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== Managers ==
== Managers ==
{{main|List of managers of the Peru national football team}}
{{main|List of managers of the Peru national football team}}
[[File:1982-paraguay-wm-spain-1-peru.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Twelve men, six standing and six crouching, pose for a photo inside a stadium|Peru's 1982 World Cup team featured in a [[postage stamp]]. The team's manager blamed the players for their early elimination from the tournament.<ref>{{cite web | author=Miguel Villegas |title=El informe de Tim tras la eliminación de Perú de España ‘82 | publisher=El Comercio.pe| url=http://elcomercio.pe/deportes/1259442/noticia-informe-tim-eliminacion-espana82 | date=27 August 2011 |accessdate=7 January 2014| language=Spanish}}</ref>]]
[[File:1982-paraguay-wm-spain-1-peru.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Twelve men, six standing and six crouching, pose for a photo inside a stadium|Peru's 1982 World Cup team, pictured on a contemporary Paraguayan postage stamp. The team's manager blamed the players for their early elimination from the tournament.<ref>{{cite web | author=Miguel Villegas |title=El informe de Tim tras la eliminación de Perú de España ‘82 | publisher=El Comercio.pe| url=http://elcomercio.pe/deportes/1259442/noticia-informe-tim-eliminacion-espana82 | date=27 August 2011 |accessdate=7 January 2014| language=Spanish}}</ref>]]


Peru's first two [[Manager (association football)|managers]] were from [[Uruguay]]. The first, [[Pedro Olivieri]], was chosen to coach Peru in the 1927 South American Championship because of his prior experience managing the Uruguay national football team. The second, [[Julio Borelli]], spent a few years as a [[Referee (association football)|referee]] in Peru (even arbitrating the first [[Peruvian Clásico]], the derby between Alianza Lima and Universitario) prior to becoming Peru's coach in the 1929 South American Championship.<ref>{{cite web | author=Raúl Behr |title=El entrenador del silbato | publisher=DeChalaca.com| url=http://dechalaca.com/informes/curiosidades/el-entrenador-del-silbato | date=6 June 2012 |accessdate=28 June 2013| language=Spanish}}</ref>
Peru's first two [[Manager (association football)|managers]] were from [[Uruguay]]. The first, [[Pedro Olivieri]], was chosen to coach Peru in the 1927 South American Championship because of his prior experience managing the Uruguay national football team. The second, [[Julio Borelli]], spent a few years as a [[Referee (association football)|referee]] in Peru (even arbitrating the first [[Peruvian Clásico]], the derby between Alianza Lima and Universitario) prior to becoming Peru's coach in the 1929 South American Championship.<ref>{{cite web | author=Raúl Behr |title=El entrenador del silbato | publisher=DeChalaca.com| url=http://dechalaca.com/informes/curiosidades/el-entrenador-del-silbato | date=6 June 2012 |accessdate=28 June 2013| language=Spanish}}</ref>

Revision as of 18:11, 2 February 2014

Peru
Shirt badge/Association crest
Nickname(s)La Blanquirroja
(The White and Red)
Los Incas
(The Incas)
AssociationPeruvian Football Federation
ConfederationCONMEBOL
(South America)
Head coachVacant
CaptainClaudio Pizarro[1]
Most capsRoberto Palacios (128)[2]
Top scorerTeófilo Cubillas (26)[2]
Home stadiumEstadio Nacional
FIFA codePER
First colours
Second colours
FIFA ranking
Current39 Decrease 5
Highest19 (July 2013)
Lowest91 (September 2009)
First international
Peru Peru 0–4 Uruguay 
(Lima, Peru; November 1, 1927)
Biggest win
Peru Peru 9–1 Ecuador 
(Bogotá, Colombia; August 11, 1938)
Biggest defeat
 Brazil 7–0 Peru Peru
(Santa Cruz, Bolivia; June 26, 1997)
World Cup
Appearances4 (first in 1930)
Best resultRound 2, 1970 & 1978
Copa América
Appearances34 (first in 1927)
Best resultWinners, 1939 and 1975
CONCACAF Gold Cup
Appearances1 (first in 2000)
Best resultThird (shared), 2000
Medal record
Bolivarian Games
Gold medal – first place 1938 Bogotá NA
Copa Centenario de Armenia
Bronze medal – third place 1989 Armenia NA
Kirin Cup
Gold medal – first place 1999 Japan NA
Gold medal – first place 2005 Japan NA
Gold medal – first place 2011 Japan NA
Marlboro Cup
Silver medal – second place 1989 New York NA
Nike United States Cup
Bronze medal – third place 1997 U.S. Cup NA

The Peru national football team represents Peru in international football. Managed by the Peruvian Football Federation (FPF),[A] it is one of the 10 members of FIFA's South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL). The Peruvian team's performance has been inconsistent; it enjoyed its most successful periods in the 1930s and 1970s.[3]

Founded in 1927, the Peru national football team plays its home matches primarily at the Estadio Nacional in Lima, the country's capital. The team has won the Copa América twice, qualified for four FIFA World Cup final tournaments, and participated in the 1936 Olympic football competition. It has longstanding rivalries with Chile and with Ecuador.[4] Peru's classic uniform colors are white and red, the colors of the national flag, which gives rise to the Peruvian team's common Spanish nickname of la Blanquirroja (Spanish for "the white-and-red").[5]

Early in its history, Peru took part in the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930 and enjoyed victories in the 1938 Bolivarian Games and the 1939 Copa América, when it was led by players Teodoro Fernández, Juan Valdivieso, and Alejandro Villanueva.[3] Peruvian football's successful period in the 1970s brought it worldwide recognition, with players such as Héctor Chumpitaz, Hugo Sotil, and Teófilo Cubillas.[6] This team qualified for three FIFA World Cups and won the Copa América in 1975.

