→Rails, gallinules, and coots: adding french translations, will periodically continue to add more. Also FL!!! |
|||
(38 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{short description|None}} |
{{short description|None}} |
||
{{Featured list}} |
|||
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}} |
|||
{{Use Canadian English|date=June 2017}} |
{{Use Canadian English|date=June 2017}} |
||
[[File:20240316 black capped chickadee casa PD204423.jpg|right|thumb|The [[black-capped chickadee]] is the [[Symbols of New Brunswick|provincial bird]] of New Brunswick]] |
[[File:20240316 black capped chickadee casa PD204423.jpg|right|thumb|The [[black-capped chickadee]] is the [[Symbols of New Brunswick|provincial bird]] of New Brunswick|alt=A black-capped chickadee perched on a small tree branch]] |
||
[[New Brunswick]] is a [[Maritime provinces|Maritime]] province within [[Canada]], bordered by [[Quebec]] to the north, [[Nova Scotia]] to the east, the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] to the northeast, the [[Bay of Fundy]] to the southeast, and the [[USA|U.S.]] state of [[Maine]] to the west.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Brunswick |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick | |
[[New Brunswick]] is a [[Maritime provinces|Maritime]] province within [[Canada]], bordered by [[Quebec]] to the north, [[Nova Scotia]] to the east, the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] to the northeast, the [[Bay of Fundy]] to the southeast, and the [[USA|U.S.]] state of [[Maine]] to the west.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Brunswick |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick |first=Ernest R. |last=Forbes |date=April 3, 2008 |publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=April 5, 2024 |language=en |archive-date=December 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201202141/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick |url-status=live }}</ref> Lying within the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian Mountain]] range,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burrel |first1=Brian C |last2=Anderson |first2=James E |date=1991 |journal=Canadian Water Resources Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=317–330 |doi=10.4296/cwrj1604317 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.4296/cwrj1604317 |title=Regional Hydrology of New Brunswick |doi-access=free |bibcode=1991CaWRJ..16..317B |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210012221/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.4296/cwrj1604317 |url-status=live }}</ref> the province is largely covered by [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]], with the northern part of the province also containing [[boreal forest]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albert |first1=Cédric |last2=Taylor |first2=Anthony R. |last3=Logan |first3=Travis |last4=D’Orangeville |first4=Loïc |url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/er-2022-0122 |title=The Acadian Forest of New Brunswick in the 21st century: what shifting heat and water balance imply for future stand dynamics and management |journal=Environmental Reviews |date=December 4, 2023 |access-date=5 April 2024 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=690–707 |doi=10.1139/er-2022-0122 |language=en |issn=1181-8700 |doi-access=free |archive-date=April 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429183007/https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/er-2022-0122 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[coastline]]s of the province contain a large [[Marine coastal ecosystem|marine environment]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Coastal Conservation |url=https://www.naturetrust.nb.ca/en/coastal-conservation |website=Nature Trust of New Brunswick |access-date=April 5, 2024 |language=en-CA |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405170444/https://www.naturetrust.nb.ca/en/coastal-conservation |url-status=live }}</ref> These different ecosystems contribute to the diversity of birds in the province.<ref>{{cite web |title=Birdwatching |url=https://tourismnewbrunswick.ca/birdwatching |publisher=Tourism New Brunswick |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405170445/https://tourismnewbrunswick.ca/birdwatching |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, the [[Atlantic Flyway]] passes through New Brunswick's coast, with areas within the Bay of Fundy such as the [[Shepody Bay]] significantly contributing to the variety of bird species that breed in or migrate through the province.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bird Watching |url=https://www.bayoffundy.com/activities/bird-watching/ |publisher=[[Bay of Fundy]] |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |date=15 June 2023 |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405170445/https://www.bayoffundy.com/activities/bird-watching/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Atlantic Flyway Exchange |url=https://whsrn.org/linking-sites/atlantic/bay-of-fundy/ |publisher=[[Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network]] |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405170444/https://whsrn.org/linking-sites/atlantic/bay-of-fundy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
The information provided is from the list of bird species accepted by the New Brunswick Bird Records Committee (NBBRC), which contains 441 species as of November 19, 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naturenb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/NB_Checklist_2017_English.pdf |title=Checklist of New Brunswick Birds |date= |
The information provided is from the list of bird species accepted by the New Brunswick Bird Records Committee (NBBRC), which contains 441 species as of November 19, 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naturenb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/NB_Checklist_2017_English.pdf |title=Checklist of New Brunswick Birds |date=April 2017 |website= |publisher=New Brunswick Bird Records Committee and Nature NB |access-date=August 12, 2021 |quote= |archive-date=October 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017090928/https://www.naturenb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/NB_Checklist_2017_English.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Birds of New Brunswick: Addendum |journal=New Brunswick Bird Records Committee |date=19 November 2023 |url=https://www.naturenb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Birds-of-New-Brunswick-An-Updated-Annotated-List-Addendum-Nov-19-2023.pdf |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405033524/https://www.naturenb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Birds-of-New-Brunswick-An-Updated-Annotated-List-Addendum-Nov-19-2023.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Of these, 94 are [[Vagrancy (biology)|accidentals]] and 55 are noted as rare as defined below. Eight species have been [[Introduced species|introduced]] to North America, one species has been [[Local extinction|extirpated]], three are [[Extinction|extinct]], and another is possibly extinct. This list is presented in the [[taxonomic sequence]] of the ''Check-list of North and Middle American Birds'', 7th edition through the 62nd Supplement, published by the [[American Ornithological Society]] (AOS).<ref name=NACC>{{cite web |url=http://checklist.aou.org/taxa |title=Check-list of North and Middle American Birds |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=June 29, 2021 |publisher=[[American Ornithological Society]] |access-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-date=December 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207020051/http://checklist.aou.org/taxa |url-status=live }}</ref> Common and scientific names are also those of the ''Check-list'', except that Canadian English spellings are used and the common names of families are from the [[Clements taxonomy]] because the AOS list does not include them. |
||
The following tags are used to categorise some species: |
The following tags are used to categorise some species: |
||
*(A) [[Vagrancy (biology)|Accidental]] - a species that |
*(A) [[Vagrancy (biology)|Accidental]] - a species that does not often occur in New Brunswick as a vagrant |
||
*(B) Breeding - a species that currently breeds or has bred in New Brunswick |
*(B) Breeding - a species that currently breeds or has bred in New Brunswick |
||
*(E) [[Extinction|Extinct]] - a recent species that no longer exists |
*(E) [[Extinction|Extinct]] - a recent species that no longer exists |
||
Line 20: | Line 22: | ||
==Ducks, geese, and waterfowl== |
==Ducks, geese, and waterfowl== |
||
[[File:Canada goose - 53403644661 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Canada goose]] |
[[File:Canada goose - 53403644661 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Canada goose|alt=A Canada goose swimming and flapping its wings]] |
||
[[File:Mallard pair (53580816761).jpg|thumb|Mallard pair]] |
[[File:Mallard pair (53580816761).jpg|thumb|Mallard pair|alt=A male and female pair of Mallards swimming]] |
||
[[File:Hooded merganser male in Central Park (95790).jpg|thumb|Hooded merganser]] |
[[File:Hooded merganser male in Central Park (95790).jpg|thumb|Hooded merganser|alt=A hooded merganser swimming]] |
||
Order: [[Anseriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Anatidae]] |
Order: [[Anseriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Anatidae]] |
||
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water.<ref name="HOBF">{{cite book | |
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water.<ref name="HOBF">{{cite book |author-link=Jonathan Elphick |last=Emphick |url=https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Handbook_of_Bird_Families.html?id=J7cPtQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=The Handbook of Bird Families |date=2019 |publisher=Firefly Books |location=Richmond Hill, Ontario |isbn=978-0-2281-0119-2 |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=April 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429183032/https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Handbook_of_Bird_Families.html?id=J7cPtQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|13–17}} |
||
{{colbegin}} |
{{colbegin}} |
||
*[[Black-bellied whistling-duck]], ''Dendrocygna autumnalis'' (A) |
*[[Black-bellied whistling-duck]] ({{lang|fr|Dendrocygne à ventre noir}}), ''Dendrocygna autumnalis'' (A) |
||
*[[Fulvous whistling-duck]], ''Dendrocygna bicolor'' (A) |
*[[Fulvous whistling-duck]] ({{lang|fr|Dendrocygne fauve}}), ''Dendrocygna bicolor'' (A) |
||
*[[Snow goose]], ''Anser caerulescens'' |
*[[Snow goose]] ({{lang|fr|Oie des neiges}}), ''Anser caerulescens'' |
||
*[[Ross's goose]], ''Anser rossii'' (A) |
*[[Ross's goose]] ({{lang|fr|Oie de Ross}}), ''Anser rossii'' (A) |
||
*[[Graylag goose]], ''Anser anser'' (A) |
*[[Graylag goose]] ({{lang|fr|Oie cendrée}}), ''Anser anser'' (A) |
||
*[[Greater white-fronted goose]], ''Anser albifrons'' (R) |
*[[Greater white-fronted goose]] ({{lang|fr|Oie rieuse}}), ''Anser albifrons'' (R) |
||
*[[Pink-footed goose]], ''Anser brachyrhynchus'' (R) |
*[[Pink-footed goose]] ({{lang|fr|Oie à bec court}}), ''Anser brachyrhynchus'' (R) |
||
*[[Brant (goose)|Brant]], ''Branta bernicla'' |
*[[Brant (goose)|Brant]] ({{lang|fr|Bernache cravant}}), ''Branta bernicla'' |
||
*[[Barnacle goose]], ''Branta leucopsis'' (A) |
*[[Barnacle goose]] ({{lang|fr|Bernache nonnette}}), ''Branta leucopsis'' (A) |
||
*[[Cackling goose]], ''Branta hutchinsii'' (R) |
*[[Cackling goose]] ({{lang|fr|Bernache de Hutchins}}), ''Branta hutchinsii'' (R) |
||
*[[Canada goose]], ''Branta canadensis'' (B) |
*[[Canada goose]] ({{lang|fr|Bernache du Canada}}), ''Branta canadensis'' (B) |
||
*[[Mute swan]], ''Cygnus olor'' (A) (I) |
*[[Mute swan]] ({{lang|fr|Cygne tuberculé}}), ''Cygnus olor'' (A) (I) |
||
*[[Tundra swan]], ''Cygnus columbianus'' (R) |
*[[Tundra swan]] ({{lang|fr|Cygne siffleur}}), ''Cygnus columbianus'' (R) |
||
*[[Common shelduck]], ''Tadorna tadorna'' (A) |
*[[Common shelduck]] ({{lang|fr|Tadorne de Belon}}), ''Tadorna tadorna'' (A) |
||
*[[Wood duck]], ''Aix sponsa'' (B) |
*[[Wood duck]] ({{lang|fr|Canard branchu}}), ''Aix sponsa'' (B) |
||
*[[Garganey]], ''Spatula querquedula'' (A) |
*[[Garganey]] ({{lang|fr|Sarcelle d'été}}), ''Spatula querquedula'' (A) |
||
*[[Blue-winged teal]], ''Spatula discors'' (B) |
*[[Blue-winged teal]] ({{lang|fr|Sarcelle à ailes bleues}}), ''Spatula discors'' (B) |
||
*[[Cinnamon teal]], ''Spatula cyanoptera'' (A) |
*[[Cinnamon teal]] ({{lang|fr|Sarcelle cannelle}}), ''Spatula cyanoptera'' (A) |
||
*[[Northern shoveler]], ''Spatula clypeata'' (B) |
*[[Northern shoveler]] ({{lang|fr|Canard souchet}}), ''Spatula clypeata'' (B) |
||
*[[Gadwall]], ''Mareca strepera'' (B) |
*[[Gadwall]] ({{lang|fr|Canard chipeau}}), ''Mareca strepera'' (B) |
||
*[[Eurasian wigeon]], ''Mareca penelope'' |
*[[Eurasian wigeon]] ({{lang|fr|Canard siffleur}}), ''Mareca penelope'' |
||
*[[American wigeon]], ''Mareca americana'' (B) |
*[[American wigeon]] ({{lang|fr|Canard d'Amérique}}), ''Mareca americana'' (B) |
||
*[[Mallard]], ''Anas platyrhynchos'' (B) |
*[[Mallard]] ({{lang|fr|Canard colvert}}), ''Anas platyrhynchos'' (B) |
||
*[[American black duck]], ''Anas rubripes'' (B) |
*[[American black duck]] ({{lang|fr|Canard noir}}), ''Anas rubripes'' (B) |
||
*[[Northern pintail]], ''Anas acuta'' (B) |
*[[Northern pintail]] ({{lang|fr|Canard pilet}}), ''Anas acuta'' (B) |
||
*[[Green-winged teal]], ''Anas crecca'' (B) |
*[[Green-winged teal]] ({{lang|fr|Sarcelle à ailes vertes}}), ''Anas crecca'' (B) |
||
*[[Canvasback]], ''Aythya valisineria'' (R) |
*[[Canvasback]] ({{lang|fr|Fuligule à dos blanc}}), ''Aythya valisineria'' (R) |
||
*[[Redhead (bird)|Redhead]], ''Aythya americana'' |
*[[Redhead (bird)|Redhead]] ({{lang|fr|Fuligule à tête rouge}}), ''Aythya americana'' |
||
*[[Ring-necked duck]], ''Aythya collaris'' (B) |
*[[Ring-necked duck]] ({{lang|fr|Fuligule à collier}}), ''Aythya collaris'' (B) |
||
*[[Tufted duck]], ''Aythya fuligula'' (R) |
*[[Tufted duck]] ({{lang|fr|Fuligule morillon}}), ''Aythya fuligula'' (R) |
||
*[[Greater scaup]], ''Aythya marila'' (B) |
*[[Greater scaup]] ({{lang|fr|Fuligule milouinan}}), ''Aythya marila'' (B) |
||
*[[Lesser scaup]], ''Aythya affinis'' |
*[[Lesser scaup]] ({{lang|fr|Petit Fuligule}}), ''Aythya affinis'' |
||
*[[King eider]], ''Somateria spectabilis'' |
*[[King eider]] ({{lang|fr|Eider à tête grise}}), ''Somateria spectabilis'' |
||
*[[Common eider]], ''Somateria mollissima'' (B) |
*[[Common eider]] ({{lang|fr|Eider à duvet}}), ''Somateria mollissima'' (B) |
||
*[[Harlequin duck]], ''Histrionicus histrionicus'' |
*[[Harlequin duck]] ({{lang|fr|Arlequin plongeur}}), ''Histrionicus histrionicus'' |
||
*[[Labrador duck]], ''Camptorhynchus labradorius'' (E) |
*[[Labrador duck]] ({{lang|fr|Eider du Labrador}}), ''Camptorhynchus labradorius'' (E)<ref>{{cite iucn|title=''Camptorhynchus labradorius''|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680418A92862623.en|access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref> |
||
*[[Surf scoter]], ''Melanitta perspicillata'' |
*[[Surf scoter]] ({{lang|fr|Macreuse à front blanc}}), ''Melanitta perspicillata'' |
||
*[[White-winged scoter]], ''Melanitta deglandi'' |
*[[White-winged scoter]] ({{lang|fr|Macreuse à ailes blanches}}), ''Melanitta deglandi'' |
||
*[[Black scoter]], ''Melanitta americana'' |
*[[Black scoter]] ({{lang|fr|Macreuse à bec jaune}}), ''Melanitta americana'' |
||
*[[Long-tailed duck]], ''Clangula hyemalis'' |
