Pogonia, Pogoń, Pahonia, Waikymas, Vytis
Versions
Vytis (Pogonia) (Lithuania, 1991–present)
Пагоня (Belarus, 1991–1995)
Pogon Ruska
Use	Grand Duchy of Lithuania (15th century–1795), Lithuania (1918–1940, 1990–present), Belarus (1991–1995) Belarusian Democratic Republic (1918–present [in exile])

The Pahonia^[1][2][3] (Belarusian: Пагоня, romanized: Pahonya, pronounced [paˈɣonʲa]; Polish: Pogoń, lit. 'pursuit'; Ukrainian: Погоня, lit. 'pursuit'; Lithuanian: Vytis, lit. 'chase') is the historical coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, one variation of which is the current coat of arms of Lithuania, and the traditional national coat of arms of Belarusians.^[4] From the main colors of Pahonia, which are Belarusian national colors, the historical national White-red-white flag is originated.^[4] It was also the official emblem of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in 1918 and of the Republic of Belarus from 1991 to 1995. It also is today the emblem of several towns and cities in Belarus, Lithuania and Poland.

On May 14, 2007 the Pahonia was declared cultural heritage of Belarus.^[5]

Origins

The origins of the coat of arms of Pahonia goes back centuries and has a semantic connection with the ancient military tradition of folk chase — the most important function of the organization of life and life of the East Slavic tribes when everyone was responsible for the life of a fellow tribesman.^[4] In the event of a sudden attack by the enemy and the capture of relatives, every man who had the right to bear arms had to flee on foot or on horseback in pursuit of the enemy to repel.^{[4][better source needed][dubious – discuss]} In the conditions of military democracy, the tradition of popular persecution was unconditionally observed and preserved for centuries both in the epoch of Kievan Rus' and in the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.^[4]

The official Belarusian name Pahonia (in old spelling ″Pogonia″) leaves no doubt about the ethnicity of the society in which the coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania appeared and was used.^{[6][better source needed][dubious – discuss]} At the same time, the using of coat of arms with Pahonia fall mostly on the ethnic territory of Belarusians [be].^{[7][8][better source needed][dubious – discuss]}

History

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The charging knight first emerged as a state emblem in the region in 1329 on the seal of duke Alexander Michailovich of Pskov.^[9] He was the deputy of Gediminas of Lithuania to Pskov which was a part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania at that time. At the same time, duke Narimantas of Polotsk used Pahonia on his seal as well.^[10] These facts illustrate that it is the most probable that Pahonia was already in use as a state symbol of Lithuania at least in 1329. However, by Gustyn Chronicle duke Vytenis of Lithuania (1293–1316) "began ruling on Lithuania and designed a coat of arms and a seal for himself and for Lithuania: armed knight riding on a horse; this symbol at present time is called Pahonia" (quote by "Chronicles about Pahonia's birth").

The symbol of the charging knight on horseback passed down through the generations: from Algirdas to his son, Grand Duke Jogaila (ruled 1377 – 1392), then to Grand Duke Vytautas (ruled 1392 – 1430) and to others. By the 14th century, the charging knight on horseback with a sword had begun to feature in a heraldic shield, first in Jogaila's seal in 1386 or 1387, and also in the seal of Vytautas in 1401. As early as the 15th century, the heraldic charging knight on horseback became the coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and of its central part – the Duchy of Lithuania. 16th-century documents refer to it using the Polish term Pogoń. At first, the charging knight might appear riding either left or right; and sometimes he held a lance. But as of the first half of the 15th century, all depictions show him riding towards the left (as seen by the viewer), with a sword in his raised hand and a shield in the left hand.

• 
  Seal of Narimantas, Prince of Polotsk, 1338
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  Seal of Lengvenis, ruler of Great Novgorod Republic, 1395
• 
  Seal of Sigismund Kęstutaitis in 1432
• 
  Coat of arms of Lithuania redrawn from the Codex Bergshammar. About 1435
• 
  Coat of arms "Pagonya" from the tombstone of Jagiełło, 15th century
• 
  An appearance of the coat of arms in the mid-16th century
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  Coat of arms in 1575
• 
  Coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
• 
  The Pahonia as depicted on the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1588
• 
  The Pahonia as depicted on the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1614

In the 15th century, the colors of the seal became uniform. The livery colors became fixed: a white (silver) charging knight on a red field of the heraldic shield. The charging knight at this time bore a blue shield, and set against the blue field appeared a double (gold) cross. The coat of arms featured the Grand Duke's headgear on the crest.

