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Peru
Shirt badge/Association crest
Nickname(s)La Blanquirroja
(The White and Red)
Los Incas
(The Incas)
AssociationPeruvian Football Federation
ConfederationCONMEBOL
(South America)
Head coachUruguay Sergio Markarián
CaptainClaudio Pizarro
Most capsRoberto Palacios (128)
Top scorerTeófilo Cubillas (26)[1]
Home stadiumEstadio Nacional
FIFA codePER
First colours
Second colours
FIFA ranking
Current30
Highest25 (July 2011)
Lowest91 (September 2009)
First international
Peru Peru 0–4 Uruguay 
(Lima, Peru; November 1, 1927)
Biggest win
Peru Peru 9–1 Ecuador 
(Bogotá, Colombia; August 11, 1938)
Biggest defeat
 Brazil 7–0 Peru Peru
(Santa Cruz, Bolivia; June 26, 1997)
World Cup
Appearances4 (first in 1930)
Best resultRound 2, 1970 & 1978
Copa América
Appearances34 (first in 1927)
Best resultWinners, 1939 and 1975
CONCACAF Gold Cup
Appearances1 (first in 2000)
Best resultThird (shared), 2000
Medal record
Bolivarian Games
Gold medal – first place 1938 Bogotá NA
Copa Centenario de Armenia
Bronze medal – third place 1989 Armenia NA
Kirin Cup
Gold medal – first place 1999 Japan NA
Gold medal – first place 2005 Japan NA
Gold medal – first place 2011 Japan NA
Marlboro Cup
Silver medal – second place 1989 New York NA
Nike United States Cup
Bronze medal – third place 1997 U.S. Cup NA

The Peru national football team represents Peru in international football competition and is managed by the Peruvian Football Federation (FPF). The team competes against the other nine members of FIFA's CONMEBOL conference, which encompasses the countries of South America. The Peruvian team's performance has been inconsistent, although it is considered to have enjoyed two successful periods in the 1930s and 1970s.[2]

Founded in 1927, the Peru national football team plays its home matches primarily at the Estadio Nacional in Lima. Peru has won the Copa América twice, qualified for four FIFA World Cup tournaments, and participated in two Olympic tournaments. Peru's traditional footballing rival is Chile,[3] but the team also has a prominent rivalry with Ecuador. The classic colors of the team are white and red, the colors of the Peruvian flag, and the team is commonly known as la Blanquirroja (Spanish for "the white-and-red").[4]

Early in its history, Peru participated in the inaugural World Cup tournament and enjoyed victories in the 1938 Bolivarian Games and the 1939 Copa América, when it was led by Teodoro Fernández, Juan Valdivieso, and Alejandro Villanueva.[2] Peruvian football's successful period in the 1970s brought Peru back to world recognition, with players such as Héctor Chumpitaz, Hugo Sotil, and Teófilo Cubillas.[5] This team qualified for three FIFA World Cups and won the Copa América in 1975.

Peru's 1982 World Cup participation was its last to date: the national team has not since won a major tournament or participated in a World Cup tournament. The team was temporarily suspended from international participation by FIFA in late 2008 due to allegations of corruption involving government sport authorities and the FPF. Peru has currently appointed Uruguayan Sergio Markarián as its head coach and, after achieving third place at the 2011 Copa América, seeks to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

History

Main article: History of the Peru national football team

Football was introduced to Peru in the nineteenth century by British immigrants and Peruvians returning from England.[6] As early as 1859, Lima's British community founded the Lima Cricket Club, a sports club dedicated to the practice of cricket, hockey, tennis, and football.[A][8][9] These sports found a warm reception from the Peruvian elite, who saw in their practice signs of modernity and good health, as well as a good way to promote values such as discipline, competition, and optimism. However, these early developments in sports were halted by the outbreak of the War of the Pacific (1879-1883).[10]

After the war, new "popular diversions, arts, and food ways found widespread acceptance" in Peru's coast. In Lima, football became "a popular sport promoted by bosses for the cohesion of their workers and to a daily practice on empty lots in popular urban barrios".[11] In the adjacent port of Callao and other centers of commerce, "British advisors, engineers, and other technicians" (including sailors) played the sport among themselves and with local workers.[12][B] Sports rivalries arose in Callao, between locals and foreigners, and in Lima, between elites and workers. Overtime, as the foreigners departed, this became a rivalry between Callao and Lima.[14][6][15] Due to these factors, including the sport's rapid development among the urban poor of Lima's La Victoria district (thanks to the foundation of Alianza Lima in 1901), Peru formed the strongest footballing culture in the Andean region.[16]

Hugo Sotil, Teófilo Cubillas, and Roberto Challe at Peru's national stadium in 1973. Sotil and Cubillas "forged an ideal partnership" on the attack of Peru's second golden era.[17]

In 1912, the first Peruvian Football League tournament was organized, lasting until team disputes discontinued the league in 1921.[18] Consequently, in 1922 a central organization was created, the Peruvian Football Federation (FPF),[C] to take charge of the troubled Peruvian Football League tournament in 1926.[19] The FPF joined the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) in 1925, and (after resolving financial problems) formed a national football team in 1927.[20] Peru debuted in the 1927 South American Championship.[12]

During the 1930s, Peruvian football entered its first golden era.[2] Starting with Ciclista Lima in 1926, Peruvian clubs toured throughout Latin America. One of these tours, Alianza Lima's undefeated journey through Chile in 1935, saw the formation of the Rodillo Negro led by players Alejandro Villanueva, Juan Valdivieso, and Teodoro Fernández.[21][22] Sports historian Richard Witzig writes that these players "formed a soccer triumvirate unsurpassed in the world at that time".[2] Peru, which had a prior fair performance at the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930,[23] with El Rodillo Negro awed audiences at the 1936 Summer Olympics, won the inaugural Bolivarian Games in 1938, and finished the decade as South American champions.[24][25]

Subsequent years proved lackluster for the Peruvian team. According to historian David Goldblatt, "despite all the apparent preconditions for footballing growth and success, Peruvian football disappeared". He attributes this to the repression taken against "social, sporting and political organization among the urban and rural poor" during the 1940s and 50s.[26] During this period, Peru was generally "in the middle of the standings" at South American Championships, and barely missed the Sweden 1958 World Cup after being narrowly defeated by Brazil (which went on to win the competition).[27]

