Nickname(s) | La Blanquirroja (The White and Red) Los Incas (The Incas) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Association | Peruvian Football Federation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Confederation | CONMEBOL (South America) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Head coach | Sergio Markarián | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Captain | Claudio Pizarro | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Most caps | Roberto Palacios (128) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Top scorer | Teófilo Cubillas (26)[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Home stadium | Estadio Nacional | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FIFA code | PER | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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FIFA ranking | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Current | 30 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Highest | 25 (July 2011) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lowest | 91 (September 2009) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
First international | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Peru 0–4 Uruguay (Lima, Peru; November 1, 1927) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Biggest win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Peru 9–1 Ecuador (Bogotá, Colombia; August 11, 1938) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Biggest defeat | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Brazil 7–0 Peru (Santa Cruz, Bolivia; June 26, 1997) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
World Cup | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearances | 4 (first in 1930) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Best result | Round 2, 1970 & 1978 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Copa América | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearances | 34 (first in 1927) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Best result | Winners, 1939 and 1975 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CONCACAF Gold Cup | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearances | 1 (first in 2000) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Best result | Third (shared), 2000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Medal record
|
The Peru national football team represents Peru in international football competition and is managed by the Peruvian Football Federation (FPF). The team competes against the other nine members of FIFA's CONMEBOL conference, which encompasses the countries of South America. The Peruvian team's performance has been inconsistent, although it is considered to have enjoyed two successful periods in the 1930s and 1970s.[2]
Founded in 1927, the Peru national football team plays its home matches primarily at the Estadio Nacional in Lima. Peru has won the Copa América twice, qualified for four FIFA World Cup tournaments, and participated in two Olympic tournaments. Peru's traditional footballing rival is Chile,[3] but the team also has a prominent rivalry with Ecuador. The classic colors of the team are white and red, the colors of the Peruvian flag, and the team is commonly known as la Blanquirroja (Spanish for "the white-and-red").[4]
Early in its history, Peru participated in the inaugural World Cup tournament and enjoyed victories in the 1938 Bolivarian Games and the 1939 Copa América, when it was led by Teodoro Fernández, Juan Valdivieso, and Alejandro Villanueva.[2] Peruvian football's successful period in the 1970s brought Peru back to world recognition, with players such as Héctor Chumpitaz, Hugo Sotil, and Teófilo Cubillas.[5][6] This team qualified for three FIFA World Cups and won the Copa América in 1975.
Peru's 1982 World Cup participation was its last to date: the national team has not since won a major tournament or participated in a World Cup tournament. The team was temporarily suspended from international participation by FIFA in late 2008 due to allegations of corruption involving government sport authorities and the FPF. Peru has currently appointed Uruguayan Sergio Markarián as its head coach and, after achieving third place at the 2011 Copa América, seeks to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.
History
Football was introduced to Peru in the nineteenth century by British immigrants and Peruvians returning from England.[7] As early as 1859, Lima's British community founded the Lima Cricket Club, a sports club dedicated to the practice of cricket, hockey, tennis, and football.[A][9][10] These sports found a warm reception from the Peruvian elite, who saw in their practice signs of modernity and good health, as well as a good way to promote values such as discipline, competition, and optimism. However, these early developments in sports were halted by the outbreak of the War of the Pacific (1879-1883).[11]
After the war, new "popular diversions, arts, and food ways found widespread acceptance" in Peru's coast. In Lima, football became "a popular sport promoted by bosses for the cohesion of their workers and to a daily practice on empty lots in popular urban barrios".[12] In the adjacent port of Callao and other centers of commerce, "British advisors, engineers, and other technicians" (including sailors) played the sport among themselves and with local workers.[13][B] Sports rivalries arose in Callao, between locals and foreigners, and in Lima, between elites and workers. Overtime, as the foreigners departed, this became a rivalry between Callao and Lima.[15][7][16] Due to these factors, including the sport's rapid development among the urban poor of Lima's La Victoria district (thanks to the foundation of Alianza Lima in 1901), Peru formed the strongest footballing culture in the Andean region.[17]
In 1912, the first Peruvian Football League tournament was organized, lasting until team disputes discontinued the league in 1921.[19] Consequently, in 1922 a central organization was created, the Peruvian Football Federation (FPF),[C] to take charge of the troubled Peruvian Football League tournament in 1926.[20] The FPF joined the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) in 1925, and (after resolving financial problems) formed a national football team in 1927.[21] Peru debuted in the 1927 South American Championship.[13]
During the 1930s, Peruvian football entered its first golden era.[2] Starting with Ciclista Lima in 1926, Peruvian clubs toured throughout Latin America. One of these tours, Alianza Lima's undefeated journey through Chile in 1935, saw the formation of the Rodillo Negro led by players Alejandro Villanueva, Juan Valdivieso, and Teodoro Fernández.[22][23] Sports historian Richard Witzig writes that these players "formed a soccer triumvirate unsurpassed in the world at that time".[2] Peru, which had a prior fair performance at the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930,[24] with El Rodillo Negro awed audiences at the 1936 Summer Olympics, won the inaugural Bolivarian Games in 1938, and finished the decade as South American champions.[25][26]
Subsequent years proved lackluster for the Peruvian team. According to historian David Goldblatt, "despite all the apparent preconditions for footballing growth and success, Peruvian football disappeared". He attributes this to the repression taken against "social, sporting and political organization among the urban and rural poor" during the 1940s and 50s.[27] During this period, Peru was generally "in the middle of the standings" at South American Championships, and barely missed the Sweden 1958 World Cup after being narrowly defeated by Brazil (which went on to win the competition).[28]