At first, the charging knight showed the figure of the ruler of the country, but with time it came to be understood and interpreted as that of a riding knight chasing an intruder out of his native country. Such an understanding became especially popular in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century. The explanation has a sound historical foundation. We know that at the Battle of Grunwald (1410), where the united Polish–Lithuanian army crushed the army of the Teutonic Knights (thus putting an end to the Knights' eastward expansion) thirty Lithuanian and Ruthenian regiments out of a total of forty fought under banners flying the sign of the Pahonia.

With minor stylistic changes, the Pahonia coat of arms remained the state symbol of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until 1795, when the Russian Empire annexed and extinguished the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Third Partition of Poland.

Russian Empire

• 
  The Pahonia on the White Columns of Vilnius (1818–1840)
• 
  Coat of arms of Vitebsk, 1781
• 
  Coat of arms of Polotsk Viceroyalty, 1781
• 
  Coat of arms of Verkhnyadzvinsk, 1781
• 
  Coat of arms of Haradok, 1781
• 
  Coat of arms of Dvinsk, 1781
• 
  Coat of arms of Lucina, 1781
• 
  Coat of arms of Nevel (town), 1781
• 
  Coat of arms of Rezhitsa, 1781
• 
  Coat of arms of Sebezh, 1781
• 
  Coat of arms of Surazh, 1781
• 
  Coat of arms of Mogilev, 1781
• 
  Coat of arms of Lyepyel, 1852
• 
  Coat of arms of Vilna, 1845
• 
  Coat of arms of Vitebsk Governorate. 1856
• 
  Coat of arms of Vilna Governorate. 1878
• 
  Principality of Vitebsk. Coat of Arms. 1906
• 
  Principality of Polotsk. Coat of Arms. 1906

Following the partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, most of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was absorbed by the Russian Empire and the Pahonia was incorporated into the imperial state emblem. After the first partition of Poland and Lithuania, Catherine the Great gave the Pahonia coat of arms to several towns in the newly acquired ethnic Belarusian and Latgallian territories, including Daugavpils, Ludza, Sebezh, Polacak, Nevel, Haradok, Viciebsk, Surazh, Velizh.The motive for this was that this territory once belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

The Pahonia was the coat of arms of the Vilna Governorate following the incorporation of Vilnius and surrounding lands into the Russian Empire. Pahonia statues placed on white columns greeted visitors at the entrances to the city from 1818 until 1840, when the statues were replaced with two-headed eagles – the state symbol of the Russian Empire.

Uprisings to restore the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth like the 1830–31 November Uprising and 1863–64 January Uprising saw the Pahonia used as a symbol of rebellion against the Russian Empire.

During the 19th century Lithuanian National Revival, Simonas Daukantas introduced the term wytis in reference to the Pahonia for the first time in a historical work on Lithuanian culture called Budą Senowęs Lietuwiû kalneniu ir Żemaitiû (1846). The etymology of this particular name is not universally accepted; it is either a direct translation of the Polish Pogoń, a common noun constructed from the Lithuanian verb vyti ("to chase") or, less likely, a derivative from the East Slavic title of the knight, vytiaz'. The earliest known Lithuanian name for the symbol is a 17th-century translation of Pogonia by Konstantinas Sirvydas as Waikimas ("Vaikymas", according to contemporary Lithuanian spelling), which was used until the 19th century together with Pagaunia (in Lithuanian, "pagauti" means "to catch").^[11]

Belarusian Democratic Republic

The Pahonia appeared on the state seal of the Belarusian Democratic Republic for a short period between 1918 and 1919. West Belarus became part of interwar Poland, and the Pahonia was used as the symbol of several provinces of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, namely the Polesie Voivodeship, the Wilno Voivodeship, and the Nowogródek Voivodeship. It was also used by West Belarusian separatist organizations.