A series of staggering victories in the late 1960s, culminating in the qualification for the Mexico 1970 World Cup, brought Peru to another golden era.[28][2] Peru reached quarterfinals (knocked out by Brazil, the eventual champions), and earned the first FIFA Fair Play Trophy.[29][30] Peru next won its second Copa América in 1975 and qualified for the Argentina 1978 World Cup, reaching the competition's second round. Lastly, the squad qualified to the Spain 1982 World Cup, but did not get past the first stage. Peru's elimination ended a period when its "flowing football was admired across the globe".[31]

Renewed expectations for Peru, following the national team's failed qualification for the Mexico 1986 World Cup, centered on a young generation of Alianza Lima players known colloquially as "The Colts" (Spanish: Los Potrillos).[D] Yet, on December 8, 1987, an aircraft returning to Lima most of Alianza's team and coaching staff from Pucallpa (in the Peruvian Amazon) crashed into the Pacific Ocean, leaving among the dead several national team players (including rising sensation Luis Escobar and goalkeeper José González Ganoza) and national team coach Marcos Calderón.[33] Peru's ensuing hiatus, ending last in both the 1990 and 1994 World Cup qualifiers, experienced a slight recovery at the end of the decade. After earning fourth place at the 1997 Copa América, the national side nearly qualified for the France 1998 World Cup, eliminated only due to a goal difference with Chile.[34] Afterwards, Peru won the 1999 Kirin Cup (sharing the title with Belgium) and gained third place at the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup.[35][36]

Presently, Peru continues its unsuccessful streak of eliminations to the World Cup finals, in addition to struggling with player indiscipline scandals and accusations of corruption. Much of the blame for Peru's performance is placed on FPF President Manuel Burga.[37][38][39] In 2008, the Peruvian government charged Burga with corruption and made his re-election illegal. In response, FIFA suspended Peruvian Football League officials and referees, the national football team, and prevented Peru from hosting the 2009 South American Youth Championship.[40] After Peruvian Institute of Sport (IPD) president Arturo Woodman agreed to discuss matters and reach an agreement with the FPF, FIFA President Sepp Blatter lifted the bans and restrictions.[41] With FIFA's approval, the FPF later reappointed Burga in 2009.[42] That same year Peru ended last in CONMEBOL's World Cup qualifying round-robin tournament and as the lowest-ranked team in the South American confederation.[43]

On July 2, 2010, Uruguayan Sergio Markarián took charge of the national team tasked with leading Peru in the 2011 Copa América and the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[44] His work with the squad received positive comments from Pelé,[45] and Peru won the Kirin Cup in 2011.[46] Markarián's first challenge was another indiscipline scandal; Markarián temporarily banned Reimond Manco and John Galliquio.[47] Peru achieved third place at the 2011 Copa América, even though several of the team's key players were unavailable because of injuries.[48]

Uniform

Brown-haired man with a moustache wearing a white jersey with a diagonal red sash
Alberto Terry, midfielder for Peru (1953–1959) wearing the team's traditional jersey.

Peru's national colors are red and white.[49] The team's first uniform was made for the 1927 South American Championship; it consisted of white shorts and a shirt with red vertical stripes. For the 1930 FIFA World Cup, an all-white kit with a red collar was chosen. A third uniform was made for the 1935 South American Championship; a horizontal red stripe was added. Peru's current uniform was designed for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics; a red stripe crosses the chest diagonally from the left shoulder to the hip's right in the front and vice-versa in the back.[4]

According to sports historian Jaime Pulgar Vidal Otálora, Peru's first uniform was similar to that of Alianza Lima, whose kits were influenced by the jockey uniforms used in Peruvian President Augusto B. Leguía's stables. The only difference between the kits was the color of the jersey's vertical stripes, which were blue for Alianza and red for the national side. Pulgar Vidal Otálora argues that Peru's first uniform was probably directly influenced by Leguía, pointing out that the kit was later changed after he was overthrown from power in 1932.[50] The team's second uniform, worn by Peru at the 1930 FIFA World Cup, was an alternate kit used only because Paraguay had already registered a uniform that was of similar design.[50]

Pulgar Vidal Otálora claims that Peru acquired its current design from a tradition of adding a red diagonal stripe to distinguish teams playing with white jerseys.[51] In 2010, the ESPN television network placed Peru's 1978 jersey first in a list of the "Best World Cup jerseys of all time", praising its "simple yet strikingly effective piece of design".[52] That same year, Christopher Turpin (NPR's executive producer of All Things Considered) also praised the 1970 design, claiming that "[t]o this day, I still think it’s the beautiful game’s most beautiful shirt".[53]

Peru's uniform has been manufactured by eight separate companies. In 1978, Adidas became the first official manufacturer. During the 1980s, Peru had contracts with Penalty (1981–1982), Adidas (1983–1985), Calvo Sportwear (1987), and Power (1989–1991). In the 1990s, Peru contracted with Diadora (1991–1992), local manufacturer Polmer (1993–1995), and Umbro (1996–1997). It also had a long-term contract with local company Walon Sport (1998–2010).[4] Since 2010, Umbro has again produced the kits for Peru.[54]

Kit evolution of the Peru national football team
  • Football uniform composed of a white shirt with red vertical stripes, white shorts, and black socks.
    Peru's first uniform (1927-1929)
  • Football uniform composed of a white shirt with a red collar, white shorts, and black socks.
    Peru's 1930 uniform
  • Football uniform composed of a white shirt with a red horizontal stripe, white shorts, and white socks.
    Peru's 1935 uniform
  • Football uniform composed of a white shirt with a red diagonal stripe, white shorts, and white socks.
    Peru's current uniform (1936 – present)

Stadium

Main article: Estadio Nacional (Lima)
The renovated Estadio Nacional offers high-quality lighting for HD newscasts.[55]

