40][41] The following year, Peru missed qualification for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa and ended the year as CONMEBOL's lowest ranked team.[42] Afterwards, Peru achieved third place at the 2011 Copa America, and reached its highest-ever FIFA position (19th) in July 2013.[43] It failed to qualify for the Brazil 2014 World Cup, however.[44]
Colors
The Peru national football team plays in red and white, the country's national colors.[45] Its first-choice kit has been, since 1936, white shirts, white shorts and white socks with a distinctive red "sash" crossing the shirt diagonally from the proper left shoulder to the right hip. This basic scheme has been only slightly altered over the years.[5] It has won praise as one of world football's most attractive kit designs; Christopher Turpin, the executive producer of NPR's All Things Considered news show, lauded the 1970 iteration in 2010 as "the beautiful game's most beautiful shirt", also commenting that it "was retro even in 1970".[46] The version worn in 1978 came first in a 2010 ESPN list of the "Best World Cup jerseys of all time", described as a "simple yet strikingly effective piece of design".[47]
Peru's first kit, made for the 1927 South American Championship, comprised a white-and-red striped shirt, white shorts and black socks. According to sports historian Jaime Pulgar-Vidal Otálora, this kit and that worn by Alianza Lima at the time were influenced by the jockey uniforms used in Peruvian President Augusto B. Leguía's stables. The two outfits were identical except Alianza's had blue stripes instead of red. Pulgar-Vidal Otálora suggests that Leguía might have been directly involved in the 1927 uniform's design, citing the fact that different kits were adopted after his overthrow in 1932.[48]
Peru were compelled to use an alternative design in the 1930 World Cup because Paraguay had already registered a kit with white-and-red striped shirts. The Peruvians instead wore white shirts with a red collar, white shorts and black socks.[48] For the 1935 South American Championship, a horizontal red stripe was added to the shirt. The following year, at the Berlin Olympics, the team adopted the red sash design it has retained ever since.[5] According to Pulgar-Vidal Otálora, the idea for the diagonal red stripe came from school football matches in which colored sashes worn over the shoulder would allow two teams wearing white shirts to play against each other.[49]
The Peru national team has had eight official kit manufacturers. The first of these, Adidas, began supplying the team's kit in 1978. Peru have since had contracts with Penalty (1981–82), Adidas (1983–85), Calvo Sportwear (1987), Power (1989–91), Diadora (1991–92), local manufacturer Polmer (1993–95), Umbro (1996–97), and Peruvian company Walon Sport (1998–2010).[5] Umbro have produced the team's kit since 2010.[50]
Stadium
![Photograph of a stadium's exterior](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Estadio_Nacional_de_Lima%2C_Peru..jpg/220px-Estadio_Nacional_de_Lima%2C_Peru..jpg)
The traditional home of the Peruvian team is the country's national stadium, the Estadio Nacional in Lima, which houses 45,000 spectators.[13] The present ground is the Estadio Nacional's third incarnation, the result of renovations conducted under the Alan García administration; it was officially opened on July 24, 2011,[52] 88 years to the day after the inauguration of the original Estadio Nacional, Peru's first national stadium, on the same site in 1923.[53]
The original Estadio Nacional was a wooden structure with a 6,000-spectator capacity—it was donated by members of Lima's British community to celebrate the centenary of Peru's independence from Spain.[53] The stadium was rebuilt with a larger capacity under General Manuel Odría and opened for the second time on October 27, 1952.[54]
The Estadio Nacional has a natural bermudagrass pitch. It was, from 2005 to 2011,[55] the only national stadium in CONMEBOL to have artificial turf, installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship. The stadium was during this period one of Peru's four "FIFA Star II" grounds, the highest certification granted to artificial pitches, but the synthetic turf was blamed for players' injuries, such as burns and bruises.[56] Regular grass was reinstalled as part of the redevelopments completed in 2011.[55]
A distinctive feature of the stadium is the Miguel Dasso Tower, named in honor of Miguel Dasso, the president of the Sociedad de Beneficencia de Lima who led the calls for the ground's first renovation in the 1950s. Located on the building's northern side, the tower contains luxury boxes and was most recently renovated in 2004.[57] The 2011 improvements included the construction of an exterior covered by thousands of plaques made from a zinc aluminium alloy, and another tower on the southern side with a restaurant inside.[58] A multi-colored illumination system was also added inside the ground, as well as two giant LED screens and 375 private suites.[51]