• 
  The Pahonia as used in the Belarusian Democratic Republic in 1918
• 
  Coat of arms from the BDR stamp. 1918
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  Passport of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, 1918-1919
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  Sign of a Belarusian diplomatic mission in late 1910s - early 1920s
• 
  Flag of the 1st Slutsk Regiment during the Slutsk Defence Action, 1920

Republic of Lithuania in the Interwar

It was the national coat of arms of the independent Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940) until the country was forcibly annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940.

• 
  Vytis (Pogonia), designed in 1918 by Tadas Daugirdas
• 
  Juozas Zikaras' design, used on coins of the interwar Republic of Lithuania
• 
  Interwar Republic of Lithuania

World War II

During World War II, the Byelorussian Central Council, the Nazi collaborationist regimes, also used the symbol.

Soviet Union

During Soviet times the use of the emblem was illegal. It was used only by Belarusian and Lithuanian emigre communities in the USA, Canada, and elsewhere.

1990–present

In the late 1980s, during a new wave of Belarusian national rebirth, the Belarusian Popular Front adopted the Pahonia as its emblem, despite the fact that its public display constituted a criminal offense in the Soviet Union.^{[citation needed]} Variants were used by Lithuania's independence movement during the perestroika period. Its use was legalised by Lithuania's Soviet authorities in 1988.

On 11 March 1990, Lithuania declared independence from the Soviet Union and restored all of its pre-World War II state symbols, including the historic coat of arms. On September 4, 1991, a new design by Arvydas Každailis was approved based on recommendations of a special heraldic committee. The new design replaced interwar versions, harkening back to earlier variants used by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It re-established its original colors but placed the horse and rider in an ostensibly more "defensive" posture, airs above the ground rather than leaping forward and sword simply elevated rather than ready to strike.

In 1991, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Pahonia became the coat of arms of the independent Republic of Belarus. The official design of the 1991 coat of arms of Belarus was created by a team of artists led by Jauhien Kulik and Uladzimir Krukouski basing on various Medieval designs of the Pahonia as the coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.^[12][13]

• 
  Payment coupon of the National Bank of Belarus, 1992, 50 kapiejkas (kopecks), reverse
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  Belarusian passport, 1991-1995
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  Constitution of Belarus, 1994
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  "Airs above the ground": the contemporary, "defensive" coat of arms of the Republic of Lithuania by Arvydas Každailis (official since 1991)
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  White-red-white flag of Belarus defaced with the Pahonia coat of arms
• 
  Heraldic banner of the Belarusian Pahonia coat of arms

In 1995, following a controversial referendum, Alexander Lukashenko scrapped the Pahonia's status as the official coat of arms and replaced it with a modified Soviet emblem. Since then the Pahonia has served as one of the symbols of the anti-Lukashenko opposition in Belarus.

In 2004, Lithuania's Seimas confirmed a historical flag of Lithuania depicting the Pahonia on a rectangular red background, recalling the old battle flags of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The flag does not replace the yellow-green-red tri-color national flag of Lithuania. It is used on special occasions and in buildings of historic significance.

It is currently proposed that a larger version of the coat of arms be adopted. It would feature a line from "Tautiška giesmė", the national anthem of Lithuania, "Vienybė težydi" ("May unity blossom"). The Seimas already uses a larger version of the coat of arms with this phrase as its motto, along with two supporters: the dexter one a griffin argent beaked and membered or, langued gules, and the sinister one a unicorn argent, armed and unguled or, langued gules, and the ducal hat on top of the shield. The President of Lithuania uses the shield and supporters only.

Lithuania joined the Eurozone by adopting the euro on 1 January 2015.^[14] The designs of Lithuanian euro coins share a similar national side for all denominations, featuring the Vytis and the name of the country, "Lietuva". The design was announced on 11 November 2004 following a public opinion poll conducted by the Bank of Lithuania. The horse is again leaping forward, as in more traditional versions.