The Estadio Nacional is a 45,000-spectator stadium located in Lima that acts as the traditional home of the Peruvian team and the national stadium of Peru.[12] The first national stadium, a wooden structure with a 6,000-spectator capacity, was donated by Lima's British community to celebrate Peru's centenary of independence from Spain; it was inaugurated on July 24, 1923.[56] Under the regime of General Manuel Odría, the stadium was reconstructed, expanded, and officially re-inaugurated on October 27, 1952, with the current spectator capacity.[57] The present stadium is the result of a renovation process conducted under the government of Alan García; it was re-inaugurated on July 24, 2011.[58]

A unique feature of the stadium is the Miguel Dasso Tower, named in honor of the main advocate of the stadium's first renovation. Located on the building's northern side, the tower had luxury boxes which overtime fell into disuse until the tower's renovation in 2004.[59] The arena was also the only national stadium in CONMEBOL to have artificial turf, installed to improve its aesthetic appeal for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship, and was one of Peru's four "FIFA Star II" (the highest certification granted to artificial pitches) stadiums.[60]

Renovations completed in 2011 brought major changes to the Estadio Nacional, including an overhaul of the artificial turf in favor of natural bermudagrass.[61] The building's exterior is now covered by thousands of plaques made from a zinc aluminium alloy, and another tower was constructed on the southern side of the stadium to host a restaurant.[62] Additional improvements include a modern exterior and interior multi-colored illumination system, two giant LED screens, individual spectator seats, and 375 private suites.[55]

The national team occasionally selects other stadiums as its home venue. Outside the "desert-like coastal region" where Lima is situated, the thin atmosphere at the high-altitude Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega in Cusco and the balmy Amazonic climate of the Estadio Max Augustín in Iquitos provide strategic advantages against certain rivals.[63][64] Other common alternate venues for the national team include Alianza's Estadio Alejandro Villanueva and Universitario's Estadio Monumental "U", both located in the Peruvian capital.[65][66]

Supporters

See also: Football in Peru
Amid the 2014 World Cup qualifiers, Peru had an average of 36,827 spectators per game at the Estadio Nacional.[67]

During the nineteenth century, football in Peru "was markedly English, played by members of the expatriate community and the Anglophile elite on grass pitches in clubs that were physically separated from the daily reality of Lima".[68] Matters changed in the early twentieth century as football became "a form of popular culture with autonomous characteristics of organization and practice". The Peruvian state, under the government of Augusto B. Leguía, proceeded to institutionalize the sport into national culture by promoting and organizing its development in the country.[69] Nowadays, football remains the most popular sport in Peru, captivating the populace's "fervor, enthusiasm, and passion".[70]

Peruvian fans commonly encourage the national squad with the popular sports chant ¡Arriba Perú!.[71] Fans have also traditionally expressed their support for club teams, football players, and the national side through música criolla, an early popular music genre from Peru. By the 1930s, with the advent of mass media, música criolla enjoyed "national and international recognition" to the point that it became "a symbol of national culture" for Peru.[72] To this day, the national team's popular anthem is Peru Campeón, a polka criolla glorifying Peru's qualification to the Mexico 1970 World Cup.[73][72]

Supporters of Peru are infamously known for the Estadio Nacional disaster, considered as one of the most terrible in football history,[74][26] which occurred on May 24, 1964, during a 1964 Summer Olympics qualifying match between the youth (under-20) squads of Peru and Argentina. Problems were sparked after Uruguayan referee Angel Payos disallowed a goal from Peru, which would have tied the score, alleging "rough play" from the Peruvians. Two spectators jumped into the field to attack the referee while a "fusillade of objects" were thrown on the pitch from the stands. Police responded by throwing tear gas into the crowd, causing a stampede that was worsened by the stadium's locked gates. The death toll amounted to 315 spectators and more than 500 were injured in the chaos.[26][75]

FIFA World Cup record

Main articles: Peru at the FIFA World Cup and FIFA World Cup qualification (South America)
File:Peru 1970 National Football Team (digital restoration).jpg
Peru's 1970 World Cup team. Sports historian Richard Henshaw describes them as "the surprise of the 1970 competition, showing flair and a high level of skill"[27]

Peru has participated in fourteen World Cup qualifiers and four World Cup finals. In the qualifiers, the squad has a record of thirty-one wins, twenty-eight draws, and fifty-four losses, with 118 goals in favor and 159 against. In the finals, the team hold a record of four wins, three draws, and eight losses, with 19 goals in favor and 31 against.[76] Luis de Souza Ferreira scored Peru's first tournament goal on July 14, 1930, in a match against Romania.[77] Teófilo Cubillas is the team's top World Cup scorer with 10 goals in thirteen games.[78]

As one of the thirteen national sides who accepted the invitation to the inaugural World Cup, Peru was placed in Group 3 with Romania and hosts Uruguay.[79] With a mere 300 spectators, Peru's match against Romania holds the record of lowest attendance in a World Cup game.[80] The team lost (1–3) in a violent game where, in the second half, a fight broke out that resulted in a Peruvian becoming the first player sent off in a World Cup.[E] A few days later, Peru and Uruguay played the inaugural match of the Estadio Centenario. The Peruvians were lauded by the spectators for their defense and the impressive ability of forward José María Lavalle; Peru lost by one goal to the eventual champions, who would go on to defeat their subsequent opponents scoring at least 4 goals per game.[79]

The Peruvian squad next participated in the Mexico 1970 World Cup finals, eliminating Bolivia and Argentina in the qualifiers,[83] and were placed in Group 4 along with West Germany, Bulgaria, and Morocco.[84] The qualifying match between Peru and Bolivia in La Paz is infamously remembered for being fixed by Argentina in favor of Bolivia.[F] In the finals, Peru's "psychological reaction" to the 1970 Ancash earthquake caused the team to quickly concede two goals to Bulgaria. However, in the words of sports writer Brian Glanville, "the elusive dribbling of Cubillas, the powerful breaks from the back four of Héctor Chumpitaz, the running of [Hugo] Sotil and [Alberto] Gallardo, turned the tide"; Peru won 3–2.[86] The team proceeded to the quarterfinals as group runner-up after defeating Morocco (3–0) and losing to West Germany (1–3);[84] there, Peru were eliminated by Brazil (2–4) in "a spectacular and effervescent game, a game in which both sides delighted in attack and scorned caution",[87] and where both sides displayed "a feast of open play and goals".[88]

After eliminating Chile and Ecuador in the qualifiers,[76] Peru participated in the Argentina 1978 World Cup finals as part of Group 4 along with Scotland, Iran, and the Netherlands.[89] With a midfield identified "as the best in the world" by Argentine sports magazine El Gráfico,[90] Peru advanced to the second round as group leaders after defeating Scotland (3–1) and Iran (4–1), and drawing with the Netherlands (0–0).[91] The second round was divided into two groups, and Peru's results placed it in Group B with Poland, Brazil, and Argentina. After losing to Brazil (0–3) and Poland (0–1), Peru was practically "out of contention" despite having one more game to play against Argentina.[92] This last match proved controversial due to the Peruvians' loss by a surprising margin (0–6) that allowed the hosts to reach the final instead of Brazil. Rumors circulated that the match had been fixed,[G] but nothing was ever proved against either team.[94]

Following another successful campaign, eliminating Colombia and favorites Uruguay (the 1980 Mundialito winners) in the qualifiers,[95][96] Peru participated in the Spain 1982 World Cup finals as part of Group 1 along with Italy, Poland, and Cameroon.[97] Prior to the competition, Peru embarked on a practice tour that included victories against Hungary (1–2) in Budapest and France (0–1) in Paris, a tie with Algeria (1–1) in Algiers, and (upon returning home) a victory over Romania (2–0).[76] In the World Cup finals, Peru's opening match against Cameroon ended a scoreless draw. Against Italy, Peru "put on a mix of solid defending and spectacular attacking" that resulted in a draw (1–1) against the eventual champions.[98] Peru only needed another draw to advance in the tournament, and it managed to maintain a favorable scoreless first half against Poland, but a "mixup in the midfield" and a "tired defense" during the second half led to Peru's defeat (1–5) and early elimination.[99]


FIFA World Cup Qualification
Year Host Round Pld W D L F A Squad Pos. Pld W D L F A
1930  Uruguay Group stage 2 0 0 2 1 4 Squad Qualified as invitees
1934  Italy Withdrew Withdrew
1938  France Did not enter Did not enter
1950 to 1954 Withdrew Withdrew
1958  Sweden Did not qualify 2nd 2 0 1 1 1 2
1962  Chile 2nd 2 0 1 1 1 2
1966  England 2nd 4 2 0 2 8 6
1970  Mexico Quarter-finals 4 2 0 2 9 9 Squad 1st 4 2 1 1 7 4
1974  West Germany Did not qualify Play-off 3 1 0 2 3 4
1978  Argentina Quarter-finals 6 2 1 3 7 12 Squad 2nd 6 3 2 1 13 3
1982  Spain Group stage 3 0 2 1 2 6 Squad 1st 4 2 2 0 5 2
1986  Mexico Did not qualify Play-offs 8 3 2 3 10 9
1990  Italy 3rd 4 0 0 4 2 8
1994  United States 4th 6 0 1 5 4 12
1998  France 5th 16 7 4 5 19 20
2002  South Korea
 Japan 		8th 18 4 4 10 14 25
2006  Germany 9th 18 4 6 8 20 28
2010  South Africa 10th 18 3 4 11 11 34
2014  Brazil 7th 16 4 3 9 17 26
2018  Russia Group stage 3 1 0 2 2 2 Squad Play-off 20 8 6 6 29 26
2022  Qatar Did not qualify Play-off 19 7 4 8 19 22
2026  Canada
 Mexico
 United States 		To be determined In progress 6 0 2 4 1 8
2030  Morocco
 Portugal
 Spain 		To be determined
2034  Saudi Arabia
Total Quarter-finals 18 5 3 10 21 33 — 5/22 174 50 43 81 184 241

Template:Peru FIFA World Cup Squads

Copa América record

Main article: Peru at the Copa América
Peru prior to its inaugural match, against Uruguay, in the 1927 South American Championship.

Peru has participated in thirty-one Copa América tournaments (the first in 1927), hosted the tournament in six occasions (1927, 1935, 1939, 1953, 1957, 2004), and won it twice (1939 and 1975). The team has a record of forty-nine victories, thirty-two draws, and fifty-five losses, with 199 goals in favor and 222 against.[76] Demetrio Neyra scored Peru's first tournament goal on November 13, 1927, in a match against Bolivia.[50] The team boasts three top scorers (Teodoro Fernández [7 goals, 1939], Eduardo Malásquez [3 goals, 1983], and Paolo Guerrero [5 goals, 2011]),[100] three hat-trick scorers (Teodoro Fernández [1939 and 1941], Miguel Loayza [1959], and Paolo Guerrero [2011]),[101] and two tournament "Best Player" recipients (Teodoro Fernandez [1939] and Teófilo Cubillas [1975]).[102]

The Peruvian team's first continental title was acquired in the 1939 South American Championship, after a string of undefeated victories against Ecuador (5–2), Chile (3–1), Paraguay (3–0), and Uruguay (2–1). The team had 13 goals in favor and 4 against. Peru became the fourth nation to win the South American championship, after Uruguay, Brazil, and Argentina, and the first team from western South America to obtain the title.[103]

The national side won its second continental title in the 1975 Copa América, the first time the tournament was played by all ten CONMEBOL members and also the first time the competition was held without a fixed venue.[104] Peru ended as leader of Group 2 in the first stage, eliminating Chile and Bolivia. In the semifinals, Peru defeated Brazil (1–3) in Belo Horizonte but lost in Lima (0–2), forcing a CONMEBOL-sponsored "choice of card" which determined Peru the winner. The two-game final that followed between Colombia and Peru saw both win their respective home games in Bogota (1–0) and Lima (2–0), forcing a play-off in Caracas which the Peruvians won by a goal.[105]

Template:Peru Copa America record Template:Peru Copa América Champion Squads

Olympic record

See also: Peru at the Olympics
Peru's 1936 Olympics football team, described by historian David Goldblatt as "a multiracial team, the jewel of the country's first Olympic delegation".[106]

Peru's senior side participated in one football tournament in the Olympic games, the controversial 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, Germany. The squad has a record of two victories, with 11 goals in favor and 5 against.[76] Teodoro Fernández scored Peru's first tournament goal on August 6, 1936, in a match against Finland. Fernández is also the team's top scorer, with a total of six goals in two games, and Peru's only hat-trick scorer at the Olympics.[107]