The national team occasionally plays home matches at other venues. Outside the desert-like coast region of Lima, the thin atmosphere at the high-altitude Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega in Cusco and the balmy Amazonic climate of the Estadio Max Augustín in Iquitos have been described as providing strategic advantages for Peru against certain visiting teams.[59][60] Other common alternate venues for the national team include two other grounds in the Peruvian capital, Alianza's Estadio Alejandro Villanueva and Universitario's Estadio Monumental "U".[61][62]
Supporters
![Photograph of people cheering from the stands inside an illuminated stadium at night](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Estadio_Nacional_nuevo_07_10_2011.jpg/220px-Estadio_Nacional_nuevo_07_10_2011.jpg)
Football has been the most popular sport in Peru since the early 20th century.[64] The sport was originally largely exclusive to Lima's Anglophile elite and expatriates, and secluded from the rest of the city,[65] but it became an integral part of wider popular culture during the 1900s and 1910s. Augusto B. Leguía's government institutionalized the sport into a national pastime over the following decades by promoting and organizing its development.[66]
Peruvian football fans are known for their distinctive chant ¡Arriba Perú! ("Come on Peru!"),[67] as well as for their use of traditional Peruvian música criolla to express support, both at national team games and at club matches. Música criolla attained national and international recognition with the advent of mass media during the 1930s, becoming a widely recognized symbol of Peru and its culture.[68] The national team's most popular anthem is Peru Campeón, a polca criolla (Peruvian polka) glorifying Peru's qualification for the Mexico 1970 World Cup.[68][69]
Peruvian supporters are infamously known for the Estadio Nacional disaster, which is often cited as one of the worst tragedies in football history.[70] On May 24, 1964, during a 1964 Summer Olympics qualifying match between Peru's under-20 team and its counterpart from Argentina, trouble was sparked when the Uruguayan referee Angel Payos disallowed a would-be Peruvian equalizer, alleging rough play. Two spectators invaded the pitch and attacked the referee while a "fusillade of objects" were thrown from the stands. Police threw tear gas into the crowd, which caused a stampede; trying to escape, fans were crushed against the stadium's locked gates. A total of 315 people were killed in the chaos, with more than 500 others injured.[71]
Rivalries
![Portrait of two men, dressed in sports attire, looking straight a the viewer](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Raul_Toro_y_Lolo_Fernandez.jpg/220px-Raul_Toro_y_Lolo_Fernandez.jpg)
The Peru football team maintains prominent rivalries with its counterparts from neighboring Chile and Ecuador. The Peruvians have a favorable record against Ecuador and a negative record against Chile.[72][73] Both of these rivalries date back to the 1939 South American Championship in Lima, when Peru first faced Ecuador and Chile in an official tournament; Peru won both games.[74] Peru's first FIFA World Cup matches against its two rivals were played during qualifying for the Argentina 1978 World Cup; Peru defeated both Ecuador and Chile over two legs, directly eliminating them both.[72][73]
The rivalry between Chile and Peru is popularly known as the Clásico del Pacífico (Pacific Derby).[4] CNN World Sport editor Greg Duke ranks it among the top ten football rivalries in the world.[75] Chile and Peru also traditionally vie for the rank of fourth-best national team in South America (behind Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay); however, unlike Peru, the Chilean team has never won a major international competition.[76] Both nations furthermore claim to have invented the bicycle kick; Peruvians call it the chalaca, and it is the chilena in Chile.[77]
Historical border conflicts are behind the football rivalry between Ecuador and Peru. In 1995, after the Cenepa War, CONMEBOL even contemplated altering that year's Copa América group stage to prevent a match between the two sides.[78] Ecuadorian fans consider "losses to Colombia or Peru [as] an excuse to lament Ecuador's inability to establish itself as an international soccer power".[79] During the Brazil 2014 World Cup qualifiers, Ecuador's captain Walter Ayoví declared that "these matches have always had something additional, a thorough rivalry. We are going to play for the pride of representing the country, its colors, because these games have always been a kind of derby".[80]
Competitive records
FIFA World Cup
Peru has participated in 14 World Cup qualifiers and 4 World Cup finals. In the qualifiers, the squad has a record of 35 wins, 30 draws, and 59 losses, with 130 goals in favor and 174 against. In the finals, the team holds a record of 4 wins, 3 draws, and 8 losses, with 19 goals in favor and 31 against.[20] During the 1930 competition, a Peruvian became the first player sent off in a World Cup.[E] Luis de Souza Ferreira scored Peru's first tournament goal on July 14, 1930, in a match against Romania.[83] Teófilo Cubillas is the team's top World Cup scorer with 10 goals in 13 games.[84]