*[[Long-tailed duck]] ({{lang|fr|Harelde de Miquelon}}), ''Clangula hyemalis'' |
||
*[[Bufflehead]], ''Bucephala albeola'' |
*[[Bufflehead]] ({{lang|fr|Petit Garrot}}), ''Bucephala albeola'' |
||
*[[Common goldeneye]], ''Bucephala clangula'' (B) |
*[[Common goldeneye]] ({{lang|fr|Garrot à œil d'or}}), ''Bucephala clangula'' (B) |
||
*[[Barrow's goldeneye]], ''Bucephala islandica'' |
*[[Barrow's goldeneye]] ({{lang|fr|Garrot d'Islande}}), ''Bucephala islandica'' |
||
*[[Hooded merganser]], ''Lophodytes cucullatus'' (B) |
*[[Hooded merganser]] ({{lang|fr|Harle couronné}}), ''Lophodytes cucullatus'' (B) |
||
*[[Common merganser]], ''Mergus merganser'' (B) |
*[[Common merganser]] ({{lang|fr|Harle bièvre}}), ''Mergus merganser'' (B) |
||
*[[Red-breasted merganser]], ''Mergus serrator'' (B) |
*[[Red-breasted merganser]] ({{lang|fr|Harle huppé}}), ''Mergus serrator'' (B) |
||
*[[Ruddy duck]], ''Oxyura jamaicensis'' |
*[[Ruddy duck]] ({{lang|fr|Érismature rousse}}), ''Oxyura jamaicensis'' |
||
{{colend}} |
{{colend}} |
||
==Pheasants, grouse, and allies== |
==Pheasants, grouse, and allies== |
||
[[File:Ruffed grouse conotton creek trail jewett trailhead 5.18.23 DSC 2308-topaz-denoiseraw-sharpen.jpg|thumb|Ruffed grouse]] |
[[File:Ruffed grouse conotton creek trail jewett trailhead 5.18.23 DSC 2308-topaz-denoiseraw-sharpen.jpg|thumb|Ruffed grouse|alt=A ruffed grouse standing in short grass]] |
||
Order: [[Galliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phasianidae]] |
Order: [[Galliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phasianidae]] |
||
Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|24–27}} Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mozdziak |first1=Paul |title=Species of meat animals: (d) Poultry |journal=Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences |date=2024 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-85125-1.00129-0 |isbn=978-0-323-85198-5 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323851251001290 |access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref> |
Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|24–27}} Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mozdziak |first1=Paul |title=Species of meat animals: (d) Poultry |journal=Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences |date=2024 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-85125-1.00129-0 |isbn=978-0-323-85198-5 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323851251001290 |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405190955/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323851251001290 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
*[[Wild turkey]], ''Meleagris gallopavo'' (B) |
*[[Wild turkey]] ({{lang|fr|Dindon sauvage}}), ''Meleagris gallopavo'' (B) |
||
*[[Ruffed grouse]], ''Bonasa umbellus'' (B) |
*[[Ruffed grouse]] ({{lang|fr|Gélinotte huppée}}), ''Bonasa umbellus'' (B) |
||
*[[Spruce grouse]], ''Canachites canadensis'' (B) |
*[[Spruce grouse]] ({{lang|fr|Tétras du Canada}}), ''Canachites canadensis'' (B) |
||
*[[Grey partridge]], ''Perdix perdix'' (Ex) (I) |
*[[Grey partridge]] ({{lang|fr|Perdrix grise}}), ''Perdix perdix'' (Ex) (I) |
||
*[[Ring-necked pheasant]], ''Phasianus colchicus'' (I) |
*[[Ring-necked pheasant]] ({{lang|fr|Faisan de Colchide}}), ''Phasianus colchicus'' (I) |
||
==Grebes== |
==Grebes== |
||
[[File:Pied-billed Grebe 0561.jpg|thumb|Pied-billed grebe]] |
[[File:Pied-billed Grebe 0561.jpg|thumb|Pied-billed grebe|alt=A pied-billed grebe swimming]] |
||
Order: [[Podicipediformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Podicipedidae]] |
Order: [[Podicipediformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Podicipedidae]] |
||
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|30}} |
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|30}} |
||
*[[Pied-billed grebe]], ''Podilymbus podiceps'' (B) |
*[[Pied-billed grebe]] ({{lang|fr|Grèbe à bec bigarré}}), ''Podilymbus podiceps'' (B) |
||
*[[Horned grebe]], ''Podiceps auritus'' |
*[[Horned grebe]] ({{lang|fr|Grèbe esclavon}}), ''Podiceps auritus'' |
||
*[[Red-necked grebe]], ''Podiceps grisegena'' |
*[[Red-necked grebe]] ({{lang|fr|Grèbe jougris}}), ''Podiceps grisegena'' |
||
*[[Eared grebe]], ''Podiceps nigricollis'' (A) |
*[[Eared grebe]] ({{lang|fr|Grèbe à cou noir}}), ''Podiceps nigricollis'' (A) |
||
*[[Western grebe]], ''Aechmorphorus occidentalis'' (A) |
*[[Western grebe]] ({{lang|fr|Grèbe élégant}}), ''Aechmorphorus occidentalis'' (A) |
||
==Pigeons and doves== |
==Pigeons and doves== |
||
[[File:Mourning dove mariner point park 1.8.23 DSC 8609.jpg|thumb|Mourning dove]] |
[[File:Mourning dove mariner point park 1.8.23 DSC 8609.jpg|thumb|Mourning dove|alt=A mourning dove siting on wood]] |
||
Order: [[Columbiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Columbidae]] |
Order: [[Columbiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Columbidae]] |
||
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy [[cere]]. They have strong flight muscles, allowing them to take off almost vertically and fly for long distances.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|32}} They typically feed on [[seed]]s and [[fruit]] plants and produce "[[crop milk]]" to feed their young.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Camfield |first1=Alaine |title=Columbidae (doves and pigeons) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Columbidae/ |website=Animal Diversity Web |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy [[cere]]. They have strong flight muscles, allowing them to take off almost vertically and fly for long distances.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|32}} They typically feed on [[seed]]s and [[fruit]] plants, and produce "[[crop milk]]" to feed their young.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Camfield |first1=Alaine |title=Columbidae (doves and pigeons) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Columbidae/ |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=February 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226053825/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Columbidae/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
*[[Rock dove|Rock pigeon]], ''Columba livia'' (B) (I) |
*[[Rock dove|Rock pigeon]] ({{lang|fr|Pigeon biset}}), ''Columba livia'' (B) (I) |
||
*[[Band-tailed pigeon]], ''Patagioenas fasciata'' (A) |
*[[Band-tailed pigeon]] ({{lang|fr|Pigeon à queue barrée}}), ''Patagioenas fasciata'' (A) |
||
*[[Eurasian collared-dove]], ''Streptopelia decaocto'' (A) (I) |
*[[Eurasian collared-dove]] ({{lang|fr|Tourterelle turque}}), ''Streptopelia decaocto'' (A) (I) |
||
*[[Passenger pigeon]], ''Ectopistes migratorius'' (E) |
*[[Passenger pigeon]] ({{lang|fr|Tourte voyageuse}}), ''Ectopistes migratorius'' (E)<ref>{{cite iucn|title=''Ectopistes migratorius''| doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22690733A152593137.en|access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref> |
||
*[[White-winged dove]], ''Zenaida asiatica'' |
*[[White-winged dove]] ({{lang|fr|Tourterelle à ailes blanches}}), ''Zenaida asiatica'' |
||
*[[Mourning dove]], ''Zenaida macroura'' (B) |
*[[Mourning dove]] ({{lang|fr|Tourterelle triste}}), ''Zenaida macroura'' (B) |
||
==Cuckoos== |
==Cuckoos== |
||
Line 119: | Line 121: | ||
The family Cuculidae includes [[cuckoo]]s, [[Geococcyx|roadrunners]], and [[ani (bird)|anis]]. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|57–58}} |
The family Cuculidae includes [[cuckoo]]s, [[Geococcyx|roadrunners]], and [[ani (bird)|anis]]. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|57–58}} |
||
*[[Yellow-billed cuckoo]], ''Coccyzus americanus'' |
*[[Yellow-billed cuckoo]] ({{lang|fr|Coulicou à bec jaune}}), ''Coccyzus americanus'' |
||
*[[Black-billed cuckoo]], ''Coccyzus erythropthalmus'' (B) |
*[[Black-billed cuckoo]] ({{lang|fr|Coulicou à bec noir}}), ''Coccyzus erythropthalmus'' (B) |
||
==Nightjars and allies== |
==Nightjars and allies== |
||
[[File:Common Nighthawk - 52945389427 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Common nighthawk]] |
[[File:Common Nighthawk - 52945389427 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Common nighthawk|alt=A common nighthawk resting on a tree branch]] |
||
Order: [[Caprimulgiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Caprimulgidae]] |
Order: [[Caprimulgiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Caprimulgidae]] |
||
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically coloured to resemble bark or leaves.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|40}} |
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is [[camouflage|cryptically coloured]] to resemble bark or leaves.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|40}} |
||
*[[Common nighthawk]], ''Chordeiles minor'' (B) |
*[[Common nighthawk]] ({{lang|fr|Engoulevent d'Amérique}}), ''Chordeiles minor'' (B) |
||
*[[Chuck-will's-widow]], ''Antrostomus carolinensis'' (A) |
*[[Chuck-will's-widow]] ({{lang|fr|Engoulevent de Caroline}}), ''Antrostomus carolinensis'' (A) |
||
*[[Eastern whip-poor-will]], ''Antrostomus vociferus'' (B) |
*[[Eastern whip-poor-will]] ({{lang|fr|Engoulevent bois-pourri}}), ''Antrostomus vociferus'' (B) |
||
==Swifts== |
==Swifts== |
||
Line 137: | Line 139: | ||
The swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|48}} |
The swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|48}} |
||
*[[Chimney swift]], ''Chaetura pelagica'' (B) |
*[[Chimney swift]] ({{lang|fr|Martinet ramoneur}}), ''Chaetura pelagica'' (B) |
||
==Hummingbirds== |
==Hummingbirds== |
||
[[File:Juvenile Male Ruby-throated Hummingbird.jpg|thumb|Ruby-throated hummingbird]] |
[[File:Juvenile Male Ruby-throated Hummingbird.jpg|thumb|Ruby-throated hummingbird|alt=A ruby-throated hummingbird in flight]] |
||
Order: [[Apodiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Trochilidae]] |
Order: [[Apodiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Trochilidae]] |
||
Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|52}} |
Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|52}} |
||
*[[Ruby-throated hummingbird]], ''Archilochus colubris'' (B) |
*[[Ruby-throated hummingbird]] ({{lang|fr|Colibri à gorge rubis}}), ''Archilochus colubris'' (B) |
||
*[[Black-chinned hummingbird]], ''Archilochus alexandri'' (A) |
*[[Black-chinned hummingbird]] ({{lang|fr|Colibri à gorge noire}}), ''Archilochus alexandri'' (A) |
||
*[[Rufous hummingbird]], ''Selasphorus rufus'' (R) |
*[[Rufous hummingbird]] ({{lang|fr|Colibri roux}}), ''Selasphorus rufus'' (R) |
||
*[[Broad-billed hummingbird]], ''Cynanthus latirostris'' (A) |
*[[Broad-billed hummingbird]] ({{lang|fr|Colibri circé}}), ''Cynanthus latirostris'' (A) |
||
==Rails, gallinules, and coots== |
==Rails, gallinules, and coots== |
||
[[File:Virginia rail magee marsh 5.16.23 DSC 8418-topaz-denoiseraw.jpg|thumb|Virginia rail]] |
[[File:Virginia rail magee marsh 5.16.23 DSC 8418-topaz-denoiseraw.jpg|thumb|Virginia rail|alt=A virginia rail standing in marsh waters]] |
||
Order: [[Gruiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Rallidae]] |
Order: [[Gruiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Rallidae]] |
||
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the [[Rallidae|rail]]s, [[crake]]s, [[coot]]s, and [[gallinule]]s. The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|61–63}} |
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the [[Rallidae|rail]]s, [[crake]]s, [[coot]]s, and [[gallinule]]s. The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|61–63}} |
||
*[[Clapper rail]], ''Rallus crepitans'' (R) |
*[[Clapper rail]] ({{lang|fr|Râle tapageur}}), ''Rallus crepitans'' (R) |
||
*[[King rail]], ''Rallus elegans'' (A) |
*[[King rail]] ({{lang|fr|Râle élégant}}), ''Rallus elegans'' (A) |
||
*[[Virginia rail]], ''Rallus limicola'' (B) |
*[[Virginia rail]] ({{lang|fr|Râle de Virginie}}), ''Rallus limicola'' (B) |
||
*[[Sora (crake)|Sora]], ''Porzana carolina'' (B) |
*[[Sora (crake)|Sora]] ({{lang|fr|Marouette de Caroline}}), ''Porzana carolina'' (B) |
||
*[[Common gallinule]], ''Gallinula galeata'' (B |
*[[Common gallinule]] ({{lang|fr|Gallinule d'Amérique}}), ''Gallinula galeata'' (B) |
||
*[[American coot]], ''Fulica americana'' (B) |
*[[American coot]] ({{lang|fr|Foulque d'Amérique}}), ''Fulica americana'' (B) |
||
*[[American purple gallinule|Purple gallinule]], ''Porphyrio martinicus'' (R) |
*[[American purple gallinule|Purple gallinule]] ({{lang|fr|Talève violacée}}), ''Porphyrio martinicus'' (R) |
||
*[[Yellow rail]], ''Coturnicops noveboracensis'' (B |
*[[Yellow rail]] ({{lang|fr|Râle jaune}}), ''Coturnicops noveboracensis'' (B) |
||
==Cranes== |
==Cranes== |
||
Line 183: | Line 185: | ||
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Haematopodidae]] |
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Haematopodidae]] |
||
Oystercatchers are large, obvious and noisy [[plover]]-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open [[mollusc]]s.<ref |
Oystercatchers are large, obvious and noisy [[plover]]-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open [[mollusc]]s.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Hoyo |editor1-first=Josep del |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=Jordi |chapter=Family Haematopodidae (Oystercatchers) |title=Hoatzin to Auks |url=https://www.lynxeds.com/product/handbook-of-the-birds-of-the-world-volume-3/ |series=[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]] |date=1996 |publisher=[[Lynx Edicions]] |location=Spain |isbn=84-87334-20-2 |access-date=5 April 2024 |volume=3 |archive-date=September 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922073142/https://www.lynxeds.com/product/handbook-of-the-birds-of-the-world-volume-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
*[[American oystercatcher]], ''Haematopus palliatus'' (R) |
*[[American oystercatcher]], ''Haematopus palliatus'' (R) |
||
==Plovers and lapwings== |
==Plovers and lapwings== |
||
[[File:Charadrius melodus -Cape May, New Jersey, USA-8.jpg|thumb|Piping plover]] |
[[File:Charadrius melodus -Cape May, New Jersey, USA-8.jpg|thumb|Piping plover|alt=A piping plover standing on sand]] |
||
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Charadriidae]] |
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Charadriidae]] |
||
Line 202: | Line 204: | ||
==Sandpipers and allies== |
==Sandpipers and allies== |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Scolopacidae]] |
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Scolopacidae]] |
||
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the [[sandpiper]]s, [[curlew]]s, [[godwit]]s, [[Tringa|shanks]], [[Tattler (bird)|tattler]]s, [[woodcock]]s, [[snipe]]s, [[dowitcher]]s, and [[phalarope]]s. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|116–117}} |
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the [[sandpiper]]s, [[curlew]]s, [[godwit]]s, [[Tringa|shanks]], [[Tattler (bird)|tattler]]s, [[woodcock]]s, [[snipe]]s, [[dowitcher]]s, and [[phalarope]]s. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|116–117}} |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
{{colbegin}} |
{{colbegin}} |
||
*[[Upland sandpiper]], ''Bartramia longicauda'' (B |
*[[Upland sandpiper]], ''Bartramia longicauda'' (B) |
||
*[[Hudsonian whimbrel|Whimbrel]], ''Numenius phaeopus'' |
*[[Hudsonian whimbrel|Whimbrel]], ''Numenius phaeopus'' |
||
*[[Eskimo curlew]], ''Numenius borealis'' ( |
*[[Eskimo curlew]], ''Numenius borealis'' (Possibly extinct)<ref>{{cite iucn|title=''Numenis borealis''|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693170A178901365.en|access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref> |
||