Peru last reached the World Cup finals in 1982; it has since failed to qualify, and has not won any major tournament. FIFA temporarily suspended the team from international competition in late 2008 while Peruvian government investigated allegations of corruption within the FPF. Peru appointed Uruguayan Sergio Markarián as its head coach in 2010 and, after achieving third place at the 2011 Copa América, was unable to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

History

Main article: History of the Peru national football team

Association football was introduced to Peru in the 19th century by British immigrants and Peruvians returning from England.[7] Members of the British community in the capital Lima founded the Lima Cricket Club, a sports club dedicated to cricket, rugby and football, in 1859.[B][9][10] These new sports became popular among upper-class Peruvians over the following decades. After early developments were halted by the War of the Pacific against Chile from 1879 to 1883,[11] coastal society in Peru embraced modern innovations such as football, which became a popular daily activity in Lima barrios. Urban bosses encouraged their workers to take up the sport, hoping that it would breed solidarity and improved productivity.[12] In the adjacent port of Callao and other commercial areas, British civilian workers and sailors played the sport among themselves and with locals.[13][C] Sports rivalries between locals and foreigners arose in Callao, and between elites and workers in Lima. Over time, as foreigners departed, this evolved into a rivalry between Callao and Lima.[7][15] These factors, coupled with the sport's rapid development among the urban poor of Lima's La Victoria district (where the Alianza Lima club was formed in 1901), led to Peru developing the strongest footballing culture in the Andean region.[16]

The Peruvian Football League was formed in 1912 and held each year until it broke up in 1921 amid disputes between the member clubs.[17] The Peruvian Football Federation (FPF) was created the following year and, in 1926, it reorganized the annual league competition.[18] The FPF joined the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) in 1925, and formed a national team in 1927—the delay was due to financial issues.[19] The team debuted in the 1927 South American Championship, which the FPF hosted at the Estadio Nacional in Lima.[13] Peru's first match was a 0–4 loss against Uruguay; its second was a 3–2 victory over Bolivia.[20] Peru took part in the inaugural FIFA World Cup in Uruguay in 1930.[21]

The 1930s have been called Peruvian football's first golden era.[3] Starting with Ciclista Lima in 1926, Peruvian clubs toured Latin America. During one of these tours—Alianza Lima's undefeated journey through Chile in 1935—a group of players emerged that became called the Rodillo Negro ("Black Roller"), led by forwards Alejandro Villanueva and Teodoro Fernández and goalkeeper Juan Valdivieso.[22] Sports historian Richard Witzig described these three as "a soccer triumvirate unsurpassed in the world at that time", citing their combined innovation and effectiveness at both ends of the field.[3] Peru and the Rodillo Negro awed crowds at the 1936 Summer Olympics, won the inaugural Bolivarian Games in 1938, and finished the decade as South American champions.[23][24] Subsequent years proved less successful for the team; according to historian David Goldblatt, "despite all the apparent preconditions for footballing growth and success, Peruvian football disappeared".[25] He attributes this sudden decline to Peruvian authorities' repression of "social, sporting and political organizations among the urban and rural poor" during the 1940s and 1950s.[25] Peru generally performed creditably at the South American Championships during this period, however, and only narrowly missed qualification for the Sweden 1958 World Cup finals, losing over two legs to eventual champions Brazil.[26]

Photo of three men, wearing all-white uniforms marked by a red diagonal stripe in their jerseys, inside a stadium filled with spectators
Hugo Sotil, Teófilo Cubillas, and Roberto Challe (left to right) at the Estadio Nacional in 1973. Sotil and Cubillas "forged an ideal partnership" in attack during the Peruvian team's second golden era in the 1970s.[27]

A series of successes during the late 1960s, culminating with qualification for the 1970 World Cup finals in Mexico, ushered in a second golden period for Peruvian football.[3][28] Peru reached the quarter-finals in 1970, losing to the tournament winners Brazil, and earned the first FIFA Fair Play Trophy.[29][30] Five years later, Peru were crowned South American champions for the second time when they won the 1975 Copa América (as the South American Championship was renamed that year). The team then qualified for two consecutive World Cup tournaments: it reached the second round in Argentina 1978, and was knocked out in the first group stage at the 1982 tournament in Spain. Peru's early elimination in 1982 ended a period when its "flowing football was admired across the globe".[31]

Following its failure to qualify for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, renewed expectations for Peru were centered on a young generation of Alianza Lima players known colloquially as Los Potrillos ("The Colts").[D] However, on December 8, 1987, an aircraft returning most of Alianza's team and coaching staff from Pucallpa (in the Peruvian Amazon) to Lima crashed into the Pacific Ocean. All aboard were killed except the pilot. Among the dead were the national team coach Marcos Calderón and several Peruvian international players, including Luis Escobar, widely tipped as a future star forward, and goalkeeper José González Ganoza.[33] Peru's ensuing hiatus, finishing last in both the 1990 and 1994 World Cup qualifiers, was followed by a slight recovery at the end of the decade. After earning fourth place at the 1997 Copa América, it missed qualification for the France 1998 World Cup only on goal difference.[34] Peru later won the 1999 Kirin Cup held in Japan (sharing the title with Belgium) and placed third at the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup,[35][36] where it was invited as a guest team. However, the national squad failed to secure qualification for the South Korea/Japan 2002 and Germany 2006 World Cup finals.[37]