Qualification for the tournament was determined in the 1935 South American Championship held in Lima on January. Uruguay won with an undefeated run and Argentina earned second place; nevertheless, both sides declined to participate in the upcoming Olympics due to economic problems. Peru, which had placed third after defeating Chile by a goal, thus inadvertently became South America's representative to the football tournament in the 1936 Berlin Olympics.[108][2]

The representatives for the Peruvian team were subsequently selected from Alianza Lima's Rodillo Negro (which had an undefeated tour in Chile on the last two months of 1935), reinforced by the starting eleven of Sport Boys (winners of the 1935 Peruvian Primera División) and players from Universitario de Deportes.[109] At Berlin, Peru began the competition eliminating Finland (7–3), with goals from Teodoro Fernández and Alejandro Villanueva.[107] In the quarterfinals, Peru faced Austria, then popularly known as the Wunderteam, coached by Jimmy Hogan.[H] The game ended a draw (2–2) in regular time, but in extra time Peru scored twice and won the match (4–2).[113] Peru would have faced Poland in the semifinals, but decisions outside the field of play led to its withdrawal from the competition.[I]

Rivalries

Main articles: Chile and Peru football rivalry and Ecuador and Peru football rivalry
Raúl Toro (Chile) and Teodoro Fernández (Peru), highlighted as opponents by Argentine sports magazine El Gráfico during the 1937 South American Championship.

Peru maintains prominent football rivalries with Chile and Ecuador. The national side has a favorable record against Ecuador, but a negative record against Chile.[117][118] The first time Peru faced both its rivals in an official tournament was during the 1939 South American Championship held in Lima, with Peru emerging victorious against Chile and Ecuador.[119] In the FIFA World Cup, Peru's first confrontation against both rivals happened in the Argentina 1978 World Cup qualifiers, in which Peru directly eliminated Ecuador and Chile after defeating them in Lima and tying them at Quito and Santiago, respectively.[117][118]

The rivalry between Chile and Peru is popularly known as the Clásico del Pacífico (Pacific Derby).[3] CNN (Cable News Network) World Sport editor Greg Duke considers this derby to be among the top ten football rivalries in the world.[120] Chile and Peru also traditionally vie for the rank of fourth best national team in South America (behind Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay); however, unlike Peru, Chile has never won a major international competition.[121] Both nations further dispute the origin of the football move known as the bicycle kick, Peruvians naming it chalaca and Chileans calling it chilena.[122]

The political element of historical border conflicts is what creates the football rivalry between Ecuador and Peru. In 1995, due to the Cenepa War, CONMEBOL even contemplated altering that year's Copa América group stages in order to prevent both sides from facing each other.[123] Ecuadorian fans consider "losses to Colombia or Peru [as] an excuse to lament Ecuador's inability to establish itself as an international soccer power."[124] During the Brazil 2014 World Cup qualifiers, Ecuador's captain Walter Ayoví declared that "these matches have always had something additional, a thorough rivalry. We are going to play for the pride of representing the country, its colors, because these games have always been a kind of derby" (in Spanish: "Esos partidos siempre han tenido un adicional, una rivalidad en todo sentido. Vamos a jugar por el orgullo de representar al país, sus colores, porque esos partidos siempre han sido un tipo de clásico").[125]

Players

Main article: List of Peru international footballers

Current

The following players were named for the Friendly Match against Panama in Panama City, and the FIFA World Cup Qualifying Games against Ecuador in Lima and Colombia in Barranquilla.[126] Caps and goals updated as June 7, 2013.

No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club
1 1GK Raúl Fernández (1985-10-06) October 6, 1985 (age 38) 24 0 United States Dallas
12 1GK Diego Penny (1984-04-22) April 22, 1984 (age 40) 12 0 Peru Sporting Cristal
1GK Salomón Libman (1984-02-25) February 25, 1984 (age 40) 6 0 Peru Universidad César Vallejo
21 1GK José Carvallo (1986-03-01) March 1, 1986 (age 38) 4 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes
2 2DF Alberto Rodríguez (1984-03-31) March 31, 1984 (age 40) 46 0 Portugal Rio Ave
3 2DF Santiago Acasiete (1977-10-22) October 22, 1977 (age 46) 44 2 Peru Cienciano
15 2DF Christian Ramos (1988-11-04) November 4, 1988 (age 35) 30 0 Peru Juan Aurich
19 2DF Yoshimar Yotún (1990-04-07) April 7, 1990 (age 34) 27 0 Brazil Vasco da Gama
13 2DF Luis Advincula (1990-03-02) March 2, 1990 (age 34) 26 0 Germany Hoffenheim
5 2DF Carlos Zambrano (1989-07-10) July 10, 1989 (age 34) 24 2 Germany Eintracht Frankfurt
23 2DF Jhoel Herrera (1980-07-09) July 9, 1980 (age 43) 7 0 Peru Real Garcilaso
8 2DF Edwuin Gómez (1993-03-04) March 4, 1993 (age 31) 2 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes
2DF Alexander Callens (1992-05-04) May 4, 1992 (age 32) 2 0 Spain Real Sociedad B
6 3MF Juan Manuel Vargas (1983-10-05) October 5, 1983 (age 40) 44 4 Italy Genoa
17 3MF Carlos Lobatón (1980-02-06) February 6, 1980 (age 44) 29 1 Peru Sporting Cristal
3MF Rinaldo Cruzado (1984-09-21) September 21, 1984 (age 39) 28 2 Argentina Newell's Old Boys
20 3MF Luis Ramírez (1984-11-10) November 10, 1984 (age 39) 27 2 Brazil Ponte Preta
16 3MF Juan Carlos Mariño (1982-08-19) August 19, 1982 (age 41) 23 3 Mexico Querétaro
4 3MF Álvaro Ampuero (1992-09-25) September 25, 1992 (age 31) 8 0 Italy Parma
7 3MF Paolo Hurtado (1990-07-27) July 27, 1990 (age 33) 7 1 Portugal Paços de Ferreira
22 3MF Edwin Retamoso (1982-02-23) February 23, 1982 (age 42) 7 0 Peru Real Garcilaso
3MF Cristian Benavente (1994-05-19) 19 May 1994 (age 30) 2 1 Spain Real Madrid Castilla
3MF Alfredo Rojas (1991-05-01) May 1, 1991 (age 33) 2 0 Peru Juan Aurich
14 4FW Claudio Pizarro (1978-10-03) October 3, 1978 (age 45) 69 18 Germany Bayern Munich
10 4FW Jefferson Farfán (1984-10-26) October 26, 1984 (age 39) 61 16 Germany Schalke 04
9 4FW Paolo Guerrero (1984-01-01) January 1, 1984 (age 40) 46 19 Brazil Corinthians
18 4FW André Carrillo (1991-06-14) June 14, 1991 (age 33) 11 1 Portugal Sporting Lisbon
11 4FW Yordy Reyna (1993-09-17) September 17, 1993 (age 30) 4 2 Austria Red Bull Salzburg

