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{{short description|Major business district in Île-de-France, France}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} |
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<!-- Infobox begins --> |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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|official_name |
| official_name = La Défense |
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| type = [[Central business district]] |
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|other_name = <sub></sub> |
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| image_skyline = La Défense Collage.jpg |
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|native_name = |
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| imagesize = 280px |
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|nickname = |
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| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''': La Défense skyline at night; [[La Défense station]]; Esplanade with [[Grande Arche]]; ''[[La Défense de Paris]]'' |
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|settlement_type = |
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| image_flag = |
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|motto = |
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| flag_size = 100px |
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|image_skyline = Esplanade-de-la-defense.jpg |
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| image_shield = |
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|imagesize = 240px |
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| shield_size = 100px |
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|image_caption = La Défense by night |
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| image_blank_emblem = |
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|image_flag = |
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| blank_emblem_type = <!-- defaults to Logo --> |
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|flag_size = 100px |
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| blank_emblem_size = |
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|image_shield = |
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| blank_emblem_alt = |
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|shield_size = 100px |
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| image_map = |
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|image_blank_emblem = |
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| mapsize = 200px |
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|blank_emblem_type = <!-- defaults to Logo --> |
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| map_caption = |
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|blank_emblem_size = |
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| pushpin_map = Paris#France |
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|blank_emblem_alt = |
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| pushpin_label_position = |
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|image_map = |
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| pushpin_map_caption = |
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|mapsize = 200px |
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| pushpin_mapsize = |
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|map_caption = |
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| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
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|pushpin_map = |
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| subdivision_name = France |
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|pushpin_label_position = |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of France|Region]] |
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|pushpin_map_caption = |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Île-de-France]] |
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|pushpin_mapsize = |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[Departments of France|Department]] |
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|coordinates_region = FR |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Hauts-de-Seine]] |
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|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]] |
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| government_type = |
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|subdivision_name = France |
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| leader_title = |
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|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of France|Région]] |
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| leader_name = |
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|subdivision_name1 = [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] |
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| established_title = |
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|subdivision_type2 = [[Departements of France|Département]] |
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| established_date = |
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|subdivision_name2 = [[Hauts-de-Seine]] |
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| parts_type = [[Communes of France|Communes]] |
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|government_type = |
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| parts_style = |
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|leader_title = |
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| parts = |
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|leader_name = |
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| p1 = [[Courbevoie]] |
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|established_title = |
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| p2 = [[La Garenne-Colombes]] |
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|established_date = |
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| p3 = [[Nanterre]] |
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|parts_type = |
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| p4 = [[Puteaux]] |
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|parts_style = |
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| unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |
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|parts = |
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| area_footnotes = |
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|p1 = [[Courbevoie]] |
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| area_total_km2 = 5.6 |
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|p2 = [[Nanterre]] |
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| area_land_km2 = |
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|p3 = [[Puteaux]] |
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| area_water_km2 = |
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|area_magnitude = 1 E6 |
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| area_water_percent = |
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|unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |
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| area_urban_km2 = |
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|area_footnotes = |
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| area_metro_km2 = |
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|area_total_km2 = 14 |
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| population_as_of = 2022 |
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|area_land_km2 = |
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| population_footnotes = |
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|area_water_km2 = |
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| population_note = |
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|area_water_percent = |
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| population_total = 50,000<ref name="Key figures">{{cite web |url=https://parisladefense.com/en/territory-strategy/key-figures |title=Key figures |website=ParisLaDefense.com |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref> |
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|area_urban_km2 = |
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| population_density_km2 = |
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|area_metro_km2 = |
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| population_metro = |
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|population_as_of = 2006 |
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| population_urban = |
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|population_footnotes = |
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| population_blank1_title = |
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|population_note = |
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| population_blank1 = |
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|population_total = 20.000 |
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| population_blank2_title = |
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|population_density_km2 = |
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| population_blank2 = |
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|population_metro = |
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| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
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|population_urban = |
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| utc_offset = +1 |
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|population_blank1_title = |
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| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |
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|population_blank1 = |
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| utc_offset_DST = +2 |
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|population_blank2_title = |
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| coordinates = |
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|population_blank2 = |
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| elevation_footnotes = |
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|timezone = [[Central European Time|UTC+01:00]] |
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| elevation_min_m = |
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|utc_offset = |
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| elevation_max_m = |
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|timezone_DST = |
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| postal_code_type = |
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|utc_offset_DST = |
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| postal_code = 92 |
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|latd = |
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| area_code = |
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|longd = |
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| blank_name = |
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|coordinates_display = |
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| blank_info = |
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|elevation_footnotes = |
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| blank1_name = |
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|elevation_min_m = |
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| blank1_info = |
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|elevation_max_m = |
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| blank2_name = |
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|postal_code_type = |
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| blank2_info = |
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|postal_code = |
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| website = {{URL|https://parisladefense.com}} |
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|area_code = |
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| footnotes = |
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|blank_name = |
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|blank_info = |
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|blank1_name = |
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|blank1_info = |
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|blank2_name = |
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|blank2_info = |
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|website = {{URL|http://www.ladefense.fr/}} |
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|footnotes = |
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}}<!-- Infobox ends --> |
}}<!-- Infobox ends --> |
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'''La Défense''' ( |
'''La Défense''' ({{IPA-fr|la de.fɑ̃s|lang}}) is the major [[business district]] in France's [[Paris metropolitan area]], {{Convert|3|km|mi}} west of the [[city limits]]. It is located in [[Île-de-France]] region's [[Departments of France|department]] of [[Hauts-de-Seine]] in the [[Communes of France|communes]] of [[Courbevoie]], [[La Garenne-Colombes]], [[Nanterre]], and [[Puteaux]]. |
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La Défense is Europe's largest purpose-built business district, covering {{convert|560|ha}}, for 180,000 daily workers,<ref name="Key figures"/><ref name="VilleCourbevoie">{{Cite web |title=La Défense, Tout sur ce quartier d'exception |url=https://www.ville-courbevoie.fr/1469/la-defense-le-1er-quartier-d-affaire-europeen.htm |publisher=Ville de Courbevoie |access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref> with 72 glass and steel buildings (of which 20 are completed [[skyscraper]]s, out of 24 in the Paris region), and {{convert|3500000|m2}} of office space. Around its [[Grande Arche]] and [[Parvis de la Défense|esplanade]] ("le Parvis"), La Défense contains many of the Paris [[Paris aire urbaine|urban area]]'s [[List of tallest buildings in France|tallest high-rises.]] [[Les Quatre Temps|Westfield Les Quatre Temps]], a large shopping mall in La Défense, has 220 stores, 48 restaurants and a 24-screen movie theatre.<ref name="ParisDigest">{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=La Défense near Paris. Shopping. Map. |url=https://www.parisdigest.com/business/ladefense.htm |access-date=2018-10-19 |publisher=Paris Digest}}</ref> |
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Around its {{convert|110|m|ft|adj=on}}-high [[Grande Arche]] and [[esplanade]] ("le Parvis"), the district holds many of the Paris urban area's tallest high-rises. With its {{convert|77.5|acre|m2}}, its 72 glass-and-steel slick buildings including 14 high-rises above {{convert|150|m|ft|}}, its 180,000 daily workers and 3.5 million square metres (37.7 million sq ft) of office space, La Défense is Europe's largest purpose-built business district. La Défense is seen as comparable to [[Canary Wharf]] in London: both are spaces where "statements of corporate ambition can be made", without thereby encroaching on the historical quarters of the city.<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/architecture_and_design/article3285513.ece You’re scraping wrong part of the sky, Prince tells architects] From The Times 1 February 2008, Alan Hamilton</ref> |
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[[Paris La Défense Arena]], the largest [[indoor arena]] in Europe, was inaugurated in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://parisladefense.com/en/discover/towers/paris-la-defense-arena |title=Paris La Défense Arena, Europe's largest indoor arena |date=2 March 2019 |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> |
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The district is located at the westernmost extremity of the {{Convert|10|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} ''[[Axe historique]]'' ("historical axis") of [[Paris]], which starts at the [[Louvre]] in Central Paris and continues along the [[Champs-Élysées]], well beyond the [[Arc de Triomphe]] along the [[Avenue de la Grande Armée]] before culminating at La Défense. The district is centred in an [[orbital motorway]] straddling the [[Hauts-de-Seine]] [[departments of France|department]] [[Communes of France|communes]] of [[Courbevoie]], [[La Garenne-Colombes]], [[Nanterre]] and [[Puteaux]]. La Défense is primarily a business district and hosts a population of 50,000 permanent residents and 75,000 students.<ref name="Key figures"/><ref name=VilleCourbevoie /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fallon |first=Steve |title=Paris |last2=Annabel Hart |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2006 |isbn=1-74059-849-0 |location=Footscray, Victoria |page=155}}</ref> La Défense is also visited by 8,000,000 tourists each year<ref name=VilleCourbevoie /> and houses an [[open-air museum]].<ref name="Open-air museum" /> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:La |
[[File:La Grande Arche de la Défense and the Yaacov Agam Fountain (1977).jpg|thumb|290px|La [[Grande Arche]] de la Défense and the [[Yaacov Agam]] Fountain (1977). The bronze sculpture on the left, seen from the rear, is ''[[La Défense de Paris]]'' by [[Louis-Ernest Barrias]], after which La Défense is named.]] |
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[[File: |
[[File:Eiffel Tower from the Tour Montparnasse 3, Paris May 2014.jpg|thumb|290px|[[Paris]], with the skyscrapers of La Défense in the background and the [[Eiffel Tower]] in the foreground taken in 2014]] |
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[[File:Grande Arche de La Défense et fontaine.jpg|thumb|290px|The [[Grande Arche]] is the central and defining building of ''La Défense''. It is, with the [[Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile]] and the [[Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel]], the third arch on the [[Axe historique|Historical Axis of Paris]].]] |
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[[Image:DEFENSE4.JPG|thumb|Images of [[Charlie Chaplin]] being projected onto the towers during Jean Michel Jarre's Paris La Defense concert]] |
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La Défense is named after the statue ''[[La Défense de Paris]]'' by [[Louis-Ernest Barrias]], which was erected in 1883 to commemorate the soldiers who had [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)|defended Paris]] during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. |
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[[Image:16th arrondissement paris.jpg|thumb|300px|La Défense as seen from the [[Eiffel Tower]].]] |
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[[Image:La Defense rascacielos.jpg|thumb|300px|La Défense viewed across the [[Bois de Boulogne]].]] |
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In September 1958, the {{ill|Établissement public pour l'aménagement de la région de la Défense|lt=Public Establishment for Installation of La Défense|fr}} (EPAD) buildings (of which the [[Esso Tower]] was the first) were constructed and began to slowly replace the city's factories, shanties, and even a few farms. The [[Centre of New Industries and Technologies]] (CNIT) was built and first used in 1958. These "first generation" skyscrapers were all very similar in appearance, limited to a height of {{convert|100|m|ft}}. In 1966, the [[Nobel Tower]] was the first office skyscraper built in the area. In 1970, the [[Réseau express régional|RER]] [[RER A|line A]] railway was opened from [[La Défense (station)|La Défense]] to [[Charles de Gaulle – Étoile (Paris Métro and RER)|Étoile]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portrait of the RER A |url=https://www.ratp.fr/en/travaux-ete-rer/portrait-rer |access-date=2018-01-31 |publisher=RATP}}</ref> In 1974, a contract for a Défense-[[Cergy]] [[aérotrain|high-speed hovercraft train]] was signed and soon abandoned. |