A series of staggering victories in the late 1960s, culminating in the qualification for the Mexico 1970 World Cup, brought Peru to another golden era.[29][2] Peru reached quarterfinals (knocked out by Brazil, the eventual champions), and earned the first FIFA Fair Play Trophy.[30][31] Peru next won its second Copa América in 1975 and qualified for the Argentina 1978 World Cup, reaching the competition's second round. Lastly, the squad qualified to the Spain 1982 World Cup, but did not get past the first stage. Peru's elimination ended a period when its "flowing football was admired across the globe".[32]
Renewed expectations for Peru, following the national team's failed qualification for the Mexico 1986 World Cup, centered on a young generation of Alianza Lima players known colloquially as "The Colts" (Spanish: Los Potrillos).[D] Yet, on December 8, 1987, an aircraft returning to Lima most of Alianza's team and coaching staff from Pucallpa (in the Peruvian Amazon) crashed into the Pacific Ocean, leaving among the dead several national team players (including rising sensation Luis Escobar and goalkeeper José González Ganoza) and national team coach Marcos Calderón.[34] Peru's ensuing hiatus, ending last in both the 1990 and 1994 World Cup qualifiers, experienced a slight recovery at the end of the decade. After earning fourth place at the 1997 Copa América, the national side nearly qualified for the France 1998 World Cup, eliminated only due to a goal difference with Chile.[35] Afterwards, Peru won the 1999 Kirin Cup (sharing the title with Belgium) and gained third place at the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup.[36][37]
Presently, Peru continues its unsuccessful streak of eliminations to the World Cup finals, in addition to struggling with player indiscipline scandals and accusations of corruption. Much of the blame for Peru's performance is placed on FPF President Manuel Burga.[38][39][40] In 2008, the Peruvian government charged Burga with corruption and made his re-election illegal. In response, FIFA suspended Peruvian Football League officials and referees, the national football team, and prevented Peru from hosting the 2009 South American Youth Championship.[41] After Peruvian Institute of Sport (IPD) president Arturo Woodman agreed to discuss matters and reach an agreement with the FPF, FIFA President Sepp Blatter lifted the bans and restrictions.[42] With FIFA's approval, the FPF later reappointed Burga in 2009.[43] That same year Peru ended last in CONMEBOL's World Cup qualifying round-robin tournament and as the lowest-ranked team in the South American confederation.[44]
On July 2, 2010, Uruguayan Sergio Markarián took charge of the national team tasked with leading Peru in the 2011 Copa América and the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[45] His work with the squad received positive comments from Pelé,[46] and Peru won the Kirin Cup in 2011.[47] Markarián's first challenge was another indiscipline scandal; Markarián temporarily banned Reimond Manco and John Galliquio.[48] Peru achieved third place at the 2011 Copa América, even though several of the team's key players were unavailable because of injuries.[49]
Uniform
Peru's national colors are red and white.[50] The team's first uniform was made for the 1927 South American Championship; it consisted of white shorts and a shirt with red vertical stripes. For the 1930 FIFA World Cup, an all-white kit with a red collar was chosen. A third uniform was made for the 1935 South American Championship; a horizontal red stripe was added. Peru's current uniform was designed for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics; a red stripe crosses the chest diagonally from the left shoulder to the hip's right in the front and vice-versa in the back.[4]
According to sports historian Jaime Pulgar Vidal Otálora, Peru's first uniform was similar to that of Alianza Lima, whose kits were influenced by the jockey uniforms used in Peruvian President Augusto B. Leguía's stables. The only difference between the kits was the color of the jersey's vertical stripes, which were blue for Alianza and red for the national side. Pulgar Vidal Otálora argues that Peru's first uniform was probably directly influenced by Leguía, pointing out that the kit was later changed after he was overthrown from power in 1932.[51] The team's second uniform, worn by Peru at the 1930 FIFA World Cup, was an alternate kit used only because Paraguay had already registered a uniform that was of similar design.[51]
Pulgar Vidal Otálora claims that Peru acquired its current design from a tradition of adding a red diagonal stripe to distinguish teams playing with white jerseys.[52] In 2010, the ESPN television network placed Peru's 1978 jersey first in a list of the "Best World Cup jerseys of all time", praising its "simple yet strikingly effective piece of design".[53] That same year, Christopher Turpin (NPR's executive producer of All Things Considered) also praised the 1970 design, claiming that "[t]o this day, I still think it’s the beautiful game’s most beautiful shirt".[54]
Peru's uniform has been manufactured by eight separate companies. In 1978, Adidas became the first official manufacturer. During the 1980s, Peru had contracts with Penalty (1981–1982), Adidas (1983–1985), Calvo Sportwear (1987), and Power (1989–1991). In the 1990s, Peru contracted with Diadora (1991–1992), local manufacturer Polmer (1993–1995), and Umbro (1996–1997). It also had a long-term contract with local company Walon Sport (1998–2010).[4] Since 2010, Umbro has again produced the kits for Peru.[55]
Stadium
The Estadio Nacional is a 45,000-spectator stadium located in Lima that acts as the traditional home of the Peruvian team and the national stadium of Peru.[13] The first national stadium, a wooden structure with a 6,000-spectator capacity, was donated by Lima's British community to celebrate Peru's centenary of independence from Spain; it was inaugurated on July 24, 1923.[57] Under the regime of General Manuel Odría, the stadium was reconstructed, expanded, and officially re-inaugurated on October 27, 1952, with the current spectator capacity.[58] The present stadium is the result of a renovation process conducted under the government of Alan García; it was re-inaugurated on July 24, 2011.[59]
A unique feature of the stadium is the Miguel Dasso Tower, named in honor of the main advocate of the stadium's first renovation. Located on the building's northern side, the tower had luxury boxes which overtime fell into disuse until the tower's renovation in 2004.[60] The arena was also the only national stadium in CONMEBOL to have artificial turf, installed to improve its aesthetic appeal for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship, and was one of Peru's four "FIFA Star II" (the highest certification granted to artificial pitches) stadiums.[61]
Renovations completed in 2011 brought major changes to the Estadio Nacional, including an overhaul of the artificial turf in favor of natural bermudagrass.[62] The building's exterior is now covered by thousands of plaques made from a zinc aluminium alloy, and another tower was constructed on the southern side of the stadium to host a restaurant.[63] Additional improvements include a modern exterior and interior multi-colored illumination system, two giant LED screens, individual spectator seats, and 375 private suites.[56]
The national team occasionally selects other stadiums as its home venue. Outside the "desert-like coastal region" where Lima is situated, the thin atmosphere at the high-altitude Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega in Cusco and the balmy Amazonic climate of the Estadio Max Augustín in Iquitos provide strategic advantages against certain rivals.[64][65] Other common alternate venues for the national team include Alianza's Estadio Alejandro Villanueva and Universitario's Estadio Monumental "U", both located in the Peruvian capital.[66][67]