Recent

  • INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.
  • WD Player withdrew from the squad due to personal reason.
Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club Latest call-up
GK Carlos Cáceda (1991-09-27) September 27, 1991 (age 32) 0 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Honduras, November 14, 2012
GK Joel Pinto (1980-06-05) June 5, 1980 (age 44) 0 0 Peru Sport Huancayo vs  Bolivia, October 12, 2012
GK Leao Butrón (1977-03-06) March 6, 1977 (age 47) 39 0 Peru Melgar vs  Uruguay, June 10, 2012
DF Néstor Duarte (1990-09-08) September 8, 1990 (age 33) 4 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Mexico, April 17, 2013
DF Orlando Contreras (1982-06-11) June 11, 1982 (age 42) 7 1 Peru Universidad César Vallejo vs  Mexico, April 17, 2013
DF José Canova (1992-09-30) September 30, 1992 (age 31) 1 0 Peru Alianza Lima vs  Mexico, April 17, 2013
DF Roberto Guizasola (1984-08-21) August 21, 1984 (age 39) 10 0 Peru Juan Aurich vs  Mexico, April 17, 2013
DF Jesús Álvarez (1981-08-26) August 26, 1981 (age 42) 5 0 Peru Sporting Cristal vs  Chile, March 23, 2013
DF Rafael Farfán (1975-12-28) December 28, 1975 (age 48) 2 0 Peru Sport Huancayo vs  Chile, March 23, 2013
DF Renzo Revoredo (1986-05-11) May 11, 1986 (age 38) 20 0 Peru Sporting Cristal vs  Trinidad and Tobago, February 6, 2013
DF Aurelio Saco Vértiz (1989-05-30) May 30, 1989 (age 35) 0 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Trinidad and Tobago, February 6, 2013
DF Werner Schuler (1990-07-27) July 27, 1990 (age 33) 1 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Honduras, November 14, 2012
DF Jean Pierre Cáncar (1987-07-08) July 8, 1987 (age 36) 0 0 Peru Juan Aurich vs  Bolivia, October 12, 2012
DF John Galliquio (1979-12-01) December 1, 1979 (age 44) 41 1 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Argentina, September 11, 2012
DF Giancarlo Carmona (1985-10-08) October 8, 1985 (age 38) 5 0 Argentina San Lorenzo vs  Uruguay, June 10, 2012
MF Christofer Gonzáles (1992-10-12) October 12, 1992 (age 31) 2 1 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Mexico, April 17, 2013
MF Josimar Vargas (1990-04-06) April 6, 1990 (age 34) 1 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Mexico, April 17, 2013
MF Luis García (1988-06-05) June 5, 1988 (age 36) 2 0 Peru Unión Comercio vs  Mexico, April 17, 2013
MF Paulo Albarracín (1989-11-30) November 30, 1989 (age 34) 2 0 Peru Alianza Lima vs  Mexico, April 17, 2013
MF Josepmir Ballón (1988-03-21) March 21, 1988 (age 36) 22 0 Peru Universidad San Martín vs  Mexico, April 17, 2013
MF Michael Guevara (1984-06-10) June 10, 1984 (age 40) 15 0 Peru Juan Aurich vs  Mexico, April 17, 2013
MF Jair Céspedes (1984-05-22) May 22, 1984 (age 40) 3 0 Peru Juan Aurich vs  Mexico, April 17, 2013
MF Christian Cueva (1991-11-23) November 23, 1991 (age 32) 6 0 Chile Unión Española vs  Honduras, November 14, 2012
MF Juan Morales (1989-03-06) March 6, 1989 (age 35) 2 0 Peru Universidad César Vallejo vs  Honduras, November 14, 2012
MF Osnar Noronha (1991-12-17) December 17, 1991 (age 32) 1 0 Peru Juan Aurich vs  Honduras, November 14, 2012
MF Joel Sánchez (1989-06-11) June 11, 1989 (age 35) 2 0 Peru Universidad San Martín vs  Paraguay, October 16, 2012
MF Juan Cominges (1983-10-01) October 1, 1983 (age 40) 14 0 Brazil Guarani vs  Bolivia, October 12, 2012
MF Julio Edson Uribe (1982-05-09) May 9, 1982 (age 42) 2 0 Peru Alianza Lima vs  Bolivia, October 12, 2012
MF Cristian García (1981-03-02) March 2, 1981 (age 43) 0 0 Peru Cienciano vs  Bolivia, October 12, 2012
MF Carlos Zegarra (1977-03-02) March 2, 1977 (age 47) 24 1 Peru Sport Huancayo vs  Uruguay, June 10, 2012
MF Rainer Torres (1980-01-12) January 12, 1980 (age 44) 23 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Uruguay, June 10, 2012
MF Antonio Gonzales (1986-05-16) May 16, 1986 (age 38) 10 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Uruguay, June 10, 2012
FW Irven Avila (1990-07-02) July 2, 1990 (age 33) 8 0 Peru Sporting Cristal vs  Panama, June 1, 2013
FW Raúl Ruidíaz (1990-07-25) July 25, 1990 (age 33) 8 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes vs  Mexico, April 17, 2013
FW Daniel Chávez (1988-01-08) January 8, 1988 (age 36) 13 0 Peru Universidad César Vallejo vs  Trinidad and Tobago, March 26, 2013
FW Junior Ross (1986-02-19) February 19, 1986 (age 38) 12 0 Peru Sporting Cristal vs  Trinidad and Tobago, February 6, 2013
FW Jhonny Vidales (1992-04-22) April 22, 1992 (age 32) 1 0 Peru Alianza Lima vs  Honduras, November 14, 2012
FW William Chiroque (1980-03-10) March 10, 1980 (age 44) 18 1 Peru Sporting Cristal vs  Paraguay, October 16, 2012
FW Wilmer Aguirre (1983-05-10) May 10, 1983 (age 41) 8 0 Peru Alianza Lima vs  Bolivia, October 12, 2012
FW Andy Pando (1983-07-28) July 28, 1983 (age 40) 0 0 Spain Las Palmas vs  Bolivia, October 12, 2012
FW José Carlos Fernández (1983-05-14) May 14, 1983 (age 41) 6 2 Peru Sporting Cristal vs  Uruguay, June 10, 2012