*[[Long-billed curlew]], ''Numenius americanus'' (A) |
*[[Long-billed curlew]], ''Numenius americanus'' (A) |
||
*[[Black-tailed godwit]], ''Limosa limosa'' (A) |
*[[Black-tailed godwit]], ''Limosa limosa'' (A) |
||
Line 248: | Line 251: | ||
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Stercorariidae]] |
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Stercorariidae]] |
||
Skuas and jaegers are medium to large seabirds with strongly hooked talons, hooked bills, and webbed feet. They are [[pelagic birds]] and feed on a variety of animals—such as fish, bird eggs, and [[lemmings]]—by hunting, scavenging, or [[Kleptoparasitism|kleptoparasitizing]] them.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |title=Skuas and Jaegers (Stercorariidae) |date=2020 |
Skuas and jaegers are medium to large seabirds with strongly hooked talons, hooked bills, and webbed feet. They are [[pelagic birds]] and feed on a variety of animals—such as fish, bird eggs, and [[lemmings]]—by hunting, scavenging, or [[Kleptoparasitism|kleptoparasitizing]] them.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |title=Skuas and Jaegers (Stercorariidae) |date=March 4, 2020 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/sterco1/1.0/introduction |work=[[Birds of the World]] |editor-last=Billerman |editor-first=Shawn M. |access-date=April 5, 2024 |publisher=[[Cornell Lab of Ornithology]] |language=en |doi=10.2173/bow.sterco1.01 |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |editor2-last=Keeney |editor2-first=Brooke K. |editor3-last=Rodewald |editor3-first=Paul G. |editor4-last=Schulenberg |editor4-first=Thomas S. |archive-date=November 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124095421/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/sterco1/1.0/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=B. L. |last2=Baker |first2=A. J. |last3=Blechschmidt |first3=K. |last4=Dittmann |first4=D. L. |last5=Furness |first5=H. D. |last6=Gerwin |first6=J. A. |last7=Helbig |first7=A. J. |last8=De Korte |first8=J. |last9=Marshall |first9=H. D. |last10=Palma |first10=R. L. |last11=Peter |first11=H.-U. |last12=Ramli |first12=R. |last13=Siebold |first13=I. |last14=Willcox |first14=M. S. |last15=Wilson |first15=R. H. |date=22 February 1997 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688246/ |title=Enigmatic phylogeny of skuas (Aves: Stercorariidae) |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society of London]]. Series B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=264 |issue=1379 |pages=182 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1997.0026 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=1688246 |pmid=9061968 |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905155718/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688246/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03544345 |last=Carlos |first=Caio J. |date=2016 |title=How many genera of Stercorariidae are there? |journal=Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=191–195 |doi=10.1007/BF03544345 |issn=2178-7875 |doi-access=free |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=March 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331140845/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03544345 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
*[[Great skua]], ''Stercorarius skua'' (R) |
*[[Great skua]], ''Stercorarius skua'' (R) |
||
Line 257: | Line 260: | ||
==Auks, murres, and puffins== |
==Auks, murres, and puffins== |
||
[[File:Posing Razorbill (52058500088).jpg|thumb| |
[[File:Posing Razorbill (52058500088).jpg|thumb|upright|Razorbill|alt=A razorbill sitting atop a rock]] |
||
[[File:Atlantic Puffin - Fratercula arctica, Machias Seal Island, New Brunswick.jpg|thumb| |
[[File:Atlantic Puffin - Fratercula arctica, Machias Seal Island, New Brunswick.jpg|thumb|upright|Atlantic puffin|alt=An atlantic puffin standing on a rock]] |
||
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Alcidae]] |
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Alcidae]] |
||
Alcids are superficially similar to [[penguin]]s due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture, and some of their habits, however they are only distantly related to the penguins and are able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|123–125}} Many Atlantic puffins and razorbills nest on [[Machias Seal Island]], which has disputed sovereignty between New Brunswick and Maine.<ref>{{cite web |
Alcids are superficially similar to [[penguin]]s due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture, and some of their habits, however they are only distantly related to the penguins and are able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|123–125}} Many Atlantic puffins and razorbills nest on [[Machias Seal Island]], which has disputed sovereignty between Canada (New Brunswick) and the United States (Maine).<ref>{{cite web |title=Machias Seal Island Migratory Bird Sanctuary |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/migratory-bird-sanctuaries/locations/machias-seal-island.html |publisher=[[Environment and Climate Change Canada]] |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=September 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925174628/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/migratory-bird-sanctuaries/locations/machias-seal-island.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Machias Seal Island |url=https://www.gulfofmaine.org/times/summer97/page1a.html |publisher=Gulf of Maine Times |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405203713/https://www.gulfofmaine.org/times/summer97/page1a.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
*[[Dovekie]], ''Alle alle'' |
*[[Dovekie]], ''Alle alle'' |
||
Line 267: | Line 270: | ||
*[[Thick-billed murre]], ''Uria lomvia'' |
*[[Thick-billed murre]], ''Uria lomvia'' |
||
*[[Razorbill]], ''Alca torda'' (B) |
*[[Razorbill]], ''Alca torda'' (B) |
||
*[[Great auk]], ''Pinguinus impennis'' (E) |
*[[Great auk]], ''Pinguinus impennis'' (E)<ref>{{cite iucn|title=''Pinguinus impennis''|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694856A205919631.en|access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref> |
||
*[[Black guillemot]], ''Cepphus grylle'' (B) |
*[[Black guillemot]], ''Cepphus grylle'' (B) |
||
*[[Ancient murrelet]], ''Synthliboramphus antiquus'' (A) |
*[[Ancient murrelet]], ''Synthliboramphus antiquus'' (A) |
||
Line 274: | Line 277: | ||
==Gulls, terns, and skimmers== |
==Gulls, terns, and skimmers== |
||
[[File:Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus.jpg|thumb|Great black-backed gull|alt=A great black-backed gull standing on a rock]] |
|||
[[File:Common tern with fish.jpg|thumb|Common tern|alt=A common tern flying with a fish in its mouth]] |
|||
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Laridae]] |
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Laridae]] |
||
Line 285: | Line 290: | ||
*[[Black-headed gull]], ''Chroicocephalus ridibundus'' |
*[[Black-headed gull]], ''Chroicocephalus ridibundus'' |
||
*[[Little gull]], ''Hydrocoleus minutus'' |
*[[Little gull]], ''Hydrocoleus minutus'' |
||
*[[Laughing gull]], ''Leucophaeus atricilla'' (B |
*[[Laughing gull]], ''Leucophaeus atricilla'' (B) |
||
*[[Franklin's gull]], ''Leucophaeus pipixcan'' (R) |
*[[Franklin's gull]], ''Leucophaeus pipixcan'' (R) |
||
*[[Common gull]], ''Larus canus'' (R) |
*[[Common gull]], ''Larus canus'' (R) |
||
Line 304: | Line 309: | ||
*[[Black tern]], ''Chlidonias niger'' (B) |
*[[Black tern]], ''Chlidonias niger'' (B) |
||
*[[White-winged tern]], ''Chlidonias leucopterus'' (A) |
*[[White-winged tern]], ''Chlidonias leucopterus'' (A) |
||
*[[Roseate tern]], ''Sterna dougallii'' (B |
*[[Roseate tern]], ''Sterna dougallii'' (B) |
||
*[[Common tern]], ''Sterna hirundo'' (B) |
*[[Common tern]], ''Sterna hirundo'' (B) |
||
*[[Arctic tern]], ''Sterna paradisaea'' (B) |
*[[Arctic tern]], ''Sterna paradisaea'' (B) |
||
Line 316: | Line 321: | ||
Order: [[Phaethontiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phaethontidae]] |
Order: [[Phaethontiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phaethontidae]] |
||
Tropicbirds are tropical seabirds with exceptionally long central tail feathers. They are slender and have a white plumage, with long wings that have black markings, as does the head.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Howard |first1=Laura |title=Phaethontidae (tropicbirds) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phaethontidae/ |website=Animal Diversity Web |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |title=Tropicbirds (Phaethontidae), version 1.0 |journal=Birds of the World |date=2020 |doi=10.2173/bow.phaeth1.01species_shared.bow.project_name |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/phaeth1/cur/introduction |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |issn=2771-3105}}</ref> |
Tropicbirds are tropical seabirds with exceptionally long central tail feathers. They are slender and have a white plumage, with long wings that have black markings, as does the head.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Howard |first1=Laura |title=Phaethontidae (tropicbirds) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phaethontidae/ |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=December 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202094438/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phaethontidae/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |title=Tropicbirds (Phaethontidae), version 1.0 |journal=[[Birds of the World]] |date=2020 |doi=10.2173/bow.phaeth1.01species_shared.bow.project_name |doi-broken-date=2024-04-16 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/phaeth1/cur/introduction |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |issn=2771-3105 |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405190956/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/phaeth1/cur/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
*[[Red-billed tropicbird]], ''Phaethon aethereus'' (A) |
*[[Red-billed tropicbird]], ''Phaethon aethereus'' (A) |
||
==Loons== |
==Loons== |
||
[[File:Gavia immer2 BS.jpg|thumb|Common loon]] |
[[File:Gavia immer2 BS.jpg|thumb|Common loon|alt=A common loon swimming in water while flapping its wings]] |
||
Order: [[Gaviiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Gaviidae]] |
Order: [[Gaviiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Gaviidae]] |
||
Line 333: | Line 338: | ||
Order: [[Procellariiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Diomedeidae]] |
Order: [[Procellariiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Diomedeidae]] |
||
Albatrosses are pelagic seabirds, and are amongst the largest of flying birds, with some of the longest wingspans of any extant birds. They are mostly found on the ocean surface, and primarily feed on squid and fish.<ref>{{cite web |title=Albatrosses |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/facts/albatrosses |website=Animals |publisher=[[National Geographic]] |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |date=10 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |title=Albatrosses (Diomedeidae), version 1.0 |journal=Birds of the World |date=2020 |doi=10.2173/bow.diomed1.01species_shared.bow.project_name |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/diomed1/cur/introduction |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |issn=2771-3105}}</ref> |
Albatrosses are pelagic seabirds, and are amongst the largest of flying birds, with some of the longest wingspans of any extant birds. They are mostly found on the ocean surface, and primarily feed on squid and fish.<ref>{{cite web |title=Albatrosses |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/facts/albatrosses |website=Animals |publisher=[[National Geographic]] |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |date=10 May 2011 |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405192457/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/facts/albatrosses |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |title=Albatrosses (Diomedeidae), version 1.0 |journal=[[Birds of the World]] |date=2020 |doi=10.2173/bow.diomed1.01species_shared.bow.project_name |doi-broken-date=2024-04-16 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/diomed1/cur/introduction |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |issn=2771-3105 |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405192457/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/diomed1/cur/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
*[[Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross|Yellow-nosed albatross]], ''Thalassarche chlororhynchos'' (A) |
*[[Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross|Yellow-nosed albatross]], ''Thalassarche chlororhynchos'' (A) |
||
Line 341: | Line 346: | ||
Order: [[Procellariiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Oceanitidae]] |
Order: [[Procellariiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Oceanitidae]] |
||
Storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, relatives of the [[petrel]]s, feeding on [[plankton]]ic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes [[bat]]-like. Until 2018, this family's three species were included with the other storm-petrels in family Hydrobatidae.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |title=Southern Storm-Petrels (Oceanitidae), version 1.0 |journal=[[Birds of the World]] |date=2020 |doi=10.2173/bow.oceani2.01species_shared.bow.project_name |doi-broken-date=2024-04-16 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/oceani2/cur/introduction |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |issn=2771-3105 |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405222812/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/oceani2/cur/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
*[[Wilson's storm-petrel]], ''Oceanites oceanicus'' |
*[[Wilson's storm-petrel]], ''Oceanites oceanicus'' |
||
==Northern storm-petrels== |
==Northern storm-petrels== |
||
[[File:Leach's Storm-petrel Saint-Jean-de-Monts 01.jpg|thumb|Leach's storm-petrel|alt=A Leach's storm-petrel foraging on beachy grounds with its wings up]] |
|||
Order: [[Procellariiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Hydrobatidae]] |
Order: [[Procellariiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Hydrobatidae]] |
||
Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family. |
Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |title=Northern Storm-Petrels (Hydrobatidae), version 1.0 |journal=[[Birds of the World]] |date=2020 |doi=10.2173/bow.hydrob1.01species_shared.bow.project_name |doi-broken-date=2024-04-16 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/hydrob1/cur/introduction |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |issn=2771-3105 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228055642/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/hydrob1/cur/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
*[[Leach's storm-petrel]], ''Hydrobates leucorhous'' (B) |
*[[Leach's storm-petrel]], ''Hydrobates leucorhous'' (B) |
||
Line 355: | Line 361: | ||
Order: [[Procellariiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Procellariidae]] |
Order: [[Procellariiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Procellariidae]] |
||
Procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional [[Flight feather#Primaries|primary]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |title=Shearwaters and Petrels (Procellariidae), version 1.0 |journal=[[Birds of the World]] |date=2020 |doi=10.2173/bow.procel3.01species_shared.bow.project_name |doi-broken-date=2024-04-16 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/procel3/cur/introduction |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |issn=2771-3105 |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405223118/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/procel3/cur/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary. |
|||
*[[Northern fulmar]], ''Fulmarus glacialis'' |
*[[Northern fulmar]], ''Fulmarus glacialis'' |
||
Line 367: | Line 373: | ||
Order: [[Ciconiiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Ciconiidae]] |
Order: [[Ciconiiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Ciconiidae]] |
||
Storks are large, heavy, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans. They lack the [[powder down]] that other wading birds such as herons, spoonbills and ibises use to clean off fish slime.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |title=Storks (Ciconiidae), version 1.0 |journal=[[Birds of the World]] |date=2020 |doi=10.2173/bow.ciconi2.01species_shared.bow.project_name |doi-broken-date=2024-04-16 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/ciconi2/cur/introduction |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |issn=2771-3105 |archive-date=January 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126031842/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/ciconi2/cur/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref> Storks have underdeveloped [[Syrinx (bird anatomy)|syrinx]]es, and are either mostly or fully mute as a result.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stork |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/stork |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |date=2 April 2024 |archive-date=September 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930204939/https://www.britannica.com/animal/stork |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
Storks are large, heavy, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans. They lack the [[powder down]] that other wading birds such as herons, spoonbills and ibises use to clean off fish slime. Storks lack a pharynx and are mute. |
|||
*[[Wood stork]], ''Mycteria americana'' (A) |
*[[Wood stork]], ''Mycteria americana'' (A) |
||
Line 374: | Line 380: | ||
Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Fregatidae]] |
Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Fregatidae]] |
||
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are either black or black-and-white in colour, with long wings and deeply forked tails. Males have coloured inflatable throat pouches used for attracting a female. Their large wingspan allows for them to be essentially aerial, being able to stay aloft for weeks. They lack waterproofing feathers, and cannot swim as a result. They often feed by stealing from other seabirds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |title=Frigatebirds (Fregatidae), version 1.0 |journal=[[Birds of the World]] |date=2020 |doi=10.2173/bow.fregat1.01species_shared.bow.project_name |doi-broken-date=2024-04-16 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/fregat1/cur/introduction |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |issn=2771-3105 |archive-date=July 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730220528/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/fregat1/cur/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Joyce |first1=Christopher |title=Nonstop Flight: How The Frigatebird Can Soar For Weeks Without Stopping |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/30/484164544/non-stop-flight-how-the-frigatebird-can-soar-for-months-without-stopping |access-date=5 April 2024 |work=[[NPR]] |date=30 June 2016 |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405231221/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/30/484164544/non-stop-flight-how-the-frigatebird-can-soar-for-months-without-stopping |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black, or black-and-white, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week. |
|||
*[[Magnificent frigatebird]], ''Fregata magnificens'' (A) |
*[[Magnificent frigatebird]], ''Fregata magnificens'' (A) |
||
Line 381: | Line 387: | ||
Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Sulidae]] |
Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Sulidae]] |
||
The family Sulidae includes [[gannet]]s and [[booby|boobies]]. Both groups are medium-large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |title=Boobies and Gannets (Sulidae), version 1.0 |journal=[[Birds of the World]] |date=2020 |doi=10.2173/bow.sulida1.01species_shared.bow.project_name |doi-broken-date=2024-04-16 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/sulida1/cur/introduction |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |issn=2771-3105 |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405232258/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/sulida1/cur/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
The sulids comprise the [[gannet]]s and [[booby|boobies]]. Both groups are medium-large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish. |
|||
*[[Brown booby]], ''Sula leucogaster'' (A) |
*[[Brown booby]], ''Sula leucogaster'' (A) |
||
Line 387: | Line 393: | ||
==Cormorants and shags== |
==Cormorants and shags== |
||
[[File:Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo, Storskarv.jpg|thumb|Great cormorant|alt=A great cormorant swimming in water with its wings up]] |
|||
Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phalacrocoracidae]] |
Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phalacrocoracidae]] |
||
Cormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of coloured skin on the face. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed. |
Cormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of coloured skin on the face. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|102–103}} |
||
*[[Great cormorant]], ''Phalacrocorax carbo'' (B) |
*[[Great cormorant]], ''Phalacrocorax carbo'' (B) |
||
Line 403: | Line 410: | ||
==Herons, egrets, and bitterns== |
==Herons, egrets, and bitterns== |
||
[[File:Great blue heron blackwater 12.30.23 DSC 5482-topaz-sharpen.jpg|thumb|Great blue heron|alt=A great blue heron perched on a tree branch]] |
|||
[[File:BCNH CMCNJ for Wiki (cropped).png|thumb|Black-crowned night heron|alt=A black-crowned night heron standing on a tree branch]] |
|||
Order: [[Pelecaniformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Ardeidae]] |
Order: [[Pelecaniformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Ardeidae]] |
||
Line 408: | Line 417: | ||
*[[American bittern]], ''Botaurus lentiginosus'' (B) |
*[[American bittern]], ''Botaurus lentiginosus'' (B) |
||
*[[Least bittern]], ''Ixobrychus exilis'' (B |
*[[Least bittern]], ''Ixobrychus exilis'' (B) |
||
*[[Great blue heron]], ''Ardea herodias'' (B) |
*[[Great blue heron]], ''Ardea herodias'' (B) |
||
*[[Great egret]], ''Ardea alba'' |
*[[Great egret]], ''Ardea alba'' |
||
Line 416: | Line 425: | ||
*[[Tricolored heron]], ''Egretta tricolor'' (R) |
*[[Tricolored heron]], ''Egretta tricolor'' (R) |
||
*[[Cattle egret]], ''Bubulcus ibis'' |
*[[Cattle egret]], ''Bubulcus ibis'' |
||
*[[Green heron]], ''Butorides virescens'' (B |
*[[Green heron]], ''Butorides virescens'' (B) |
||
*[[Black-crowned night |
*[[Black-crowned night heron]], ''Nycticorax nycticorax'' (B) |
||
*[[Yellow-crowned night |
*[[Yellow-crowned night heron]], ''Nyctanassa violacea'' (R) |
||
==Ibises and spoonbills== |
==Ibises and spoonbills== |
||
Order: [[Pelecaniformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Threskiornithidae]] |
Order: [[Pelecaniformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Threskiornithidae]] |
||
The family Threskiornithidae includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings. Their bodies tend to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, |
The family Threskiornithidae includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings. Their bodies tend to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, downwardly curved in the case of the ibises, straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|97–98}} |
||
*[[American white ibis|White ibis]], ''Eudocimus albus'' (A) |
*[[American white ibis|White ibis]], ''Eudocimus albus'' (A) |
||
Line 430: | Line 439: | ||
==New World vultures== |
==New World vultures== |
||
[[File:Turkey Vulture - 53106554042.jpg|thumb|Turkey vulture|alt=A turkey vulture perched on a tree branch]] |
|||
Order: [[Cathartiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Cathartidae]] |
Order: [[Cathartiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Cathartidae]] |
||
The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World |
The New World vultures are not closely related to [[Old World vulture]]s, but superficially resemble them because of [[convergent evolution]]. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find [[Carrion|carcasses]] by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carcasses.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|131–133}} |
||
*[[Black vulture]], ''Coragyps atratus'' (R) |
*[[Black vulture]], ''Coragyps atratus'' (R) |
||
Line 445: | Line 455: | ||
==Hawks, eagles, and kites== |
==Hawks, eagles, and kites== |
||
[[File:HAWK, SHARP-SHINNED (11-30-08) canet rd, slo -08 (3073602136).jpg|thumb|Sharp-shinned hawk|alt=Close-up image showing the top half front of a sharp-shinned hawk]] |
|||
[[File:Bald Eagle, Ontario forest.jpg|thumb|Bald eagle|alt=A bald eagle in flight in a forested area]] |
|||
Order: [[Accipitriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Accipitridae]] |
Order: [[Accipitriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Accipitridae]] |
||
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey which includes [[hawk]]s, [[eagle]]s, [[kite (bird)|kite]]s, [[harrier (bird)|harrier]]s, and |
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey which includes [[hawk]]s, [[eagle]]s, [[kite (bird)|kite]]s, [[harrier (bird)|harrier]]s, and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|136–137}} |
||
*[[Swallow-tailed kite]], ''Elanoides forficatus'' (A) |
*[[Swallow-tailed kite]], ''Elanoides forficatus'' (A) |
||
Line 453: | Line 465: | ||
*[[Northern harrier]], ''Circus hudsonius'' (B) |
*[[Northern harrier]], ''Circus hudsonius'' (B) |
||
*[[Sharp-shinned hawk]], ''Accipiter striatus'' (B) |
*[[Sharp-shinned hawk]], ''Accipiter striatus'' (B) |
||
*[[Cooper's hawk]], ''Accipiter cooperii'' (B |
*[[Cooper's hawk]], ''Accipiter cooperii'' (B) |
||
*[[American goshawk]], ''Accipiter atricapillus'' (B) |
*[[American goshawk]], ''Accipiter atricapillus'' (B) |
||
*[[Bald eagle]], ''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'' (B) |
*[[Bald eagle]], ''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'' (B) |
||
*[[Steller's sea-eagle]], ''Haliaeetus pelagicus'' (A) |
*[[Steller's sea-eagle]], ''Haliaeetus pelagicus'' (A) |
||
*[[Red-shouldered hawk]], ''Buteo lineatus'' (B |
*[[Red-shouldered hawk]], ''Buteo lineatus'' (B) |
||
*[[Broad-winged hawk]], ''Buteo platypterus'' (B) |
*[[Broad-winged hawk]], ''Buteo platypterus'' (B) |
||
*[[Swainson's hawk]], ''Buteo swainsoni'' (A) |
*[[Swainson's hawk]], ''Buteo swainsoni'' (A) |
||
Line 471: | Line 483: | ||
==Owls== |
==Owls== |
||
[[File:Short Eared Owl - 53627951266.jpg|thumb|Short-eared owl|alt=A short-eared owl sitting on a wooden pole in front of a large field]] |
|||
Order: [[Strigiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Strigidae]] |
Order: [[Strigiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Strigidae]] |
||
Line 488: | Line 501: | ||
==Kingfishers== |
==Kingfishers== |
||
[[File:Belted Kingfisher - Megaceryle alcyon, Big Cypress National Preserve, Ochopee, Florida, December 10, 2023.jpg|thumb|Belted kingfisher|alt=A belted kingfisher perched on the edge of a tree branch]] |
|||
Order: [[Coraciiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Alcedinidae]] |
Order: [[Coraciiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Alcedinidae]] |
||
Line 495: | Line 509: | ||
==Woodpeckers== |
==Woodpeckers== |
||
[[File:Northern Flicker - 52406117523.jpg|thumb|Northern flicker|alt=A northern flicker standing on a wooden block]] |
|||
Order: [[Piciformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Picidae]] |
Order: [[Piciformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Picidae]] |
||
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|164–165}} |
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|164–165}} |
||
*[[Red-headed woodpecker]], ''Melanerpes erythrocephalus'' |
*[[Red-headed woodpecker]] ({{lang|fr|Pic à tête rouge}}), ''Melanerpes erythrocephalus'' |
||
*[[Red-bellied woodpecker]], ''Melanerpes carolinus'' |
*[[Red-bellied woodpecker]] ({{lang|fr|Pic à ventre roux}}), ''Melanerpes carolinus'' |
||
*[[Yellow-bellied sapsucker]], ''Sphyrapicus varius'' (B) |
*[[Yellow-bellied sapsucker]] ({{lang|fr|Pic maculé}}), ''Sphyrapicus varius'' (B) |
||
*[[American three-toed woodpecker]], ''Picoides dorsalis'' (B) |
*[[American three-toed woodpecker]] ({{lang|fr|Pic à dos rayé}}), ''Picoides dorsalis'' (B) |
||
*[[Black-backed woodpecker]], ''Picoides arcticus'' (B) |
*[[Black-backed woodpecker]] ({{lang|fr|Pic à dos noir}}), ''Picoides arcticus'' (B) |
||
*[[Downy woodpecker]], ''Dryobates pubescens'' (B) |
*[[Downy woodpecker]] ({{lang|fr|Pic mineur}}), ''Dryobates pubescens'' (B) |
||
*[[Hairy woodpecker]], ''Dryobates villosus'' (B) |
*[[Hairy woodpecker]] ({{lang|fr|Pic chevelu}}), ''Dryobates villosus'' (B) |
||
*[[Northern flicker]], ''Colaptes auratus'' (B) |
*[[Northern flicker]] ({{lang|fr|Pic flamboyant}}), ''Colaptes auratus'' (B) |
||
*[[Pileated woodpecker]], ''Dryocopus pileatus'' (B) |
*[[Pileated woodpecker]] ({{lang|fr|Grand Pic}}), ''Dryocopus pileatus'' (B) |
||
==Falcons and caracaras== |
==Falcons and caracaras== |
||
[[File:AmericanKestrel02.jpg|thumb|American kestrel|alt=An American kestrel standing on a rugged tree branch]] |
|||
Order: [[Falconiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Falconidae]] |
Order: [[Falconiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Falconidae]] |
||
Line 522: | Line 538: | ||
==Tyrant flycatchers== |
==Tyrant flycatchers== |
||
[[File:Empidonax alnorum CT2.jpg|thumb|Alder flycatcher|alt=An alder flycatcher perched on a small tree branch]] |
|||
[[File:Sayornis phoebe -Owen Conservation Park, Madison, Wisconsin, USA-8.jpg|thumb|Eastern phoebe|alt=An eastern phoebe illuminated by sunlight perched on a wooden surface]] |
|||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Tyrannidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Tyrannidae]] |
||
Tyrant flycatchers are |
Tyrant flycatchers are passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the [[Old World flycatcher]]s, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are [[insectivorous]].<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|215–217}} |
||
*[[Ash-throated flycatcher]], ''Myiarchus cinerascens'' (R) |
*[[Ash-throated flycatcher]], ''Myiarchus cinerascens'' (R) |
||
Line 549: | Line 567: | ||
==Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis== |
==Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis== |
||
[[File:Blue-headed vireo 52214148185.jpg|thumb|Blue-headed vireo|alt=A blue-headed vireo perched on the small branch of a large tree]] |
|||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Vireonidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Vireonidae]] |
||