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La Défense is named after the iconic statue ''La Défense de Paris'', which was erected in 1883 to commemorate the soldiers who had [[Siege of Paris|defended Paris]] during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. The name of the area sometimes causes confusion with visitors, who occasionally assume it is some kind of military zone or establishment.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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In the early 1970s, in response to great demand, a second generation of buildings began to appear, but the [[1973 oil crisis|economic crisis in 1973]] nearly halted all construction in the area. A third generation of towers began to appear in the early 1980s. The biggest shopping centre in Europe (at the time), the ''Quatre Temps'', was created in 1981. In 1982, the EPAD launched the ''Tête Défense'' competition to find a monument to complete the ''[[Axe historique]]'', which eventually led to the construction of [[Grande Arche]] at the west end of the quarter. During the same period, hotels were constructed, the CNIT was restructured, and in 1992, [[Paris Métro Line 1|Line 1]] of the [[Paris Métro]] was extended to La Défense, which made the area readily accessible to more of the city.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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In September 1958, The Public Establishment for Installation of La Défense (EPAD) buildings (of which the [[Esso Tower]] was the very first) were built and began to slowly replace the city's factories, shanties, and even a few farms. The [[Center of New Industries and Technologies]] (CNIT) was built and first used in 1958. These "first generation" skyscrapers were all very similar in appearance, limited to a height of {{convert|100|m|ft}}. In 1966, the [[Nobel Tower]] was the first office building built in the area. In 1970 the [[Réseau express régional|RER]] [[RER A|line A]] railway was opened from [[La Défense (station)|La Défense]] to [[Charles de Gaulle - Étoile (Paris Métro and RER)|Étoile]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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On [[Bastille Day]] 1990, French electronic composer [[Jean-Michel Jarre]] staged an ambitious concert at the site, using the Grande Arche and three of the area's towers as projection screens, and building a pyramidal stage above the road. The free concert, titled [[Paris la Défense]], attracted two million spectators, stretching all the way back to the [[Arc de Triomphe]]. This beat Jarre's own previous world record for the largest attendance for a musical concert. |
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In the early 1970s, in response to great demand, a second generation of buildings began to appear, but the economic crisis in 1973 nearly halted all construction in the area. A third generation of towers began to appear in the early 1980s. The biggest commercial centre in Europe (at the time), the ''Quatre Temps'', was created in 1981. In 1982, the EPAD launched the ''Tête Défense'' competition to find a monument to complete the ''[[Axe historique]]'', which eventually led to the construction of [[Grande Arche]] at the west end of the quarter. During the same period, hotels were constructed, the CNIT was restructured, and in 1992 [[Paris Métro Line 1|Line 1]] of the [[Paris Métro]] was extended to La Défense, which made the area readily accessible to even more of the city.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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After Jean Michel Jarre, German DJ [[Sash!]] and the singer [[La Trec]] set the video clip for their song ''Stay'' at La Défense in 1997. |
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After a stagnation in new development in the mid-1990s, La Défense is once again expanding and is now the largest purpose-built business district in Europe. |
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[[Image:Grande Arche de La Défense et fontaine.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Grande Arche]] (here at night) is the central and iconic building of ''La Défense''. It is, with the [[Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile]] and the [[Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel]], the third arch on the ''[[Axe historique]]'' of Paris.]] |
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Major corporations headquartered at La Défense include [[Neuf Cegetel]], [[Société Générale]], [[TotalEnergies]], [[Aventis]], [[Areva]], and [[Arcelor]]. The tallest skyscraper, the [[Tour First]] belongs to [[AXA]], constructed in 1974. It is {{convert|231|m|ft}} high, has 50 floors, and is the highest inhabited building in the Paris area. This title was previously held by the [[Tour Montparnasse]], which was the tallest inhabited building until the Tour First was renovated between 2007 and 2011, bringing it to its current height from a previous {{convert|159|m|ft}}; the tallest structure in Paris is the [[Eiffel Tower]]. |
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On [[Bastille Day]] 1990, French electronic composer [[Jean Michel Jarre]] staged an ambitious concert at the site, using the Grande Arche and three of the area's towers as projection screens, and building a pyramidal stage above the road. The free concert, titled simply [[Paris la Defense]] attracted two million spectators, stretching all the way back to the [[Arc de Triomphe]]. This beat Jarre's own previous world record for the largest attendance for a musical concert. |
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On 9 September 2008, La Défense celebrated its 50th anniversary with a huge [[fireworks]] display.<ref>[http://www.rfi.fr/francefr/articles/105/article_72229.asp "La Défense : 50 ans d'histoire"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119074805/http://www.rfi.fr/francefr/articles/105/article_72229.asp |date=19 January 2017 }} 9 November 2008, Danielle Birck {{in lang|fr}}</ref> |
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After a stagnation in new development in the mid-1990s La Défense is once again expanding and is now the largest purpose-built business district in Europe. |
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In December 2005, [[:fr:Bernard Bled|Bernard Bled]], CEO and chairman of EPAD (La Defense Management and Development Office) announced an ambitious nine-year development plan called [[:fr:Projet La Défense 2015|"La Defense 2006–2015"]]. This important modernisation plan has to give a new dimension to the district and focuses on four main axes: regenerate outdated skyscrapers, allow new buildings, improve the balance between offices and residential housing, and make the transport of local employees from their homes to La Défense easier. There are three aims: building {{convert|150000|m2|ft2}} of offices within demolition/rebuilding projects, building {{convert|300000|m2|ft2}} of offices within new projects, and building {{convert|100000|m2|ft2}} of housing. |
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Important corporations headquartered at La Défense include [[Neuf Cegetel]], [[Société Générale]], [[Total S.A.|Total]], [[Aventis]], [[Areva]] and [[Arcelor]]. The tallest skyscraper belongs to Total, constructed in 1985. It is {{convert|187|m|ft}} high, has 48 floors, and is the second highest inhabited building in the Paris area (the first being the ''[[Tour Montparnasse]]''; the tallest building in Paris is the [[Eiffel Tower]]). |
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In July 2006, the government confirmed this plan, which has to be carried out around 2015. It is justified by the strong estate pressure, which plays in favour of building new skyscrapers near Paris. Those constructions have the advantage of being more economical than small buildings. But it will have to overcome some difficulties: the French economy faces a short-term slowdown; the government is trying to balance tertiary sector employment in the whole region again, because today La Défense concentrates a major part of those jobs; and traffic is already saturated in the district, while it would need huge investments to extend transport infrastructures. |
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On 9 September 2008, La Défense celebrated its 50th birthday with a huge [[fireworks]] display.<ref>[http://www.rfi.fr/francefr/articles/105/article_72229.asp La Défense : 50 ans d’histoire] 9 November 2008, Danielle Birck {{fr icon}}</ref> |
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It launched high-profile international competitions and/or construction approval of several key {{convert|300|to|320|m|ft|adj=on}} tall sustainable development-style skyscrapers such as [[Tour Signal]], [[Phare (skyscraper)|Tour Phare]], [[Hermitage Plaza]], and [[Tour Generali]]. During said December 2005 Press Conference, EPAD released to the public an elaborate 3D animation film titled ''La Défense 2016''. |
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In December 2005, [[:fr:Bernard Bled|Bernard Bled]], CEO & Chairman of [http://www.ladefense.fr/ EPAD] (La Defense Management & Development Office) announced an ambitious 9-year development plan called [[:fr:Projet La Défense 2015|"La Defense 2006–2015"]].This important modernisation plan has to give a new dimension to the district and focuses on four main axes: regenerate outdated skyscrapers, allow new buildings, improve the balance between offices and residential housing and make the transport of local employees from their homes to La Défense easier. |
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There are 3 aims: building 150 000 square metres (1 600 000 sq ft) of offices within demolition/rebuilding projects, building 300 000 square metres (3 200 000 sq ft) of offices within new projects and building 100 000 square metres ( 1 100 000 sq ft) of housing. |