|}

Honored

File:1982-paraguay-wm-spain-1-peru.JPG
Peru's 1982 World Cup team featured in a postage stamp from Paraguay.

According to CONMEBOL, Peruvian teams play with much technique and elegance, generally making them one of the finest exponents of South American football.[127]

Alejandro Villanueva, Teodoro Fernández, and Juan Valdivieso were part of the Combinado del Pacífico,[J] a united Peruvian-Chilean squad that toured England, Germany, France, and Spain. The Combinado ended with 13 games won, 13 tied, and 13 lost; Fernández was top scorer with 48 goals.[128] Hugo Sotil, Héctor Chumpitaz, and Teófilo Cubillas were selected from the Peruvian football team to join the starting line-up of the South America XI that played against the Europe XI in 1973 at the Nou Camp of FC Barcelona. Sotil scored South America's second goal, and Chumpitaz's goal evened the score (4–4); South America beat Europe 7–6 in the penalty rounds.[129]

In 2011, Peru also obtained five LG Corp. Player of the Game awards, twice for Paolo Guerrero and Juan Manuel Vargas, and once for William Chiroque, the most awarded to a national team in the tournament.

Managers

Main article: List of managers of the Peru national football team
File:Sergiomarkarian.jpg
Sergio Markarián, the manager of Peru since 2010

Peru's first two managers were from Uruguay. The first, Pedro Olivieri, was chosen to coach Peru in the 1927 South American Championship due to his prior experience managing the Uruguay national football team. The second, Julio Borelli, spent a few years as a referee in Peru (even arbitrating the first Peruvian Clásico, the derby between Alianza Lima and Universitario) prior to being appointed to coach Peru in the 1929 South American Championship.[130]

The Peruvians' first FIFA World Cup manager (and third-overall head coach), Francisco Bru, had previously played at FC Barcelona and served as Spain's first national team manager.[131] Other managers that have led Peru in the World Cup include Brazilian Valdir Pereira (appointed for Mexico 1970),[27] Peruvian Marcos Calderón (appointed for Argentina 1978), and Brazilian Elba de Pádua Lima (appointed for Spain 1982).[78]

Due to their records and achievements, Marcos Calderón and Englishman Jack Greenwell are considered by sports analysts and historians as the best managers of the Peru national football team. Greenwell led Peru through an undefeated eight-game run, in the process winning the 1938 Bolivarian Games and the 1939 South American Championship. Calderón led Peru to glory in the 1975 Copa América and qualified the national side to the 1978 FIFA World Cup.[131][132]

Other tournament-winning managers include Peruvians Juan Carlos Oblitas and Freddy Ternero, and Uruguayan Sergio Markarián, each having led Peru to victory in the Kirin Cup invitational competition in 1999, 2005, and 2011, respectively.[133]

Fixtures and records

Main articles: Peru national football team records and Peru national football team results
Peru was the first team awarded the FIFA Fair Play Trophy.

Peru has played approximately 545 matches, including friendlies, since 1927;[76] and has a positive performance record against national teams from the Caribbean, Asia, Africa, and Central America.[134] Peru's biggest win, a 9–1 victory against Ecuador, took place on August 11, 1938, at the Bolivarian Games held in Colombia. The team's biggest defeat, a 7–0 loss to Brazil, occurred on June 26, 1997, at the Copa America held in Bolivia.[76] Peru was the first recipient of the FIFA Fair Play Trophy, awarded in the Mexico 1970 World Cup, for being the only team that received no yellow or red cards in its games.[29]

Roberto Palacios has the most appearances with the national team, having played 122 times between 1992 and 2007. Héctor Chumpitaz, with 105 appearances, is second; Jorge Soto, with 101 appearances, is third. For goalkeepers, Oscar Ibañez holds the most appearances with 50 caps, followed by Miguel Miranda (47 caps) and Ramón Quiroga (40 caps).[1] Teófilo Cubillas is the team's top goalscorer with 26 goals in 81 appearances. Teodoro Fernández is second, but holds a higher goal per appearance average with 24 goals in 32 appearances. In third place is Nolberto Solano, who has 20 goals in 89 appearances.[1] Claudio Pizarro scored Peru's fastest goal during a match against Mexico on August 20, 2003; Pizarro also scored the second fastest goal and Luis Ramírez the third.[135]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Lima Cricket and Football Club might also be the oldest club practicing association football in the Americas.[7]
  2. ^ During these games in Callao, the Peruvians possibly invented the move known as the chalaca (meaning "from Callao"), or bicycle kick.[13]
  3. ^ The acronym FPF comes from the organization's Spanish name, Federación Peruana de Futbol.
  4. ^ Sociologists Aldo Panfichi and Victor Vich argue that Los Potrillos "became the hope of the entire country", and fans expected them to help Peru qualify for the Italy 1990 World Cup.[32]
  5. ^ According to FIFA, the player was defender Plácido Galindo,[81] but forward Souza Ferreira and other sources contend that it was midfielder Mario de las Casas.[82]
  6. ^ Match referee Sergio Chechelev annulled a valid goal from Peru without any justification. Years after the match was played, Chechelev admitted that Argentina had paid him to favor Bolivia.[85]
  7. ^ The unproven allegations were that Peruvian goalkeeper Ramón Quiroga (who was born in Argentina) feared hatred from his birthplace, that Peru simply did not want Brazil to reach the final, and that a government deal between Peru and Argentina arranged the result.[92][93]
  8. ^ Although an amateur side with no players that represented them in the 1934 FIFA World Cup,[110] Austria's 1936 Olympic side is also considered part of the Wunderteam by sports historians and FIFA. This favors the idea that the Wunderteam was primarily a strategic creation of coaches Jimmy Hogan and Hugo Meisl.[111][107][112]
  9. ^ After the game against Peru, the Austrian delegation protested the result claiming that Peruvian fans invaded the pitch.[114] Despite the nationality of the spectators was never confirmed and crowd control was the responsibility of the Nazi soldiers,[115] a FIFA committee presided by Jules Rimet ordered a behind closed doors replay; in response, Peruvian President Óscar R. Benavides withdrew the country's entire Olympic delegation.[114] Historian Richard Witzig maintains that only the International Federation of Football History & Statistics has condemned the actions taken against Peru in Berlin, and that FIFA (which has upheld the validity of Peru's Olympic victory over Austria, but not listed Fernández among the tournament's top scorers) blames the International Olympic Committee for the controversial decision made against Peru.[116]
  10. ^ The Combinado del Pacifico was known by the European media as the "Peru-Chile XI" and "All-Pacific".[128]