The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds mostly restricted to the New World, though a few other members of the family are found in Asia. They are typically greenish in colour and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|255–256}} |
The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds mostly restricted to the [[New World]], though a few other members of the family are found in Asia. They are typically greenish in colour and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|255–256}} |
||
*[[White-eyed vireo]], ''Vireo griseus'' |
*[[White-eyed vireo]], ''Vireo griseus'' |
||
Line 570: | Line 589: | ||
==Crows, jays, and magpies== |
==Crows, jays, and magpies== |
||
[[File:Perisoreus canadensis mercier2.jpg|thumb|Canada jay|alt=A Canada jay standing on top of a dead tree]] |
|||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Corvidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Corvidae]] |
||
Line 581: | Line 601: | ||
==Tits, chickadees, and titmice== |
==Tits, chickadees, and titmice== |
||
[[File:Poecile hudsonicus 28.jpg|thumb|Boreal chickadee|alt=A boreal chickadee perched on an upward tree branch in front of snowy pine branches]] |
|||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Paridae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Paridae]] |
||
Line 597: | Line 618: | ||
==Swallows== |
==Swallows== |
||
[[File: |
[[File:PurpleMartin cajay.jpg|thumb|Purple martin|alt=A purple martin perched on a metal beam]] |
||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Hirundinidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Hirundinidae]] |
||
Line 604: | Line 625: | ||
*[[Bank swallow]], ''Riparia riparia'' (B) |
*[[Bank swallow]], ''Riparia riparia'' (B) |
||
*[[Tree swallow]], ''Tachycineta bicolor'' (B) |
*[[Tree swallow]], ''Tachycineta bicolor'' (B) |
||
*[[Northern rough-winged swallow]], ''Stelgidopteryx serripennis'' (B |
*[[Northern rough-winged swallow]], ''Stelgidopteryx serripennis'' (B) |
||
*[[Purple martin]], ''Progne subis'' (B) |
*[[Purple martin]], ''Progne subis'' (B) |
||
*[[Barn swallow]], ''Hirundo rustica'' (B) |
*[[Barn swallow]], ''Hirundo rustica'' (B) |
||
Line 611: | Line 632: | ||
==Kinglets== |
==Kinglets== |
||
[[File:Golden-crowned Kinglet - 53371123717.jpg|thumb|Golden-crowned kinglet|alt=A golden-crowned kinglet perched on a small tree branch]] |
|||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Regulidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Regulidae]] |
||
Kinglets are a small family of birds which resemble the titmice. They are very small insectivorous birds. The adults have coloured crowns, giving rise to their name.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|366–367}} |
Kinglets are a small family of birds which resemble the titmice. They are very small insectivorous birds. The adults have coloured crowns, giving rise to their name.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|366–367}} They are found in many different types of forests, with a preference for coniferous forests.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |title=Kinglets (Regulidae), version 1.0 |journal=[[Birds of the World]] |date=2020 |doi=10.2173/bow.reguli1.01species_shared.bow.project_name |doi-broken-date=2024-04-16 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/reguli1/cur/introduction |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |issn=2771-3105 |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405233858/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/reguli1/cur/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
*[[Ruby-crowned kinglet]], ''Corthylio calendula'' (B) |
*[[Ruby-crowned kinglet]], ''Corthylio calendula'' (B) |
||
Line 619: | Line 641: | ||
==Waxwings== |
==Waxwings== |
||
[[File:Cedar waxwing - 52336515239.jpg|thumb|Cedar waxwing|alt=A cedar waxwing perched on a low-hanging tree branch]] |
|||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Bombycillidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Bombycillidae]] |
||
Line 635: | Line 658: | ||
==Treecreepers== |
==Treecreepers== |
||
[[File:Brown Creeper (26346801916).jpg|thumb|Brown creeper|alt=A brown creeper perched on the side of a tree]] |
|||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Certhiidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Certhiidae]] |
||
Line 644: | Line 668: | ||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Polioptilidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Polioptilidae]] |
||
These dainty birds resemble [[Old World warbler]]s in their structure and habits, moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects. |
These dainty birds resemble [[Old World warbler]]s in their structure and habits, moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects. Gnatcatchers are mainly soft bluish grey in colour and have the typical insectivore's long sharp bill. Many species have distinctive black head patterns (especially males) and long, regularly cocked, black-and-white tails.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|377–378}} |
||
*[[Blue-grey gnatcatcher]], ''Polioptila caerulea'' |
*[[Blue-grey gnatcatcher]], ''Polioptila caerulea'' |
||
==Wrens== |
==Wrens== |
||
[[File:Winter Wren, Searsmont, Waldo Co, Maine.jpg|thumb|Winter wren]] |
[[File:Winter Wren, Searsmont, Waldo Co, Maine.jpg|thumb|Winter wren|alt=A winter wren calling while standing on top of a wooden surface]] |
||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Troglodytidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Troglodytidae]] |
||
Line 662: | Line 686: | ||
==Mockingbirds and thrashers== |
==Mockingbirds and thrashers== |
||
[[File:Northern mockingbird in Green-Wood Cemetery (55669).jpg|thumb|Northern mockingbird]] |
[[File:Northern mockingbird in Green-Wood Cemetery (55669).jpg|thumb|Northern mockingbird|alt=A northern mockingbird standing on the top of a rock]] |
||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Mimidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Mimidae]] |
||
The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes |
The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes [[thrasher]]s, [[mockingbird]]s, [[trembler]]s, and the [[New World catbird]]s. These birds are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. The species tend towards dull greys and browns in their appearance.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|380–381}} |
||
*[[Grey catbird]], ''Dumetella carolinensis'' (B) |
*[[Grey catbird]], ''Dumetella carolinensis'' (B) |
||
*[[Brown thrasher]], ''Toxostoma rufum'' (B |
*[[Brown thrasher]], ''Toxostoma rufum'' (B) |
||
*[[Sage thrasher]], ''Oreoscoptes montanus'' (A) |
*[[Sage thrasher]], ''Oreoscoptes montanus'' (A) |
||
*[[Northern mockingbird]], ''Mimus polyglottos'' (B) |
*[[Northern mockingbird]], ''Mimus polyglottos'' (B) |
||
Line 680: | Line 704: | ||
==Thrushes and allies== |
==Thrushes and allies== |
||
[[File:Bicknell's thrush - prospect park, ny 2.jpg|thumb|Bicknell's thrush|alt=A bicknell's thrush standing on a wet, pavement ground]] |
|||
[[File:American Robin - Turdus migratorius, Pohick Bay Regional Park, Mason Neck, Virginia, January 30, 2024 (53554534343).jpg|thumb|American robin|alt=An American robin standing in short, beige grass with dead leaves]] |
|||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Turdidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Turdidae]] |
||
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|391–393}} |
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the [[Old World]]. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|391–393}} |
||
*[[Eastern bluebird]], ''Sialia sialis'' (B) |
*[[Eastern bluebird]], ''Sialia sialis'' (B) |
||
Line 708: | Line 734: | ||
==Old World sparrows== |
==Old World sparrows== |
||
[[File:House sparrow male in Prospect Park (53532).jpg|thumb|House sparrow]] |
[[File:House sparrow male in Prospect Park (53532).jpg|thumb|House sparrow|alt=A house sparrow standing on the edge of a concrete surface]] |
||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Passeridae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Passeridae]] |
||
Line 724: | Line 750: | ||
==Finches, euphonias, and allies== |
==Finches, euphonias, and allies== |
||
[[File:Pine Grosbeak - 51844230805.jpg|thumb|Pine grosbeak]] |
[[File:Pine Grosbeak - 51844230805.jpg|thumb|Pine grosbeak|alt=A female pine grosbeak perched on a snowy tree branch]] |
||
[[File:Red crossbill - 53572063830.jpg|thumb|Red crossbill]] |
[[File:Red crossbill - 53572063830.jpg|thumb|Red crossbill|alt=A red crossbill perched on the side of a bird feeder]] |
||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Fringillidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Fringillidae]] |
||
Line 745: | Line 771: | ||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Calcariidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Calcariidae]] |
||
Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that are mostly endemic to North America. They are primarily found in open fields, where their plumage helps them blend into their surroundings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |title=Longspurs and Snow Buntings (Calcariidae), version 1.0 |journal=Birds of the World |date=2020 |doi=10.2173/bow.calcar1.01species_shared.bow.project_name |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/calcar1/cur/introduction |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |issn=2771-3105}}</ref> |
Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that are mostly endemic to North America. They are primarily found in open fields, where their plumage helps them blend into their surroundings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |title=Longspurs and Snow Buntings (Calcariidae), version 1.0 |journal=[[Birds of the World]] |date=2020 |doi=10.2173/bow.calcar1.01species_shared.bow.project_name |doi-broken-date=2024-04-16 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/calcar1/cur/introduction |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |issn=2771-3105 |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031021029/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/calcar1/cur/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
*[[Lapland longspur]], ''Calcarius lapponicus'' |
*[[Lapland longspur]], ''Calcarius lapponicus'' |
||
Line 752: | Line 778: | ||
==New World sparrows== |
==New World sparrows== |
||
[[File:Song sparrow in Prospect Park (93031).jpg|thumb|Song sparrow]] |
[[File:Song sparrow in Prospect Park (93031).jpg|thumb|Song sparrow|alt=A song sparrow perched on the top of an upward-facing twig]] |
||
[[File:Dark-eyed junco - 53622352964 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Dark-eyed junco]] |
[[File:Dark-eyed junco - 53622352964 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Dark-eyed junco|alt=A dark-eyed junco standing on a wood surface]] |
||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Passerellidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Passerellidae]] |
||
Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chesser |first1=R. Terry |last2=Burns |first2=Kevin J. |last3=Cicero |first3=Carla |last4=Dunn |first4=Jon L. |last5=Kratter |first5=Andrew W. |last6=Lovette |first6=Irby J. |last7=Rasmussen |first7=Pamela C. |last8=Remsen |first8=J. V. |last9=Rising |first9=James D. |last10=Stotz |first10=Douglas F. |last11=Winker |first11=Kevin |title=Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds |journal=The Auk |date=July 2017 |volume=134 |issue=3 |pages=751–773 |doi=10.1642/AUK-17-72.1}}</ref> Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|314–315}} |
Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chesser |first1=R. Terry |last2=Burns |first2=Kevin J. |last3=Cicero |first3=Carla |last4=Dunn |first4=Jon L. |last5=Kratter |first5=Andrew W. |last6=Lovette |first6=Irby J. |last7=Rasmussen |first7=Pamela C. |last8=Remsen |first8=J. V. |last9=Rising |first9=James D. |last10=Stotz |first10=Douglas F. |last11=Winker |first11=Kevin |url=https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/134/3/751/5149324 |title=Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds |journal=[[Ornithology (journal)|The Auk]] |date=5 July 2017 |volume=134 |access-date=7 July 2017 |issue=3 |pages=751–773 |doi=10.1642/AUK-17-72.1 |archive-date=July 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731180749/https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/134/3/751/5149324 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|314–315}} |
||
{{colbegin}} |
{{colbegin}} |
||
Line 790: | Line 816: | ||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Icteriidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Icteriidae]] |
||
The yellow-breasted chat is the sole member of the family Icteriidae and |
The yellow-breasted chat is the sole member of the family Icteriidae and is a bright, colourful songbird found in open shrubs throughout North and Central America. This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Billerman |first1=Shawn M. |title=Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteriidae), version 1.0 |journal=[[Birds of the World]] |date=2020 |doi=10.2173/bow.icteri2.01species_shared.bow.project_name |doi-broken-date=2024-04-16 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/icteri2/cur/introduction |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |issn=2771-3105 |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405190955/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/icteri2/cur/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
*[[Yellow-breasted chat]], ''Icteria virens'' |
*[[Yellow-breasted chat]], ''Icteria virens'' |
||
==Troupials and allies== |
==Troupials and allies== |
||
[[File:Red-Winged Blackbird.png|thumb|Red-winged blackbird|alt=A red-winged blackbird perched on a small, upward-facing tree branch with its head facing upwards]] |
|||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Icteridae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Icteridae]] |
||
Line 801: | Line 828: | ||
*[[Yellow-headed blackbird]], ''Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus'' |
*[[Yellow-headed blackbird]], ''Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus'' |
||
*[[Bobolink]], ''Dolichonyx oryzivorus'' (B) |
*[[Bobolink]], ''Dolichonyx oryzivorus'' (B) |
||
*[[Eastern meadowlark]], ''Sturnella magna'' (B |
*[[Eastern meadowlark]], ''Sturnella magna'' (B) |
||
*[[Western meadowlark]], ''Sturnella neglecta'' (R) |
*[[Western meadowlark]], ''Sturnella neglecta'' (R) |
||
*[[Orchard oriole]], ''Icterus spurius'' |
*[[Orchard oriole]], ''Icterus spurius'' |
||
Line 814: | Line 841: | ||
==New World warblers== |
==New World warblers== |
||
[[File:Northern waterthrush in Central Park (14717).jpg|thumb|Northern waterthrush|alt=A northern waterthrush standing on a rock in shallow water]] |
|||
[[File:Dendroica-aestiva-001.jpg|thumb|Yellow warbler|alt=A yellow warbler perched on a small tree branch]] |
|||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Parulidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Parulidae]] |
||
Line 862: | Line 891: | ||
==Cardinals and allies== |
==Cardinals and allies== |
||
[[File:Male northern cardinal in Central Park (52612).jpg|thumb|Northern cardinal|alt=A northern cardinal perched on a tree branch]] |
|||
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Cardinalidae]] |
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Cardinalidae]] |
||
The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|327–328}} |
The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.<ref name=HOBF/>{{rp|327–328}} |
||
*[[Summer tanager]], ''Piranga rubra'' |
*[[Summer tanager]] ({{lang|fr|Piranga vermillon}}), ''Piranga rubra'' |