Supporters
During the nineteenth century, football in Peru "was markedly English, played by members of the expatriate community and the Anglophile elite on grass pitches in clubs that were physically separated from the daily reality of Lima".[69] Matters changed in the early twentieth century as football became "a form of popular culture with autonomous characteristics of organization and practice". The Peruvian state, under the government of Augusto B. Leguía, proceeded to institutionalize the sport into national culture by promoting and organizing its development in the country.[70] Nowadays, football remains the most popular sport in Peru, captivating the populace's "fervor, enthusiasm, and passion".[71]
Peruvian fans commonly encourage the national squad with the popular sports chant ¡Arriba Perú!.[72] Fans have also traditionally expressed their support for club teams, football players, and the national side through música criolla, an early popular music genre from Peru. By the 1930s, with the advent of mass media, música criolla enjoyed "national and international recognition" to the point that it became "a symbol of national culture" for Peru.[73] To this day, the national team's popular anthem is Peru Campeón, a polka criolla glorifying Peru's qualification to the Mexico 1970 World Cup.[74][73]
Supporters of Peru are infamously known for the Estadio Nacional disaster, considered as one of the most terrible in football history,[75][27] which occurred on May 24, 1964, during a 1964 Summer Olympics qualifying match between the youth (under-20) squads of Peru and Argentina. Problems were sparked after Uruguayan referee Angel Payos disallowed a goal from Peru, which would have tied the score, alleging "rough play" from the Peruvians. Two spectators jumped into the field to attack the referee while a "fusillade of objects" were thrown on the pitch from the stands. Police responded by throwing tear gas into the crowd, causing a stampede that was worsened by the stadium's locked gates. The death toll amounted to 315 spectators and more than 500 were injured in the chaos.[27][76]
FIFA World Cup record
Peru has participated in fourteen World Cup qualifiers and four World Cup finals. In the qualifiers, the squad has a record of thirty-one wins, twenty-eight draws, and fifty-four losses, with 118 goals in favor and 159 against. In the finals, the team hold a record of four wins, three draws, and eight losses, with 19 goals in favor and 31 against.[77] Luis de Souza Ferreira scored Peru's first tournament goal on July 14, 1930, in a match against Romania.[78] Teófilo Cubillas is the team's top World Cup scorer with 10 goals in thirteen games.[79]
As one of the thirteen national sides who accepted the invitation to the inaugural World Cup, Peru was placed in Group 3 with Romania and hosts Uruguay.[80] With a mere 300 spectators, Peru's match against Romania holds the record of lowest attendance in a World Cup game.[81] The team lost (1–3) in a violent game where, in the second half, a fight broke out that resulted in a Peruvian becoming the first player sent off in a World Cup.[E] A few days later, Peru and Uruguay played the inaugural match of the Estadio Centenario. The Peruvians were lauded by the spectators for their defense and the impressive ability of forward José María Lavalle; Peru lost by one goal to the eventual champions, who would go on to defeat their subsequent opponents scoring at least 4 goals per game.[80]
The Peruvian squad next participated in the Mexico 1970 World Cup finals, eliminating Bolivia and Argentina in the qualifiers,[84] and were placed in Group 4 along with West Germany, Bulgaria, and Morocco.[85] The qualifying match between Peru and Bolivia in La Paz is infamously remembered for being fixed by Argentina in favor of Bolivia.[F] In the finals, Peru's "psychological reaction" to the 1970 Ancash earthquake caused the team to quickly concede two goals to Bulgaria. However, in the words of sports writer Brian Glanville, "the elusive dribbling of Cubillas, the powerful breaks from the back four of Héctor Chumpitaz, the running of [Hugo] Sotil and [Alberto] Gallardo, turned the tide"; Peru won 3–2.[87] The team proceeded to the quarterfinals as group runner-up after defeating Morocco (3–0) and losing to West Germany (1–3);[85] there, Peru were eliminated by Brazil (2–4) in "a spectacular and effervescent game, a game in which both sides delighted in attack and scorned caution",[88] and where both sides displayed "a feast of open play and goals".[89]
After eliminating Chile and Ecuador in the qualifiers,[77] Peru participated in the Argentina 1978 World Cup finals as part of Group 4 along with Scotland, Iran, and the Netherlands.[90] With a midfield identified "as the best in the world" by Argentine sports magazine El Gráfico,[91] Peru advanced to the second round as group leaders after defeating Scotland (3–1) and Iran (4–1), and drawing with the Netherlands (0–0).[92] The second round was divided into two groups, and Peru's results placed it in Group B with Poland, Brazil, and Argentina. After losing to Brazil (0–3) and Poland (0–1), Peru was practically "out of contention" despite having one more game to play against Argentina.[93] This last match proved controversial due to the Peruvians' loss by a surprising margin (0–6) that allowed the hosts to reach the final instead of Brazil. Rumors circulated that the match had been fixed,[G] but nothing was ever proved against either team.[95]
Following another successful campaign, eliminating Colombia and favorites Uruguay (the 1980 Mundialito winners) in the qualifiers,[96][97] Peru participated in the Spain 1982 World Cup finals as part of Group 1 along with Italy, Poland, and Cameroon.[98] Prior to the competition, Peru embarked on a practice tour that included victories against Hungary (1–2) in Budapest and France (0–1) in Paris, a tie with Algeria (1–1) in Algiers, and (upon returning home) a victory over Romania (2–0).[77] In the World Cup finals, Peru's opening match against Cameroon ended a scoreless draw. Against Italy, Peru "put on a mix of solid defending and spectacular attacking" that resulted in a draw (1–1) against the eventual champions.[99] Peru only needed another draw to advance in the tournament, and it managed to maintain a favorable scoreless first half against Poland, but a "mixup in the midfield" and a "tired defense" during the second half led to Peru's defeat (1–5) and early elimination.[100]
FIFA World Cup | Qualification | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Host | Round | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | Squad | Pos. | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | |
1930 | Uruguay | Group stage | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 4 | Squad | Qualified as invitees | |||||||
1934 | Italy | Withdrew | Withdrew | ||||||||||||||
1938 | France | Did not enter | Did not enter | ||||||||||||||
1950 to 1954 | Withdrew | Withdrew | |||||||||||||||
1958 | Sweden | Did not qualify | 2nd | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
1962 | Chile | 2nd | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||
1966 | England | 2nd | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 6 | |||||||||
1970 | Mexico | Quarter-finals | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 9 | Squad | 1st | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 4 | |
1974 | West Germany | Did not qualify | Play-off | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||||||
1978 | Argentina | Quarter-finals | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 12 | Squad | 2nd | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 3 | |
1982 | Spain | Group stage | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | Squad | 1st | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2 | |
