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| combatant1 = [[Christian-Social People's Party (Liechtenstein)|Christian-Social People's Party]]
| combatant1 = [[Christian-Social People's Party (Liechtenstein)|Christian-Social People's Party]]
| combatant2 = ''[[Independent politician|Independent]] or no organized group''
| combatant2 = ''[[Independent politician|Independent]] or no organized group''
| commander1 = [[Wilhelm Beck]]<br>
| commander1 = {{plainlist|*[[Wilhelm Beck]]
[[Martin Ritter]]<br>
* [[Martin Ritter]]
[[Fritz Walser]]
* [[Fritz Walser]]}}
| commander2 = [[Leopold Freiherr von Imhof]]
| commander2 = {{tree list}}
* [[Leopold Freiherr von Imhof]]
* [[Leopold Freiherr von Imhof cabinet]]
** [[Leopold Freiherr von Imhof cabinet]]
[[Albert Schädler]]
*[[Albert Schädler]]
{{Tree list/end}}
}}
}}
The '''November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch''', also known as the '''Beck putsch''' ({{lang-de|Novemberputsch 1918}})<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Quaderer |first=Rupert |date=31 December 2011 |title=Novemberputsch 1918 |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Novemberputsch_1918 |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> was a de facto [[coup d'état]] by the leaders of the [[Christian-Social People's Party (Liechtenstein)|Christian-Social People's Party]] ({{lang|de|Christlich-Soziale Volkspartei}} or VP) against the government of [[List of heads of government of Liechtenstein|Governor of Liechtenstein]] [[Leopold Freiherr von Imhof]]. The coup forced Imhof's government to resign and the establishment of a [[Provisional Executive Committee (Liechtenstein)|Provisional Executive Committee]] in his place.
The '''November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch''', also known as the '''Beck putsch''' ({{lang-de|Novemberputsch 1918}})<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Quaderer |first=Rupert |author-link=Rupert Quaderer |date=31 December 2011 |title=Novemberputsch 1918 |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Novemberputsch_1918 |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> was a de facto [[coup d'état]] by the leaders of the [[Christian-Social People's Party (Liechtenstein)|Christian-Social People's Party]] ({{lang|de|Christlich-Soziale Volkspartei}} or VP) against the government of [[List of heads of government of Liechtenstein|Governor of Liechtenstein]], [[Leopold Freiherr von Imhof]]. The coup forced Imhof's government to resign and established a [[Provisional Executive Committee (Liechtenstein)|Provisional Executive Committee]] in his place until 7 December.


== Background ==
== Background ==
In the wake of the [[World War I]], though Liechtenstein was neutral, the general population was supportive of the [[Central Powers]], particularly [[Austria-Hungary]], of which the two countries had been in a [[customs union]] since 1852. The majority of the Liechtenstein government did not expect the war to last long, thus no food or economic preparations were made for it.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Weltkrieg |first=Erster |date=31 December 2011 |title=Erster Weltkrieg |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Erster_Weltkrieg |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>
Following the outbreak of [[World War I]] in August 1914, Liechtenstein remained neutral. The government and general population were supportive of the [[Central Powers]], particularly [[Austria-Hungary]], as the two countries had been in a [[customs union]] since 1852. The majority of the Liechtenstein government did not expect the war to last long, thus no food or economic preparations were made for it.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Quaderer |first=Rupert |author-link=Rupert Quaderer |date=31 December 2011 |title=Erster Weltkrieg |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Erster_Weltkrieg |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> In addition, due to this belief, no official declaration of neutrality was made and [[French Third Republic|France]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and the [[United Kingdom]] interned Liechtensteiners and partially confiscated their assets.<ref name=":7" /> As a result, the Liechtenstein government made various declarations that the country was neutral and a separate entity from Austria-Hungary.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Imhof Leopold.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[Leopold Freiherr von Imhof]], [[List of heads of government of Liechtenstein|State administrator of Liechtenstein]] since April 1914]]
[[File:Imhof_Leopold.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[Leopold Freiherr von Imhof]], Governor of Liechtenstein since April 1914]]
Though from September 1914 food deliveries from Austria-Hungary began to decrease, which quickly soured the initial war support. In addition, due to the country's close ties to Austria-Hungary, Switzerland was forced to cease its food exports with Liechtenstein as the result of pressure from Britain and France to do so.<ref name=":1" /> In response, the Liechtenstein government, led by [[Leopold Freiherr von Imhof]] issued emergency commissions throughout the country on 14 December 1914 in order to manage the procurement of food and raw materials for the distribution of it to the population, as it had now become in short supply.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quaderer |first=Rupert |date=31 December 2011 |title=Notstandskommissionen |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Notstandskommissionen |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>
From September, food deliveries from Austria-Hungary began to decrease, which quickly reduced the initial level of support for the war, due to Liechtenstein being reliant on them. In addition, due to the country's close ties to Austria-Hungary, Switzerland was forced to cease its food exports with Liechtenstein as the result of pressure from Britain and France to do so.<ref name=":1" /> In response, the Liechtenstein government, led by [[Leopold Freiherr von Imhof]], issued emergency commissions throughout the country on 14 December 1914. These commissions aimed to manage the procurement of food and raw materials, now in short supply, and to distribute them to the population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quaderer |first=Rupert |author-link=Rupert Quaderer |date=31 December 2011 |title=Notstandskommissionen |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Notstandskommissionen |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>


Despite this, food shortages in the country increased as the war continued and by 1916 all food deliveries from Austria-Hungary had ceased, which forced Liechtenstein to seek closer ties with Switzerland in order to ensure food deliveries continued.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 1915 |title=10,000 NEUTRALS STARVING.; Swiss Government Sends Food to Liechtenstein Population. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1915/03/21/archives/10000-neutrals-starving-swiss-government-sends-food-to.html |access-date=6 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> As a result, smuggling within the country increased significantly for bringing food and raw materials into the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burgmeier |first=Markus |date=31 December 2011 |title=Schmuggel |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Schmuggel |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> From 1916 Liechtenstein was embargoed by the [[Entente countries]], which caused mass unemployment in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marxer |first=Roland |date=31 December 2011 |title=Neutralität |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Neutralität |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>
Despite this, food shortages increased as the war continued, and by 1916 all food deliveries from Austria-Hungary had ceased, which forced Liechtenstein to seek closer ties with Switzerland in order to ensure food deliveries continued.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 1915 |title=10,000 NEUTRALS STARVING.; Swiss Government Sends Food to Liechtenstein Population. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1915/03/21/archives/10000-neutrals-starving-swiss-government-sends-food-to.html |access-date=6 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> As a result, smuggling within the country increased significantly for bringing food and raw materials into the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burgmeier |first=Markus |date=31 December 2011 |title=Schmuggel |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Schmuggel |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> From 1916 Liechtenstein was embargoed by the [[Entente countries]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Marxer |first=Roland |date=31 December 2011 |title=Neutralität |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Neutralität |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>


As the war continued, the population grew increasingly dissatisfied with Imhof's leadership.<ref name=":1" /> This allowed for politicians such as [[Wilhelm Beck]] to gain prominence and growing support in Liechtenstein when he formed an opposition group around himself against Imhof in 1914. This movement was supported by the ''[[Liechtensteiner Nachrichten|Oberrheinische Nachrichten]]'' newspaper. This primarily advocated for the expansion of welfare, broader voting rights and a Liechtensteiner head of state (Imhof was Austrian).''<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Leipold-Schneider |first=Gerda |date=31 December 2011 |title=Beck, Wilhelm |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Beck,_Wilhelm |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marxer |first=Wilfried |date=31 December 2011 |title=Oberrheinische Nachrichten |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Oberrheinische_Nachrichten |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>'' Imhof soon faced accusations that the measures he took to address the economic crisis were inadequate and that he was incompetent.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Quaderer |first=Rupert |date=31 December 2011 |title=Imhof, Leopold Baron von |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Imhof,_Leopold_Freiherr_von |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> Fierce debates took place between Beck and Imhof in the [[Landtag of Liechtenstein]].''<ref name=":4" />'' The [[Christian-Social People's Party (Liechtenstein)|Christian-Social People's Party]] was formed in February 1918 on the basis of Beck's ideals and in the [[1918 Liechtenstein general election]] it won five out of thirteen seats in the [[Landtag of Liechtenstein]].<ref name="VM">Vincent E McHale (1983) ''Political parties of Europe'', Greenwood Press, p609 {{ISBN|0-313-23804-9}}</ref><ref name="NS232">{{Cite book |last=[[Dieter Nohlen]] |title=Elections in Europe: A data handbook |last2=Philip Stöver |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-8329-5609-7 |pages=1182 |language=de}}</ref>
As the war continued, the population grew increasingly dissatisfied with Imhof's leadership.<ref name=":1" /> This allowed for politicians such as [[Wilhelm Beck]] to gain prominence and growing support. Beck formed a [[Social liberalism|social liberal]]-minded opposition group against Imhof in 1914. This movement was supported by the ''[[Liechtensteiner Nachrichten|Oberrheinische Nachrichten]]'' newspaper. This primarily advocated for the expansion of welfare, broader voting rights and a Liechtensteiner head of government (Imhof was Austrian).''<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Leipold-Schneider |first=Gerda |date=31 December 2011 |title=Beck, Wilhelm |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Beck,_Wilhelm |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marxer |first=Wilfried |date=31 December 2011 |title=Oberrheinische Nachrichten |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Oberrheinische_Nachrichten |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>'' Imhof soon faced accusations that the measures he took to address the economic crisis were inadequate and that he was incompetent.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Quaderer |first=Rupert |author-link=Rupert Quaderer |date=31 December 2011 |title=Imhof, Leopold Baron von |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Imhof,_Leopold_Freiherr_von |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> Fierce debates took place between Beck and Imhof in the [[Landtag of Liechtenstein]].''<ref name=":4" />'' The [[Christian-Social People's Party (Liechtenstein)|Christian-Social People's Party]] was formed in February 1918 and in the [[1918 Liechtenstein general election]] it won five out of thirteen seats in the Landtag.<ref name="VM">Vincent E McHale (1983) ''Political parties of Europe'', Greenwood Press, p609 {{ISBN|0-313-23804-9}}</ref><ref name="NS232">{{Cite book |last=[[Dieter Nohlen]] |title=Elections in Europe: A data handbook |last2=Philip Stöver |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-8329-5609-7 |pages=1182 |language=de}}</ref>


== Coup ==
== Coup ==
Line 35: Line 37:
| caption3 = Martin Ritter
| caption3 = Martin Ritter
}}
}}
In November 1918 Beck, along with Landtag members [[Martin Ritter]] and [[Fritz Walser]], who were deeply dissatisfied with Imhof's handling of the economy and who wanted a Liechtensteiner head of state, plotted to overthrow him.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Quaderer |first=Rupert |date=31 December 2011 |title=Ritter, Martin |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Imhof,_Leopold_Freiherr_von |access-date=12 November 2011 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> In the Landtag on 7 November 1918 they proposed a motion of no confidence against him. Imhof asked for a vote of confidence and at the same time agreed to submit his resignation. While the Landtag unanimously expressed its confidence in him it was decided, against the [[1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein|constitution]] and the princely appointed Landtag members, to transfer the power of the state administrator to a Provisional Executive Committee led by Martin Ritter.<ref name=":0" />
In November 1918, Beck who wanted a Liechtensteiner head of state, joined with the Landtag members [[Martin Ritter]] and [[Fritz Walser]] and the three men plotted to overthrow Imhof.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Quaderer |first=Rupert |author-link=Rupert Quaderer |date=31 December 2011 |title=Ritter, Martin |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Ritter,_Martin |access-date=12 November 2011 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> On 7 November 1918, they proposed a [[motion of no confidence]] in the Landtag against him.<ref name=":0" /> Imhof asked for a vote of confidence and at the same time agreed to submit his resignation due to pressure from members of the Landtag.<ref name=":2" /> While the Landtag unanimously expressed its confidence in him it was decided by the elected members, against the [[1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein|constitution]]{{Efn|The 1862 constitution stipulates that the prince is the sole person to appoint and dismiss officials, particularly governor, with no direct say by the Landtag.<ref name=":13" />|name=a}} and the princely appointed Landtag members, to transfer the power of governor to a Provisional Executive Committee led by Martin Ritter.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />


Imhof had attempt to resist the establishment of the committee but was unsuccessful in doing so.<ref name=":2" /> Other figures, such as [[Albert Schädler]], who opposed Beck's ideals had also attempted to prevent the establishment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rheinberger |first=Rudolf |date=31 December 2011 |title=Schädler, Albert |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Schädler,_Albert |access-date=12 November 2011 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> [[Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Prince Johann II]] accepted Imhof's resignation on 13 November.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Mitglieder der Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 1862–2021 |url=https://www.regierung.li/regierungsmitglieder/mitglieder |website=www.regierung.li}}</ref> Schädler met with Johann II for talks in [[Vienna]], where it was agreed that [[Prince Karl Aloys of Liechtenstein]] would be appointed governor upon the committee's conclusion the following month.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Jureczko |first=Andrzej |title=Historia Liechtensteinu. W: Historia małych krajów Europy |last2=Wac |first2=Ewa |date=2007 |year=2007 |isbn=978-83-04-04937-6 |location=[[Ossolineum]] |publication-date= |pages=106–107 |language=pl |trans-title=History of Liechtenstein. In: History of small European countries}}</ref>
Other figures who opposed Beck's ideals, such as [[Albert Schädler]], resigned in protest to the establishment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rheinberger |first=Rudolf |date=31 December 2011 |title=Schädler, Albert |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Schädler,_Albert |access-date=12 November 2011 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> [[Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Prince Johann II]] accepted Imhof's resignation on 13 November.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="officehistory2">{{Cite web |title=Mitglieder der Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 1862-2021 |url=https://www.regierung.li/files/attachments/Regierungsmitglieder-1862-2021-stand-0421.pdf?t=638338392447228367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216125957/https://www.regierung.li/files/attachments/Regierungsmitglieder-1862-2021-stand-0421.pdf?t=638338392447228367 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=www.regierung.li}}</ref> Schädler met with Johann II for talks in [[Vienna]], where it was agreed that the committee would only last one month and that [[Prince Karl Aloys of Liechtenstein]] would be appointed governor upon the committee's conclusion as a compromise due to the popular demand for a Liechtensteiner head of government.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Jureczko |first=Andrzej |title=Historia Liechtensteinu. W: Historia małych krajów Europy |last2=Wac |first2=Ewa |year=2007 |isbn=978-83-04-04937-6 |location=[[Ossolineum]] |publication-date= |pages=106–107 |language=pl |trans-title=History of Liechtenstein. In: History of small European countries}}</ref>


== Aftermath and legacy ==
== Aftermath and legacy ==
Within the general population of Liechtenstein the coup was popular, as Imhof was largely seen as the reason for the country's economic crisis. However, in the Landtag it was far more controversial.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Rupert |first=Quaderer |title=Der 7. November 1918. Staatsstreich – Putsch – Revolution oder politisches Spektakel im Kleinstaat Liechtenstein? |url=https://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000000453_93/189/LOG_0007/ |journal=Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein |volume=93 |pages=204–212}}</ref> Martin Ritter in particular was a controversial figure in the government, due to him being the first Liechtensteiner head of government and the unconstitutional means in which he came into power, despite only serving for one month, from 7 November to 7 December 1918.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":222">{{Cite web |title=Mitglieder der Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 1862–2021 |url=https://www.regierung.li/regierungsmitglieder/mitglieder |website=www.regierung.li}}</ref> In response to the coup, all three members of the Landtag appointed by Johann II resigned in protest.<ref name=":5" />
Within the general population of Liechtenstein the coup was popular, as Imhof was largely seen as the reason for the country's economic crisis. However, in the Landtag it was far more controversial.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Rupert |first=Quaderer |title=Der 7. November 1918. Staatsstreich – Putsch – Revolution oder politisches Spektakel im Kleinstaat Liechtenstein? |url=https://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000000453_93/189/LOG_0007/ |journal=Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein |volume=93 |pages=204–212}}</ref> Martin Ritter in particular was a controversial figure in the government as the first Liechtensteiner head of government, due to the unconstitutional means that he had come into power, despite having only served for one month, from 7 November to 7 December 1918.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="officehistory">{{Cite web |title=Mitglieder der Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 1862-2021 |url=https://www.regierung.li/files/attachments/Regierungsmitglieder-1862-2021-stand-0421.pdf?t=638338392447228367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216125957/https://www.regierung.li/files/attachments/Regierungsmitglieder-1862-2021-stand-0421.pdf?t=638338392447228367 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=www.regierung.li}}</ref> In response to the coup, all three members of the Landtag appointed by Johann II resigned in protest.<ref name=":5" />
[[File:Johann II portrait.jpg|thumb|Johann II]]

Johann II reportedly responded with reservation in response to the coup. He remained in Vienna throughout the committee's duration but did not make any efforts to act against it, primarily due to its popularity within the country. The committee did not intend to break with the monarchy, its proclamation itself ended with the phrase "May the prince and the country live long." An expression of his involvement in state affairs was a telegram sent by his office to [[Albert Schädler]]:<ref name=":6" />
Johann II reportedly responded with reservation in response to the coup. He remained in Vienna throughout the committee's duration but did not make any efforts to act against it, primarily due to its popularity within the country. The committee did not intend to break with the monarchy, its proclamation itself ended with the phrase "May the prince and the country live long." An expression of his involvement in state affairs was a telegram sent by his office to [[Albert Schädler]]:<ref name=":6" />


{{Quote|text=His Majesty reacted with reservation to the fact that a committee had taken over power in the country. Official decisions on the committee will follow.|author=Prince's office on behalf of Johann II|title=Prince of Liechtenstein|source=<ref name=":6" />}}
{{Blockquote|text=His Majesty reacted with reservation to the fact that a committee had taken over power in the country. Official decisions on the committee will follow.|author=Prince's office on behalf of Johann II|title=Prince of Liechtenstein|source=<ref name=":6" />}}


The coup had directly undermined the [[1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein]] and in combination with the economic devastation created from World War I it had created a large and significant basis of support for constitutional revision in the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rupert |first=Quaderer |title=Der 7. November 1918. Staatsstreich – Putsch – Revolution oder politisches Spektakel im Kleinstaat Liechtenstein? |url=https://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000000453_93/189/LOG_0007/ |journal=Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein |volume=93 |pages=212–216}}</ref> This would begin a period of the next three years where both the [[Progressive Citizens' Party]] and [[Christian-Social People's Party (Liechtenstein)|Christian-Social People's Party]] worked together in creating a new [[Constitution of Liechtenstein|constitution]] based on a [[constitutional monarchy]], which was ratified on 5 October 1921.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Quaderer |first=Rupert |date=31 December 2011 |title=Schlossabmachungen (Septemberabmachungen, Schloss-Protokoll) |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Schlossabmachungen_(Septemberabmachungen,_Schloss-Protokoll) |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name="NS2">[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen, D]] & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1156 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}}</ref>
The coup had directly undermined the [[1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein]] and in combination with the economic devastation created from World War I it had created a large and significant basis of support for constitutional revision in the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rupert |first=Quaderer |title=Der 7. November 1918. Staatsstreich – Putsch – Revolution oder politisches Spektakel im Kleinstaat Liechtenstein? |url=https://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000000453_93/189/LOG_0007/ |journal=Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein |volume=93 |pages=212–216}}</ref> Soon afterwards, a constitutional committee was elected, which would begin a period of the next three years where both the [[Progressive Citizens' Party]] and Christian-Social People's Party worked together in creating a new [[Constitution of Liechtenstein|constitution]] based on a [[constitutional monarchy]] as a continuation of Beck's ideals with assistance from [[Josef Peer]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Quaderer |first=Rupert |date=31 December 2011 |title=Schlossabmachungen (Septemberabmachungen, Schloss-Protokoll) |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Schlossabmachungen_(Septemberabmachungen,_Schloss-Protokoll) |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Wille |first=Herbert |date=31 December 2011 |title=Verfassung |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Verfassung |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> The constitution was signed into law by Prince Karl Aloys on behalf of Johann II and [[Josef Ospelt]] as a government representative on 5 October 1921.<ref name=":13" />


==See also==
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
⚫
* [[Politics of Liechtenstein]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
⚫
* [[History of Liechtenstein]]
* [[Constitution of Liechtenstein]]
{{Liechtenstein topics}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch}}
[[Category:1918 in Liechtenstein]]
[[Category:1918 in Liechtenstein]]
[[Category:Aftermath of World War I in Liechtenstein]]
[[Category:Coups d'état in Liechtenstein|1918]]
[[Category:1910s coups d'état and coup attempts]]
[[Category:1910s coups d'état and coup attempts]]
[[Category:November 1918 events]]
[[Category:November 1918 events]]

Latest revision as of 16:41, 24 May 2024

November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch
Date7 November 1918
Location
Vaduz, Liechtenstein
Result Government of Leopold Freiherr von Imhof forced to resign and replaced by a Provisional Executive Committee led by Martin Ritter.
Belligerents
Christian-Social People's Party Independent or no organized group
Commanders and leaders

The November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch, also known as the Beck putsch (German: Novemberputsch 1918)[1] was a de facto coup d'état by the leaders of the Christian-Social People's Party (Christlich-Soziale Volkspartei or VP) against the government of Governor of Liechtenstein, Leopold Freiherr von Imhof. The coup forced Imhof's government to resign and established a Provisional Executive Committee in his place until 7 December.

Background[edit]

Following the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Liechtenstein remained neutral. The government and general population were supportive of the Central Powers, particularly Austria-Hungary, as the two countries had been in a customs union since 1852. The majority of the Liechtenstein government did not expect the war to last long, thus no food or economic preparations were made for it.[2] In addition, due to this belief, no official declaration of neutrality was made and France, Russia and the United Kingdom interned Liechtensteiners and partially confiscated their assets.[3] As a result, the Liechtenstein government made various declarations that the country was neutral and a separate entity from Austria-Hungary.[2]

Leopold Freiherr von Imhof, Governor of Liechtenstein since April 1914

From September, food deliveries from Austria-Hungary began to decrease, which quickly reduced the initial level of support for the war, due to Liechtenstein being reliant on them. In addition, due to the country's close ties to Austria-Hungary, Switzerland was forced to cease its food exports with Liechtenstein as the result of pressure from Britain and France to do so.[2] In response, the Liechtenstein government, led by Leopold Freiherr von Imhof, issued emergency commissions throughout the country on 14 December 1914. These commissions aimed to manage the procurement of food and raw materials, now in short supply, and to distribute them to the population.[4]

Despite this, food shortages increased as the war continued, and by 1916 all food deliveries from Austria-Hungary had ceased, which forced Liechtenstein to seek closer ties with Switzerland in order to ensure food deliveries continued.[2][5] As a result, smuggling within the country increased significantly for bringing food and raw materials into the country.[6] From 1916 Liechtenstein was embargoed by the Entente countries.[3]

As the war continued, the population grew increasingly dissatisfied with Imhof's leadership.[2] This allowed for politicians such as Wilhelm Beck to gain prominence and growing support. Beck formed a social liberal-minded opposition group against Imhof in 1914. This movement was supported by the Oberrheinische Nachrichten newspaper. This primarily advocated for the expansion of welfare, broader voting rights and a Liechtensteiner head of government (Imhof was Austrian).[7][8] Imhof soon faced accusations that the measures he took to address the economic crisis were inadequate and that he was incompetent.[9] Fierce debates took place between Beck and Imhof in the Landtag of Liechtenstein.[7] The Christian-Social People's Party was formed in February 1918 and in the 1918 Liechtenstein general election it won five out of thirteen seats in the Landtag.[10][11]

Coup[edit]

Wilhelm Beck
Fritz Walser
Martin Ritter

In November 1918, Beck who wanted a Liechtensteiner head of state, joined with the Landtag members Martin Ritter and Fritz Walser and the three men plotted to overthrow Imhof.[7][12] On 7 November 1918, they proposed a motion of no confidence in the Landtag against him.[1] Imhof asked for a vote of confidence and at the same time agreed to submit his resignation due to pressure from members of the Landtag.[9] While the Landtag unanimously expressed its confidence in him it was decided by the elected members, against the constitution[a] and the princely appointed Landtag members, to transfer the power of governor to a Provisional Executive Committee led by Martin Ritter.[1][9]

Other figures who opposed Beck's ideals, such as Albert Schädler, resigned in protest to the establishment.[14] Prince Johann II accepted Imhof's resignation on 13 November.[9][15] Schädler met with Johann II for talks in Vienna, where it was agreed that the committee would only last one month and that Prince Karl Aloys of Liechtenstein would be appointed governor upon the committee's conclusion as a compromise due to the popular demand for a Liechtensteiner head of government.[16]

Aftermath and legacy[edit]

Within the general population of Liechtenstein the coup was popular, as Imhof was largely seen as the reason for the country's economic crisis. However, in the Landtag it was far more controversial.[17] Martin Ritter in particular was a controversial figure in the government as the first Liechtensteiner head of government, due to the unconstitutional means that he had come into power, despite having only served for one month, from 7 November to 7 December 1918.[12][18] In response to the coup, all three members of the Landtag appointed by Johann II resigned in protest.[17]

Johann II

Johann II reportedly responded with reservation in response to the coup. He remained in Vienna throughout the committee's duration but did not make any efforts to act against it, primarily due to its popularity within the country. The committee did not intend to break with the monarchy, its proclamation itself ended with the phrase "May the prince and the country live long." An expression of his involvement in state affairs was a telegram sent by his office to Albert Schädler:[16]

His Majesty reacted with reservation to the fact that a committee had taken over power in the country. Official decisions on the committee will follow.

— Prince's office on behalf of Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein, [16]

The coup had directly undermined the 1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein and in combination with the economic devastation created from World War I it had created a large and significant basis of support for constitutional revision in the country.[19] Soon afterwards, a constitutional committee was elected, which would begin a period of the next three years where both the Progressive Citizens' Party and Christian-Social People's Party worked together in creating a new constitution based on a constitutional monarchy as a continuation of Beck's ideals with assistance from Josef Peer.[20][13] The constitution was signed into law by Prince Karl Aloys on behalf of Johann II and Josef Ospelt as a government representative on 5 October 1921.[13]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The 1862 constitution stipulates that the prince is the sole person to appoint and dismiss officials, particularly governor, with no direct say by the Landtag.[13]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Quaderer, Rupert (31 December 2011). "Novemberputsch 1918". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e Quaderer, Rupert (31 December 2011). "Erster Weltkrieg". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  3. ^ a b Marxer, Roland (31 December 2011). "Neutralität". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  4. ^ Quaderer, Rupert (31 December 2011). "Notstandskommissionen". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  5. ^ "10,000 NEUTRALS STARVING.; Swiss Government Sends Food to Liechtenstein Population". The New York Times. 21 March 1915. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  6. ^ Burgmeier, Markus (31 December 2011). "Schmuggel". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  7. ^ a b c Leipold-Schneider, Gerda (31 December 2011). "Beck, Wilhelm". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  8. ^ Marxer, Wilfried (31 December 2011). "Oberrheinische Nachrichten". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  9. ^ a b c d Quaderer, Rupert (31 December 2011). "Imhof, Leopold Baron von". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  10. ^ Vincent E McHale (1983) Political parties of Europe, Greenwood Press, p609 ISBN 0-313-23804-9
  11. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Philip Stöver (2010). Elections in Europe: A data handbook (in German). p. 1182. ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7.
  12. ^ a b Quaderer, Rupert (31 December 2011). "Ritter, Martin". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  13. ^ a b c Wille, Herbert (31 December 2011). "Verfassung". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  14. ^ Rheinberger, Rudolf (31 December 2011). "Schädler, Albert". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  15. ^ "Mitglieder der Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 1862-2021" (PDF). www.regierung.li. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  16. ^ a b c Jureczko, Andrzej; Wac, Ewa (2007). Historia Liechtensteinu. W: Historia małych krajów Europy [History of Liechtenstein. In: History of small European countries] (in Polish). Ossolineum. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-83-04-04937-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ^ a b Rupert, Quaderer. "Der 7. November 1918. Staatsstreich – Putsch – Revolution oder politisches Spektakel im Kleinstaat Liechtenstein?". Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein. 93: 204–212.
  18. ^ "Mitglieder der Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 1862-2021" (PDF). www.regierung.li. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  19. ^ Rupert, Quaderer. "Der 7. November 1918. Staatsstreich – Putsch – Revolution oder politisches Spektakel im Kleinstaat Liechtenstein?". Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein. 93: 212–216.
  20. ^ Quaderer, Rupert (31 December 2011). "Schlossabmachungen (Septemberabmachungen, Schloss-Protokoll)". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 18 September 2023.

See also[edit]

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=November_1918_Liechtenstein_putsch&diff=1225467696&oldid=1207317368

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