||
*[[Scarlet tanager]], ''Piranga olivacea'' (B) |
*[[Scarlet tanager]] ({{lang|fr|Piranga écarlate}}), ''Piranga olivacea'' (B) |
||
*[[Western tanager]], ''Piranga ludoviciana'' (R) |
*[[Western tanager]] ({{lang|fr|Piranga à tête rouge}}), ''Piranga ludoviciana'' (R) |
||
*[[Northern cardinal]], ''Cardinalis cardinalis'' (B) |
*[[Northern cardinal]] ({{lang|fr|Cardinal rouge}}), ''Cardinalis cardinalis'' (B) |
||
*[[Rose-breasted grosbeak]], ''Pheucticus ludovicianus'' (B) |
*[[Rose-breasted grosbeak]] ({{lang|fr|Cardinal à poitrine rose}}), ''Pheucticus ludovicianus'' (B) |
||
*[[Black-headed grosbeak]], ''Pheucticus melanocephalus'' (A) |
*[[Black-headed grosbeak]] ({{lang|fr|Cardinal à tête noire}}), ''Pheucticus melanocephalus'' (A) |
||
*[[Blue grosbeak]], ''Passerina caerulea'' |
*[[Blue grosbeak]] ({{lang|fr|Guiraca bleu}}), ''Passerina caerulea'' |
||
*[[Lazuli bunting]], ''Passerina amoena'' (A) |
*[[Lazuli bunting]] ({{lang|fr|Passerin azuré}}), ''Passerina amoena'' (A) |
||
*[[Indigo bunting]], ''Passerina cyanea'' (B) |
*[[Indigo bunting]] ({{lang|fr|Passerin indigo}}), ''Passerina cyanea'' (B) |
||
*[[Painted bunting]], ''Passerina ciris'' (R) |
*[[Painted bunting]] ({{lang|fr|Passerin nonpareil}}), ''Passerina ciris'' (R) |
||
*[[Dickcissel]], ''Spiza americana'' |
*[[Dickcissel]] ({{lang|fr|Dickcissel d'Amérique}}), ''Spiza americana'' |
||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
Line 884: | Line 915: | ||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
||
== External links == |
|||
*[https://www.naturenb.ca/nbbrc/ New Brunswick Bird Records Committee] |
|||
{{North American birds}} |
{{North American birds}} |
||
Revision as of 00:34, 2 May 2024
New Brunswick is a Maritime province within Canada, bordered by Quebec to the north, Nova Scotia to the east, the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the northeast, the Bay of Fundy to the southeast, and the U.S. state of Maine to the west.[1] Lying within the Appalachian Mountain range,[2] the province is largely covered by temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, with the northern part of the province also containing boreal forest.[3] The coastlines of the province contain a large marine environment.[4] These different ecosystems contribute to the diversity of birds in the province.[5] Additionally, the Atlantic Flyway passes through New Brunswick's coast, with areas within the Bay of Fundy such as the Shepody Bay significantly contributing to the variety of bird species that breed in or migrate through the province.[6][7]
The information provided is from the list of bird species accepted by the New Brunswick Bird Records Committee (NBBRC), which contains 441 species as of November 19, 2023.[8][9] Of these, 94 are accidentals and 55 are noted as rare as defined below. Eight species have been introduced to North America, one species has been extirpated, three are extinct, and another is possibly extinct. This list is presented in the taxonomic sequence of the Check-list of North and Middle American Birds, 7th edition through the 62nd Supplement, published by the American Ornithological Society (AOS).[10] Common and scientific names are also those of the Check-list, except that Canadian English spellings are used and the common names of families are from the Clements taxonomy because the AOS list does not include them.
The following tags are used to categorise some species:
- (A) Accidental - a species that does not often occur in New Brunswick as a vagrant
- (B) Breeding - a species that currently breeds or has bred in New Brunswick
- (E) Extinct - a recent species that no longer exists
- (Ex) Extirpated - a species that no longer occurs in New Brunswick, but populations still exist elsewhere
- (R) Rare - "Very rare (not expected annually)" per the NBBRC
- (I) Introduced - a species that has been introduced through human intervention, either directly or indirectly
Ducks, geese, and waterfowl
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water.[11]: 13–17
- Black-bellied whistling-duck (Dendrocygne à ventre noir), Dendrocygna autumnalis (A)
- Fulvous whistling-duck (Dendrocygne fauve), Dendrocygna bicolor (A)
- Snow goose (Oie des neiges), Anser caerulescens
- Ross's goose (Oie de Ross), Anser rossii (A)
- Graylag goose (Oie cendrée), Anser anser (A)
- Greater white-fronted goose (Oie rieuse), Anser albifrons (R)
- Pink-footed goose (Oie à bec court), Anser brachyrhynchus (R)
- Brant (Bernache cravant), Branta bernicla
- Barnacle goose (Bernache nonnette), Branta leucopsis (A)
- Cackling goose (Bernache de Hutchins), Branta hutchinsii (R)
- Canada goose (Bernache du Canada), Branta canadensis (B)
- Mute swan (Cygne tuberculé), Cygnus olor (A) (I)
- Tundra swan (Cygne siffleur), Cygnus columbianus (R)
- Common shelduck (Tadorne de Belon), Tadorna tadorna (A)
- Wood duck (Canard branchu), Aix sponsa (B)
- Garganey (Sarcelle d'été), Spatula querquedula (A)
- Blue-winged teal (Sarcelle à ailes bleues), Spatula discors (B)
- Cinnamon teal (Sarcelle cannelle), Spatula cyanoptera (A)
- Northern shoveler (Canard souchet), Spatula clypeata (B)
- Gadwall (Canard chipeau), Mareca strepera (B)
- Eurasian wigeon (Canard siffleur), Mareca penelope
- American wigeon (Canard d'Amérique), Mareca americana (B)
- Mallard (Canard colvert), Anas platyrhynchos (B)
- American black duck (Canard noir), Anas rubripes (B)
- Northern pintail (Canard pilet), Anas acuta (B)
- Green-winged teal (Sarcelle à ailes vertes), Anas crecca (B)
- Canvasback (Fuligule à dos blanc), Aythya valisineria (R)
- Redhead (Fuligule à tête rouge), Aythya americana
- Ring-necked duck (Fuligule à collier), Aythya collaris (B)
- Tufted duck (Fuligule morillon), Aythya fuligula (R)
- Greater scaup (Fuligule milouinan), Aythya marila (B)
- Lesser scaup (Petit Fuligule), Aythya affinis
- King eider (Eider à tête grise), Somateria spectabilis
- Common eider (Eider à duvet), Somateria mollissima (B)
- Harlequin duck (Arlequin plongeur), Histrionicus histrionicus
- Labrador duck (Eider du Labrador), Camptorhynchus labradorius (E)[12]
- Surf scoter (Macreuse à front blanc), Melanitta perspicillata
- White-winged scoter (Macreuse à ailes blanches), Melanitta deglandi
- Black scoter (Macreuse à bec jaune), Melanitta americana
- Long-tailed duck (Harelde de Miquelon), Clangula hyemalis
- Bufflehead (Petit Garrot), Bucephala albeola
- Common goldeneye (Garrot à œil d'or), Bucephala clangula (B)
- Barrow's goldeneye (Garrot d'Islande), Bucephala islandica
- Hooded merganser (Harle couronné), Lophodytes cucullatus (B)
- Common merganser (Harle bièvre), Mergus merganser (B)
- Red-breasted merganser (Harle huppé), Mergus serrator (B)
- Ruddy duck (Érismature rousse), Oxyura jamaicensis
Pheasants, grouse, and allies
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings.[11]: 24–27 Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.[13]
- Wild turkey (Dindon sauvage), Meleagris gallopavo (B)
- Ruffed grouse (Gélinotte huppée), Bonasa umbellus (B)
- Spruce grouse (Tétras du Canada), Canachites canadensis (B)
- Grey partridge (Perdrix grise), Perdix perdix (Ex) (I)
- Ring-necked pheasant (Faisan de Colchide), Phasianus colchicus (I)
Grebes
Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.[11]: 30
- Pied-billed grebe (Grèbe à bec bigarré), Podilymbus podiceps (B)
- Horned grebe (Grèbe esclavon), Podiceps auritus
- Red-necked grebe (Grèbe jougris), Podiceps grisegena
- Eared grebe (Grèbe à cou noir), Podiceps nigricollis (A)
- Western grebe (Grèbe élégant), Aechmorphorus occidentalis (A)
Pigeons and doves
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. They have strong flight muscles, allowing them to take off almost vertically and fly for long distances.[11]: 32 They typically feed on seeds and fruit plants, and produce "crop milk" to feed their young.[14]
- Rock pigeon (Pigeon biset), Columba livia (B) (I)
- Band-tailed pigeon (Pigeon à queue barrée), Patagioenas fasciata (A)
- Eurasian collared-dove (Tourterelle turque), Streptopelia decaocto (A) (I)
- Passenger pigeon (Tourte voyageuse), Ectopistes migratorius (E)[15]
- White-winged dove (Tourterelle à ailes blanches), Zenaida asiatica
- Mourning dove (Tourterelle triste), Zenaida macroura (B)
Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs.[11]: 57–58
- Yellow-billed cuckoo (Coulicou à bec jaune), Coccyzus americanus
- Black-billed cuckoo (Coulicou à bec noir), Coccyzus erythropthalmus (B)
Nightjars and allies
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically coloured to resemble bark or leaves.[11]: 40
- Common nighthawk (Engoulevent d'Amérique), Chordeiles minor (B)
- Chuck-will's-widow (Engoulevent de Caroline), Antrostomus carolinensis (A)
- Eastern whip-poor-will (Engoulevent bois-pourri), Antrostomus vociferus (B)
Swifts
Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae
The swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.[11]: 48
- Chimney swift (Martinet ramoneur), Chaetura pelagica (B)
Hummingbirds
Order: Apodiformes Family: Trochilidae
Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.[11]: 52
- Ruby-throated hummingbird (Colibri à gorge rubis), Archilochus colubris (B)
- Black-chinned hummingbird (Colibri à gorge noire), Archilochus alexandri (A)
- Rufous hummingbird (Colibri roux), Selasphorus rufus (R)
- Broad-billed hummingbird (Colibri circé), Cynanthus latirostris (A)
Rails, gallinules, and coots
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.[11]: 61–63
- Clapper rail (Râle tapageur), Rallus crepitans (R)
- King rail (Râle élégant), Rallus elegans (A)
- Virginia rail (Râle de Virginie), Rallus limicola (B)
- Sora (Marouette de Caroline), Porzana carolina (B)
- Common gallinule (Gallinule d'Amérique), Gallinula galeata (B)
- American coot (Foulque d'Amérique), Fulica americana (B)
- Purple gallinule (Talève violacée), Porphyrio martinicus (R)
- Yellow rail (Râle jaune), Coturnicops noveboracensis (B)
Cranes
Order: Gruiformes Family: Gruidae
Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances".[11]: 67–69
- Sandhill crane, Antigone canadensis (R)
Stilts and avocets
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.[11]: 110
- Black-necked stilt, Himantopus mexicanus (A)
- American avocet, Recurvirostra americana (R)
Oystercatchers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae
Oystercatchers are large, obvious and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.[16]
- American oystercatcher, Haematopus palliatus (R)
Plovers and lapwings
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.[11]: 105
- Northern lapwing, Vanellus vanellus (A)
- Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola
- American golden-plover, Pluvialis dominica
- Killdeer, Charadrius vociferus (B)
- Wilson's plover, Charadrius wilsonia (A)
- Semipalmated plover, Charadrius semipalmatus
- Piping plover, Charadrius melodus (B)
Sandpipers and allies
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.[11]: 116–117
- Upland sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda (B)
- Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus
- Eskimo curlew, Numenius borealis (Possibly extinct)[17]
- Long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus (A)
- Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa (A)
- Hudsonian godwit, Limosa haemastica
- Marbled godwit, Limosa fedoa (R)
- Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
- Red knot, Calidris canutus
- Ruff, Calidris pugnax (R)
- Stilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus
- Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea (R)
- Sanderling, Calidris alba
- Dunlin, Calidris alpina
- Purple sandpiper, Calidris maritima
- Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii
- Little stint, Calidris minuta (A)
- Least sandpiper, Calidris minutilla
- White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis
- Buff-breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis
- Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos
- Semipalmated sandpiper, Calidris pusilla
- Western sandpiper, Calidris mauri (R)
- Short-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus
- Long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus
- American woodcock, Scolopax minor (B)
- Wilson's snipe, Gallinago delicata (B)
- Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularia (B)
- Solitary sandpiper, Tringa solitaria (B)
- Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes
- Willet, Tringa semipalmata (B)
- Greater yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca
- Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor
- Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus
- Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius
Skuas and jaegers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
Skuas and jaegers are medium to large seabirds with strongly hooked talons, hooked bills, and webbed feet. They are pelagic birds and feed on a variety of animals—such as fish, bird eggs, and lemmings—by hunting, scavenging, or kleptoparasitizing them.[18][19][20]
- Great skua, Stercorarius skua (R)
- South polar skua, Stercorarius maccormicki (R)
- Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus
- Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus
- Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus (A)
Auks, murres, and puffins
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Alcidae
Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture, and some of their habits, however they are only distantly related to the penguins and are able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest.[11]: 123–125 Many Atlantic puffins and razorbills nest on Machias Seal Island, which has disputed sovereignty between Canada (New Brunswick) and the United States (Maine).[21][22]
- Dovekie, Alle alle
- Common murre, Uria aalge (B)
- Thick-billed murre, Uria lomvia
- Razorbill, Alca torda (B)
- Great auk, Pinguinus impennis (E)[23]
- Black guillemot, Cepphus grylle (B)
- Ancient murrelet, Synthliboramphus antiquus (A)
- Atlantic puffin, Fratercula arctica (B)
- Tufted puffin, Fratercula cirrhata (A)
Gulls, terns, and skimmers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of seabirds and includes gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. Terns are generally smaller than gulls with more pointed wings and bills, many also having forked tails which help with aerial manoeuvrability. Both species can be found inland near lakes and rivers, however gulls have adapted well to human presence and can often be found in urban centers.[11]: 127–129
- Black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla (B)
- Ivory gull, Pagophila eburnea (R)
- Sabine's gull, Xema sabini (R)
- Bonaparte's gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia
- Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus
- Little gull, Hydrocoleus minutus
- Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla (B)
- Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (R)
- Common gull, Larus canus (R)
- Short-billed gull, Larus brachyrhynchus (A)
- Ring-billed gull, Larus delawarensis (B)
- California gull, Larus californicus (A)
- Herring gull, Larus argentatus (B)
- Iceland gull, Larus glaucoides
- Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus
- Slaty-backed gull, Larus schistisagus (A)
- Glaucous gull, Larus hyperboreus
- Great black-backed gull, Larus marinus (B)
- Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus (A)
- Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus (A)
- Least tern, Sternula antillarum (A)
- Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica (A)
- Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
- Black tern, Chlidonias niger (B)