References

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  135. ^ "'Cachito' anotó el tercer gol más rápido de Perú en los últimos años". Depor.pe. 08 October 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

Bibliography

  • Agostino, Gilberto (2002). Vencer Ou Morrer: Futebol, Geopolítica e Identidade Nacional (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: FAPERJ & MAUAD Editora Ltda. ISBN 85-7478-068-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Basadre, Jorge (1964). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Vol. 10. Lima: Talleres Graficos P.L. Villanueva S.A. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bravo, Gonzalo (2012). "Association Football, Pacific Coast of South America". In Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (eds.). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-598-84301-9. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Christopher, Matt (2010). World Cup. New York: Little, Brown, and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-08857-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • DK Publishing (2011). Essential Soccer Skills. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-5902-8. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • DK Publishing (2010). Soccer: The Ultimate Guide. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 0-75667-321-6. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • Edwards, Allan; Skinner, James (2006). Sport Empire. New York: Meyer & Meyer Sport. ISBN 1-84126-168-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Foley Gambetta, Enrique (1983). Léxico del Peru (in Spanish). Vol. 3. Lima: Talleres Jahnos. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Glanville, Brian (2010). The Story of the World Cup: The Essential Companion to South Africa 2010. London: Faber & Faber Limited. ISBN 978-0-571-23605-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Goldblatt, David (2008). The Ball is Round. New York: Riverhead Trade. ISBN 1-59448-296-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Handelsman, Michael (2000). Culture and Customs of Ecuador. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30244-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Henshaw, Richard (1979). The World Encyclopedia of Soccer. Washington, D.C.: New Republic Books. ISBN 0-915220-34-2. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • Jacobsen, Nils (2008). "Peru". In Herb, Guntram; Kaplan, David (eds.). Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-85109-907-8. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Higgins, James (2005). Lima: A Cultural and Literary History. Oxford: Signal Books Limited. ISBN 1-902669-98-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Leigh Raffo, Denise (2005). "El miedo a la multitud. Dos provincianos en el Estadio Nacional, 1950-1970". In Rosas Lauro, Claudia (ed.). El Miedo en el Perú: Siglos XVI al XX (in Spanish). Lima: PUCP Fondo Editorial. ISBN 9972-42-690-4. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Lennox, Doug (2009). Now You Know Soccer. Toronto: Dundurn Press Limited. ISBN 978-1-55488-416-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Lisi, Clemente Angelo (2011). History of the World Cup: 1930 - 2010. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-7753-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Llopis, Ramón (2009). Fútbol postnacional: Transformaciones sociales y culturales del "deporte global" en Europa y América Latina (in Spanish). Barcelona: Anthropos Editorial. ISBN 978-8-4765-8937-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Mandell, Richard (1987). The Nazi Olympics. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01325-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Miró, César (1958). Los Intimos de La Victoria (in Spanish). Lima: Editorial El Deporte. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Murray, William (1994). Football: A History of the World Game. Aldershot: Scolar Press. ISBN 1-859280-91-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Panfichi, Aldo; Vich, Victor (2005). "Political and Social Fantasies in Peruvian Football: The Tragedy of Alianza Lima in 1987". In Darby, Paul; Johnes, Martin; Mellor, Gavin (eds.). Soccer and Disaster: International Perspectves. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-714-65352-7. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Radnedge, Keir (2001). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Soccer. New York: Universe Publishing. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Roel, Virgilio (1986). Historia Social y Económica del Perú en el Siglo XIX (in Spanish). Lima: Librería El Alba. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Snyder, John (2001). Soccer's Most Wanted. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57488-365-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Stein, Steve (2011). "The Case of Soccer in Early Twentieth-Century Lima". In Stavans, Ilan (ed.). Fútbol. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC. ISBN 978-0-313-37515-6. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Witzig, Richard (2006). The Global Art of Soccer. Harahan: CusiBoy Publishing. ISBN 0-9776688-0-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Wood, David (2007). "¡Arriba Perú! The Role of Football in the Formation of a Peruvian National Culture". In Miller, Rory; Crolley, Liz (eds.). Football in the Americas. London: Institute for the Study of the Americas. ISBN 978-1-900039-80-2. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

Achievements
Preceded by
Inaugural Champions
 Bolivarian Champions
1938 (First title) 		Succeeded by
U-20 Peru 
Preceded by South American Champions
1939 (First title) 		Succeeded by
Preceded by South American Champions
1975 (Second title) 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
1998 Japan 
 Kirin Cup Champions
1999 (First title, shared) 		Succeeded by
2000 Slovakia 
Preceded by
2004 Japan 
 Kirin Cup Champions
2005 (Second title, shared) 		Succeeded by
2006 Scotland 
Preceded by
2009 Japan 
 Kirin Cup Champions
2011 (Third title, shared) 		Succeeded by
Current holders

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peru_national_football_team&oldid=562041412

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