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[[File:Panorama La Défense.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|{{center|The district at night}}]] |
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The government confirmed in July 2006 this plan which has to be carried out around 2015. It is justified by the strong estate pressure, which plays in favour of building new skyscrapers near Paris. Those constructions have also the advantage to be more economical than little buildings. But it will have to overcome some difficulties: French economy faces a short-term slowdown; the government tries to balance tertiary sector employment in the whole region again, because La Défense today concentrates a major part of those jobs; and traffic is already saturated in the district, while it would need huge investments to extend transport infrastructures. |
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It launched high profile international competitions and/or construction greenlight of several key {{convert|300|to|320|m|ft|adj=on}} tall sustainable development-style skyscrapers such as [[Tour Signal]], [[Phare (skyscraper)|Tour Phare]], [[Hermitage Plaza]] and [[Tour Generali]]. During said December 2005 Press Conference, EPAD released to the public an elaborate 3D animation film titled "La Défense 2015". |
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== Education == |
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Paris La Défense brings together the cluster of [[Leonardo da Vinci University Center]], the IA Institut,<ref>[https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/ia-institut-s-apprete-a-devenir-un-pole-d-enseignement-de-reference-autour-des-datas-et-de-l-ia.N2188493 IA Institut s’apprête à devenir un pôle d’enseignement de référence autour des datas et de l’IA]</ref> a campus of [[École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées|EPITA]]<ref>[https://www.lemondeinformatique.fr/actualites/lire-le-ministere-des-armees-recrute-des-profils-cyber-a-l-epita-91780.html Le ministère des Armées recrute des profils cyber à l'Epita]</ref> and 4 [[business school]]s: [[EDC Paris Business School]], [[ESSEC Business School]], [[ICN Graduate Business School]] and [[IESEG School of Management]]<ref>[https://parisladefense.com/fr/download/kiosque/Guides_thematiques/etudier_a_paris_la_defense/etudier_a_paris_la_defense/assets/common/downloads/files/etudier_a_paris_la_defense.pdf ÉTUDIER]</ref> It is also home to the [[European School of Paris-La Défense]], an international primary and secondary school that was accredited as a [[Accredited European School|European School]] in 2020. |
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==Area specifications== |
==Area specifications== |
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* Divided into 4 major sectors<ref name="Key figures"/> |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2010}} |
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* {{convert|1400|acre|km2}}<ref name="Key figures"/> |
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*Divided into 12 sectors |
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* |
* {{convert|3500000|m2|sqft}} of offices<ref name="Key figures"/> |
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*{{convert| |
* {{convert|310000|m2|sqft}} of flagstone and sidewalk<ref name="Key figures"/> |
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* {{convert|245000|m2|sqft}} of shops (including the {{convert|140000|m2|sqft}} ''Westfield Les Quatre Temps'' Shopping Mall)<ref name="Key figures"/> |
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*1,500 businesses (of which 14 from the national top 20 and 15 from the global top 50) |
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* {{convert|110000|m2|sqft}} of greenery<ref name="Key figures"/> |
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*150,000 employees |
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* 180,000 employees<ref name="Key figures"/> |
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*20,000 residents |
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* 70,000 students<ref name="Key figures"/> |
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*{{convert|210000|m2|sqft}} of shops (including the {{convert|120000|m2|sqft}} ''Quatre Temps'' Shopping Mall, the largest in Continental Europe) |
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* 50,000 residents<ref name="Key figures"/> |
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*2,600 hotel rooms |
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* 2,600 hotel rooms<ref name="Key figures"/> |
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*{{convert|310000|m2|sqft}} of flagstone and sidewalk |
|||
* 1,500 businesses<ref name="Key figures"/> |
|||
*{{convert|110000|m2|sqft}} of greenery |
|||
* 500+ companies<ref name="Key figures"/> |
|||
*60 modern art sculptures and monuments |
|||
* 150 restaurants<ref name="Key figures"/> |
|||
* 61 [[skyscrapers]], 76m (250 ft) average building height<ref name="Key figures"/> |
|||
<gallery caption="" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4"> |
|||
File:Monument Défense Paris - Courbevoie (FR92) - 2023-09-16 - 1.jpg|The name of the district comes from the statue of ''[[La Défense de Paris]]'' by [[Louis-Ernest Barrias]] which commemorates the [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)|Parisian resistance]] during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. |
|||
File:La Défense, Paris, France at night.jpg|View from [[Arc de Triomphe]] at night. |
|||
File:La Défense and Bois de Boulogne from the Eiffel Tower, 11 June 2017 002.jpg|View from [[Eiffel Tower]]. |
|||
File:Centre commercial Les Quatre Temps.jpg|The Mall "[[Westfield Group|Westfield]] [[Les Quatre Temps]]", one of Europe's largest shopping center. |
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File:Skylight tower - La Défense - 2017-09-23.jpg|[[Tour Skylight|Skylight tower]]. |
|||
File:Western part of La Défense as seen from the Grande Arche - 2020-07-07.jpg|Western part of La Défense as seen from the Grande Arche. |
|||
File:La Défense from the top of the Grande Arche to the east - 2022-08-13.jpg|La Défense from the top of the Grande Arche. |
|||
</gallery> |
|||
==Open-air museum== |
|||
Besides the representative architecture, the area also houses an [[open-air museum]] with 70 statues and pieces of [[modern art]],<ref name="Open-air museum">''[http://www.ladefense.fr/fr/kiosque/guide-oeuvres-en La Défense > Artworks: Guide 2013]''. Leaflet published by Defacto, Établissement public de gestion du quartier d'affaires de la Défense.</ref> including the following works: |
|||
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}} |
|||
*[[César Baldaccini|César]], ''Thumb'' (1965) |
|||
*[[Joan Miró]], ''Two fantastic characters'' (1976) |
|||
*[[Alexander Calder]], ''Red Spider'' (1976) |
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*[[Yaacov Agam]], ''Fountain'' (1977) |
|||
*[[Richard Serra]], ''Slat'' (1982) |
|||
*[[Shelomo Selinger]], ''The Dance'' (1983) |
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*[[Bernar Venet]], ''Two Indeterminate Lines'' (1988) |
|||
*[[Panayiotis Vassilakis|Takis]], ''Bright Trees'' (1990) |
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*[[Igor Mitoraj]], ''Tindaro'' (1997) |
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*[[Emily Young]], ''Four Heads'' (2002) |
|||
*[[Patrick Blanc]], ''Green wall'' (2006) |
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*[[Louis-Ernest Barrias]], ''La Défense de Paris'' (1883) |
|||
*[[François Morellet]], ''La Défonce'' (1990)<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Défonce | Defacto – Quartier d'affaires de la Defense |url=http://www.ladefense.fr/en/oeuvres-d-art/la-defonce |access-date=2016-02-20 |website=Ladefense.fr}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Guillaume Bottazzi]], ''Peinture de 216 m<sup>2</sup>'' (2014)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-30 |title=Une oeuvre géante de Guillaume Bottazzi à La Défense | Defacto – Quartier d'affaires de la Defense |url=http://www.ladefense.fr/en/une-oeuvre-geante-de-guillaume-bottazzi-la-defense |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311172128/http://www.ladefense.fr/en/une-oeuvre-geante-de-guillaume-bottazzi-la-defense |archive-date=11 March 2016 |access-date=2016-02-20 |website=Ladefense.fr}}</ref> |
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{{div col end}} |
|||
<gallery widths="150" heights="150" perrow="4" mode="packed"> |
|||
File:Bottazzi-public-art-la-defense-france.jpg|[[Guillaume Bottazzi]], ''Untitled'', c. 2014 |
|||
</gallery> |
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==Highrise buildings== |
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<gallery widths="150" heights="180" perrow="5" mode="packed"> |
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File:Tour First - La Defense - Inauguration 6 mai 2011.jpg|[[Tour First]] |
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File:Tour-Total.jpg|[[Tour Total]] |
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File:Areva1.jpg|[[Tour Areva]] |
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File:Tour Trinity La Défense France.jpg|[[Tour Trinity]] |
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</gallery> |
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===Completed highrise buildings above 50 m (164 ft) (1967–2024)=== |
|||
== La Défense tallest towers == |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:#999; background:light gray;" |
|||
=== Completed highrise buildings above 90 m (300 ft) (1967–2008) === |
|||
|- style="background:#eee; text-align:center;" |
|||
{| class="wikitable" border="0" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#FFFFFF" |
|||