Much of the blame for Peru's performance was placed on FPF president Manuel Burga.[38] In 2008, the Peruvian government charged Burga with corruption and declared his re-election illegal. In response, FIFA suspended Peruvian Football League officials and referees, the national football team, and prevented Peru from hosting the 2009 South American Youth Championship.[39] After the Peruvian Institute of Sport (IPD) agreed to discuss matters and reach an agreement with the FPF, with IPD President Arturo Woodman avoiding direct communications with Burga, FIFA president Sepp Blatter lifted the bans and restrictions.[40][41] The following year, Peru missed qualification for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa and ended the year as CONMEBOL's lowest ranked team.[42] Afterwards, Peru achieved third place at the 2011 Copa America, and reached its highest-ever FIFA position (19th) in July 2013.[43] It failed to qualify for the Brazil 2014 World Cup, however.[44]

Colors

The Peru national football team plays in red and white, the country's national colors.[45] The team's first uniform was made for the 1927 South American Championship and consisted of white shorts and a shirt with red vertical stripes. For the 1930 FIFA World Cup, an all-white kit with a red collar was chosen. A third uniform was made for the 1935 South American Championship, with the addition of a horizontal red stripe. Designed for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics, Peru's current uniform features a red stripe crossing the chest diagonally from the left shoulder to the right hip on the front, and vice-versa on the back.[5]

According to sports historian Jaime Pulgar-Vidal Otálora, Peru's first uniform was similar to that of Alianza Lima, whose kits were influenced by the jockey uniforms used in Peruvian President Augusto B. Leguía's stables. The only difference between the kits was the color of the jersey's vertical stripes, which were blue for Alianza and red for the national side. Pulgar-Vidal Otálora argues that Peru's first uniform was probably directly influenced by Leguía, pointing out that the kit was later changed after he was overthrown in 1932.[46] The team's second uniform, worn at the 1930 FIFA World Cup, was an alternate kit used only because Paraguay had already registered a similar uniform design.[46]

Pulgar-Vidal Otálora claims that Peru's uniform acquired its current design from a tradition of adding a red diagonal stripe to distinguish teams playing with white jerseys.[47] In 2010, the ESPN television network placed Peru's 1978 jersey first in a list of the "Best World Cup jerseys of all time", praising its "simple yet strikingly effective piece of design".[48] That same year, Christopher Turpin (NPR's executive producer of All Things Considered) also praised the 1970 design, claiming that "[t]o this day, I still think it's the beautiful game's most beautiful shirt".[49]

Peru's uniform has been manufactured by eight separate companies. In 1978, Adidas became the first official manufacturer. During the 1980s, Peru had contracts with Penalty (1981–1982), Adidas (1983–1985), Calvo Sportwear (1987), and Power (1989–1991). In the 1990s and 2000s, Peru contracted with Diadora (1991–1992), local manufacturer Polmer (1993–1995), Umbro (1996–1997), and had a long-term contract with local company Walon Sport (1998–2010).[5] Since 2010, Umbro has again produced the national team kits.[50]

Peru national football team kit evolution
  • Football uniform composed of a white shirt with red vertical stripes, white shorts, and black socks
    First uniform (1927–1929)
  • Football uniform composed of a white shirt with a red collar, white shorts, and black socks
    Second uniform (1930)
  • Football uniform composed of a white shirt with a red horizontal stripe, white shorts, and white socks
    Third uniform (1935)
  • Football uniform composed of a white shirt with a red diagonal stripe, white shorts, and white socks
    Current uniform (1936–present)

Stadium

Main article: Estadio Nacional (Lima)
Photograph of a stadium's exterior
The renovated Estadio Nacional offers high-quality lighting for HD newscasts[51]

The Estadio Nacional is a 45,000-spectator stadium located in Lima that acts as the traditional home of the Peruvian team and the national stadium of Peru.[13] The first national stadium, a wooden structure with a 6,000-spectator capacity, was donated by Lima's British community to celebrate Peru's centenary of independence from Spain; it was inaugurated on July 24, 1923.[52] Under the regime of General Manuel Odría, the stadium was reconstructed, expanded, and officially re-inaugurated on October 27, 1952, with the current spectator capacity.[53] The present stadium is the result of a renovation process conducted under the government of Alan García; it was re-inaugurated on July 24, 2011.[54]

A unique feature of the stadium is the Miguel Dasso Tower, named in honor of the main advocate of the stadium's first renovation. Located on the building's northern side, the tower had luxury boxes which overtime fell into disuse until the tower's renovation in 2004.[55] The arena was also the only national stadium in CONMEBOL to have artificial turf, installed to improve its aesthetic appeal for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship, and was one of Peru's four "FIFA Star II" stadia, the highest certification granted to artificial pitches.[56]

Renovations completed in 2011 brought major changes to the Estadio Nacional, including an overhaul of the artificial turf in favor of natural bermudagrass.[57] The building's exterior is covered by thousands of plaques made from a zinc aluminium alloy, and another tower was constructed on the southern side of the stadium to host a restaurant.[58] Additional improvements include a modern exterior and interior multi-colored illumination system, two giant LED screens, individual spectator seats, and 375 private suites.[51]

The national team occasionally selects other stadiums as its home venue. Outside the desert-like coast where Lima is situated, the thin atmosphere at the high-altitude Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega in Cusco and the balmy Amazonic climate of the Estadio Max Augustín in Iquitos provide strategic advantages against certain rivals.[59][60] Other common alternate venues for the national team include Alianza's Estadio Alejandro Villanueva and Universitario's Estadio Monumental "U", both located in the Peruvian capital.[61][62]

Supporters

See also: Football in Peru
Photograph of people cheering from the stands inside an illuminated stadium at night
Amid the 2014 World Cup qualifiers, Peru had an average of 36,827 spectators per game at the Estadio Nacional.[63]

