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Mike Schwartz (talk | contribs) →top: CORRECT [the value of] the "title" field (was this "{{cite web}}" template instance composed -- perhaps -- by some robot? or what?) and enhance some of the other fields, in *** the "{{cite web}}" template instance *** for footnote number "[2]". Add -- (among other things) -- a "QUOTE" field ... for which it was hard to choose one "quote" to include ... because this interview is so chock FULL of amazingly juicy QUOTEs. ["!"] That is why it was so difficult, to choose just "one" of them! |
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{{short description|Pejorative American political term referring to hypocrisy in liberals}} |
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'''Limousine liberal''' (also ''limousine leftist'', ''latte liberal'', ''lakefront liberal'', ''Learjet liberal'', ''Lexus liberal'', ''MasterCard Marxist'', ''parlor pink'', ''silk stocking socialist'', or ''white wine socialist'') is a pejorative [[North America]]n [[politics|political]] term used to illustrate perceived hypocrisy by a political [[American liberalism|liberal]] of [[upper class]] or [[upper middle class]] status, such as calling for the use of mass transit while frequently using limousines or private jets (ergo 'learjet liberal') <ref>''[[Time magazine|Time]]'' . [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1599714,00.html "Limousine Liberal Hypocrisy"] by [[Charles Krauthammer]]. Published March 16, 2007.</ref>, claiming to be highly environmentally conscious but driving a gas-hungry sports car or SUV, or ostensibly supporting public education while actually sending their children to private schools. |
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{{use mdy dates |date=February 2021}} |
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[[File:Mega limo - Flickr - dave 7 (1).jpg|thumb|The term references [[limousine]]s as a symbol of affluence.]] |
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'''Limousine liberal''' and '''latte liberal''' are pejorative U.S. [[politics|political]] terms used to illustrate [[Hypocrisy|hypocritical]] behavior by political [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberals]] of [[upper class]] or [[upper middle class]] status. The label stems primarily from unwillingness of ''limousine liberals'' to practice the views they purport to uphold, e.g. calling for the use of [[public transportation]] while frequently using privately-owned luxury transportation, especially by [[limousines]] or [[private jet]]s in the case of the extremely affluent,<ref>''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' . [https://web.archive.org/web/20070319210156/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1599714,00.html "Limousine Liberal Hypocrisy"] by [[Charles Krauthammer]]. Published March 16, 2007.</ref> claiming [[environmental consciousness]] but driving [[Fuel economy in automobiles|fuel inefficient]] vehicles, or ostensibly supporting [[public education]] while sending their children to exclusive [[private school]]s with high [[tuition fees]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=130020147| title = Davis Guggenheim, Looking For A Hero At Your House | website = [[NPR]] | others = (hosts: David Greene and Robert Siegel; interview of Davis Guggenheim, the director of a documentary [movie] called "Waiting for Superman" conducted by co-host Melissa Block; including [briefly] a mini interview with a fifth grader living in East L.A. named "Daisy" -- also by Melissa Block); also, an interview with Steven Farr, (Chief Knowledge Officer, Teach for America) also conducted by co-host Melissa Block.| quote = <br/><br/>Mr. FARR: [...] What they're aiming for is a room where all the students are so invested in wanting to learn, they're monitoring themselves. And I had this wonderful experience in Houston one time, where there was a fifth-grade girl. She was doing some work in this classroom with an amazing teacher. And I crouched down by the girl and I asked her: Could you just tell me a little bit about what you're learning?<br/><br/>And she said: You know, could you ask me later? I'm kind of busy. [...]<br/><br/>BLOCK: She just didn't have time for you.<br/><br/>Mr. FARR: No, it was fantastic. I loved it.<br/><br/>(Soundbite of laughter)}}</ref> |
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==Formation and early use== |
==Formation and early use== |
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===Procaccino campaign=== |
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⚫ | |||
[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[New York City]] mayoral hopeful [[Mario Procaccino]] coined the term "limousine liberal" to describe incumbent [[Mayor]] [[John Lindsay]] and his wealthy [[Manhattan]] backers during a heated [[New York City mayoral election, 1969|1969 campaign]]. Historian [[David Callahan]] says that Procaccino: |
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{{Blockquote|conjured up an acid image of hypocritical wealthy dogooders insulated from the negative fallout of their bad ideas. This theme has remained a staple of conservative attacks ever since.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Callahan|title=Fortunes of Change: The Rise of the Liberal Rich and the Remaking of America|url=https://archive.org/details/fortunesofchange0000call|url-access=registration|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|page=[https://archive.org/details/fortunesofchange0000call/page/123 123]}}</ref>}} |
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⚫ | One Procaccino campaign memo attacked "rich super-assimilated people who live on [[Fifth Avenue]] and maintain some choice [[mansions]] outside the city and have no feeling for the small [[middle class]] shopkeeper, home owner, etc. They preach the politics of confrontation and condone violent upheaval in society because they are not touched by it and are protected by their [[courtiers]]".<ref> |
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"].Written Dec 22, 2000 by Rupert Cornwell.</ref> |
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⚫ | It was a [[Populism|populist]] and [[producerism|producerist]] epithet, carrying an implicit accusation that the people it described were insulated from all negative consequences of their programs purported to benefit the poor and that the costs and consequences of such programs would be borne in the main by [[working class]] or [[lower middle class]] people who were not so poor as to be beneficiaries themselves. In particular, Procaccino criticized Lindsay for favoring unemployed minorities, ex. blacks and Hispanics, over working-class [[white ethnic]]s.<ref>''[[The New York Times]]''. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02EFD61E38F936A15752C0A96E958260&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/L/Lindsay,%20John%20V. "Mayoral Follies, The 1969 Edition "] Published January 25, 1998.</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | In the 1970s, the term was applied to wealthy liberal supporters of open-housing and [[ |
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⚫ | One Procaccino campaign memo attacked "rich super-[[assimilation (sociology)|assimilated]] people who live on [[Fifth Avenue]] and maintain some choice [[mansions]] outside the city and have no feeling for the small [[middle class]] shopkeeper, home owner, etc. They preach the politics of confrontation and condone violent upheaval in society because they are not touched by it and are protected by their [[courtiers]]".<ref>''The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and His Struggle to Save New York'' by Vincent J. Cannato, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Upv5ezVPBOMC&dq=%22john+lindsay%22+%22limousine+liberal%22+mansions&pg=PA428 page 428].</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' later stated that "Lindsay came across as all style and no substance, a 'limousine liberal' who knew nothing of the concerns of the same '[[Silent Majority (Politics)|silent majority]]' that was carrying [[Richard Nixon]] to the White House at the very same time."<ref>''[[The Independent]].'' [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20001222/ai_n14346783 "Obituary: John Lindsay "] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107210317/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20001222/ai_n14346783 |date=2008-01-07 }}.Written December 22, 2000 by Rupert Cornwell.</ref> |
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⚫ | By the late 1990s and early 21st century, the term has also come to be applied to those who support [[environmentalist]] or "green" goals, such as [[mass transit]], yet |
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The ''[[New York Observer]]'' applied the term to 2008 Democratic candidate [[John Edwards]] for paying $400 for a haircut and, according to the newspaper, "lectures about poverty while living in gated opulence". <ref>[http://www.observer.com/2007/edwards-easy-mark Is Edwards An Easy Mark? | The New York Observer<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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⚫ | In the 1970s, the term was applied to wealthy liberal supporters of open-housing and [[desegregation busing|forced school busing]] who did not make use of either of these themselves.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20060730/ai_n16647842 "A liberal interpretation: The current definition of right- and left-"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107210307/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20060730/ai_n16647842 |date=2008-01-07 }} by Geoffrey Nunberg. ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''. Published July 30, 2006.</ref> In [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], supporters of busing, such as Senator [[Ted Kennedy]], sent their children to private schools and lived in affluent [[suburb]]s. To some [[South Boston, Massachusetts|South Boston]] residents, Kennedy's support of a plan that "[[racial integration|integrated]]" their children with blacks and his apparent unwillingness to do the same with his own children, was hypocrisy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/top/features/documents/01563014.htm|title=News/Features<!-- Bot generated title --> |publisher=Boston Phoenix|access-date=2007-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024024419/http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/top/features/documents/01563014.htm |archive-date=2007-10-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> President [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] was suspected of this in the later 1970s when he promised better conditions for people in [[New York City]]'s [[South Bronx]] and [[Los Angeles]]'s [[Watts, Los Angeles|Watts]] when he visited these cities in respective 1977 and 1978 and none of these improvements happened. |
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⚫ | By the late 1990s and early 21st century, the term has also come to be applied to those who support [[environmentalist]] or "green" goals, such as [[mass transit]], yet drive large [[SUVs]] or literally have a limousine and driver. Sam Dealey, writing in ''[[The Weekly Standard]]'', applied the term to [[Sheila Jackson-Lee]] for being "routinely chauffeured the one short block to work—in a government car, by a member of her staff, at the taxpayers' expense."<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Dealey |first1=Sam |title=Sheila Jackson Lee, Limousine Liberal |url=https://www.weeklystandard.com/sam-dealey/sheila-jackson-lee-limousine-liberal |access-date=4 April 2019 |magazine=The Weekly Standard |date=11 February 2002}}</ref> The term was also used disparagingly in a 2004 episode of ''[[Law & Order]]'' by [[Fred Thompson]]'s character, [[Arthur Branch]], to criticize the politics and beliefs of his more liberal colleague, [[Serena Southerlyn]]. ''[[South Park]]'''s creators [[Trey Parker]] and [[Matt Stone]] poked fun at the tendency of some liberals to be more concerned with image than actually helping the earth in the episode "[[Smug Alert!]]".{{cn|date=April 2019}} |
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In 2009, the term was applied by many commentators to former Senate Majority Leader and then-Obama cabinet appointee [[Tom Daschle]] for failing to pay back taxes and interest on the use of a limousine service.<ref>http://www.charleston.net/news/2009/feb/03/pull_this_limousine_liberal70391/</ref>, <ref>http://www.newsherald.com/articles/government_71658___article.html/pay_country.html</ref>, <ref>http://blogs.denverpost.com/opinion/2009/02/05/geithner%E2%80%99s-gotta-be-wondering-and-there%E2%80%99s-another-one/</ref> |
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''[[The New York Observer]]'' applied the term to [[2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2008 Democratic presidential candidate]] [[John Edwards]] for paying $400 ({{Inflation|US|400|2007|fmt=eq|r=-1}}) for a haircut and, according to the newspaper, "lectures about poverty while living in gated opulence".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kornacki |first1=Steve |title=Is Edwards An Easy Mark? |url=http://www.observer.com/2007/edwards-easy-mark |access-date=February 7, 2021 |work=[[The New York Observer]] |date=May 28, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107124004/http://www.observer.com/2007/edwards-easy-mark |archive-date=January 7, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Steve Fraser|title=The Limousine Liberal: How an Incendiary Image United the Right and Fractured America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpzSDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|year=2016|publisher=Basic Books|page=4|isbn=9780465055661 }}</ref> |
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==Other countries== |
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In 2009, the term was applied by some commentators to former Senate Majority Leader and then-[[Barack Obama]] cabinet appointee [[Tom Daschle]] for failing to pay back taxes and interest on the use of a limousine service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charleston.net/news/2009/feb/03/pull_this_limousine_liberal70391/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729165317/http://www.charleston.net/news/2009/feb/03/pull_this_limousine_liberal70391/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-29 |title=The Post and Courier | Charleston SC, News, Sports, Entertainment |publisher=Charleston.net |date=2013-05-16 |access-date=2013-06-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsherald.com/articles/government_71658___article.html/pay_country.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217172235/http://www.newsherald.com/articles/government_71658___article.html/pay_country.html |title=Future generations will pay for our mistakes |publisher=Newsherald.com |date=February 8, 2009 |archive-date=February 17, 2009 |access-date=June 4, 2013 |first=Ron |last=Hart}}|</ref> |
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In [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], a roughly equivalent insult of ''[[chardonnay socialist]]'' is used; in the [[United Kingdom]] the phrase ''[[champagne socialist]]'' or [[Bollinger]] [[Bolshevik]] is preferred, and in [[France]] such people are referred to as the ''[[gauche caviar]]'' ("caviar left"). In Portugal "Esquerda caviar" is used, basically a direct translation of the French term. In [[Germany]] [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toscana-Fraktion "Toskana Fraktion"] is used. In Italy, the term "[[radical chic]]" (borrowed from American journalist [[Tom Wolfe]]'s satirical 1970 book ''[[Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers]]'') is used. |
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Civil rights leader [[Al Sharpton]] used the term ''latte liberal'' to criticize (mostly white and high-income) left-leaning people "sit[ing] around [[the Hamptons]]" who advocated for the [[defund the police]] movement and ignored the concerns of African-Americans that suffer under high crime rates and rely on a strong police force.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/515448-msnbcs-sharpton-defunding-police-something-a-latte-liberal-may-go-for|title=MSNBC's Sharpton: Defunding police 'something a latte liberal may go for'|access-date=December 7, 2021|date=September 8, 2020|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|author=Joe Concha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/al-sharpton-defund-the-police-is-just-something-latte-liberals-support|title=Al Sharpton: Defund the Police Is Just Something 'Latte Liberals' Support|access-date=December 7, 2021|date=September 8, 2020|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|author=Justin Baragona}}</ref> |
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In Peru, many former [[Maoism|Maoists]] and [[Fidel Castro]] supporters, who had renounced those views, worked in state agencies during the governments of [[Valentín Paniagua]] (2000-2001) and [[Alejandro Toledo]] (2001 - 2006) and were paid very high wages in comparison to the income of the average population. They were given the name of "Izquierda Caviar" or "Izquierda Rosa", terms similar to ''[[gauche caviar]]'' and parlor pink, respectively.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}<!-- in particular, I question whether these administrations included Maoists --> |
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In the [[Netherlands]], a near equivalent of "limousine liberal" would be "[[salon]] socialist". The point of a salon socialist, however, is not that he does not spend money charitably, but rather that he or she is too high to be actively involved in the [[class struggle]]. Charity is seen as a capitalist and conservative project, because it leaves the alleged social structures of hegemony intact, and would even reinforce them (by making the poor dependent on the rich). Charity also implies that mandatory taxation is not needed, or need not collect sufficient funds. |
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In [[Poland]], the rough equivalent of this term is "coffee shop revolutionist" meaning a journalist, poet or any other [[intellectual]] who criticizes [[capitalism]] and [[free market]] mechanisms in his/her publications, but has generally weak understanding of [[economy]] because of living in the [[ivory tower]] of [[Salon_(gathering)|salon life]], so he/she has no idea about the real life of the poor. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{div col|colwidth=20em}} |
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*[[Boba liberal]] |
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*[[Bobo (socio-economic group)]] |
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*''[[Bobos in Paradise]]'' |
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*[[Champagne socialist]] |
*[[Champagne socialist]] |
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*[[Chardonnay socialist]] |
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*[[Chattering class]] |
*[[Chattering class]] |
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*[[ |
*[[Gauche caviar]] |
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*[[Elitism]] |
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*[[Hipster (contemporary subculture)]] |
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*[[Liberal elite]] |
*[[Liberal elite]] |
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*[[Luxury belief]] |
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*[[Radical chic]] |
*[[Radical chic]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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*[[San Francisco values]] |
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*[[Smug Alert]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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[[Category:American political terms]] |
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* [[Francia, Peter L.]], et al. "Limousine liberals and corporate conservatives: The financial constituencies of the democratic and republican parties." ''Social Science Quarterly'' 86.4 (2005): 761–778. |
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* Fraser, Steve. ''The Limousine Liberal: How an Incendiary Image United the Right and Fractured America'' (Basic, 2016). viii, 291 pp. |
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* Stark, Andrew. "Limousine liberals, welfare conservatives: On belief, interest, and inconsistency in democratic discourse." ''Political Theory'' 25.4 (1997): 475–501. |
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==External links== |
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*{{Wikiquote-inline}} |
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{{Liberalism}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Limousine Liberal}} |
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[[Category:Class-related slurs]] |
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[[Category:Liberalism]] |
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[[Category:Upper class]] |
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[[Category:Political metaphors referring to people]] |
[[Category:Political metaphors referring to people]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Political terminology of the United States]] |
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[[Category:Political pejoratives]] |
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[[fr:Gauche caviar]] |
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[[sv:Rödvinsvänster]] |
Revision as of 18:39, 16 May 2024
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mega_limo_-_Flickr_-_dave_7_%281%29.jpg/220px-Mega_limo_-_Flickr_-_dave_7_%281%29.jpg)
Limousine liberal and latte liberal are pejorative U.S. political terms used to illustrate hypocritical behavior by political liberals of upper class or upper middle class status. The label stems primarily from unwillingness of limousine liberals to practice the views they purport to uphold, e.g. calling for the use of public transportation while frequently using privately-owned luxury transportation, especially by limousines or private jets in the case of the extremely affluent,[1] claiming environmental consciousness but driving fuel inefficient vehicles, or ostensibly supporting public education while sending their children to exclusive private schools with high tuition fees.[2]
Formation and early use
Procaccino campaign
Democratic New York City mayoral hopeful Mario Procaccino coined the term "limousine liberal" to describe incumbent Mayor John Lindsay and his wealthy Manhattan backers during a heated 1969 campaign. Historian David Callahan says that Procaccino:
conjured up an acid image of hypocritical wealthy dogooders insulated from the negative fallout of their bad ideas. This theme has remained a staple of conservative attacks ever since.[3]
It was a populist and producerist epithet, carrying an implicit accusation that the people it described were insulated from all negative consequences of their programs purported to benefit the poor and that the costs and consequences of such programs would be borne in the main by working class or lower middle class people who were not so poor as to be beneficiaries themselves. In particular, Procaccino criticized Lindsay for favoring unemployed minorities, ex. blacks and Hispanics, over working-class white ethnics.[4]
One Procaccino campaign memo attacked "rich super-assimilated people who live on Fifth Avenue and maintain some choice mansions outside the city and have no feeling for the small middle class shopkeeper, home owner, etc. They preach the politics of confrontation and condone violent upheaval in society because they are not touched by it and are protected by their courtiers".[5] The Independent later stated that "Lindsay came across as all style and no substance, a 'limousine liberal' who knew nothing of the concerns of the same 'silent majority' that was carrying Richard Nixon to the White House at the very same time."[6]
Later use
In the 1970s, the term was applied to wealthy liberal supporters of open-housing and forced school busing who did not make use of either of these themselves.[7] In Boston, Massachusetts, supporters of busing, such as Senator Ted Kennedy, sent their children to private schools and lived in affluent suburbs. To some South Boston residents, Kennedy's support of a plan that "integrated" their children with blacks and his apparent unwillingness to do the same with his own children, was hypocrisy.[8] President Carter was suspected of this in the later 1970s when he promised better conditions for people in New York City's South Bronx and Los Angeles's Watts when he visited these cities in respective 1977 and 1978 and none of these improvements happened.
By the late 1990s and early 21st century, the term has also come to be applied to those who support environmentalist or "green" goals, such as mass transit, yet drive large SUVs or literally have a limousine and driver. Sam Dealey, writing in The Weekly Standard, applied the term to Sheila Jackson-Lee for being "routinely chauffeured the one short block to work—in a government car, by a member of her staff, at the taxpayers' expense."[9] The term was also used disparagingly in a 2004 episode of Law & Order by Fred Thompson's character, Arthur Branch, to criticize the politics and beliefs of his more liberal colleague, Serena Southerlyn. South Park's creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone poked fun at the tendency of some liberals to be more concerned with image than actually helping the earth in the episode "Smug Alert!".[citation needed]
The New York Observer applied the term to 2008 Democratic presidential candidate John Edwards for paying $400 (equivalent to $590 in 2023) for a haircut and, according to the newspaper, "lectures about poverty while living in gated opulence".[10][11]
In 2009, the term was applied by some commentators to former Senate Majority Leader and then-Barack Obama cabinet appointee Tom Daschle for failing to pay back taxes and interest on the use of a limousine service.[12][13]
Civil rights leader Al Sharpton used the term latte liberal to criticize (mostly white and high-income) left-leaning people "sit[ing] around the Hamptons" who advocated for the defund the police movement and ignored the concerns of African-Americans that suffer under high crime rates and rely on a strong police force.[14][15]
See also
References
- ^ Time . "Limousine Liberal Hypocrisy" by Charles Krauthammer. Published March 16, 2007.
- ^ "Davis Guggenheim, Looking For A Hero At Your House". NPR. (hosts: David Greene and Robert Siegel; interview of Davis Guggenheim, the director of a documentary [movie] called "Waiting for Superman" conducted by co-host Melissa Block; including [briefly] a mini interview with a fifth grader living in East L.A. named "Daisy" -- also by Melissa Block); also, an interview with Steven Farr, (Chief Knowledge Officer, Teach for America) also conducted by co-host Melissa Block.
Mr. FARR: [...] What they're aiming for is a room where all the students are so invested in wanting to learn, they're monitoring themselves. And I had this wonderful experience in Houston one time, where there was a fifth-grade girl. She was doing some work in this classroom with an amazing teacher. And I crouched down by the girl and I asked her: Could you just tell me a little bit about what you're learning?
And she said: You know, could you ask me later? I'm kind of busy. [...]
BLOCK: She just didn't have time for you.
Mr. FARR: No, it was fantastic. I loved it.
(Soundbite of laughter){{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ David Callahan (2010). Fortunes of Change: The Rise of the Liberal Rich and the Remaking of America. John Wiley & Sons. p. 123.
- ^ The New York Times. "Mayoral Follies, The 1969 Edition " Published January 25, 1998.
- ^ The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and His Struggle to Save New York by Vincent J. Cannato, page 428.
- ^ The Independent. "Obituary: John Lindsay " Archived 2008-01-07 at the Wayback Machine.Written December 22, 2000 by Rupert Cornwell.
- ^ "A liberal interpretation: The current definition of right- and left-" Archived 2008-01-07 at the Wayback Machine by Geoffrey Nunberg. Chicago Sun-Times. Published July 30, 2006.
- ^ "News/Features". Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
- ^ Dealey, Sam (February 11, 2002). "Sheila Jackson Lee, Limousine Liberal". The Weekly Standard. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ Kornacki, Steve (May 28, 2007). "Is Edwards An Easy Mark?". The New York Observer. Archived from the original on January 7, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
- ^ Steve Fraser (2016). The Limousine Liberal: How an Incendiary Image United the Right and Fractured America. Basic Books. p. 4. ISBN 9780465055661.
- ^ "The Post and Courier | Charleston SC, News, Sports, Entertainment". Charleston.net. May 16, 2013. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
- ^ Hart, Ron (February 8, 2009). "Future generations will pay for our mistakes". Newsherald.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved June 4, 2013.|
- ^ Joe Concha (September 8, 2020). "MSNBC's Sharpton: Defunding police 'something a latte liberal may go for'". The Hill. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
- ^ Justin Baragona (September 8, 2020). "Al Sharpton: Defund the Police Is Just Something 'Latte Liberals' Support". The Daily Beast. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
Further reading
- Francia, Peter L., et al. "Limousine liberals and corporate conservatives: The financial constituencies of the democratic and republican parties." Social Science Quarterly 86.4 (2005): 761–778.
- Fraser, Steve. The Limousine Liberal: How an Incendiary Image United the Right and Fractured America (Basic, 2016). viii, 291 pp.
- Stark, Andrew. "Limousine liberals, welfare conservatives: On belief, interest, and inconsistency in democratic discourse." Political Theory 25.4 (1997): 475–501.