- White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus (A)
- Roseate tern, Sterna dougallii (B)
- Common tern, Sterna hirundo (B)
- Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea (B)
- Forster's tern, Sterna forsteri (R)
- Royal tern, Thalasseus maximus (A)
- Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis (A)
- Black skimmer, Rynchops niger (A)
Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are tropical seabirds with exceptionally long central tail feathers. They are slender and have a white plumage, with long wings that have black markings, as does the head.[24][25]
- Red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus (A)
Loons
Order: Gaviiformes Family: Gaviidae
Loons are aquatic birds, the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. Their plumage is largely grey or black, and they have spear-shaped bills. Loons swim well and fly adequately, but are almost hopeless on land, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body.[11]: 73–74
- Red-throated loon, Gavia stellata
- Pacific loon, Gavia pacifica (A)
- Common loon, Gavia immer (B)
Albatrosses
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae
Albatrosses are pelagic seabirds, and are amongst the largest of flying birds, with some of the longest wingspans of any extant birds. They are mostly found on the ocean surface, and primarily feed on squid and fish.[26][27]
- Yellow-nosed albatross, Thalassarche chlororhynchos (A)
- Black-browed albatross, Thalassarche melanophris (A)
Southern storm-petrels
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
Storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, relatives of the petrels, feeding on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. Until 2018, this family's three species were included with the other storm-petrels in family Hydrobatidae.[28]
- Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus
Northern storm-petrels
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.[29]
- Leach's storm-petrel, Hydrobates leucorhous (B)
Shearwaters and petrels
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
Procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.[30]
- Northern fulmar, Fulmarus glacialis
- Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea (R)
- Sooty shearwater, Ardenna griseus
- Great shearwater, Ardenna gravis
- Manx shearwater, Puffinus puffinus
- Audubon's shearwater, Puffinus lherminieri (A)
Storks
Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, heavy, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans. They lack the powder down that other wading birds such as herons, spoonbills and ibises use to clean off fish slime.[31] Storks have underdeveloped syrinxes, and are either mostly or fully mute as a result.[32]
- Wood stork, Mycteria americana (A)
Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are either black or black-and-white in colour, with long wings and deeply forked tails. Males have coloured inflatable throat pouches used for attracting a female. Their large wingspan allows for them to be essentially aerial, being able to stay aloft for weeks. They lack waterproofing feathers, and cannot swim as a result. They often feed by stealing from other seabirds.[33][34]
- Magnificent frigatebird, Fregata magnificens (A)
Boobies and gannets
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The family Sulidae includes gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium-large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.[35]
- Brown booby, Sula leucogaster (A)
- Northern gannet, Morus bassanus
Cormorants and shags
Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Cormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of coloured skin on the face. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed.[11]: 102–103
- Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo (B)
- Double-crested cormorant, Nannopterum auritum
Pelicans
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are very large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak.[11]: 91 Like other birds in the order Pelecaniformes, they have four webbed toes.[11]: 88
- American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos (R)
- Brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis (A)
Herons, egrets, and bitterns
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the herons, egrets, and bitterns. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills.[11]: 94–97
- American bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus (B)
- Least bittern, Ixobrychus exilis (B)
- Great blue heron, Ardea herodias (B)
- Great egret, Ardea alba
- Little egret, Egretta garzetta (A)
- Snowy egret, Egretta thula
- Little blue heron, Egretta caerulea
- Tricolored heron, Egretta tricolor (R)
- Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis
- Green heron, Butorides virescens (B)
- Black-crowned night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax (B)
- Yellow-crowned night heron, Nyctanassa violacea (R)
Ibises and spoonbills
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae
The family Threskiornithidae includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings. Their bodies tend to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, downwardly curved in the case of the ibises, straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills.[11]: 97–98
- White ibis, Eudocimus albus (A)
- Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus
- Roseate spoonbill, Platalea ajaja (A)
New World vultures
Order: Cathartiformes Family: Cathartidae
The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carcasses.[11]: 131–133
- Black vulture, Coragyps atratus (R)
- Turkey vulture, Cathartes aura (B)
Osprey
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
Pandionidae is a family of fish-eating birds of prey possessing a very large, powerful hooked beak for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. The family is monotypic.[11]: 135
- Osprey, Pandion haliaetus (B)
Hawks, eagles, and kites
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.[11]: 136–137
- Swallow-tailed kite, Elanoides forficatus (A)
- Golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos
- Northern harrier, Circus hudsonius (B)
- Sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter striatus (B)
- Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii (B)
- American goshawk, Accipiter atricapillus (B)
- Bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus (B)
- Steller's sea-eagle, Haliaeetus pelagicus (A)
- Red-shouldered hawk, Buteo lineatus (B)
- Broad-winged hawk, Buteo platypterus (B)
- Swainson's hawk, Buteo swainsoni (A)
- Red-tailed hawk, Buteo jamaicensis (B)
- Rough-legged hawk, Buteo lagopus
Barn-owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Owls in the family Tytonidae are medium to large owls, with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces.[11]: 141–142
- Barn owl, Tyto Alba (R)
Owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
Typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.[11]: 143–145
- Eastern screech-owl, Megascops asio (R)
- Great horned owl, Bubo virginianus (B)
- Snowy owl, Bubo scandiacus
- Northern hawk owl, Surnia ulula
- Burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia (A)
- Barred owl, Strix varia (B)
- Great grey owl, Strix nebulosa (R)
- Long-eared owl, Asio otus (B)
- Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus (B)
- Boreal owl, Aegolius funereus
- Northern saw-whet owl, Aegolius acadicus (B)
Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.[11]: 180–181
- Belted kingfisher, Megaceryle alcyon (B)
Woodpeckers
Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.[11]: 164–165
- Red-headed woodpecker (Pic à tête rouge), Melanerpes erythrocephalus
- Red-bellied woodpecker (Pic à ventre roux), Melanerpes carolinus
- Yellow-bellied sapsucker (Pic maculé), Sphyrapicus varius (B)
- American three-toed woodpecker (Pic à dos rayé), Picoides dorsalis (B)
- Black-backed woodpecker (Pic à dos noir), Picoides arcticus (B)
- Downy woodpecker (Pic mineur), Dryobates pubescens (B)
- Hairy woodpecker (Pic chevelu), Dryobates villosus (B)
- Northern flicker (Pic flamboyant), Colaptes auratus (B)
- Pileated woodpecker (Grand Pic), Dryocopus pileatus (B)
Falcons and caracaras
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey, notably the falcons and caracaras. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.[11]: 184–185
- Crested caracara, Caracara plancus (A)
- Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus (A)
- American kestrel, Falco sparverius (B)
- Merlin, Falco columbarius (B)
- Gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus
- Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus (B)
Tyrant flycatchers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Tyrannidae
Tyrant flycatchers are passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are insectivorous.[11]: 215–217
- Ash-throated flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens (R)
- Great crested flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus (B)
- Sulphur-bellied flycatcher, Myiodynastes luteiventris (A)
- Tropical kingbird, Tyrannus melancholicus (A)
- Thick-billed kingbird, Tyrannus crassirostris (A)
- Western kingbird, Tyrannus verticalis
- Eastern kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus (B)
- Grey kingbird, Tyrannus dominicensis (A)
- Scissor-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus forficatus (R)
- Fork-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus savana (R)
- Olive-sided flycatcher, Contopus cooperi (B)
- Eastern wood-pewee, Contopus virens (B)
- Yellow-bellied flycatcher, Empidonax flaviventris (B)
- Acadian flycatcher, Empidonax virescens (A)
- Alder flycatcher, Empidonax alnorum (B)
- Willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii (B)
- Least flycatcher, Empidonax minimus (B)
- Hammond's flycatcher, Empidonax hammondii (A)
- Western flycatcher, Empidonax difficilis (A)
- Eastern phoebe, Sayornis phoebe (B)
- Say's phoebe, Sayornis saya (R)
Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis
Order: Passeriformes Family: Vireonidae
The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds mostly restricted to the New World, though a few other members of the family are found in Asia. They are typically greenish in colour and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills.[11]: 255–256
- White-eyed vireo, Vireo griseus
- Yellow-throated vireo, Vireo flavifrons (R)
- Blue-headed vireo, Vireo solitarius (B)
- Philadelphia vireo, Vireo philadelphicus (B)
- Warbling vireo, Vireo gilvus (B)
- Red-eyed vireo, Vireo olivaceus (B)
- Bell's vireo, Vireo bellii (A)
Shrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey.[11]: 270
- Loggerhead shrike, Lanius ludovicianus (R)
- Northern shrike, Lanius borealis
Crows, jays, and magpies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.[11]: 271–273
- Canada jay, Perisoreus canadensis (B)
- Blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata (B)
- Black-billed magpie, Pica hudsonia (A)
- American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos (B)
- Common raven, Corvus corax (B)
Tits, chickadees, and titmice
Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae
Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.[11]: 355–356
- Black-capped chickadee, Poecile atricapilla (B)
- Boreal chickadee, Poecile hudsonica (B)
- Tufted titmouse, Baeolophus bicolor
Larks
Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.[11]: 339–340
- Horned lark, Eremophila alpestris (B)
Swallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.[11]: 350–351
- Bank swallow, Riparia riparia (B)
- Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor (B)
- Northern rough-winged swallow, Stelgidopteryx serripennis (B)
- Purple martin, Progne subis (B)
- Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica (B)
- Cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (B)
- Cave swallow, Petrochelidon fulva (A)
Kinglets
Order: Passeriformes Family: Regulidae
Kinglets are a small family of birds which resemble the titmice. They are very small insectivorous birds. The adults have coloured crowns, giving rise to their name.[11]: 366–367 They are found in many different types of forests, with a preference for coniferous forests.[36]
- Ruby-crowned kinglet, Corthylio calendula (B)
- Golden-crowned kinglet, Regulus satrapa (B)
Waxwings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Bombycillidae
Waxwings are a group of passerine birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.[11]: 368–370
- Bohemian waxwing, Bombycilla garrulus
- Cedar waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum (B)
Nuthatches
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sittidae
Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet.[11]: 374–375
- Red-breasted nuthatch, Sitta canadensis (B)
- White-breasted nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis (B)
Treecreepers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Certhiidae
Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees.[11]: 373–374
- Brown creeper, Certhia americana (B)
Gnatcatchers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Polioptilidae
These dainty birds resemble Old World warblers in their structure and habits, moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects. Gnatcatchers are mainly soft bluish grey in colour and have the typical insectivore's long sharp bill. Many species have distinctive black head patterns (especially males) and long, regularly cocked, black-and-white tails.[11]: 377–378
- Blue-grey gnatcatcher, Polioptila caerulea
Wrens
Order: Passeriformes Family: Troglodytidae
Wrens are small and inconspicuous birds, except for their loud songs. They have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.[11]: 376–377
- House wren, Troglodytes aedon
- Winter wren, Troglodytes hiemalis (B)
- Sedge wren, Cistothorus platensis (R)
- Marsh wren, Cistothorus palustris (B)
- Carolina wren, Thryothorus ludovicianus
- Bewick's wren, Thryomanes bewickii (A)
Mockingbirds and thrashers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Mimidae
The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. The species tend towards dull greys and browns in their appearance.[11]: 380–381
- Grey catbird, Dumetella carolinensis (B)
- Brown thrasher, Toxostoma rufum (B)
- Sage thrasher, Oreoscoptes montanus (A)
- Northern mockingbird, Mimus polyglottos (B)
Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings and mynas are small to medium-sized Old World passerine birds with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and most are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. The plumage of several species is dark with a metallic sheen.[11]: 381–383
- European starling, Sturnus vulgaris (B) (I)
Thrushes and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.[11]: 391–393
- Eastern bluebird, Sialia sialis (B)
- Mountain bluebird, Sialia currucoides (A)
- Townsend's solitaire, Myadestes townsendi (R)
- Veery, Catharus fuscescens (B)
- Grey-cheeked thrush, Catharus minimus
- Bicknell's thrush, Catharus bicknelli (B)
- Swainson's thrush, Catharus ustulatus (B)
- Hermit thrush, Catharus guttatus (B)
- Wood thrush, Hylocichla mustelina (B)
- Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris (A)
- Mistle thrush, Turdus viscivorus (A)
- Redwing, Turdus iliacus (A)
- American robin, Turdus migratorius (B)
- Varied thrush, Ixoreus naevius (R)
Old World flycatchers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae
The Old World flycatchers are a large family of small passerine birds. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores, many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing.[11]: 387