FIFA World Cup | Qualification | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Host | Round | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | Squad | Pos. | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | |
1930 | ![]() |
Group stage | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 4 | Squad | Qualified as invitees | |||||||
1934 | ![]() |
Withdrew | Withdrew | ||||||||||||||
1938 | ![]() |
Did not enter | Did not enter | ||||||||||||||
1950 to 1954 | Withdrew | Withdrew | |||||||||||||||
1958 | ![]() |
Did not qualify | 2nd | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
1962 | ![]() |
2nd | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||
1966 | ![]() |
2nd | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 6 | |||||||||
1970 | ![]() |
Quarter-finals | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 9 | Squad | 1st | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 4 | |
1974 | ![]() |
Did not qualify | Play-off | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||||||
1978 | ![]() |
Quarter-finals | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 12 | Squad | 2nd | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 3 | |
1982 | ![]() |
Group stage | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | Squad | 1st | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2 | |
1986 | ![]() |
Did not qualify | Play-offs | 8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 9 | ||||||||
1990 | ![]() |
3rd | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 8 | |||||||||
1994 | ![]() |
4th | 6 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 12 | |||||||||
1998 | ![]() |
5th | 16 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 19 | 20 | |||||||||
2002 | ![]() ![]() |
8th | 18 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 25 | |||||||||
2006 | ![]() |
9th | 18 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 20 | 28 | |||||||||
2010 | ![]() |
10th | 18 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 11 | 34 | |||||||||
2014 | ![]() |
7th | 16 | 4 | 3 | 9 | 17 | 26 | |||||||||
2018 | ![]() |
Group stage | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Squad | Play-off | 20 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 29 | 26 | |
2022 | ![]() |
Did not qualify | Play-off | 19 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 19 | 22 | ||||||||
2026 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
To be determined | In progress | 6 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 8 | ||||||||
2030 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
To be determined | |||||||||||||||
2034 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||
Total | Quarter-finals | 18 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 21 | 33 | — | 5/22 | 174 | 50 | 43 | 81 | 184 | 241 |
Copa América
![Photograph of an artistic show inside a football stadium](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Copa_America-2004-02.jpg/220px-Copa_America-2004-02.jpg)
Peru has participated in 31 Copa América tournaments (the first in 1927), played as hosts six times (1927, 1935, 1939, 1953, 1957, 2004), and won it twice (1939 and 1975). The team has a record of 49 victories, 32 draws, and 55 losses, with 199 goals in favor and 222 against.[20] Demetrio Neyra scored Peru's first tournament goal on November 13, 1927, in a match against Bolivia.[48] The team boasts three top scorers—Teodoro Fernández (7 goals, 1939), Eduardo Malásquez (3 goals, 1983), and Paolo Guerrero (5 goals, 2011),[85] three hat-trick scorers—Teodoro Fernández (1939 and 1941), Miguel Loayza (1959), and Paolo Guerrero (2011),[86] and two "Best Player" recipients—Teodoro Fernández (1939) and Teófilo Cubillas (1975).[87]
The Peruvian team's first continental title was achieved in the 1939 South American Championship, after a string of undefeated victories against Ecuador (5–2), Chile (3–1), Paraguay (3–0), and Uruguay (2–1). Peru had 13 goals in favor and 4 against. It became the fourth nation to win the South American championship, after Uruguay, Brazil, and Argentina, and the first team from western South America to obtain the title.[88]
The national side won its second continental title in the 1975 Copa América, the first time the tournament was played by all ten CONMEBOL members and the first time the competition was held without a fixed venue.[89] Peru ended the first stage as leader of Group 2, eliminating Chile and Bolivia. In the semifinals, Peru defeated Brazil (1–3) in Belo Horizonte but lost in Lima (0–2), forcing a CONMEBOL-sponsored "choice of card" which determined Peru the winner. In the two-legged final between Colombia and Peru, both teams won their respective home games (1–0 in Bogota and 2–0 in Lima), forcing a play-off in Caracas which the Peruvians won by a goal.[90]
Template:Peru Copa América record