| rowspan="2" | <span style="color:#111;">'''Name'''</span> || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <span style="color:#111;">'''Built'''</span> || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <span style="color:#111;">'''Use'''</span> || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <span style="color:#111;">'''Height'''</span> || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <span style="color:#111;">'''Levels'''</span> || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <span style="color:#111;">'''Municipality'''</span> |
|||
|+ |
|||
|- style="background:#eee; text-align:center;" |
|||
|- bgcolor=#BDBBD7 |
|||
| style="width:45px;" | <span style="color:#111;">'''metres'''</span> || style="width:45px; text-align:center;" | <span style="color:#111;">'''feet'''</span> |
|||
| rowspan=2 | <font color=#000080>'''Rank'''</font> || rowspan=2 align="center" | <font color=#000080>'''Name'''</font> || rowspan=2 align="center" | <font color=#000080>'''Built''' || rowspan=2 align="center" | <font color=#000080>'''Use'''</font> || colspan=2 align="center" | <font color=#000080>'''Height'''</font> || rowspan=2 align="center" | <font color=#000080>'''Levels'''</font> || rowspan=2 align="center" | <font color=#000080>'''Municipality'''</font> |
|||
|- bgcolor=#BDBBD7 |
|||
| style="width:45px" align="center" | <font color=#000080>'''metres'''</font> || style="width:45px" align="center" | <font color=#000080>'''feet'''</font> |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| align="right" bgcolor="#EDECFF" | 1 || [[Tour First]] (ex AXA, ex Assur) || 1974/2010 || office || 231 || 787 || 55 || [[Courbevoie]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour First]] (formerly tour AXA) || 1974/2011 || office || 231 || 758 || 50 || [[Courbevoie]] |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| align="right" bgcolor="#EDECFF" | 3 || [[Tour T1]] (GDF Suez) || 2008 || office || 185 || 610 || 37 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour Hekla]] || 2022 || office || 220 || 722 || 51 || [[Puteaux]] |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| align="right" bgcolor="#EDECFF" | 5 || [[Tour Granite]] (Société Générale) || 2008 || office || 183 || 603 || 37 || [[Nanterre]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour Majunga]] || 2014 || office || 194 || 636 || 47 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| [[Tour Total]] (Coupole) || 1985 || office || 187 || 614 || 48 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour T1|Tour Engie]] (T1) || 2008 || office || 185 || 607 || 37 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour Granite]] (Société Générale) || 2008 || office || 184 || 600 || 37 || [[Nanterre]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour Gan|Tour CB21]] (formerly tour Gan) || 1974 || office || 179 || 587 || 42 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour Areva]] || 1974 || office || 178 || 584 || 44 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour Saint-Gobain]] || 2020 || office || 178 || 584 || 39 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour D2]] || 2014 || office || 171 || 561 || 37 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour Alicante]] (Société Générale) || 1995 || office || 167 || 548 || 37 || Nanterre |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour Chassagne]] (Société Générale) || 1995 || office || 167 || 548 || 37 || Nanterre |
| [[Tour Chassagne]] (Société Générale) || 1995 || office || 167 || 548 || 37 || Nanterre |
||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| align="right" bgcolor="#EDECFF" | 9 || [[Tour EDF]] || 2001 || office || 165 || 541 || 41 || [[Puteaux]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour EDF]] || 2001 || office || 165 || 541 || 41 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| [[Tour Carpe Diem]] || 2013 || office || 162 || 531 || 38 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Cœur Défense]] || 2001 || office || 161 || 528 || 40 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour Alto]] || 2020 || office || 160 || 525 || 38 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour Adria]] (Technip) || 2002 || office || 155 || 509 || 40 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour Égée]] (Ernst&Young) || 1999 || office || 155 || 509 || 40 || Courbevoie |
| [[Tour Égée]] (Ernst&Young) || 1999 || office || 155 || 509 || 40 || Courbevoie |
||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| align="right" bgcolor="#EDECFF" | 13 || [[Tour Ariane]] || 1975 || office || 152 || 499 || 36 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour Ariane]] || 1975 || office || 152 || 499 || 36 || Puteaux |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| align="right" bgcolor="#EDECFF" | 15 || [[Tour Défense 2000]] || 1974 || residential || 136 || 446 || 46 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour Trinity]] || 2020 || office || 151 || 495 || 32 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| align="right" bgcolor="#EDECFF" | 17 || [[Tour Descartes]] (IBM) || 1988 || office || 130 || 427 || 40 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour CBX|Tour Dexia]] (CBX) || 2005 || office || 142 || 466 || 36 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| align="right" bgcolor="#EDECFF" | 19 || [[Tour France]] || 1973 || residential || 126 || 413 || 40 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour Europlaza]] || 1995 || office || 135 || 443 || 31 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| align="right" bgcolor="#EDECFF" rowspan="2" | 21 || [[Tour Sequoia]] (Bull, Cegetel, SFR) || 1990 || office || 119 || 390 || 33 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour |
| [[Tour Défense 2000]] || 1974 || residential || 134 || 440 || 47 || Puteaux |
||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| align="right" bgcolor="#EDECFF" rowspan="2" | 23 || [[Tour Michelet]] (Total) || 1985 || office || 117 || 384 || 34 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour |
| [[Tour Descartes|Tour Eqho]] (formerly tour Descartes) || 1988 || office || 130 || 427 || 40 || Courbevoie |
||
|- |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| [[Tour Les Poissons]] || 1970 || mixed || 129.5 || 425 || 42 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour France]] || 1973 || residential || 126 || 413 || 40 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour Franklin]] || 1972 || office || 120 || 394 || 33 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour Sequoia]] (Bull, Cegetel, SFR) || 1990 || office || 119 || 390 || 33 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour W|Tour Winterthur]] || 1973 || office || 119 || 390 || 33 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour CGI]] (CB16) || 2003 || office || 117 || 384 || 32 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour Neptune]] || 1972 || office || 113 || 371 || 28 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Préfecture des Hauts-de-Seine]] || 1974 || office || 113 || 371 || 25 || Nanterre |
| [[Préfecture des Hauts-de-Seine]] || 1974 || office || 113 || 371 || 25 || Nanterre |
||
|- |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| [[Grande Arche]] || 1989 || monument, office || 110 || 361 || 37 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour Manhattan]] || 1975 || office || 110 || 361 || 32 || Courbevoie |
| [[Tour Manhattan]] || 1975 || office || 110 || 361 || 32 || Courbevoie |
||
|- |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| [[Tour Aurore]] || 1970 || office || 110 || 361 || 29 || Courbevoie |
| [[Tour Aurore]] || 1970 || office || 110 || 361 || 29 || Courbevoie |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour Eve]] || 1975 || mixed || 109 || 358 || 30 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| [[Tour Initiale]] || 1967 || office || 109 || 358 || 30 || Puteaux |
| [[Tour Initiale]] || 1967 || office || 109 || 358 || 30 || Puteaux |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| [[L'archipel]] || 2021 || office || 106 || 353 || 24 || Nanterre |
||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| Tour Nuage 2, Tours Aillaud || 1976 || residential || 105 || 344 || 39 || Nanterre |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| Tour Nuage 1, [[Tours Aillaud]] || 1976 || residential || 105 || 344 || 39 || Nanterre |
||
|- |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| |
| Tour Nuage 2, [[Tours Aillaud]] || 1976 || residential || 105 || 344 || 39 || Nanterre |
||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour Gambetta]] || 1975 || residential || 104 || 341 || 37 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour Cèdre]] || 1998 || office || 103 || 338 || 26 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour Opus 12]] || 1973 || office || 100 || 328 || 27 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="right" bgcolor="#EDECFF" rowspan="2" | 36 || [[Tour Opus12]] || 1973 || office || 100 || 328 || 27 || Puteaux |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| [[Tour Athéna]] || 1984 || office || 100 || 328 || 25 || Puteaux |
| [[Tour Athéna]] || 1984 || office || 100 || 328 || 25 || Puteaux |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour Europe]] || 1969 || office || 99 || 325 || 28 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| [[Tour AIG]] || 1967 || office || 99 || 325 || 27 || Courbevoie |
| [[Tour AIG]] || 1967 || office || 99 || 325 || 27 || Courbevoie |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour Prisma]] (Tour Kvaerner) || 1998 || office || 97 || 318 || 25 || Courbevoie |
|||
|- |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| |
| [[Tour Atlantique]] || 1970 || office || 95 || 312 || 27 || Puteaux |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour Pascal]] || 1983 || office || 95 || 312 || 27 || Puteaux |
| [[Tour Pascal]] || 1983 || office || 95 || 312 || 27 || Puteaux |
||