- Northern wheatear, Oenanthe oenanthe (R)
- Siberian stonechat, Saxicola maurus (A)
Old World sparrows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small plump brownish or greyish birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.[11]: 300–301
- House sparrow, Passer domesticus (B) (I)
- Eurasian tree sparrow, Passer montanus (A) (I)
Wagtails and pipits
Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country.[11]: 302–303
- American pipit, Anthus rubescens
Finches, euphonias, and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.[11]: 305–306
- Common chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs (A)
- Evening grosbeak, Coccothraustes vespertinus (B)
- Pine grosbeak, Pinicola enucleator (B)
- House finch, Haemorhous mexicanus (B) (Native to the southwestern U.S.; introduced in the east)
- Purple finch, Haemorhous purpureus (B)
- Common redpoll, Acanthis flammea
- Hoary redpoll, Acanthis hornemanni (R)
- Red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra (B)
- White-winged crossbill, Loxia leucoptera (B)
- Pine siskin, Spinus pinus (B)
- American goldfinch, Spinus tristis (B)
Longspurs and snow buntings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Calcariidae
Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that are mostly endemic to North America. They are primarily found in open fields, where their plumage helps them blend into their surroundings.[37]
- Lapland longspur, Calcarius lapponicus
- Chestnut-collared longspur, Calcarius ornatus (A)
- Snow bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis
New World sparrows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passerellidae
Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae.[38] Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns.[11]: 314–315
- Grasshopper sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum (R)
- Lark sparrow, Chondestes grammacus
- Lark bunting, Calamospiza melanocorys (R)
- Brewer's sparrow, Spizella breweri (A)
- Chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina (B)
- Clay-colored sparrow, Spizella pallida
- Field sparrow, Spizella pusilla
- Black-throated sparrow, Amphispiza bilineata (A)
- Fox sparrow, Passerella iliaca (B)
- American tree sparrow, Spizelloides arborea
- Dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis (B)
- White-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys
- Golden-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia atricapilla (A)
- Harris's sparrow, Zonotrichia querula (R)
- White-throated sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis (B)
- Vesper sparrow, Pooecetes gramineus (B)
- LeConte's sparrow, Ammospiza leconteii (A)
- Seaside sparrow, Ammospiza maritima (R)
- Nelson's sparrow, Ammospiza nelsoni (B)
- Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis (B)
- Song sparrow, Melospiza melodia (B)
- Lincoln's sparrow, Melospiza lincolnii (B)
- Swamp sparrow, Melospiza georgiana (B)
- Green-tailed towhee, Pipilo chlorurus (A)
- Spotted towhee, Pipilo maculatus (A)
- Eastern towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus
Yellow-breasted chat
Order: Passeriformes Family: Icteriidae
The yellow-breasted chat is the sole member of the family Icteriidae and is a bright, colourful songbird found in open shrubs throughout North and Central America. This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017.[39]
- Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virens
Troupials and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Icteridae
Icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as a predominant plumage colour, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red.[11]: 322
- Yellow-headed blackbird, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
- Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus (B)
- Eastern meadowlark, Sturnella magna (B)
- Western meadowlark, Sturnella neglecta (R)
- Orchard oriole, Icterus spurius
- Bullock's oriole, Icterus bullockii (A)
- Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula (B)
- Red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus (B)
- Shiny cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis (A)
- Brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater (B)
- Rusty blackbird, Euphagus carolinus (B)
- Brewer's blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus (A)
- Common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula (B)
New World warblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae
New World warblers are a group of small, often colourful, passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are more terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.[11]: 319–320
- Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla (B)
- Worm-eating warbler, Helmitheros vermivorum (A)
- Louisiana waterthrush, Parkesia motacilla (A)
- Northern waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis (B)
- Golden-winged warbler, Vermivora chrysoptera (R)
- Blue-winged warbler, Vermivora cyanoptera
- Black-and-white warbler, Mniotilta varia (B)
- Prothonotary warbler, Protonotaria citrea (R)
- Tennessee warbler, Leiothlypis peregrina (B)
- Orange-crowned warbler, Leiothlypis celata
- Nashville warbler, Leiothlypis ruficapilla (B)
- Virginia's warbler, Leiothlypis virginiae (A)
- Connecticut warbler, Oporornis agilis (R)
- Mourning warbler, Geothlypis philadelphia (B)
- Kentucky warbler, Geothlypis formosa (A)
- MacGillivray's warbler, Geothlypis tolmiei (A)
- Common yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas (B)
- Hooded warbler, Setophaga citrina (R)
- American redstart, Setophaga ruticilla (B)
- Cape May warbler, Setophaga tigrina (B)
- Cerulean warbler, Setophaga cerulea (R)
- Northern parula, Setophaga americana (B)
- Magnolia warbler, Setophaga magnolia (B)
- Bay-breasted warbler, Setophaga castanea (B)
- Blackburnian warbler, Setophaga fusca (B)
- Yellow warbler, Setophaga petechia (B)
- Chestnut-sided warbler, Setophaga pensylvanica (B)
- Blackpoll warbler, Setophaga striata (B)
- Black-throated blue warbler, Setophaga caerulescens (B)
- Palm warbler, Setophaga palmarum (B)
- Pine warbler, Setophaga pinus (B)
- Yellow-rumped warbler, Setophaga coronata (B)
- Yellow-throated warbler, Setophaga dominica (R)
- Prairie warbler, Setophaga discolor
- Black-throated grey warbler, Setophaga nigrescens (A)
- Townsend's warbler, Setophaga townsendi (A)
- Hermit warbler, Setophaga occidentalis (A)
- Black-throated green warbler, Setophaga virens (B)
- Canada warbler, Cardellina canadensis (B)
- Wilson's warbler, Cardellina pusilla (B)
Cardinals and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cardinalidae
The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.[11]: 327–328
- Summer tanager (Piranga vermillon), Piranga rubra
- Scarlet tanager (Piranga écarlate), Piranga olivacea (B)
- Western tanager (Piranga à tête rouge), Piranga ludoviciana (R)
- Northern cardinal (Cardinal rouge), Cardinalis cardinalis (B)
- Rose-breasted grosbeak (Cardinal à poitrine rose), Pheucticus ludovicianus (B)
- Black-headed grosbeak (Cardinal à tête noire), Pheucticus melanocephalus (A)
- Blue grosbeak (Guiraca bleu), Passerina caerulea
- Lazuli bunting (Passerin azuré), Passerina amoena (A)
- Indigo bunting (Passerin indigo), Passerina cyanea (B)
- Painted bunting (Passerin nonpareil), Passerina ciris (R)
- Dickcissel (Dickcissel d'Amérique), Spiza americana
See also
References
- ^ Forbes, Ernest R. (April 3, 2008). "New Brunswick". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ Burrel, Brian C; Anderson, James E (1991). "Regional Hydrology of New Brunswick". Canadian Water Resources Journal. 16 (4): 317–330. Bibcode:1991CaWRJ..16..317B. doi:10.4296/cwrj1604317. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ Albert, Cédric; Taylor, Anthony R.; Logan, Travis; D’Orangeville, Loïc (December 4, 2023). "The Acadian Forest of New Brunswick in the 21st century: what shifting heat and water balance imply for future stand dynamics and management". Environmental Reviews. 31 (4): 690–707. doi:10.1139/er-2022-0122. ISSN 1181-8700. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "Coastal Conservation". Nature Trust of New Brunswick. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "Birdwatching". Tourism New Brunswick. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "Bird Watching". Bay of Fundy. June 15, 2023. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "Atlantic Flyway Exchange". Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "Checklist of New Brunswick Birds" (PDF). New Brunswick Bird Records Committee and Nature NB. April 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
- ^ "Birds of New Brunswick: Addendum" (PDF). New Brunswick Bird Records Committee. November 19, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
- ^ "Check-list of North and Middle American Birds". American Ornithological Society. June 29, 2021. Archived from the original on December 7, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Emphick (2019). The Handbook of Bird Families. Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books. ISBN 978-0-2281-0119-2. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "Camptorhynchus labradorius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680418A92862623.en. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ Mozdziak, Paul (2024). "Species of meat animals: (d) Poultry". Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences: 1–7. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-85125-1.00129-0. ISBN 978-0-323-85198-5. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ Camfield, Alaine. "Columbidae (doves and pigeons)". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "Ectopistes migratorius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22690733A152593137.en. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ Hoyo, Josep del; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi, eds. (1996). "Family Haematopodidae (Oystercatchers)". Hoatzin to Auks. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 3. Spain: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-20-2. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "Numenis borealis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22693170A178901365.en. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (March 4, 2020), Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.), "Skuas and Jaegers (Stercorariidae)", Birds of the World, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, doi:10.2173/bow.sterco1.01, archived from the original on November 24, 2023, retrieved April 5, 2024
- ^ Cohen, B. L.; Baker, A. J.; Blechschmidt, K.; Dittmann, D. L.; Furness, H. D.; Gerwin, J. A.; Helbig, A. J.; De Korte, J.; Marshall, H. D.; Palma, R. L.; Peter, H.-U.; Ramli, R.; Siebold, I.; Willcox, M. S.; Wilson, R. H. (February 22, 1997). "Enigmatic phylogeny of skuas (Aves: Stercorariidae)". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 264 (1379): 182. doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0026. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1688246. PMID 9061968. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ Carlos, Caio J. (2016). "How many genera of Stercorariidae are there?". Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia. 24 (2): 191–195. doi:10.1007/BF03544345. ISSN 2178-7875. Archived from the original on March 31, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "Machias Seal Island Migratory Bird Sanctuary". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "Machias Seal Island". Gulf of Maine Times. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "Pinguinus impennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694856A205919631.en. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ Howard, Laura. "Phaethontidae (tropicbirds)". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (2020). "Tropicbirds (Phaethontidae), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.phaeth1.01species_shared.bow.project_name (inactive April 16, 2024). ISSN 2771-3105. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - ^ "Albatrosses". Animals. National Geographic. May 10, 2011. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (2020). "Albatrosses (Diomedeidae), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.diomed1.01species_shared.bow.project_name (inactive April 16, 2024). ISSN 2771-3105. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - ^ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (2020). "Southern Storm-Petrels (Oceanitidae), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.oceani2.01species_shared.bow.project_name (inactive April 16, 2024). ISSN 2771-3105. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - ^ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (2020). "Northern Storm-Petrels (Hydrobatidae), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.hydrob1.01species_shared.bow.project_name (inactive April 16, 2024). ISSN 2771-3105. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - ^ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (2020). "Shearwaters and Petrels (Procellariidae), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.procel3.01species_shared.bow.project_name (inactive April 16, 2024). ISSN 2771-3105. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - ^ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (2020). "Storks (Ciconiidae), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.ciconi2.01species_shared.bow.project_name (inactive April 16, 2024). ISSN 2771-3105. Archived from the original on January 26, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - ^ "Stork". Encyclopædia Britannica. April 2, 2024. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (2020). "Frigatebirds (Fregatidae), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.fregat1.01species_shared.bow.project_name (inactive April 16, 2024). ISSN 2771-3105. Archived from the original on July 30, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - ^ Joyce, Christopher (June 30, 2016). "Nonstop Flight: How The Frigatebird Can Soar For Weeks Without Stopping". NPR. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (2020). "Boobies and Gannets (Sulidae), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.sulida1.01species_shared.bow.project_name (inactive April 16, 2024). ISSN 2771-3105. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - ^ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (2020). "Kinglets (Regulidae), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.reguli1.01species_shared.bow.project_name (inactive April 16, 2024). ISSN 2771-3105. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - ^ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (2020). "Longspurs and Snow Buntings (Calcariidae), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.calcar1.01species_shared.bow.project_name (inactive April 16, 2024). ISSN 2771-3105. Archived from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - ^ Chesser, R. Terry; Burns, Kevin J.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Lovette, Irby J.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J. V.; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F.; Winker, Kevin (July 5, 2017). "Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk. 134 (3): 751–773. doi:10.1642/AUK-17-72.1. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
- ^ Billerman, Shawn M. (2020). "Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteriidae), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.icteri2.01species_shared.bow.project_name (inactive April 16, 2024). ISSN 2771-3105. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)