Olympic Games
![Photo of twelve men, seven standing and five crouching, inside a stadium](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Peru_Football_1936_Olympics.png/220px-Peru_Football_1936_Olympics.png)
Peru's senior side participated in one Olympic football tournament: the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, Germany. The squad had a record of two victories, scoring eleven goals and conceding five.[20] Teodoro Fernández scored Peru's first tournament goal on August 6, 1936, in a match against Finland. Fernández is also the team's top scorer, with a total of six goals in two games, and Peru's only hat-trick scorer at the Olympics.[92]
Qualification for the tournament was determined at the 1935 South American Championship held in Lima. Uruguay won with an undefeated run and Argentina earned second place; nevertheless, both sides declined to participate in the Olympics because of economic problems. Peru, which placed third after defeating Chile, thus became South America's representative.[3][93]
The Peruvian players were subsequently selected from Alianza Lima's Rodillo Negro (which had an undefeated tour in Chile in late 1935), reinforced from the starting eleven of Sport Boys (winners of the 1935 Peruvian Primera División) and Universitario de Deportes.[94] In Berlin, Peru began the competition by eliminating Finland (7–3), with goals from Teodoro Fernández and Alejandro Villanueva.[92] In the quarterfinals, Peru faced Austria, then popularly known as the Wunderteam, coached by Jimmy Hogan.[F] The game ended with a 2–2 draw in regular time, but Peru scored twice and won the match (4–2) in extra time.[98] Peru would have faced Poland in the semifinals, but decisions outside the field of play led to its withdrawal from the competition.[G]
Players
Current squad
The following players were named for the unofficial friendly match against Basque Country on December 28, 2013.[102] Caps and goals updated as of December 28, 2013.
Recent callups
The following players have been called to Peru's national team in the last 12 months.
Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club | Latest call-up | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GK | Salomón Libman | February 25, 1984 | 6 | 0 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
GK | José Carvallo | March 1, 1986 | 4 | 0 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
GK | Raúl Fernández | October 6, 1985 | 27 | 0 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
DF | Santiago Acasiete | October 22, 1977 | 44 | 2 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
DF | Carlos Zambrano | July 10, 1989 | 26 | 3 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
DF | Néstor Duarte | September 8, 1990 | 6 | 0 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
DF | Diego Chávez | March 7, 1993 | 0 | 0 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
DF | Orlando Contreras | June 1, 1982 | 7 | 1 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
DF | Edwuin Gómez | March 4, 1993 | 4 | 0 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
DF | Aurelio Saco Vértiz | May 30, 1989 | 0 | 0 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
DF | Jesús Álvarez INJ | August 26, 1981 | 4 | 0 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
DF | Alexander Callens | May 4, 1992 | 2 | 0 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
MF | Juan Manuel Vargas | October 5, 1983 | 48 | 4 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
MF | Carlos Lobatón | February 6, 1980 | 32 | 1 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
MF | Luis Ramírez | November 10, 1984 | 31 | 2 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
MF | Josepmir Ballón | March 21, 1988 | 25 | 0 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
MF | Paolo Hurtado | July 27, 1990 | 11 | 2 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
MF | Jefferson Farfán INJ | October 26, 1984 | 63 | 17 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
MF | Edison Flores | May 15, 1994 | 1 | 0 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
MF | Michael Guevara | June 10, 1984 | 15 | 0 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
FW | Claudio Pizarro | October 3, 1978 | 74 | 19 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
FW | André Carrillo | June 14, 1991 | 14 | 1 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
FW | Irven Ávila | July 2, 1990 | 9 | 0 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
FW | Yordy Reyna | September 17, 1993 | 6 | 2 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
FW | José Carlos Fernández | May 14, 1983 | 6 | 2 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
FW | Paolo Guerrero INJ | January 1, 1984 | 49 | 19 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
FW | Raúl Ruidíaz INJ | July 25, 1990 | 8 | 0 | ![]() |
v. ![]() | ||
FW | Reimond Manco | August 23, 1990 | 6 | 0 | ![]() |
v. ![]() |
- INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.
- WD Player withdrew from the squad due to personal reason.