|- |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| [[Tour Pacific]] || 1992 || office || 90 || 295 || 25 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour Skylight|Skylight]] || 2017 || residential || 76 || 249 || 19 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Rose de Cherbourg]] residence ||2018 || housing || 75 || 246 || 20 || Puteaux |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tour Eria]] || 2021 || mix || 59.35 || 195 || 13 || Puteaux |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
=== |
===Upcoming highrise buildings (2024–2027)=== |
||
{| class="wikitable |
{| class="wikitable" style="border:#999; background:light gray;" |
||
|- style="background:#eee; text-align:center;" |
|||
|+ |
|||
| rowspan="2" | <span style="color:#111;">'''Name'''</span> || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | <span style="color:#111;">'''Use'''</span> || style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | <span style="color:#111;">'''Height'''</span> || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | <span style="color:#111;">'''Levels'''</span> || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | <span style="color:#111;">'''Municipality'''</span> || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | <span style="color:#111;">'''Status '''</span> || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | <span style="color:#111;">'''Estimated Year of Completion'''</span> |
|||
|- bgcolor=#BDBBD7 |
|||
|- style="background:#eee; text-align:center;" |
|||
| align=center rowspan=2 | <font color=#000080>'''Name'''</font> || align=center rowspan=2 | <font color=#000080>'''Use'''</font> || align=center colspan=2 | <font color=#000080>'''Height'''</font> || align=center rowspan=2 | <font color=#000080>'''Levels'''</font> || align=center rowspan=2 | <font color=#000080>'''Municipality'''</font> || align=center rowspan=2 | <font color=#000080>'''Status (2008)'''</font> || align=center rowspan=2 | <font color=#000080>'''Estimated Year of Completion'''</font> |
|||
| style="width:50px;" | <span style="color:#111;">'''metres'''</span> || style="text-align:center; width:50px;" | <span style="color:#111;">'''feet'''</span> |
|||
|- bgcolor=#BDBBD7 |
|||
|- |
|||
| align=center width=50px | <font color=#000080>'''metres'''</font> || align=center width=50px | <font color=#000080>'''feet'''</font> |
|||
| [[The Link (skyscraper)|The Link]] || office || style="text-align:center;" | 244 || style="text-align:center;" | 801 || style="text-align:center;" | 52 || style="text-align:center;" | Puteaux || style="text-align:center;" | ''under construction'' || style="text-align:center;" | 2025 |
|||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Hermitage Plaza]] II || mix || align=center rowspan=1 | 323 || align=center rowspan=1 | 1,060 || align=center rowspan=1 | 93 || align=center rowspan=1 | Courbevoie ||align=center rowspan=1 |''approved''|| align=center rowspan=1 | 2016 |
|||
| [[Tours Sisters|Tour Sister 1]] || office || style="text-align:center;" | 229 || style="text-align:center;" | 718 || style="text-align:center;" | 55 || style="text-align:center;" | Courbevoie || style="text-align:center;" | ''approved'' || style="text-align:center;" | 2027 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[ |
| [[Tour des Jardins de l'Arche]] || office & hotel || style="text-align:center;" | 210 || style="text-align:center;" | 656 || style="text-align:center;" | 54 || style="text-align:center;" | Nanterre || style="text-align:center;" | ''approved'' || style="text-align:center;" | 2027 |
||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| [[Tour Phare]] || office || align=center rowspan=1 | 297 || align=center rowspan=1 | 974 || align=center rowspan=1 | 68 || align=center rowspan=1 | Courbevoie || align=center rowspan=1 | ''approved''|| align=center rowspan=1 | 2016 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour |
| [[Tours Odyssey|Tour C/ (Odyssey)]] || office || style="text-align:center;" | 187 || style="text-align:center;" | 613 || style="text-align:center;" | 42 || style="text-align:center;" | Courbevoie || style="text-align:center;" | ''approved'' || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 |
||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| [[Tour Air²]] || office || align=center rowspan=1 | 202 || align=center rowspan=1 | 720 || align=center rowspan=1 | 43 || align=center rowspan=1 | Courbevoie || align=center rowspan=1 | ''approved''<ref name="businessimmo"/>|| align=center rowspan=1 | 2014 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tour |
| [[Tours Odyssey|Tour O/ (Odyssey)]] || mix || style="text-align:center;" | 174 || style="text-align:center;" | 570 || style="text-align:center;" | 33 || style="text-align:center;" | Courbevoie || style="text-align:center;" | ''approved'' || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 |
||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| [[Tour D2]] || office || align=center rowspan=1 | 171 || align=center rowspan=1 | 574 || align=center rowspan=1 | 37 || align=center rowspan=1 | Courbevoie || align=center rowspan=1 | ''approved''<ref name="businessimmo"/>|| align=center rowspan=1 | 2013 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[ |
| [[Tours Sisters|Tours Sister 2]] || office || style="text-align:center;" | 131 || style="text-align:center;" | 396 || style="text-align:center;" | 26 || style="text-align:center;" | Courbevoie || style="text-align:center;" | ''approved'' || style="text-align:center;" | 2027 |
||
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |
|||
| [[Tour AVA]] || office || align=center rowspan=1 | 143 || align=center rowspan=1 | 459 || align=center rowspan=1 | 34 || align=center rowspan=1 | Courbevoie || align=center rowspan=1 | ''approved''|| align=center rowspan=1 | 2013 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[ |
| [[Tours Odyssey|Tour D/ (Odyssey)]] || mix || style="text-align:center;" | 101 || style="text-align:center;" | 331 || style="text-align:center;" | ? || style="text-align:center;" | Courbevoie || style="text-align:center;" | ''approved'' || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 |
||
|} |
|} |
||
===Canceled projects=== |
===Canceled projects=== |
||
# [[Tour Sans Fins]] (1989): {{convert|425|m|ft|abbr=on}} |
# [[Tour Sans Fins]] (1989): {{convert|425|m|ft|abbr=on}} |
||
# [[Hermitage Plaza]] (2022): {{convert|323|m|ft|abbr=on}} |
|||
# [[Tour Generali]] (2011): {{convert|319|m|ft|abbr=on}} |
|||
# [[Tour Signal]] (2009): {{convert|301|m|ft|abbr=on}} |
|||
# [[Tour Phare]] (2018): {{convert|296|m|ft|abbr=on}} |
|||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
{{Portal| |
{{Portal|France}} |
||
*[[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region]] |
* [[Paris La Défense Arena]] |
||
* [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region]] |
|||
* [[List of tourist attractions in Paris]] |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
||
* Schaugg, Johannes: High-Rise Buildings – La Défense, Books on Demand 2009, ISBN 978-3-8391-4523-4 |
|||
==Further reading== |
|||
* Schaugg, Johannes: High-Rise Buildings – La Défense, Books on Demand 2009, {{ISBN|978-3-8391-4523-4}}. |
|||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
{{commons}} |
|||
{{Commons|La Défense}} |
|||
{{Wikivoyage|Paris/La Défense|La Défense}} |
|||
*[http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=48.89085,2.241468&spn=0.015124,0.039911&t=h&om=1 Satellite image from Google Maps] |
|||
* [https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=48.89085,2.241468&spn=0.015124,0.039911&t=h&om=1 Satellite image from Google Maps] |
|||
* {{fr icon}} [http://www.ladefense.fr Site officiel de l'EPAD (Établissement Public pour l'Aménagement de la Défense)] |
|||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140404055609/http://www.parisattractions.org/landmarks/la-defense La Défense de Paris] |
|||
* {{en icon}} [http://www.connecting-paris.com/ladefense/en Connecting-Paris, web site created by the Chamber of commerce and industry of Paris to help companies setting up in La Defense] |
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* |
* [http://www.ladefense.fr Site officiel de l'EPAD (Établissement Public pour l'Aménagement de la Défense)] {{in lang|fr}} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130222758/http://www.connecting-paris.com/ladefense/en Connecting-Paris, web site created by the Chamber of commerce and industry of Paris to help companies setting up in La Defense] {{in lang|en}} |
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* {{en icon}} [http://en.structurae.de/geo/geoid/index.cfm?id=90 Structurae: Structural engineering and architecture guide to Paris-La Défense] |
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* [http://www.expatriatesmagazine.com Expatriates Magazine], A printed publication distributed within various corporations situated in La Defense helping international employees integrate within the workplace and city {{in lang|en}} |
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* {{Wikitravel|Paris/La Defense|La Defense}} |
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* [http://eras.free.fr/html/ld.html Les bâtiments de la Défense] {{in lang|fr}} |
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* [http://en.structurae.de/geo/geoid/index.cfm?id=90 Structurae: Structural engineering and architecture guide to Paris-La Défense] {{in lang|en}} |
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Latest revision as of 23:26, 11 June 2024
La Défense | |
|---|---|
 Clockwise from top: La Défense skyline at night; La Défense station; Esplanade with Grande Arche; La Défense de Paris | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Île-de-France |
| Department | Hauts-de-Seine |
| Communes | |
| Area | |
| • Total | 5.6 km2 (2.2 sq mi) |
| Population (2022) | |
| • Total | 50,000[1] |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | parisladefense |
La Défense (French: [la de.fɑ̃s]) is the major business district in France's Paris metropolitan area, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of the city limits. It is located in Île-de-France region's department of Hauts-de-Seine in the communes of Courbevoie, La Garenne-Colombes, Nanterre, and Puteaux.
La Défense is Europe's largest purpose-built business district, covering 560 hectares (1,400 acres), for 180,000 daily workers,[1][2] with 72 glass and steel buildings (of which 20 are completed skyscrapers, out of 24 in the Paris region), and 3,500,000 square metres (38,000,000 sq ft) of office space. Around its Grande Arche and esplanade ("le Parvis"), La Défense contains many of the Paris urban area's tallest high-rises. Westfield Les Quatre Temps, a large shopping mall in La Défense, has 220 stores, 48 restaurants and a 24-screen movie theatre.[3]
Paris La Défense Arena, the largest indoor arena in Europe, was inaugurated in 2017.[4]
The district is located at the westernmost extremity of the 10-kilometre-long (6.2 mi) Axe historique ("historical axis") of Paris, which starts at the Louvre in Central Paris and continues along the Champs-Élysées, well beyond the Arc de Triomphe along the Avenue de la Grande Armée before culminating at La Défense. The district is centred in an orbital motorway straddling the Hauts-de-Seine department communes of Courbevoie, La Garenne-Colombes, Nanterre and Puteaux. La Défense is primarily a business district and hosts a population of 50,000 permanent residents and 75,000 students.[1][2][5] La Défense is also visited by 8,000,000 tourists each year[2] and houses an open-air museum.[6]
History[edit]
La Défense is named after the statue La Défense de Paris by Louis-Ernest Barrias, which was erected in 1883 to commemorate the soldiers who had defended Paris during the Franco-Prussian War.
In September 1958, the Public Establishment for Installation of La Défense (EPAD) buildings (of which the Esso Tower was the first) were constructed and began to slowly replace the city's factories, shanties, and even a few farms. The Centre of New Industries and Technologies (CNIT) was built and first used in 1958. These "first generation" skyscrapers were all very similar in appearance, limited to a height of 100 metres (330 ft). In 1966, the Nobel Tower was the first office skyscraper built in the area. In 1970, the RER line A railway was opened from La Défense to Étoile.[7] In 1974, a contract for a Défense-Cergy high-speed hovercraft train was signed and soon abandoned.
In the early 1970s, in response to great demand, a second generation of buildings began to appear, but the economic crisis in 1973 nearly halted all construction in the area. A third generation of towers began to appear in the early 1980s. The biggest shopping centre in Europe (at the time), the Quatre Temps, was created in 1981. In 1982, the EPAD launched the Tête Défense competition to find a monument to complete the Axe historique, which eventually led to the construction of Grande Arche at the west end of the quarter. During the same period, hotels were constructed, the CNIT was restructured, and in 1992, Line 1 of the Paris Métro was extended to La Défense, which made the area readily accessible to more of the city.[citation needed]
On Bastille Day 1990, French electronic composer Jean-Michel Jarre staged an ambitious concert at the site, using the Grande Arche and three of the area's towers as projection screens, and building a pyramidal stage above the road. The free concert, titled Paris la Défense, attracted two million spectators, stretching all the way back to the Arc de Triomphe. This beat Jarre's own previous world record for the largest attendance for a musical concert. After Jean Michel Jarre, German DJ Sash! and the singer La Trec set the video clip for their song Stay at La Défense in 1997.
After a stagnation in new development in the mid-1990s, La Défense is once again expanding and is now the largest purpose-built business district in Europe.
Major corporations headquartered at La Défense include Neuf Cegetel, Société Générale, TotalEnergies, Aventis, Areva, and Arcelor. The tallest skyscraper, the Tour First belongs to AXA, constructed in 1974. It is 231 metres (758 ft) high, has 50 floors, and is the highest inhabited building in the Paris area. This title was previously held by the Tour Montparnasse, which was the tallest inhabited building until the Tour First was renovated between 2007 and 2011, bringing it to its current height from a previous 159 metres (522 ft); the tallest structure in Paris is the Eiffel Tower.
On 9 September 2008, La Défense celebrated its 50th anniversary with a huge fireworks display.[8]
In December 2005, Bernard Bled, CEO and chairman of EPAD (La Defense Management and Development Office) announced an ambitious nine-year development plan called "La Defense 2006–2015". This important modernisation plan has to give a new dimension to the district and focuses on four main axes: regenerate outdated skyscrapers, allow new buildings, improve the balance between offices and residential housing, and make the transport of local employees from their homes to La Défense easier. There are three aims: building 150,000 square metres (1,600,000 sq ft) of offices within demolition/rebuilding projects, building 300,000 square metres (3,200,000 sq ft) of offices within new projects, and building 100,000 square metres (1,100,000 sq ft) of housing.
In July 2006, the government confirmed this plan, which has to be carried out around 2015. It is justified by the strong estate pressure, which plays in favour of building new skyscrapers near Paris. Those constructions have the advantage of being more economical than small buildings. But it will have to overcome some difficulties: the French economy faces a short-term slowdown; the government is trying to balance tertiary sector employment in the whole region again, because today La Défense concentrates a major part of those jobs; and traffic is already saturated in the district, while it would need huge investments to extend transport infrastructures.
It launched high-profile international competitions and/or construction approval of several key 300-to-320-metre (980 to 1,050 ft) tall sustainable development-style skyscrapers such as Tour Signal, Tour Phare, Hermitage Plaza, and Tour Generali. During said December 2005 Press Conference, EPAD released to the public an elaborate 3D animation film titled La Défense 2016.
The district at night
Education[edit]
Paris La Défense brings together the cluster of Leonardo da Vinci University Center, the IA Institut,[9] a campus of EPITA[10] and 4 business schools: EDC Paris Business School, ESSEC Business School, ICN Graduate Business School and IESEG School of Management[11] It is also home to the European School of Paris-La Défense, an international primary and secondary school that was accredited as a European School in 2020.
Area specifications[edit]
- Divided into 4 major sectors[1]
- 1,400 acres (5.7 km2)[1]
- 3,500,000 square metres (38,000,000 sq ft) of offices[1]
- 310,000 square metres (3,300,000 sq ft) of flagstone and sidewalk[1]
- 245,000 square metres (2,640,000 sq ft) of shops (including the 140,000 square metres (1,500,000 sq ft) Westfield Les Quatre Temps Shopping Mall)[1]
- 110,000 square metres (1,200,000 sq ft) of greenery[1]
- 180,000 employees[1]
- 70,000 students[1]
- 50,000 residents[1]
- 2,600 hotel rooms[1]
- 1,500 businesses[1]
- 500+ companies[1]
- 150 restaurants[1]
- 61 skyscrapers, 76m (250 ft) average building height[1]
-
The name of the district comes from the statue of La Défense de Paris by Louis-Ernest Barrias which commemorates the Parisian resistance during the Franco-Prussian War. -
View from Arc de Triomphe at night. -
View from Eiffel Tower. -
The Mall "Westfield Les Quatre Temps", one of Europe's largest shopping center. -
-
Western part of La Défense as seen from the Grande Arche. -
La Défense from the top of the Grande Arche.
Open-air museum[edit]
Besides the representative architecture, the area also houses an open-air museum with 70 statues and pieces of modern art,[6] including the following works:
- César, Thumb (1965)
- Joan Miró, Two fantastic characters (1976)
- Alexander Calder, Red Spider (1976)
- Yaacov Agam, Fountain (1977)
- Richard Serra, Slat (1982)
- Shelomo Selinger, The Dance (1983)
- Bernar Venet, Two Indeterminate Lines (1988)
- Takis, Bright Trees (1990)
- Igor Mitoraj, Tindaro (1997)
- Emily Young, Four Heads (2002)
- Patrick Blanc, Green wall (2006)
- Louis-Ernest Barrias, La Défense de Paris (1883)
- François Morellet, La Défonce (1990)[12]
- Guillaume Bottazzi, Peinture de 216 m2 (2014)[13]
-
Guillaume Bottazzi, Untitled, c. 2014
Highrise buildings[edit]
Completed highrise buildings above 50 m (164 ft) (1967–2024)[edit]
| Name | Built | Use | Height | Levels | Municipality | |
| metres | feet | |||||
| Tour First (formerly tour AXA) | 1974/2011 | office | 231 | 758 | 50 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Hekla | 2022 | office | 220 | 722 | 51 | Puteaux |
| Tour Majunga | 2014 | office | 194 | 636 | 47 | Puteaux |
| Tour Total (Coupole) | 1985 | office | 187 | 614 | 48 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Engie (T1) | 2008 | office | 185 | 607 | 37 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Granite (Société Générale) | 2008 | office | 184 | 600 | 37 | Nanterre |
| Tour CB21 (formerly tour Gan) | 1974 | office | 179 | 587 | 42 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Areva | 1974 | office | 178 | 584 | 44 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Saint-Gobain | 2020 | office | 178 | 584 | 39 | Courbevoie |
| Tour D2 | 2014 | office | 171 | 561 | 37 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Alicante (Société Générale) | 1995 | office | 167 | 548 | 37 | Nanterre |
| Tour Chassagne (Société Générale) | 1995 | office | 167 | 548 | 37 | Nanterre |
| Tour EDF | 2001 | office | 165 | 541 | 41 | Puteaux |
| Tour Carpe Diem | 2013 | office | 162 | 531 | 38 | Courbevoie |
| Cœur Défense | 2001 | office | 161 | 528 | 40 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Alto | 2020 | office | 160 | 525 | 38 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Adria (Technip) | 2002 | office | 155 | 509 | 40 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Égée (Ernst&Young) | 1999 | office | 155 | 509 | 40 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Ariane | 1975 | office | 152 | 499 | 36 | Puteaux |
| Tour Trinity | 2020 | office | 151 | 495 | 32 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Dexia (CBX) | 2005 | office | 142 | 466 | 36 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Europlaza | 1995 | office | 135 | 443 | 31 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Défense 2000 | 1974 | residential | 134 | 440 | 47 | Puteaux |
| Tour Eqho (formerly tour Descartes) | 1988 | office | 130 | 427 | 40 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Les Poissons | 1970 | mixed | 129.5 | 425 | 42 | Courbevoie |
| Tour France | 1973 | residential | 126 | 413 | 40 | Puteaux |
| Tour Franklin | 1972 | office | 120 | 394 | 33 | Puteaux |
| Tour Sequoia (Bull, Cegetel, SFR) | 1990 | office | 119 | 390 | 33 | Puteaux |
| Tour Winterthur | 1973 | office | 119 | 390 | 33 | Puteaux |
| Tour CGI (CB16) | 2003 | office | 117 | 384 | 32 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Neptune | 1972 | office | 113 | 371 | 28 | Courbevoie |
| Préfecture des Hauts-de-Seine | 1974 | office | 113 | 371 | 25 | Nanterre |
| Grande Arche | 1989 | monument, office | 110 | 361 | 37 | Puteaux |
| Tour Manhattan | 1975 | office | 110 | 361 | 32 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Aurore | 1970 | office | 110 | 361 | 29 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Eve | 1975 | mixed | 109 | 358 | 30 | Puteaux |
| Tour Initiale | 1967 | office | 109 | 358 | 30 | Puteaux |
| L'archipel | 2021 | office | 106 | 353 | 24 | Nanterre |
| Tour Nuage 1, Tours Aillaud | 1976 | residential | 105 | 344 | 39 | Nanterre |
| Tour Nuage 2, Tours Aillaud | 1976 | residential | 105 | 344 | 39 | Nanterre |
| Tour Gambetta | 1975 | residential | 104 | 341 | 37 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Cèdre | 1998 | office | 103 | 338 | 26 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Opus 12 | 1973 | office | 100 | 328 | 27 | Puteaux |
| Tour Athéna | 1984 | office | 100 | 328 | 25 | Puteaux |
| Tour Europe | 1969 | office | 99 | 325 | 28 | Courbevoie |
| Tour AIG | 1967 | office | 99 | 325 | 27 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Prisma (Tour Kvaerner) | 1998 | office | 97 | 318 | 25 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Atlantique | 1970 | office | 95 | 312 | 27 | Puteaux |
| Tour Pascal | 1983 | office | 95 | 312 | 27 | Puteaux |
| Tour Pacific | 1992 | office | 90 | 295 | 25 | Puteaux |
| Skylight | 2017 | residential | 76 | 249 | 19 | Puteaux |
| Rose de Cherbourg residence | 2018 | housing | 75 | 246 | 20 | Puteaux |
| Tour Eria | 2021 | mix | 59.35 | 195 | 13 | Puteaux |
Upcoming highrise buildings (2024–2027)[edit]
| Name | Use | Height | Levels | Municipality | Status | Estimated Year of Completion | |
| metres | feet | ||||||
| The Link | office | 244 | 801 | 52 | Puteaux | under construction | 2025 |
| Tour Sister 1 | office | 229 | 718 | 55 | Courbevoie | approved | 2027 |
| Tour des Jardins de l'Arche | office & hotel | 210 | 656 | 54 | Nanterre | approved | 2027 |
| Tour C/ (Odyssey) | office | 187 | 613 | 42 | Courbevoie | approved | 2026 |
| Tour O/ (Odyssey) | mix | 174 | 570 | 33 | Courbevoie | approved | 2026 |
| Tours Sister 2 | office | 131 | 396 | 26 | Courbevoie | approved | 2027 |
| Tour D/ (Odyssey) | mix | 101 | 331 | ? | Courbevoie | approved | 2026 |
Canceled projects[edit]
- Tour Sans Fins (1989): 425 m (1,394 ft)
- Hermitage Plaza (2022): 323 m (1,060 ft)
- Tour Generali (2011): 319 m (1,047 ft)
- Tour Signal (2009): 301 m (988 ft)
- Tour Phare (2018): 296 m (971 ft)
See also[edit]
- Paris La Défense Arena
- List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region
- List of tourist attractions in Paris
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Key figures". ParisLaDefense.com. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ a b c "La Défense, Tout sur ce quartier d'exception". Ville de Courbevoie. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
- ^ "La Défense near Paris. Shopping. Map". Paris Digest. 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ "Paris La Défense Arena, Europe's largest indoor arena". 2 March 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ Fallon, Steve; Annabel Hart (2006). Paris. Footscray, Victoria: Lonely Planet. p. 155. ISBN 1-74059-849-0.
- ^ a b La Défense > Artworks: Guide 2013. Leaflet published by Defacto, Établissement public de gestion du quartier d'affaires de la Défense.
- ^ "Portrait of the RER A". RATP. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
- ^ "La Défense : 50 ans d'histoire" Archived 19 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine 9 November 2008, Danielle Birck (in French)
- ^ IA Institut s’apprête à devenir un pôle d’enseignement de référence autour des datas et de l’IA
- ^ Le ministère des Armées recrute des profils cyber à l'Epita
- ^ ÉTUDIER
- ^ "La Défonce | Defacto – Quartier d'affaires de la Defense". Ladefense.fr. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
- ^ "Une oeuvre géante de Guillaume Bottazzi à La Défense | Defacto – Quartier d'affaires de la Defense". Ladefense.fr. 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
Further reading[edit]
- Schaugg, Johannes: High-Rise Buildings – La Défense, Books on Demand 2009, ISBN 978-3-8391-4523-4.
External links[edit]
- Satellite image from Google Maps
- La Défense de Paris
- Site officiel de l'EPAD (Établissement Public pour l'Aménagement de la Défense) (in French)
- Connecting-Paris, web site created by the Chamber of commerce and industry of Paris to help companies setting up in La Defense (in English)
- Expatriates Magazine, A printed publication distributed within various corporations situated in La Defense helping international employees integrate within the workplace and city (in English)
- Les bâtiments de la Défense (in French)
- Structurae: Structural engineering and architecture guide to Paris-La Défense (in English)
48°53′30″N 2°14′27″E / 48.89167°N 2.24083°E
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