1986 | Mexico | Did not qualify | Play-offs | 8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 9 | ||||||||
1990 | Italy | 3rd | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 8 | |||||||||
1994 | United States | 4th | 6 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 12 | |||||||||
1998 | France | 5th | 16 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 19 | 20 | |||||||||
2002 | South Korea Japan |
8th | 18 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 25 | |||||||||
2006 | Germany | 9th | 18 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 20 | 28 | |||||||||
2010 | South Africa | 10th | 18 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 11 | 34 | |||||||||
2014 | Brazil | 7th | 16 | 4 | 3 | 9 | 17 | 26 | |||||||||
2018 | Russia | Group stage | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Squad | Play-off | 20 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 29 | 26 | |
2022 | Qatar | Did not qualify | Play-off | 19 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 19 | 22 | ||||||||
2026 | Canada Mexico United States |
To be determined | In progress | 6 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 8 | ||||||||
2030 | Morocco Portugal Spain |
To be determined | |||||||||||||||
2034 | Saudi Arabia | ||||||||||||||||
Total | Quarter-finals | 18 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 21 | 33 | — | 5/22 | 174 | 50 | 43 | 81 | 184 | 241 |
Template:Peru FIFA World Cup Squads
Copa América record
Peru has participated in thirty-one Copa América tournaments (the first in 1927), hosted the tournament in six occasions (1927, 1935, 1939, 1953, 1957, 2004), and won it twice (1939 and 1975). The team has a record of forty-nine victories, thirty-two draws, and fifty-five losses, with 199 goals in favor and 222 against.[77] Demetrio Neyra scored Peru's first tournament goal on November 13, 1927, in a match against Bolivia.[51] The team boasts three top scorers (Teodoro Fernández [7 goals, 1939], Eduardo Malásquez [3 goals, 1983], and Paolo Guerrero [5 goals, 2011]),[101] three hat-trick scorers (Teodoro Fernández [1939 and 1941], Miguel Loayza [1959], and Paolo Guerrero [2011]),[102] and two tournament "Best Player" recipients (Teodoro Fernandez [1939] and Teófilo Cubillas [1975]).[103]
The Peruvian team's first continental title was acquired in the 1939 South American Championship, after a string of undefeated victories against Ecuador (5–2), Chile (3–1), Paraguay (3–0), and Uruguay (2–1). The team had 13 goals in favor and 4 against. Peru became the fourth nation to win the South American championship, after Uruguay, Brazil, and Argentina, and the first team from western South America to obtain the title.[104]
The national side won its second continental title in the 1975 Copa América, the first time the tournament was played by all ten CONMEBOL members and also the first time the competition was held without a fixed venue.[105] Peru ended as leader of Group 2 in the first stage, eliminating Chile and Bolivia. In the semifinals, Peru defeated Brazil (1–3) in Belo Horizonte but lost in Lima (0–2), forcing a CONMEBOL-sponsored "choice of card" which determined Peru the winner. The two-game final that followed between Colombia and Peru saw both win their respective home games in Bogota (1–0) and Lima (2–0), forcing a play-off in Caracas which the Peruvians won by a goal.[106]
Template:Peru Copa America record Template:Peru Copa América Champion Squads
Olympic record
Peru's senior side participated in one football tournament in the Olympic games, the controversial 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, Germany. The squad has a record of two victories, with 11 goals in favor and 5 against.[77] Teodoro Fernández scored Peru's first tournament goal on August 6, 1936, in a match against Finland. Fernández is also the team's top scorer, with a total of six goals in two games, and Peru's only hat-trick scorer at the Olympics.[108]
Qualification for the tournament was determined in the 1935 South American Championship held in Lima on January. Uruguay won with an undefeated run and Argentina earned second place; nevertheless, both sides declined to participate in the upcoming Olympics due to economic problems. Peru, which had placed third after defeating Chile by a goal, thus inadvertently became South America's representative to the football tournament in the 1936 Berlin Olympics.[109][2]
The representatives for the Peruvian team were subsequently selected from Alianza Lima's Rodillo Negro (which had an undefeated tour in Chile on the last two months of 1935), reinforced by the starting eleven of Sport Boys (winners of the 1935 Peruvian Primera División) and players from Universitario de Deportes.[110] At Berlin, Peru began the competition eliminating Finland (7–3), with goals from Teodoro Fernández and Alejandro Villanueva.[108] In the quarterfinals, Peru faced Austria, then popularly known as the Wunderteam, coached by Jimmy Hogan.[H] The game ended a draw (2–2) in regular time, but in extra time Peru scored twice and won the match (4–2).[114] Peru would have faced Poland in the semifinals, but decisions outside the field of play led to its withdrawal from the competition.[I]
Rivalries
Peru maintains prominent football rivalries with Chile and Ecuador. The national side has a favorable record against Ecuador, but a negative record against Chile.[118][119] The first time Peru faced both its rivals in an official tournament was during the 1939 South American Championship held in Lima, with Peru emerging victorious against Chile and Ecuador.[120] In the FIFA World Cup, Peru's first confrontation against both rivals happened in the Argentina 1978 World Cup qualifiers, in which Peru directly eliminated Ecuador and Chile after defeating them in Lima and tying them at Quito and Santiago, respectively.[118][119]
The rivalry between Chile and Peru is popularly known as the Clásico del Pacífico (Pacific Derby).[3] CNN (Cable News Network) World Sport editor Greg Duke considers this derby to be among the top ten football rivalries in the world.[121] Chile and Peru also traditionally vie for the rank of fourth best national team in South America (behind Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay); however, unlike Peru, Chile has never won a major international competition.[122] Both nations further dispute the origin of the football move known as the bicycle kick, Peruvians naming it chalaca and Chileans calling it chilena.[123]
The political element of historical border conflicts is what creates the football rivalry between Ecuador and Peru. In 1995, due to the Cenepa War, CONMEBOL even contemplated altering that year's Copa América group stages in order to prevent both sides from facing each other.[124] Ecuadorian fans consider "losses to Colombia or Peru [as] an excuse to lament Ecuador's inability to establish itself as an international soccer power."[125] During the Brazil 2014 World Cup qualifiers, Ecuador's captain Walter Ayoví declared that "these matches have always had something additional, a thorough rivalry. We are going to play for the pride of representing the country, its colors, because these games have always been a kind of derby" (in Spanish: "Esos partidos siempre han tenido un adicional, una rivalidad en todo sentido. Vamos a jugar por el orgullo de representar al país, sus colores, porque esos partidos siempre han sido un tipo de clásico").[126]
Players
Current squad
The following players were named for the Friendly Match against Panama in Panama City, and the FIFA World Cup Qualifying Games against Ecuador in Lima and Colombia in Barranquilla. Caps and goals updated as June 7, 2013.
Recent call-ups
- INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.
- WD Player withdrew from the squad due to personal reason.
Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club | Latest call-up | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GK | Carlos Cáceda | September 27, 1991 | 0 | 0 | Universitario de Deportes | vs Honduras, November 14, 2012 | ||
GK | Joel Pinto | June 5, 1980 | 0 | 0 | Sport Huancayo | vs Bolivia, October 12, 2012 | ||
GK | Leao Butrón | March 6, 1977 | 39 | 0 | Melgar | vs Uruguay, June 10, 2012 | ||
DF | Néstor Duarte | September 8, 1990 | 4 | 0 | Universitario de Deportes | vs Mexico, April 17, 2013 | ||
DF | Orlando Contreras | June 11, 1982 | 7 | 1 | Universidad César Vallejo | vs Mexico, April 17, 2013 | ||
DF | José Canova | September 30, 1992 | 1 | 0 | Alianza Lima | vs Mexico, April 17, 2013 | ||
DF | Roberto Guizasola | August 21, 1984 | 10 | 0 | Juan Aurich | vs Mexico, April 17, 2013 | ||
DF | Jesús Álvarez | August 26, 1981 | 5 | 0 | Sporting Cristal | vs Chile, March 23, 2013 | ||
DF | Rafael Farfán | December 28, 1975 | 2 | 0 | Sport Huancayo | vs Chile, March 23, 2013 | ||
DF | Renzo Revoredo | May 11, 1986 | 20 | 0 | Sporting Cristal | vs Trinidad and Tobago, February 6, 2013 | ||
DF | Aurelio Saco Vértiz | May 30, 1989 | 0 | 0 | Universitario de Deportes | vs Trinidad and Tobago, February 6, 2013 | ||
DF | Werner Schuler | July 27, 1990 | 1 | 0 | Universitario de Deportes | vs Honduras, November 14, 2012 | ||
DF | Jean Pierre Cáncar | July 8, 1987 | 0 | 0 | Juan Aurich | vs Bolivia, October 12, 2012 | ||
DF | John Galliquio | December 1, 1979 | 41 | 1 | Universitario de Deportes | vs Argentina, September 11, 2012 | ||
DF | Giancarlo Carmona | October 8, 1985 | 5 | 0 | San Lorenzo | vs Uruguay, June 10, 2012 | ||
MF | Christofer Gonzáles | October 12, 1992 | 2 | 1 | Universitario de Deportes | vs Mexico, April 17, 2013 | ||
MF | Josimar Vargas | April 6, 1990 | 1 | 0 | Universitario de Deportes | vs Mexico, April 17, 2013 | ||
MF | Luis García | June 5, 1988 | 2 | 0 | Unión Comercio | vs Mexico, April 17, 2013 | ||
MF | Paulo Albarracín | November 30, 1989 | 2 | 0 | Alianza Lima | vs Mexico, April 17, 2013 | ||
MF | Josepmir Ballón | March 21, 1988 | 22 | 0 | Universidad San Martín | vs Mexico, April 17, 2013 | ||
MF | Michael Guevara | June 10, 1984 | 15 | 0 | Juan Aurich | vs Mexico, April 17, 2013 | ||
MF | Jair Céspedes | May 22, 1984 | 3 | 0 | Juan Aurich | vs Mexico, April 17, 2013 | ||
MF | Christian Cueva | November 23, 1991 | 6 | 0 | Unión Española | vs Honduras, November 14, 2012 | ||
MF | Juan Morales | March 6, 1989 | 2 | 0 | Universidad César Vallejo | vs Honduras, November 14, 2012 | ||
MF | Osnar Noronha | December 17, 1991 | 1 | 0 | Juan Aurich | vs Honduras, November 14, 2012 | ||
MF | Joel Sánchez | June 11, 1989 | 2 | 0 | Universidad San Martín | vs Paraguay, October 16, 2012 | ||
MF | Juan Cominges | October 1, 1983 | 14 | 0 | Guarani | vs Bolivia, October 12, 2012 | ||
MF | Julio Edson Uribe | May 9, 1982 | 2 | 0 | Alianza Lima | vs Bolivia, October 12, 2012 | ||
MF | Cristian García | March 2, 1981 | 0 | 0 | Cienciano | vs Bolivia, October 12, 2012 | ||
MF | Carlos Zegarra | March 2, 1977 | 24 | 1 | Sport Huancayo | vs Uruguay, June 10, 2012 | ||
MF | Rainer Torres | January 12, 1980 | 23 | 0 | Universitario de Deportes | vs Uruguay, June 10, 2012 | ||
MF | Antonio Gonzales | May 16, 1986 | 10 | 0 | Universitario de Deportes | vs Uruguay, June 10, 2012 | ||
FW | Irven Avila | July 2, 1990 | 8 | 0 | Sporting Cristal | vs Panama, June 1, 2013 | ||
FW | Raúl Ruidíaz | July 25, 1990 | 8 | 0 | Universitario de Deportes | vs Mexico, April 17, 2013 | ||
FW | Daniel Chávez | January 8, 1988 | 13 | 0 | Universidad César Vallejo | vs Trinidad and Tobago, March 26, 2013 | ||
FW | Junior Ross | February 19, 1986 | 12 | 0 | Sporting Cristal | vs Trinidad and Tobago, February 6, 2013 | ||
FW | Jhonny Vidales | April 22, 1992 | 1 | 0 | Alianza Lima | vs Honduras, November 14, 2012 | ||
FW | William Chiroque | March 10, 1980 | 18 | 1 | Sporting Cristal | vs Paraguay, October 16, 2012 | ||
FW | Wilmer Aguirre | May 10, 1983 | 8 | 0 | Alianza Lima | vs Bolivia, October 12, 2012 | ||
FW | Andy Pando | July 28, 1983 | 0 | 0 | Las Palmas | vs Bolivia, October 12, 2012 | ||
FW | José Carlos Fernández | May 14, 1983 | 6 | 2 | Sporting Cristal | vs Uruguay, June 10, 2012 |
|}
Honored players
According to CONMEBOL, Peruvian teams play with much technique and elegance, generally making them one of the finest exponents of South American football.[127]
Alejandro Villanueva, Teodoro Fernández, and Juan Valdivieso were part of the Combinado del Pacífico,[J] a united Peruvian-Chilean squad that toured England, Germany, France, and Spain. The Combinado ended with 13 games won, 13 tied, and 13 lost; Fernández was top scorer with 48 goals.[128] Hugo Sotil, Héctor Chumpitaz, and Teófilo Cubillas were selected from the Peruvian football team to join the starting line-up of the South America XI that played against the Europe XI in 1973 at the Nou Camp of FC Barcelona. Sotil scored South America's second goal, and Chumpitaz's goal evened the score (4–4); South America beat Europe 7–6 in the penalty rounds.[129]
In 2011, Peru also obtained five LG Corp. Player of the Game awards, twice for Paolo Guerrero and Juan Manuel Vargas, and once for William Chiroque, the most awarded to a national team in the tournament.
Managers
Peru's first manager, Uruguayan Pedro Olivieri, was appointed for the 1927 South American Championship held in Peru.
Two managers have led Peru to CONMEBOL tournament victories, Englishman Jack Greenwell and Peruvian Marcos Calderón (1975). In 1939, Greenwell led Peru through an undefeated South American Championship run. In 1975, Calderón took Peru to victory in the newly renamed Copa América tournament.
Four managers have led Peru in the FIFA World Cup competition: Spaniard Francisco Bru (1930),[130] Brazilians Valdir Pereira (1970) and Elba de Pádua Lima (1982),[131][132] and Peruvian Marcos Calderón (1978).[133] Pereira's 1970 squad reached the quarter-finals; the team's furthest progression in the World Cup.
In the Kirin Cup invitational tournament, Peru has obtained three titles under separate management. The first was obtained in 1999 under Colombian Francisco Maturana, the second in 2005 under Peruvian Freddy Ternero, and the third in 2011 under Uruguayan Sergio Markarián.
Fixtures and records
Peru has played approximately 545 matches, including friendlies, since 1927;[77] and has a positive performance record against national teams from the Caribbean, Asia, Africa, and Central America.[134] Peru's biggest win, a 9–1 victory against Ecuador, took place on August 11, 1938, at the Bolivarian Games held in Colombia. The team's biggest defeat, a 7–0 loss to Brazil, occurred on June 26, 1997, at the Copa America held in Bolivia.[77] Peru was the first recipient of the FIFA Fair Play Trophy, awarded in the Mexico 1970 World Cup, for being the only team that received no yellow or red cards in its games.[30]
Roberto Palacios has the most appearances with the national team, having played 122 times between 1992 and 2007. Héctor Chumpitaz, with 105 appearances, is second; Jorge Soto, with 101 appearances, is third. For goalkeepers, Oscar Ibañez holds the most appearances with 50 caps, followed by Miguel Miranda (47 caps) and Ramón Quiroga (40 caps).[1] Teófilo Cubillas is the team's top goalscorer with 26 goals in 81 appearances. Teodoro Fernández is second, but holds a higher goal per appearance average with 24 goals in 32 appearances. In third place is Nolberto Solano, who has 20 goals in 89 appearances.[1] Claudio Pizarro scored Peru's fastest goal during a match against Mexico on August 20, 2003; Pizarro also scored the second fastest goal and Luis Ramírez the third.[135]
See also
- Peru women's national football team
- Peru national under-17 football team
- Peru national under-20 football team
- Peru national beach soccer team
- Peru national futsal team
- Peruvian Primera División
- Sport in Peru
Notes
- ^ The Lima Cricket and Football Club might also be the oldest club practicing association football in the Americas.[8]
- ^ During these games in Callao, the Peruvians possibly invented the move known as the chalaca (meaning "from Callao"), or bicycle kick.[14]
- ^ The acronym FPF comes from the organization's Spanish name, Federación Peruana de Futbol.
- ^ Sociologists Aldo Panfichi and Victor Vich argue that Los Potrillos "became the hope of the entire country", and fans expected them to help Peru qualify for the Italy 1990 World Cup.[33]
- ^ According to FIFA, the player was defender Plácido Galindo,[82] but forward Souza Ferreira and other sources contend that it was midfielder Mario de las Casas.[83]
- ^ Match referee Sergio Chechelev annulled a valid goal from Peru without any justification. Years after the match was played, Chechelev admitted that Argentina had paid him to favor Bolivia.[86]
- ^ The unproven allegations were that Peruvian goalkeeper Ramón Quiroga (who was born in Argentina) feared hatred from his birthplace, that Peru simply did not want Brazil to reach the final, and that a government deal between Peru and Argentina arranged the result.[93][94]
- ^ Although an amateur side with no players that represented them in the 1934 FIFA World Cup,[111] Austria's 1936 Olympic side is also considered part of the Wunderteam by sports historians and FIFA. This favors the idea that the Wunderteam was primarily a strategic creation of coaches Jimmy Hogan and Hugo Meisl.[112][108][113]
- ^ After the game against Peru, the Austrian delegation protested the result claiming that Peruvian fans invaded the pitch.[115] Despite the nationality of the spectators was never confirmed and crowd control was the responsibility of the Nazi soldiers,[116] a FIFA committee presided by Jules Rimet ordered a behind closed doors replay; in response, Peruvian President Óscar R. Benavides withdrew the country's entire Olympic delegation.[115] Historian Richard Witzig maintains that only the International Federation of Football History & Statistics has condemned the actions taken against Peru in Berlin, and that FIFA (which has upheld the validity of Peru's Olympic victory over Austria, but not listed Fernández among the tournament's top scorers) blames the International Olympic Committee for the controversial decision made against Peru.[117]
- ^ The Combinado del Pacifico was known by the European media as the "Peru-Chile XI" and "All-Pacific".[128]
References
- ^ a b c José Luis Pierrend (February 29, 2012). "Peru - Record International Players". RSSSF.com. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f Witzig 2006, p. 349.
- ^ a b "A derby and a debut in South America". FIFA.com. October 10, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
- ^ a b c "La Blanquiroja" (in Spanish). Arkivperu.com. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ "Peru". FIFA.com. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
- ^ "The slide of Peruvian football". BBC. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ a b "La difusión del fútbol en Lima" (in Spanish). sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
- ^ "¿Sabías que Perú tiene el club de fútbol más antiguo de América?" (in Spanish). Peru.com. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
- ^ Higgins 2005, p. 130.
- ^ "El Club: Datos y Anécdotas" (in Spanish). Clublimacricket.com. Retrieved 2013-19-01.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ Juan Luis Orrego Penagos (October 18, 2008). "La historia del fútbol en el Perú" (in Spanish). Blogs.PUCP.edu.pe. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
- ^ Jacobsen 2008, p. 378.
- ^ a b c Henshaw 1979, p. 571.
- ^ DK Publishing 2011, p. 100.
- ^ Goldblatt 2008, pp. 135–136.
- ^ Stein 2011, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Goldblatt 2008, p. 135.
- ^ Radnedge 2001, p. 195.
- ^ Murray 1994, p. 127.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Historia". fpf.org.pe. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
- ^ Template:Es icon"La Seleccion Peruana de 1924". Jaimepulgarvidal.blogspot.com. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ Basadre 1964, pp. 4671–4673.
- ^ Miró 1958, p. 66.
- ^ Basadre 1964, pp. 4672–4673.
- ^ Thorndike 1978, p. 158.
- ^ Waldemar Iglesias. "Cuando Perú Humilló a Hitler". Clarín.com. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
- ^ a b c Goldblatt 2008, p. 642.
- ^ a b Henshaw 1979, p. 572.
- ^ "The silence of the Bombonera". FIFA.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
- ^ a b "Fair Play Trophy for Peru". Asian Recorder. 16. New Delhi: K.K. Thomas at Recorder Press. 1970.
{{cite journal}}
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requires|url=
(help) - ^ Fiore 2012, p. "El Nene" de Perú.
- ^ DK Publishing 2010, p. 75.
- ^ Panfichi & Vich 2005, pp. 161, 173.
- ^ Panfichi & Vich 2005, pp. 161–162, 173.
- ^ Template:Es iconDavid Hidalgo Jiménez. "Chemo podría empeorar su récord negativo como técnico de la selección". El Comercio. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
- ^ "Kirin Cup 1999". RSSSF. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
- ^ "Gold Cup 2000". Goldcup.org. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Perú cae ante Chile en Lima y confirma por qué es último en Sudamérica". Peru.com. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
- ^ Template:Es icon"José "Chemo" del Solar bate un récord con Perú". Peru.com. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Prensa concuerda que Perú es el peor equipo de la historia". Peru.com. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
- ^ "Suspension of the Peruvian FA". FIFA.com. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
- ^ Template:Es icon"La FIFA Levanta La Sancion al Futbol Peruano". Peru.com. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Woodman: "La FPF es la única responsable de la pérdida del Sudamericano"". El Comercio.pe. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Perú acabará el 2009 como el peor equipo de Sudamérica". El Comercio.pe. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Markarian, nuevo técnico de Perú". Espndeportes.espn.go.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
- ^ "Pelé: "Perú tiene chances de ir al Mundial"". Peru.com. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ "Perú campeón de la Copa Kirin". Peru.com. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ "Perú: Markarián indultó a Farfán, Manco y Galliquio". Goal.com. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ "Perú Se Reinventa Por Las Lesiones". El Universal. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ Witzig 2006, p. 338.
- ^ a b c "HACE 80 AÑOS DEBUTÓ PERÚ" (in Spanish). Jaimepulgarvidal.blogspot.com. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ "La Blanquiroja: La Camiseta de Todos los Colores". jaimepulgarvidal.blogspot.com. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
- ^ "Best World Cup jerseys of all time". ESPN. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
- ^ Christopher Turpin. "The Lost Elegance Of Football Jerseys". NPR. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
- ^ "Nueva camiseta Umbro Peru". Arkivperu.com. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
- ^ a b Template:Es icon"De otro mundo: Mira en 360 grados el estadio Nacional". Libero.pe. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
- ^ "Colonia británica donó primer estadio nacional". Britanica.edu.pe. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
- ^ Leigh Raffo 2005, p. 266.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Estadio Nacional se inauguró con la selección y fuegos artificiales". El Comercio.pe. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
- ^ Template:Es iconJuan Luis Orrego Penagos. "Estadios de fútbol en Lima (1)". Blogs.PUCP.edu.pe. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Evaluará FIFA Cuestionadas Canchas Artificiales en Perú". El Universal.mx. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
- ^ Template:Es icon"No más sintético: el Estadio Nacional ya luce césped natural". El Comercio.pe. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
- ^ Template:Es iconVíctor R. Nomberto. "Historia del Estadio Nacional". Blogs.PUCP.pe. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
- ^ Witzig 2006, pp. 323–325.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Sporting Cristal inicia el torneo en el horno de Iquitos". Peru.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
- ^ Template:Es icon"La selección también jugará en Matute". Peru21.pe. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Selección Nacional podría jugar ante Ecuador en el Estadio Monumental". Depor.pe. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
- ^ http://www.emol.com/noticias/deportes/2013/04/02/591373/chile-es-cuarta-en-asistencia-de-publico-en-clasificatorias-al-mundial-2014.html
- ^ Wood 2007, p. 128.
- ^ Wood 2007, pp. 128–129.
- ^ Bravo 2012, p. 42.
- ^ Foley Gambetta 1983, p. 12.
- ^ a b Wood 2007, p. 130.
- ^ http://www.arkivperu.com/peru-campeon-1969/
- ^ Snyder 2001, p. 78.
- ^ Snyder 2001, p. 79.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Peru International Results". Rsssf.com. March 6, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ Henshaw 1979, p. 789.
- ^ Witzig 2006, p. 156.
- ^ a b Jaime Pulgar-Vidal Otálora (February 24, 2007). "Peru en El Mundial del 30". Jaimepulgarvidal.blogspot.com. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
- ^ Lennox 2009, p. 61.
- ^ "101 Facts" (PDF). FIFA.com. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- ^ Pedro Canelo (May 11, 2010). "El primer expulsado en la historia de los mundiales fue peruano". ElComercio.pe. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
- ^ Template:Es icon"El día que Perú enmudeció a la Bombonera". Fifa.com. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
- ^ a b Henshaw 1979, p. 805.
- ^ Horacio Zimmerman (March 8, 2012). "Escándalos arbitrales que marcaron el futuro de equipos peruanos" (in Spanish). ElComercio.pe. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
- ^ Glanville 2010, p. 169.
- ^ Glanville 2010, p. 176.
- ^ Goldblatt 2008, p. 393.
- ^ Henshaw 1979, p. 810.
- ^ Panfichi & Vich 2005, p. 161.
- ^ Dunmore 2011, p. 101.
- ^ a b Christopher 2010, p. "Working the System?".
- ^ Edwards & Skinner 2006, p. 81.
- ^ Witzig 2006, p. 451.
- ^ http://elcomercio.pe/deportes/1424184/noticia-fuimos-heroes-cuando-peru-dio-sorpresa-sumo-puntos-memorables
- ^ http://www.rsssf.com/tables/82qual.html#gr9
- ^ Lisi 2011, p. 160.
- ^ Lisi 2011, p. 162.
- ^ Lisi 2011, p. 166.
- ^ Template:Es icon"FUTBOL-DATOS-Lista de goleadores históricos de la Copa América". Reuters Mexico. July 24, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
- ^ "Paolo Guerrero está junto a "Lolo" Fernández y al "Mago" Loayza en la historia de la Copa América | Copa América 2011". Libero.pe. July 23, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
- ^ http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/sachampfulltrivia.html#best-players
- ^ Henshaw 1979, pp. 648, 652.
- ^ Henshaw 1979, pp. 648.
- ^ Henshaw 1979, pp. 656–657.
- ^ Goldblatt 2008, p. 641.
- ^ a b c Witzig 2006, p. 351.
- ^ Martín Tabeira (November 23, 2007). "Southamerican Championship 1935". RSSSF.com. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
- ^ Roberto Salinas (June 17, 2013). "Continuando con las cronicas..." (in Spanish). CPDP.com.pe. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
- ^ Roberto Castro and Alfredo Tirado (03 August 2010). "Perú en los Juegos Olímpicos de 1936: Berlín sin muros" (in Spanish). Dechalaca.com. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ Agostino 2002, p. 80.
- ^ "Classic Coach: Hugo Meisl - The banker's son who masterminded a Wunderteam". FIFA.com. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
- ^ Murray 1994, p. 66.
- ^ a b Mandell 1987, p. 194.
- ^ Witzig 2006, p. 352, 358.
- ^ Witzig 2006, p. 358.
- ^ a b "Ecuador-Peru, 1938-2011". RSSSF.com. March 6, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ a b "Chile - Peru matches, 1935-2011". RSSSF.com. March 6, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ Henshaw 1979, p. 652.
- ^ Greg Duke (06 November 2008). "Top 10 international rivalries". CNN.com. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Henshaw 1979, p. 126.
- ^ Witzig 2006, p. 22.
- ^ Llopis 2009, p. 171.
- ^ Handelsman 2000, p. 49.
- ^ "Eliminatorias 2014: Ecuador 'calienta' el partido con Peru". La Prensa.pe. 03 June 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ "Peruvian football federation". conmebol.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
- ^ a b "European Tour of the "Combinado del Pacífico" 1933–34". Retrieved July 28, 2009.
- ^ Template:Es icon"El Numéro Diez, Peruanos en Resto del Mundo". Arkivperu.com. Retrieved March 14, 2009.
- ^ "1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay". FIFA.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
- ^ "1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico". FIFA.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
- ^ "1982 FIFA World Cup Spain". FIFA.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
- ^ "1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina". FIFA.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
- ^ "Peru v Caribbean teams". RSSSF.com. 06 March 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
{{cite web}}
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"Peru v Asian teams 1967–2005". RSSSF.com. 06 March 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2013.{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help)
"Peru v African teams 1970–1982". RSSSF.com. 06 March 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2013.{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help)
"Peru v Central American teams". RSSSF.com. 06 March 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2013.{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "'Cachito' anotó el tercer gol más rápido de Perú en los últimos años". Depor.pe. 08 October 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
{{cite web}}
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Bibliography
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- Bravo, Gonzalo (2012). "Association Football, Pacific Coast of South America". In Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (eds.). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-598-84301-9.
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- Fiore, Fernando (2012). ¡Vamos al Mundial! (in Spanish). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06222-664-9.
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- Foley Gambetta, Enrique (1983). Léxico del Peru (in Spanish). Vol. 3. Lima: Talleres Jahnos.
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- Glanville, Brian (2010). The Story of the World Cup: The Essential Companion to South Africa 2010. London: Faber & Faber Limited. ISBN 978-0-571-23605-3.
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- Goldblatt, David (2008). The Ball is Round. New York: Riverhead Trade. ISBN 1-59448-296-9.
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- Handelsman, Michael (2000). Culture and Customs of Ecuador. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30244-8.
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- Henshaw, Richard (1979). The World Encyclopedia of Soccer. Washington, D.C.: New Republic Books. ISBN 0-915220-34-2.
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- Higgins, James (2005). Lima: A Cultural and Literary History. Oxford: Signal Books Limited. ISBN 1-902669-98-3.
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- Leigh Raffo, Denise (2005). "El miedo a la multitud. Dos provincianos en el Estadio Nacional, 1950-1970". In Rosas Lauro, Claudia (ed.). El Miedo en el Perú: Siglos XVI al XX (in Spanish). Lima: PUCP Fondo Editorial. ISBN 9972-42-690-4.
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- Lennox, Doug (2009). Now You Know Soccer. Toronto: Dundurn Press Limited. ISBN 978-1-55488-416-2.
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- Lisi, Clemente Angelo (2011). History of the World Cup: 1930 - 2010. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-7753-5.
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- Llopis, Ramón (2009). Fútbol postnacional: Transformaciones sociales y culturales del "deporte global" en Europa y América Latina (in Spanish). Barcelona: Anthropos Editorial. ISBN 978-8-4765-8937-3.
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- Mandell, Richard (1987). The Nazi Olympics. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01325-5.
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- Miró, César (1958). Los Intimos de La Victoria (in Spanish). Lima: Editorial El Deporte.
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(help)
- Murray, William (1994). Football: A History of the World Game. Aldershot: Scolar Press. ISBN 1-859280-91-9.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
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- Panfichi, Aldo; Vich, Victor (2005). "Political and Social Fantasies in Peruvian Football: The Tragedy of Alianza Lima in 1987". In Darby, Paul; Johnes, Martin; Mellor, Gavin (eds.). Soccer and Disaster: International Perspectves. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-714-65352-7.
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- Radnedge, Keir (2001). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Soccer. New York: Universe Publishing.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
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- Roel, Virgilio (1986). Historia Social y Económica del Perú en el Siglo XIX (in Spanish). Lima: Librería El Alba.
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- Snyder, John (2001). Soccer's Most Wanted. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57488-365-7.
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- Stein, Steve (2011). "The Case of Soccer in Early Twentieth-Century Lima". In Stavans, Ilan (ed.). Fútbol. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC. ISBN 978-0-313-37515-6.
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- Thorndike, Guillermo (1978). El Revés de Morir (in Spanish). Lima: Mosca Azul Editores.
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- Witzig, Richard (2006). The Global Art of Soccer. Harahan: CusiBoy Publishing. ISBN 0-9776688-0-0.
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- Wood, David (2007). "¡Arriba Perú! The Role of Football in the Formation of a Peruvian National Culture". In Miller, Rory; Crolley, Liz (eds.). Football in the Americas. London: Institute for the Study of the Americas. ISBN 978-1-900039-80-2.
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External links