Notable players
CONMEBOL has described Peru as traditionally exhibiting an "elegant, technical and fine football style" and praised it as "one of the most loyal exponents of South American football talent".[103] Sports historians and analysts invariably concur that Teófilo Cubillas, an attacking midfielder and striker popularly known as "The Kid" (in Spanish: El Nene), is the most remarkable player to have represented the team.[104]
Peru's first football idols were Teodoro Fernández, Alejandro Villanueva, and Juan Valdivieso.[105] Fernández was the team's forward and primary goal scorer. His partner on the attack, Villanueva, was a gifted playmaker. Valdivieso was a goalkeeper adept at using his athletic qualities to stop penalty kicks.[106]
Other notable players, described by CONMEBOL as "true artists of the ball", include forwards Pedro Pablo León and Hugo Sotil, defender Héctor Chumpitaz, and midfielders Roberto Challe, César Cueto, and Roberto Palacios.[103] Argentine sports magazine El Gráfico described Cueto, Cubillas, and José Velásquez as "the best [midfield] in the world" in 1978.[107] Historian Richard Witzig lists Chumpitaz among the "Best Players of the Modern Era" and praises him as "a strong reader of the game with excellent ball skills and distribution, [who] marshaled a capable defense to support Peru's attack".[108]
In 1972, Cubillas, Chumpitaz, Sotil, and Julio Baylón were called up to the South America XI squad that faced the Europe XI at Basle, Switzerland. In the match, a commemorative game for the benefit of homeless children, Cubillas scored the first goal in a 0–2 win for South America.[109] Sotil, Chumpitaz, and Cubillas again participated with the South America XI squad in 1973, this time facing the Europe XI at Barcelona's Nou Camp in a charity match for the benefit of world poverty. Chumpitaz played as South America's captain. The game, which ended 4–4 on regular time and with each of the Peruvians scoring a goal, was won by South America in a penalty shoot-out (6–7).[110]
Managers
Peru's first two managers were from Uruguay. The first, Pedro Olivieri, was chosen to coach Peru in the 1927 South American Championship because of his prior experience managing the Uruguay national football team. The second, Julio Borelli, spent a few years as a referee in Peru (even arbitrating the first Peruvian Clásico, the derby between Alianza Lima and Universitario) prior to becoming Peru's coach in the 1929 South American Championship.[112]
The Peruvians' first FIFA World Cup manager (and third head coach), Francisco Bru, had previously played at FC Barcelona and served as Spain's first national team manager.[113] Other managers that have led Peru in the World Cup include Brazilian Valdir Pereira (appointed for Mexico 1970),[26] Peruvian Marcos Calderón (appointed for Argentina 1978), and Brazilian Elba de Pádua Lima (appointed for Spain 1982).[84]
Owing to their records and achievements, Marcos Calderón and Englishman Jack Greenwell are considered by sports analysts and historians as the best managers of the Peru national football team. Greenwell led Peru through an undefeated eight-game run, winning the 1938 Bolivarian Games and the 1939 South American Championship in the process. Calderón led Peru to glory at the 1975 Copa América and qualified the national side to the 1978 FIFA World Cup.[113][114]
Other tournament-winning managers include Peruvians Juan Carlos Oblitas and Freddy Ternero, and Uruguayan Sergio Markarián, each having led Peru to victory in the Kirin Cup competition in 1999, 2005, and 2011, respectively.[115]
Fixtures and records
Since 1927, Peru has played 545 matches, including friendlies,[20] and has a positive record against national teams from the Caribbean, Asia, Africa, and Central America.[116] Peru's biggest win, a 9–1 victory against Ecuador, took place on August 11, 1938, at the Bolivarian Games held in Colombia. The team's biggest defeat, a 7–0 loss to Brazil, occurred on June 26, 1997, at the Copa América held in Bolivia.[20] Peru was the first recipient of the FIFA Fair Play Trophy, awarded in the 1970 World Cup, for being the only team that received no yellow or red cards.[29]
Roberto Palacios has the most appearances with the national team, having played 122 times between 1992 and 2007. Héctor Chumpitaz, with 105 appearances, is second, and Jorge Soto, with 101 appearances, is third. For goalkeepers, Oscar Ibañez holds the most appearances with 50 caps, followed by Miguel Miranda (47 caps) and Ramón Quiroga (40 caps).[2] Teófilo Cubillas is the team's top goalscorer with 26 goals in 81 appearances. Teodoro Fernández is second, but he holds a higher goal per appearance average with 24 goals in 32 appearances. In third place is Nolberto Solano, who has 20 goals in 89 appearances.[2] Claudio Pizarro scored Peru's fastest goal during a match against Mexico on August 20, 2003; he also scored the second fastest goal and Luis Ramírez the third.[117]
See also
- Peru national football team indiscipline scandals
- Peru women's national football team
- Peru national under-17 football team
- Peru national under-20 football team
- Peru national beach soccer team
- Peru national futsal team
- Peruvian Primera División
- Sport in Peru
Notes
- ^ The acronym FPF comes from the organization's Spanish name, Federación Peruana de Futbol.
- ^ The Lima Cricket and Football Club is the oldest club in Peru, and might also be the oldest club in the Americas that today plays association football.[8]
- ^ During these games in Callao, the Peruvians possibly invented the bicycle kick, which is known in Peru as the chalaca (meaning "from Callao").[14]
- ^ According to sociologists Aldo Panfichi and Victor Vich, Los Potrillos "became the hope of the entire country"—Peru fans expected them to lead the country to qualification for the Italy 1990 World Cup.[32]
- ^ According to FIFA, the player was defender Plácido Galindo,[81] but forward Souza Ferreira and other sources contend that it was midfielder Mario de las Casas.[82]
- ^ Although an amateur side with no players that represented them in the 1934 FIFA World Cup,[95] Austria's 1936 Olympic side is also considered part of the Wunderteam by sports historians and FIFA. This favors the idea that the Wunderteam was primarily a strategic creation of coaches Jimmy Hogan and Hugo Meisl.[96][92][97]
- ^ After the game against Peru, the Austrian delegation protested the result claiming that Peruvian fans invaded the pitch.[99] Despite the nationality of the spectators was never confirmed and crowd control was the responsibility of the Nazi soldiers,[100] a FIFA committee presided by Jules Rimet ordered a behind closed doors replay; in response, Peruvian President Óscar R. Benavides withdrew the country's entire Olympic delegation.[99] Historian Richard Witzig maintains that only the International Federation of Football History & Statistics has condemned the actions taken against Peru in Berlin, and that FIFA (which has upheld the validity of Peru's Olympic victory over Austria, but not listed Fernández among the tournament's top scorers) blames the International Olympic Committee for the controversial decision made against Peru.[101]
References
- ^ "¿Por qué Claudio se retractó sobre lo que dijo de Bielsa?" (in Spanish). El Comercio.pe. January 29, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
- ^ a b c d José Luis Pierrend (February 29, 2012). "Peru – Record International Players". RSSSF.com. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f Witzig 2006, p. 349.
- ^ a b "A derby and a debut in South America". FIFA.com. October 10, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
- ^ a b c d "La Blanquiroja" (in Spanish). Arkivperu.com. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Peru". FIFA.com. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ a b Gerardo Tomas Álvarez Escalona. "La difusión del fútbol en Lima" (in Spanish). UNMSM. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ "¿Sabías que Perú tiene el club de fútbol más antiguo de América?" (in Spanish). Peru.com. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ Higgins 2005, p. 130.
- ^ "Un Poco de Historia" (in Spanish). Lima Cricket & Football Club. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
- ^ Juan Luis Orrego Penagos (October 18, 2008). "La historia del fútbol en el Perú" (in Spanish). Blogs.PUCP.edu.pe. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
- ^ Jacobsen 2008, p. 378.
- ^ a b c Henshaw 1979, p. 571.
- ^ DK Publishing 2011, p. 100.
- ^ See:
- Goldblatt 2008, pp. 135–136,
- Stein 2011, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Goldblatt 2008, p. 135.
- ^ Murray 1994, p. 127.
- ^ "Historia" (in Spanish). FPF.org.pe. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ Jaime Pulgar-Vidal Otálora (October 23, 2007). "La Selección Peruana de 1924" (in Spanish). Jaimepulgarvidal.blogspot.com. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f José Luis Pierrend (March 6, 2012). "Peru International Results". RSSSF. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
- ^ Basadre 1964, pp. 4672–4673.
- ^ See:
- Basadre 1964, pp. 4671–4673,
- Miró 1958, p. 66.
- ^ Thorndike 1978, p. 158.
- ^ Waldemar Iglesias (July 31, 2012). "Cuando Perú Humilló a Hitler" (in Spanish). Clarín.com. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ a b Goldblatt 2008, p. 642.
- ^ a b c Henshaw 1979, p. 572.
- ^ Radnedge 2001, p. 195.
- ^ "The Silence of the Bombonera". FIFA.com. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ a b "Fair Play Trophy for Peru". Asian Recorder. 16. New Delhi: K.K. Thomas at Recorder Press. 1970.
- ^ Fiore 2012, p. "El Nene" de Perú.
- ^ DK Publishing 2010, p. 75.
- ^ Panfichi & Vich 2005, pp. 161, 173.
- ^ Panfichi & Vich 2005, pp. 161–162, 173.
- ^ David Hidalgo Jiménez (June 11, 2009). "Chemo podría empeorar su récord negativo como técnico de la selección" (in Spanish). El Comercio.pe. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ José Luis Pierrend (June 11, 2000). "Kirin Cup 1999". RSSSF. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Gold Cup 2000". GoldCup.org. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Cifras de las últimas tres Eliminatorias dejan a Perú fuera del Mundial" (in Spanish). El Comercio.pe. March 27, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
- ^ "Manuel Burga es desaprobado por el 81% de los peruanos" (in Spanish). Peru.com. February 25, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Suspension of the Peruvian FA". FIFA.com. November 25, 2008. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Peru announce breakthrough over FIFA ban". ESPN Soccernet. December 13, 2008. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
- ^ "Blatter: Solidarity needed". FIFA.com. December 20, 2008. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
- ^ "Perú acabará el 2009 como el peor equipo de Sudamérica" (in Spanish). El Comercio.pe. December 16, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Venezuela no olvida que Perú le quitó el tercer puesto en la Copa América" (in Spanish). El Comercio.pe. September 4, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
- ^ "Perú y Bolivia se despiden con empate (1-1)" (in Spanish). FIFA.com. October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
- ^ Witzig 2006, p. 338.
- ^ Christopher Turpin (June 15, 2010). "The Lost Elegance Of Football Jerseys". NPR. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ Roger Bennett (March 10, 2010). "Best World Cup jerseys of all time". ESPN Soccernet. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
- ^ a b c Jaime Pulgar-Vidal Otálora (February 24, 2007). "Hace 80 Años Debutó Peru" (in Spanish). Jaimepulgarvidal.blogspot.com. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ Jaime Pulgar-Vidal Otálora (September 6, 2012). "La Blanquiroja: La Camiseta de Todos los Colores" (in Spanish). Jaimepulgarvidal.blogspot.com. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Nueva camiseta Umbro Peru" (in Spanish). Arkivperu.com. December 3, 2010. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ a b "De otro mundo: Mira en 360 grados el estadio Nacional" (in Spanish). Libero.pe. July 26, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Estadio Nacional se inauguró con la selección y fuegos artificiales" (in Spanish). El Comercio.pe. July 24, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ a b "Colonia británica donó primer estadio nacional" (in Spanish). Británico. July 25, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ Leigh Raffo 2005, p. 266.
- ^ a b "No más sintético: el Estadio Nacional ya luce césped natural" (in Spanish). El Comercio.pe. January 24, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
- ^ "Evaluará FIFA Cuestionadas Canchas Artificiales en Perú" (in Spanish). El Universal.mx. March 9, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ Juan Luis Orrego Penagos (October 20, 2008). "Estadios de fútbol en Lima (1)" (in Spanish). Blogs.PUCP.edu.pe. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
- ^ Víctor R. Nomberto (July 23, 2011). "Historia del Estadio Nacional" (in Spanish). Blogs.PUCP.pe. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
- ^ Witzig 2006, pp. 323–325.
- ^ "Sporting Cristal inicia el torneo en el horno de Iquitos" (in Spanish). Peru.com. February 13, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
- ^ "La selección también jugará en Matute" (in Spanish). Peru21.pe. February 18, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
- ^ "Selección Nacional podría jugar ante Ecuador en el Estadio Monumental" (in Spanish). Depor.pe. April 10, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
- ^ UPI (April 2, 2013). "Chile es cuarta en asistencia de público en Clasificatorias al Mundial 2014" (in Spanish). Emol.com. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
- ^ Bravo 2012, p. 42.
- ^ Wood 2007, p. 128.
- ^ Wood 2007, pp. 128–129.
- ^ Foley Gambetta 1983, p. 12.
- ^ a b Wood 2007, p. 130.
- ^ UPI (December 9, 2012). ""Perú Campeón" (1969)" (in Spanish). Arkivperu.com. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
- ^ See:
- Snyder 2001, p. 78,
- Goldblatt 2008, p. 642.
- ^ See:
- Snyder 2001, p. 79,
- Goldblatt 2008, p. 642.
- ^ a b "Ecuador-Peru, 1938–2011". RSSSF. March 6, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ a b "Chile – Peru matches, 1935–2011". RSSSF. March 6, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ Henshaw 1979, p. 652.
- ^ Greg Duke (November 6, 2008). "Top 10 international rivalries". CNN.com. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
- ^ Henshaw 1979, p. 126.
- ^ Witzig 2006, p. 22.
- ^ Llopis 2009, p. 171.
- ^ Handelsman 2000, p. 49.
- ^ "Eliminatorias 2014: Ecuador 'calienta' el partido con Peru". La Prensa.pe. June 3, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
- ^ "101 Facts" (PDF). FIFA Magazine. June/July 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Pedro Canelo (May 11, 2010). "El primer expulsado en la historia de los mundiales fue peruano" (in Spanish). El Comercio.pe. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
- ^ Henshaw 1979, p. 789.
- ^ a b Witzig 2006, p. 156.
- ^ Roberto Mamrud and Karel Stokkermans (March 14, 2013). "Copa América 1916–2011". RSSSF. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
- ^ "Paolo Guerrero está junto a "Lolo" Fernández y al "Mago" Loayza en la historia de la Copa América". Libero.pe. July 23, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
- ^ Martín Tabeira (July 19, 2007). "The Copa América Archive – Trivia". RSSSF. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
- ^ Henshaw 1979, pp. 648, 652.
- ^ Henshaw 1979, pp. 648.
- ^ Henshaw 1979, pp. 656–657.
- ^ Goldblatt 2008, p. 641.
- ^ a b c Witzig 2006, p. 351.
- ^ Martín Tabeira (November 23, 2007). "Southamerican Championship 1935". RSSSF. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
- ^ Roberto Salinas (June 17, 2013). "Continuando con las cronicas ..." (in Spanish). CPDP.com.pe. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
- ^ Roberto Castro and Alfredo Tirado (August 3, 2010). "Perú en los Juegos Olímpicos de 1936: Berlín sin muros" (in Spanish). DeChalaca.com. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
- ^ Agostino 2002, p. 80.
- ^ "Classic Coach: Hugo Meisl – The banker's son who masterminded a Wunderteam". FIFA.com. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
- ^ Murray 1994, p. 66.
- ^ a b Mandell 1987, p. 194.
- ^ Witzig 2006, p. 352, 358.
- ^ Witzig 2006, p. 358.
- ^ "Perú vs País Vasco: Selección Peruana anunció lista de convocados" (in Spanish). Depor.pe. December 20, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
- ^ a b "Peruvian Football Federation". CONMEBOL.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 29 June2013.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ See:
- Witzig 2006, p. 156,
- Henshaw 1979, p. 160,
- Dunmore 2011, p. 63.
- ^ Witzig 2006, pp. 131, 350, 486.
- ^ Witzig 2006, p. 350.
- ^ Panfichi & Vich 2005, p. 161.
- ^ Witzig 2006, p. 149.
- ^ Henshaw 1979, p. 143.
- ^ Henshaw 1979, pp. 144–145.
- ^ Miguel Villegas (August 27, 2011). "El informe de Tim tras la eliminación de Perú de España '82" (in Spanish). El Comercio.pe. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
- ^ Raúl Behr (June 6, 2012). "El entrenador del silbato" (in Spanish). DeChalaca.com. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ a b Roberto Castro (May 16, 2008). "Once Ideal: La cumbre de los técnicos" (in Spanish). DeChalaca.com. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ Panfichi & Vich 2005, p. 162.
- ^ "Perú comparte la Copa Kirin con Japón y República Checa" (in Spanish). El Comercio.pe. June 7, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ José Luis Pierrend (March 6, 2012). "Peru v Caribbean teams". RSSSF. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
José Luis Pierrend (March 6, 2012). "Peru v Asian teams 1967–2011". RSSSF. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
José Luis Pierrend (March 6, 2012). "Peru v African teams 1970–1982". RSSSF. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
José Luis Pierrend (March 6, 2012). "Peru v Central American teams 1952–2011". RSSSF. Retrieved June 26, 2013. - ^ "'Cachito' anotó el tercer gol más rápido de Perú en los últimos años" (in Spanish). Depor.pe. October 8, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
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- Stein, Steve (2011). "The Case of Soccer in Early Twentieth-Century Lima". In Stavans, Ilan (ed.). Fútbol. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC. ISBN 978-0-313-37515-6.
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- Witzig, Richard (2006). The Global Art of Soccer. Harahan: CusiBoy Publishing. ISBN 0-9776688-0-0.
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- Wood, David (2007). Miller, Rory; Crolley, Liz (eds.). ¡Arriba Perú! The Role of Football in the Formation of a Peruvian National Culture. London: Institute for the Study of the Americas. ISBN 978-1-900039-80-2.
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External links