• 
  Lithuanian euro coin, obverse side
• 
  The historical state flag of Lithuania, official since 2004

Pahonia as a regional coat of arms

The Pahonia is a feature of many emblems of cities and provinces of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.^[15]

• 
  Nowogródek Voivodeship
• 
  Vilnius/Wilno Voivodeship (annexed by Poland from 1926–1939)
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  Polesie Voivodeship
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  Białystok Voivodeship and Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795)
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  Minsk Voivodeship
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  Polock Voivodeship
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  Witebsk Voivodeship
• 
  Banner of the Mstsislaw Voivodeship

After the annexation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Russian Empire, the Polotsk, Vitebsk and Vilno governorates inherited coats of arms of their former voivodeships.

• 
  Polotsk Governorate coat of arms. 1781
• 
  Grodno Governorate coat of arms. 1802
• 
  Vitebsk Governorate coat of arms. 1856
• 
  Vilna Governorate coat of arms. 1878

Pahonia is the official emblem of the Vitsebsk voblast and part of the official emblem of the Homyel voblast.

• 
  Vitsebsk voblast coat of arms
• 
  Homyel voblast coat of arms

Pahonia (Vytis) is the official emblem of Vilnius County and Panevėžys County in modern Lithuania.

• 
  Vilnius County coat of arms
• 
  Panevėžys County coat of arms

Pohonia is part of coat of arms of Zhytomyr Oblast in Ukraine.

• 
  Zhytomyr Oblast coat of arms

Appearances on urban coats of arms

While being part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, some towns in Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus (notably Vitebsk, Haradok, Polotsk and others) adopted the Pahonia as part of their coats of arms. Some of them continue usage of the coats today:

• 
  Lepiel
• 
  Verkhnyadzvinsk
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  Vileyka (former coat of arms from 1845)
• 
  Lida (former coat of arms from 1845)
• 
  Nevel, today part of Pskov Oblast of Russia
• 
  Velizh, today part of Smolensk Oblast of Russia
• 
  Brańsk, today part of Podlaskie Voivodeship of Poland
• 
  Puławy, in Poland
• 
  Siedlce, in Poland
• 
  Drohiczyn, in Poland
• 
  Liudvinavas, in Lithuania

Rechytsa, Mahiloŭ and several other cities have historically had the Pahonia as part of their city coat of arms:

• 
  Rechytsa
• 
  Mahiloŭ
• 
  Lipnishki
• 
  Iziaslav

Pahonia as a political symbol

Pahonia/Pogoń has been used by several political movements on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in present-day Belarus

• 
  Emblem of the January Uprising

Other usage

Pahonia is part of the emblems of several organizations in Belarus, including the World Association of Belarusians, the Frantsishak Skaryna Belarusian Language Society, the Union of Poles of Belarus as well as the BelaPAN news agency.^[16]

Design and variations

Belarus (Pahonia)

The heraldic shield features a red field with an armored knight on a white (silver) horse holding a silver sword in his right hand above his head. A silver shield hangs on the left shoulder of the charging knight, and a golden (yellow) Patriarchal cross appears on the shield.

Kingdom of Rus

The rider carries a shield with the golden lion.

Lithuania (Vytis)

The main variation is a shield with the Jagiellonian dynasty coat of arms. The rider with Jagiellonian cross was popular in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and adopted for many of its voivodeships.

Gules, a knight armed cap-à-pie mounted on a horse salient argent, brandishing a sword proper and maintaining a shield azure charged with a cross of Lorraine Or.

Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Pahonya)

The rider carries a shield with the columns of Gediminas.

Ostrogski family

Sometimes the rider may carry no shield at all.

Other variations

• 
  Minor Pogon
• 
  Pogoń Litewska
• 
  Pogon Polska (Pogonia)
• 
  Pogon Tatar
• 
  Coat of arms of Belarusian People's Republic

See also

• Coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
• Coat of arms of Lithuania (Vytis)

References

External links

• Media related to Pahonia at Wikimedia Commons
• The comparison of symbols of Lithuania and the Muscovite Ruthenia (in Russian)
• National Symbols In Belarus: The Past And Present Archived December 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine