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'''Muhammad of Ghor''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: محمد شہاب الدین غوری), also ''Muhammad Ghori'' or ''Mohammad Ghauri'', originally named ''Mu'izz-ad-din'', b.[[1162]] - d.[[1206]], was an |
'''Muhammad of Ghor''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: محمد شہاب الدین غوری), also ''Muhammad Ghori'' or ''Mohammad Ghauri'', originally named ''Mu'izz-ad-din'', b.[[1162]] - d.[[1206]], was an emperor under the [[Ghurids|Ghorid]] dynasty. He was also the governor of [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]] (province in modern [[Afghanistan]]) from [[1173]] to [[1206]].<ref>Columbia Encyclopedia - ''Muhammad of Ghor''...[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0834353.html Link]</ref> His ethnic backround was most likely of [[Persian language|Persian]]-speaking Eastern-[[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] stock.<ref>[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: ''"... The Shansabānīs were, like the rest of the <u>Gh</u>ūrīs, of eastern Iranian [[Tajiks|Tājīk]] stock. ..."''</ref> |
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Muhammad was the brother of the Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Muhammad of [[Ghor]] (province in modern Afghanistan). Ghor lay on the western boundary of the [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavid]]. Before 1160, the Ghaznavid empire covered an area running from central Afghanistan to the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], with capitals at [[Ghazni]] and [[Lahore]]. |
Muhammad was the brother of the Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Muhammad of [[Ghor]] (province in modern Afghanistan). Ghor lay on the western boundary of the [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavid]]. Before 1160, the Ghaznavid empire covered an area running from central Afghanistan to the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], with capitals at [[Ghazni]] and [[Lahore]]. |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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*[[Ghurids]] |
*[[Ghurids]] |
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*[[ |
*[[History of Iran]] |
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*[[History of Afghanistan]] |
*[[History of Afghanistan]] |
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| id = ISBN 0-8021-3797-0 |
| id = ISBN 0-8021-3797-0 |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0834353.html Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth Edition) - Muhammad of Ghor] |
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Revision as of 05:58, 24 January 2007
Muhammad of Ghor (Persian: محمد شہاب الدین غوری), also Muhammad Ghori or Mohammad Ghauri, originally named Mu'izz-ad-din, b.1162 - d.1206, was an emperor under the Ghorid dynasty. He was also the governor of Ghazni (province in modern Afghanistan) from 1173 to 1206.[1] His ethnic backround was most likely of Persian-speaking Eastern-Iranian stock.[2]
Muhammad was the brother of the Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Muhammad of Ghor (province in modern Afghanistan). Ghor lay on the western boundary of the Ghaznavid. Before 1160, the Ghaznavid empire covered an area running from central Afghanistan to the Punjab, with capitals at Ghazni and Lahore.
In 1160, the Ghorids conquered Ghazni from the Ghaznavids, and in 1173 Muhammad became governor of the province. In 1186-7 he conquered Lahore, ending the Ghaznavid empire and bringing the last of Ghaznavid territory under his control.
Muhammad attacked the north-western regions of the Indian subcontinent many times. The first time he was routed in present-day Gujarat by Rajputs. A battle was fought at Kayadara near Mount Abu, where Ghauri's advance was defeated. Gujarat later fell to Muhammad Ghori's armies in 1197.
One account recounts that after taking him prisoner, Ghori ordered the eyes of Prithviraj to be gouged out and made the blind Prithviraj a subject of ridicule in his court.After some time, an archery competition was held in Ghori's kingdom. Prithviraj, being a skilled archer of repute was also brought for this competition and asked to compete to ridicule him further. Prithviraj refused to shoot his arrow on the orders of Ghori's generals, being a king himself. As such, Ghori himself asked Prithviraj to shoot at the target. Prithviraj, instead, turned around and locating the source of the voice, shot his arrow straight into Ghori's throat, killing him instantly. Prithviraj was thus able to avenge his defeat at the hands of Ghori. It was as a result of this that Qutb-ud-din-Aybak, one of Ghori's generals, was able to succeed him and control his empire.
Another version says Muhammad returned to Lahore after 1200 to deal with a revolt of the Gakhar tribe in the Punjab. He suppressed the revolt, but was killed during a Gakhar raid on his camp on the Jhelum River in 1206.
Muhammad Ghori conducted massacres of Hindus, at Koi (modern Aligarh), according to Hasan Nizami's Taj-ul-Maasir, 20,000 Hindu prisoners were killed who refused to convert to Islam and 20,000 prisoners were taken and made slaves. In Kalinjar, 50,000 prisoners were taken as slaves. In Varanasi or Kasi (Benaras), Kamil-ut-Tawarikh of Ibn Asir records, "The slaughter of Hindus was immense; none were spared except women and children,(who were taken into slavery)"
Legacy
Upon his death, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, Muhammad Ghori's most capable general, took control of Muhammad's Indian conquests and declared himself the first Sultan of Delhi. Muhammad's former territory in Afghanistan was conquered by the Mongols.
Muhammad, like his predecessors, routinely killed non-Muslim priests and destroyed non-Muslim temples and towns while his armies pillaged their way across the Indus. [3]
The tomb of Pir Sultan Muhammad Ghori is located at Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan considers Sultan Muhammad Ghori as a hero, and has named its intermediate-range ballistic missile the Ghauri missile in his honor.
See also
References and footnotes
- ^ Columbia Encyclopedia - Muhammad of Ghor...Link
- ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: "... The Shansabānīs were, like the rest of the Ghūrīs, of eastern Iranian Tājīk stock. ..."
- ^ Keay, John. "India: A History". Grove Press.
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