During the 19th century, football in Peru was not only exclusive to Lima's Anglophile elite and former expatriates, but it was also secluded from the rest of the city.[64] Matters changed in the early 20th century as the practice of the sport became part of a wider popular culture. The Peruvian state, under the government of Augusto B. Leguía, proceeded to institutionalize the sport into national culture by promoting and organizing its development.[65] In the 21st century, football is the most popular sport in Peru.[66]

Peruvian fans commonly encourage the national squad with the popular sports chant ¡Arriba Perú!.[67] Fans have also traditionally expressed their support for club teams, football players, and the national side through música criolla, an early popular music genre from Peru. By the 1930s, with the advent of mass media, música criolla enjoyed "national and international recognition" to the point that it became "a symbol of national culture" for Peru.[68] The national team's popular anthem is Peru Campeón, a polca criolla glorifying Peru's qualification to the Mexico 1970 World Cup.[68][69]

Supporters of Peru are infamously known for the Estadio Nacional disaster, considered as one of the most terrible in football history.[70] It occurred on May 24, 1964, during a 1964 Summer Olympics qualifying match between the youth (under-20) squads of Peru and Argentina. Problems were sparked after Uruguayan referee Angel Payos disallowed a goal from Peru, which would have tied the score, alleging "rough play" from the Peruvians. Two spectators jumped into the field to attack the referee while a "fusillade of objects" were thrown on the pitch from the stands. Police responded by throwing tear gas into the crowd, causing a stampede that was worsened by the stadium's locked gates. The death toll amounted to 315 spectators and more than 500 were injured in the chaos.[71]

Rivalries

Main article: Chile and Peru football rivalry
Portrait of two men, dressed in sports attire, looking straight a the viewer
Chile's Raúl Toro and Peru's Teodoro Fernández, highlighted as opponents by sports magazine El Gráfico during the 1937 South American Championship

Peru maintains prominent football rivalries with Chile and Ecuador. They have a favorable record against Ecuador and a negative record against Chile.[72][73] The first time Peru faced both its rivals in an official tournament was during the 1939 South American Championship held in Lima; Peru won both matches.[74] In the FIFA World Cup, Peru's first confrontation against both rivals happened during the Argentina 1978 World Cup qualifiers, in which Peru directly eliminated Ecuador and Chile after defeating them in Lima and securing away draws.[72][73]

The rivalry between Chile and Peru is popularly known as the Clásico del Pacífico (Pacific Derby).[4] CNN World Sport editor Greg Duke considers it to be among the top ten football rivalries in the world.[75] Chile and Peru also traditionally vie for the rank of fourth-best national team in South America (behind Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay); however, unlike Peru, Chile has never won a major international competition.[76] Both nations further dispute the origin of the football move known as the bicycle kick, with Peruvians naming it chalaca and Chileans calling it chilena.[77]

Historical border conflicts are behind the football rivalry between Ecuador and Peru. In 1995, after the Cenepa War, CONMEBOL even contemplated altering that year's Copa América group stage to prevent both sides from facing each other.[78] Ecuadorian fans consider "losses to Colombia or Peru [as] an excuse to lament Ecuador's inability to establish itself as an international soccer power".[79] During the Brazil 2014 World Cup qualifiers, Ecuador's captain Walter Ayoví declared that "these matches have always had something additional, a thorough rivalry. We are going to play for the pride of representing the country, its colors, because these games have always been a kind of derby".[80]

Competitive records

FIFA World Cup

Main article: Peru at the FIFA World Cup

Peru has participated in 14 World Cup qualifiers and 4 World Cup finals. In the qualifiers, the squad has a record of 35 wins, 30 draws, and 59 losses, with 130 goals in favor and 174 against. In the finals, the team holds a record of 4 wins, 3 draws, and 8 losses, with 19 goals in favor and 31 against.[20] During the 1930 competition, a Peruvian became the first player sent off in a World Cup.[E] Luis de Souza Ferreira scored Peru's first tournament goal on July 14, 1930, in a match against Romania.[83] Teófilo Cubillas is the team's top World Cup scorer with 10 goals in 13 games.[84]


FIFA World Cup Qualification
Year Host Round Pld W D L F A Squad Pos. Pld W D L F A
1930  Uruguay Group stage 2 0 0 2 1 4 Squad Qualified as invitees
1934  Italy Withdrew Withdrew
1938  France Did not enter Did not enter
1950 to 1954 Withdrew Withdrew
1958  Sweden Did not qualify 2nd 2 0 1 1 1 2
1962  Chile 2nd 2 0 1 1 1 2
1966  England 2nd 4 2 0 2 8 6
1970  Mexico Quarter-finals 4 2 0 2 9 9 Squad 1st 4 2 1 1 7 4
1974  West Germany Did not qualify Play-off 3 1 0 2 3 4
1978  Argentina Quarter-finals 6 2 1 3 7 12 Squad 2nd 6 3 2 1 13 3
1982  Spain Group stage 3 0 2 1 2 6 Squad 1st 4 2 2 0 5 2
1986  Mexico Did not qualify Play-offs 8 3 2 3 10 9
1990  Italy 3rd 4 0 0 4 2 8
1994  United States 4th 6 0 1 5 4 12
1998  France 5th 16 7 4 5 19 20
2002  South Korea
 Japan 		8th 18 4 4 10 14 25
2006  Germany 9th 18 4 6 8 20 28
2010  South Africa 10th 18 3 4 11 11 34
2014  Brazil 7th 16 4 3 9 17 26
2018  Russia Group stage 3 1 0 2 2 2 Squad Play-off 20 8 6 6 29 26
2022  Qatar Did not qualify Play-off 19 7 4 8 19 22
2026  Canada
 Mexico
 United States 		To be determined In progress 6 0 2 4 1 8
2030  Morocco
 Portugal
 Spain 		To be determined
2034  Saudi Arabia
Total Quarter-finals 18 5 3 10 21 33 — 5/22 174 50 43 81 184 241

Copa América

Main article: Peru at the Copa América
Photograph of an artistic show inside a football stadium
Celebrations in Peru's Estadio Nacional during the 2004 Copa América

Peru has participated in 31 Copa América tournaments (the first in 1927), played as hosts six times (1927, 1935, 1939, 1953, 1957, 2004), and won it twice (1939 and 1975). The team has a record of 49 victories, 32 draws, and 55 losses, with 199 goals in favor and 222 against.[20] Demetrio Neyra scored Peru's first tournament goal on November 13, 1927, in a match against Bolivia.[46] The team boasts three top scorers—Teodoro Fernández (7 goals, 1939), Eduardo Malásquez (3 goals, 1983), and Paolo Guerrero (5 goals, 2011),[85] three hat-trick scorers—Teodoro Fernández (1939 and 1941), Miguel Loayza (1959), and Paolo Guerrero (2011),[86] and two "Best Player" recipients—Teodoro Fernández (1939) and Teófilo Cubillas (1975).[87]

The Peruvian team's first continental title was achieved in the 1939 South American Championship, after a string of undefeated victories against Ecuador (5–2), Chile (3–1), Paraguay (3–0), and Uruguay (2–1). Peru had 13 goals in favor and 4 against. It became the fourth nation to win the South American championship, after Uruguay, Brazil, and Argentina, and the first team from western South America to obtain the title.[88]

The national side won its second continental title in the 1975 Copa América, the first time the tournament was played by all ten CONMEBOL members and the first time the competition was held without a fixed venue.[89] Peru ended the first stage as leader of Group 2, eliminating Chile and Bolivia. In the semifinals, Peru defeated Brazil (1–3) in Belo Horizonte but lost in Lima (0–2), forcing a CONMEBOL-sponsored "choice of card" which determined Peru the winner. In the two-legged final between Colombia and Peru, both teams won their respective home games (1–0 in Bogota and 2–0 in Lima), forcing a play-off in Caracas which the Peruvians won by a goal.[90]

Template:Peru Copa América record

Olympic Games

See also: Peru at the Olympics
Photo of twelve men, seven standing and five crouching, inside a stadium
Peru's 1936 Olympics football team, described by historian David Goldblatt as "a multiracial team, the jewel of the country's first Olympic delegation"[91]

Peru's senior side participated in one Olympic football tournament: the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, Germany. The squad had a record of two victories, scoring eleven goals and conceding five.[20] Teodoro Fernández scored Peru's first tournament goal on August 6, 1936, in a match against Finland. Fernández is also the team's top scorer, with a total of six goals in two games, and Peru's only hat-trick scorer at the Olympics.[92]

Qualification for the tournament was determined at the 1935 South American Championship held in Lima. Uruguay won with an undefeated run and Argentina earned second place; nevertheless, both sides declined to participate in the Olympics because of economic problems. Peru, which placed third after defeating Chile, thus became South America's representative.[3][93]

The Peruvian players were subsequently selected from Alianza Lima's Rodillo Negro (which had an undefeated tour in Chile in late 1935), reinforced from the starting eleven of Sport Boys (winners of the 1935 Peruvian Primera División) and Universitario de Deportes.[94] In Berlin, Peru began the competition by eliminating Finland (7–3), with goals from Teodoro Fernández and Alejandro Villanueva.[92] In the quarterfinals, Peru faced Austria, then popularly known as the Wunderteam, coached by Jimmy Hogan.[F] The game ended with a 2–2 draw in regular time, but Peru scored twice and won the match (4–2) in extra time.[98] Peru would have faced Poland in the semifinals, but decisions outside the field of play led to its withdrawal from the competition.[G]

Players

Current squad

The following players were named for the unofficial friendly match against Basque Country on December 28, 2013.[102] Caps and goals updated as of December 28, 2013.

No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club
1GK Érick Delgado (1982-06-30) June 30, 1982 (age 41) 14 0 Peru Juan Aurich
1GK Diego Penny (1984-04-22) April 22, 1984 (age 40) 14 0 Peru Sporting Cristal
2DF Walter Vílchez (1982-02-20) February 20, 1982 (age 42) 64 1 Peru UTC
2DF Alberto Rodríguez (1984-03-31) March 31, 1984 (age 40) 49 0 Portugal Rio Ave
2DF Yoshimar Yotún (1990-04-07) April 7, 1990 (age 34) 30 1 Peru Sporting Cristal
2DF Luis Advíncula (1990-03-02) March 2, 1990 (age 34) 30 0 Peru Sporting Cristal
2DF Christian Ramos (1988-11-04) November 4, 1988 (age 35) 12 0 Peru Juan Aurich
2DF Jhoel Herrera (1980-07-09) July 9, 1980 (age 43) 9 0 Peru Real Garcilaso
2DF Koichi Aparicio (1993-07-06) July 6, 1993 (age 30) 1 0 Peru Alianza Lima
2DF Jair Céspedes (1984-03-22) March 22, 1984 (age 40) 1 0 Peru Juan Aurich
2DF Gianmarco Gambetta (1991-05-02) May 2, 1991 (age 33) 1 0 Argentina Argentinos Juniors
3MF Rinaldo Cruzado (1984-09-21) September 21, 1984 (age 39) 31 2 Uruguay Nacional
3MF Juan Carlos Mariño (1982-08-19) August 19, 1982 (age 41) 23 3 Peru Juan Aurich
3MF Adán Balbín (1986-10-13) October 13, 1986 (age 37) 10 0 Peru Universidad San Martín
3MF Edwin Retamoso (1982-02-23) February 23, 1982 (age 42) 9 0 Peru Real Garcilaso
3MF Álvaro Ampuero (1992-09-25) September 25, 1992 (age 31) 8 0 Italy Padova
3MF Cristian Benavente (1994-05-19) 19 May 1994 (age 30) 4 1 Spain Real Madrid Castilla
3MF Roberto Merino (1982-05-19) May 19, 1982 (age 42) 1 0 Peru Juan Aurich
3MF Óscar Vílchez (1986-02-24) February 24, 1986 (age 38) 1 0 Peru Juan Aurich
3MF Jorge Bazán (1991-03-23) March 23, 1991 (age 33) 0 0 Peru Alianza Lima
4FW Johan Fano (1978-08-09) August 9, 1978 (age 45) 17 3 Peru León de Huánuco
4FW Daniel Chávez (1988-01-08) January 8, 1988 (age 36) 13 0 Peru Universidad César Vallejo

Recent callups

The following players have been called to Peru's national team in the last 12 months.

Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club Latest call-up
GK Salomón Libman (1984-02-25) February 25, 1984 (age 40) 6 0 Peru Universidad César Vallejo v.  Bolivia, October 15, 2013
GK José Carvallo (1986-03-01) March 1, 1986 (age 38) 4 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes v.  Bolivia, October 15, 2013
GK Raúl Fernández (1985-10-06) October 6, 1985 (age 38) 27 0 United States Dallas v.  Venezuela, September 10, 2013
DF Santiago Acasiete (1977-10-22) October 22, 1977 (age 46) 44 2 Peru Cienciano v.  Bolivia, October 15, 2013
DF Carlos Zambrano (1989-07-10) July 10, 1989 (age 34) 26 3 Germany Eintracht Frankfurt v.  Bolivia, October 15, 2013
DF Néstor Duarte (1990-09-08) September 8, 1990 (age 33) 6 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes v.  Bolivia, October 15, 2013
DF Diego Chávez (1993-03-07) March 7, 1993 (age 31) 0 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes v.  Bolivia, October 15, 2013
DF Orlando Contreras (1982-06-01) June 1, 1982 (age 42) 7 1 Peru Universidad César Vallejo v.  Argentina, October 11, 2013
DF Edwuin Gómez (1993-03-04) March 4, 1993 (age 31) 4 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes v.  Argentina, October 11, 2013
DF Aurelio Saco Vértiz (1989-05-30) May 30, 1989 (age 35) 0 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes v.  Argentina, October 11, 2013
DF Jesús Álvarez INJ (1981-08-26) August 26, 1981 (age 42) 4 0 Peru Sporting Cristal v.  Venezuela, September 10, 2013
DF Alexander Callens (1992-05-04) May 4, 1992 (age 32) 2 0 Spain Real Sociedad B v.  Panama, June 1, 2013
DF Renzo Revoredo (1986-05-11) May 11, 1986 (age 38) 20 0 Peru Sporting Cristal v.  Trinidad and Tobago, February 6, 2013
MF Juan Manuel Vargas (1983-10-05) October 5, 1983 (age 40) 48 4 Italy Fiorentina v.  Bolivia, October 15, 2013
MF Carlos Lobatón (1980-02-06) February 6, 1980 (age 44) 32 1 Peru Sporting Cristal v.  Bolivia, October 15, 2013
MF Luis Ramírez (1984-11-10) November 10, 1984 (age 39) 31 2 Brazil Corinthians v.  Bolivia, October 15, 2013
MF Josepmir Ballón (1988-03-21) March 21, 1988 (age 36) 25 0 Peru Universidad San Martín v.  Bolivia, October 15, 2013
MF Paolo Hurtado (1990-07-27) July 27, 1990 (age 33) 11 2 Uruguay Peñarol v.  Argentina, October 11, 2013
MF Edison Flores (1994-05-15) May 15, 1994 (age 30) 1 0 Spain Villarreal B v.  South Korea, August 15, 2013
MF Michael Guevara (1984-06-10) June 10, 1984 (age 40) 15 0 Peru UTC v.  Mexico, April 17, 2013
FW Claudio Pizarro (1978-10-03) October 3, 1978 (age 45) 74 19 Germany Bayern Munich v.  Bolivia, October 15, 2013
FW André Carrillo (1991-06-14) June 14, 1991 (age 33) 14 1 Portugal Sporting v.  Bolivia, October 15, 2013
FW Irven Ávila (1990-07-02) July 2, 1990 (age 33) 9 0 Peru Sporting Cristal v.  Bolivia, October 15, 2013
FW Yordy Reyna (1993-09-17) September 17, 1993 (age 30) 6 2 Austria Red Bull Salzburg v.  Bolivia, October 15, 2013
FW José Carlos Fernández (1983-05-14) May 14, 1983 (age 41) 6 2 Argentina Argentinos Juniors v.  Bolivia, October 15, 2013
FW Jefferson Farfán INJ (1984-10-26) October 26, 1984 (age 39) 63 17 Germany Schalke 04 v.  Venezuela, September 10, 2013
FW Paolo Guerrero INJ (1984-01-01) January 1, 1984 (age 40) 49 19 Brazil Corinthians v.  Venezuela, September 10, 2013
FW Raúl Ruidíaz INJ (1990-07-25) July 25, 1990 (age 33) 8 0 Peru Universitario de Deportes v.  Venezuela, September 10, 2013
FW Reimond Manco (1990-08-23) August 23, 1990 (age 33) 6 0 Peru UTC v.  South Korea, August 15, 2013
  • INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.
  • WD Player withdrew from the squad due to personal reason.

Notable players

Main article: List of Peru international footballers

CONMEBOL has described Peru as traditionally exhibiting an "elegant, technical and fine football style" and praised it as "one of the most loyal exponents of South American football talent".[103] Sports historians and analysts invariably concur that Teófilo Cubillas, an attacking midfielder and striker popularly known as "The Kid" (in Spanish: El Nene), is the most remarkable player to have represented the team.[104]

Photo of eleven men, six standing and five crouching, inside a stadium
Peru's 1970 World Cup team, which sports historian Richard Henshaw called "the surprise of the 1970 competition, showing flair and a high level of skill".[26]

Peru's first football idols were Teodoro Fernández, Alejandro Villanueva, and Juan Valdivieso.[105] Fernández was the team's forward and primary goal scorer. His partner on the attack, Villanueva, was a gifted playmaker. Valdivieso was a goalkeeper adept at using his athletic qualities to stop penalty kicks.[106]

Other notable players, described by CONMEBOL as "true artists of the ball", include forwards Pedro Pablo León and Hugo Sotil, defender Héctor Chumpitaz, and midfielders Roberto Challe, César Cueto, and Roberto Palacios.[103] Argentine sports magazine El Gráfico described Cueto, Cubillas, and José Velásquez as "the best [midfield] in the world" in 1978.[107] Historian Richard Witzig lists Chumpitaz among the "Best Players of the Modern Era" and praises him as "a strong reader of the game with excellent ball skills and distribution, [who] marshaled a capable defense to support Peru's attack".[108]

In 1972, Cubillas, Chumpitaz, Sotil, and Julio Baylón were called up to the South America XI squad that faced the Europe XI at Basle, Switzerland. In the match, a commemorative game for the benefit of homeless children, Cubillas scored the first goal in a 0–2 win for South America.[109] Sotil, Chumpitaz, and Cubillas again participated with the South America XI squad in 1973, this time facing the Europe XI at Barcelona's Nou Camp in a charity match for the benefit of world poverty. Chumpitaz played as South America's captain. The game, which ended 4–4 on regular time and with each of the Peruvians scoring a goal, was won by South America in a penalty shoot-out (6–7).[110]

Managers

Main article: List of managers of the Peru national football team
Twelve men, six standing and six crouching, pose for a photo inside a stadium
Peru's 1982 World Cup team, pictured on a contemporary Paraguayan postage stamp. The team's manager blamed the players for their early elimination from the tournament.[111]

Peru's first two managers were from Uruguay. The first, Pedro Olivieri, was chosen to coach Peru in the 1927 South American Championship because of his prior experience managing the Uruguay national football team. The second, Julio Borelli, spent a few years as a referee in Peru (even arbitrating the first Peruvian Clásico, the derby between Alianza Lima and Universitario) prior to becoming Peru's coach in the 1929 South American Championship.[112]

The Peruvians' first FIFA World Cup manager (and third head coach), Francisco Bru, had previously played at FC Barcelona and served as Spain's first national team manager.[113] Other managers that have led Peru in the World Cup include Brazilian Valdir Pereira (appointed for Mexico 1970),[26] Peruvian Marcos Calderón (appointed for Argentina 1978), and Brazilian Elba de Pádua Lima (appointed for Spain 1982).[84]

Owing to their records and achievements, Marcos Calderón and Englishman Jack Greenwell are considered by sports analysts and historians as the best managers of the Peru national football team. Greenwell led Peru through an undefeated eight-game run, winning the 1938 Bolivarian Games and the 1939 South American Championship in the process. Calderón led Peru to glory at the 1975 Copa América and qualified the national side to the 1978 FIFA World Cup.[113][114]

Other tournament-winning managers include Peruvians Juan Carlos Oblitas and Freddy Ternero, and Uruguayan Sergio Markarián, each having led Peru to victory in the Kirin Cup competition in 1999, 2005, and 2011, respectively.[115]

Fixtures and records

Main articles: Peru national football team records and Peru national football team results
Photo of a football match
Peru defeated Morocco (3–0) at the 1970 FIFA World Cup.

Since 1927, Peru has played 545 matches, including friendlies,[20] and has a positive record against national teams from the Caribbean, Asia, Africa, and Central America.[116] Peru's biggest win, a 9–1 victory against Ecuador, took place on August 11, 1938, at the Bolivarian Games held in Colombia. The team's biggest defeat, a 7–0 loss to Brazil, occurred on June 26, 1997, at the Copa América held in Bolivia.[20] Peru was the first recipient of the FIFA Fair Play Trophy, awarded in the 1970 World Cup, for being the only team that received no yellow or red cards.[29]

Roberto Palacios has the most appearances with the national team, having played 122 times between 1992 and 2007. Héctor Chumpitaz, with 105 appearances, is second, and Jorge Soto, with 101 appearances, is third. For goalkeepers, Oscar Ibañez holds the most appearances with 50 caps, followed by Miguel Miranda (47 caps) and Ramón Quiroga (40 caps).[2] Teófilo Cubillas is the team's top goalscorer with 26 goals in 81 appearances. Teodoro Fernández is second, but he holds a higher goal per appearance average with 24 goals in 32 appearances. In third place is Nolberto Solano, who has 20 goals in 89 appearances.[2] Claudio Pizarro scored Peru's fastest goal during a match against Mexico on August 20, 2003; he also scored the second fastest goal and Luis Ramírez the third.[117]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The acronym FPF comes from the organization's Spanish name, Federación Peruana de Futbol.
  2. ^ The Lima Cricket and Football Club is the oldest club in Peru, and might also be the oldest club in the Americas that today plays association football.[8]
  3. ^ During these games in Callao, the Peruvians possibly invented the bicycle kick, which is known in Peru as the chalaca (meaning "from Callao").[14]
  4. ^ According to sociologists Aldo Panfichi and Victor Vich, Los Potrillos "became the hope of the entire country"—Peru fans expected them to lead the country to qualification for the Italy 1990 World Cup.[32]
  5. ^ According to FIFA, the player was defender Plácido Galindo,[81] but forward Souza Ferreira and other sources contend that it was midfielder Mario de las Casas.[82]
  6. ^ Although an amateur side with no players that represented them in the 1934 FIFA World Cup,[95] Austria's 1936 Olympic side is also considered part of the Wunderteam by sports historians and FIFA. This favors the idea that the Wunderteam was primarily a strategic creation of coaches Jimmy Hogan and Hugo Meisl.[96][92][97]
  7. ^ After the game against Peru, the Austrian delegation protested the result claiming that Peruvian fans invaded the pitch.[99] Despite the nationality of the spectators was never confirmed and crowd control was the responsibility of the Nazi soldiers,[100] a FIFA committee presided by Jules Rimet ordered a behind closed doors replay; in response, Peruvian President Óscar R. Benavides withdrew the country's entire Olympic delegation.[99] Historian Richard Witzig maintains that only the International Federation of Football History & Statistics has condemned the actions taken against Peru in Berlin, and that FIFA (which has upheld the validity of Peru's Olympic victory over Austria, but not listed Fernández among the tournament's top scorers) blames the International Olympic Committee for the controversial decision made against Peru.[101]

References

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  78. ^ Llopis 2009, p. 171.
  79. ^ Handelsman 2000, p. 49.
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  89. ^ Henshaw 1979, pp. 648.
  90. ^ Henshaw 1979, pp. 656–657.
  91. ^ Goldblatt 2008, p. 641.
  92. ^ a b c Witzig 2006, p. 351.
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  95. ^ Roberto Castro and Alfredo Tirado (August 3, 2010). "Perú en los Juegos Olímpicos de 1936: Berlín sin muros" (in Spanish). DeChalaca.com. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  96. ^ Agostino 2002, p. 80.
  97. ^ "Classic Coach: Hugo Meisl – The banker's son who masterminded a Wunderteam". FIFA.com. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  98. ^ Murray 1994, p. 66.
  99. ^ a b Mandell 1987, p. 194.
  100. ^ Witzig 2006, p. 352, 358.
  101. ^ Witzig 2006, p. 358.
  102. ^ "Perú vs País Vasco: Selección Peruana anunció lista de convocados" (in Spanish). Depor.pe. December 20, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  103. ^ a b "Peruvian Football Federation". CONMEBOL.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 29 June2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  104. ^ See:
  105. ^ Witzig 2006, pp. 131, 350, 486.
  106. ^ Witzig 2006, p. 350.
  107. ^ Panfichi & Vich 2005, p. 161.
  108. ^ Witzig 2006, p. 149.
  109. ^ Henshaw 1979, p. 143.
  110. ^ Henshaw 1979, pp. 144–145.
  111. ^ Miguel Villegas (August 27, 2011). "El informe de Tim tras la eliminación de Perú de España '82" (in Spanish). El Comercio.pe. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  112. ^ Raúl Behr (June 6, 2012). "El entrenador del silbato" (in Spanish). DeChalaca.com. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
  113. ^ a b Roberto Castro (May 16, 2008). "Once Ideal: La cumbre de los técnicos" (in Spanish). DeChalaca.com. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
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    José Luis Pierrend (March 6, 2012). "Peru v Asian teams 1967–2011". RSSSF. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
    José Luis Pierrend (March 6, 2012). "Peru v African teams 1970–1982". RSSSF. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
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  • Miró, César (1958). Los Intimos de La Victoria (in Spanish). Lima: Editorial El Deporte. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Murray, William (1994). Football: A History of the World Game. Aldershot: Scolar Press. ISBN 1-85928-091-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Panfichi, Aldo; Vich, Victor (2005). "Political and Social Fantasies in Peruvian Football: The Tragedy of Alianza Lima in 1987". In Darby, Paul; Johnes, Martin; Mellor, Gavin (eds.). Soccer and Disaster: International Perspectives. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5352-7. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Radnedge, Keir (2001). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Soccer. New York: Universe Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7893-0670-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Snyder, John (2001). Soccer's Most Wanted. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57488-365-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Stein, Steve (2011). "The Case of Soccer in Early Twentieth-Century Lima". In Stavans, Ilan (ed.). Fútbol. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC. ISBN 978-0-313-37515-6. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Witzig, Richard (2006). The Global Art of Soccer. Harahan: CusiBoy Publishing. ISBN 0-9776688-0-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Wood, David (2007). Miller, Rory; Crolley, Liz (eds.). ¡Arriba Perú! The Role of Football in the Formation of a Peruvian National Culture. London: Institute for the Study of the Americas. ISBN 978-1-900039-80-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |encyclopedia= ignored (help)

External links

Achievements
Preceded by
Inaugural Champions
 Bolivarian Champions
1938 (First title) 		Succeeded by
U-20 Peru 
Preceded by South American Champions
1939 (First title) 		Succeeded by
Preceded by South American Champions
1975 (Second title) 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
1998 Japan 
 Kirin Cup Champions
1999 (First title, shared) 		Succeeded by
2000 Slovakia 
Preceded by
2004 Japan 
 Kirin Cup Champions
2005 (Second title, shared) 		Succeeded by
2006 Scotland 
Preceded by
2009 Japan 
 Kirin Cup Champions
2011 (Third title, shared) 		Succeeded by
Current holders

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peru_national_football_team&diff=prev&oldid=593611487

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