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{{Short description|Defunct Canadian residential school}}
{{Short description|Defunct Canadian residential school}}
{{Infobox school
{{refimprove|date=June 2020}}
| name = Kootenay Indian Residential School
| image = File:St. Eugene Mission 2017.jpg
| alt =
| caption = St. Eugene's Mission (now a golf resort) in 2017
| location = [[Cranbrook, British Columbia|Cranbrook]], [[British Columbia]]
| country = Canada
⚫
| coordinates = {{coord|49.5860|N|115.7572|W|type:edu_region:CA-BC|display=inline,title}}
| former_name = St. Eugene's Mission School
| type = [[Canadian Indian residential school system|Canadian Indian residential school]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| established = 1890
| closed = 1970
| school_board =
| district =
| authority = [[Catholic Church in Canada]]
| oversight =
| principal =
| head = <!-- use | head_label = to override the default label -->
| staff =
| faculty =
| grades = <!-- use | grades_label = to override the default label -->
| gender = [[Coed]]
| age_range = <!-- or | lower_age = and | upper_age = -->
| enrolment =
| language = English
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
}}


The '''Kootenay Indian Residential School''', composed of the St. Eugene's and St. Mary's mission schools, was a part of the [[Canadian Indian residential school system]] and operated in [[Cranbrook, British Columbia]] between 1890 and 1970.<ref name="TRCSummary">{{cite web |title=Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada |url=http://www.trc.ca/assets/pdf/Honouring_the_Truth_Reconciling_for_the_Future_July_23_2015.pdf |website=National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation |publisher=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada |accessdate=27 June 2021 |date=May 31, 2015}}</ref>{{rp|354}} The school, run by the [[Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate]] of the Roman Catholic Church, was opened in 1912, operated at the 1897-built St. Eugene Church, and closed in 1970. Between 1912 and 1970, over 5,000 children attended the school. Reverend James Mulvihill succeeded Reverend G.P. Dunlop as head of the school in 1958, following Dunlop's departure to take over as head of the [[Kamloops Indian Residential School]].<ref>{{cite news |title=B.C. News Roundup: Kootenays |work=The Province |date=6 August 1958 |location=Vancouver |page=26}}</ref>
The '''Kootenay Indian Residential School''', composed of the St. Eugene's and St. Mary's mission schools, was a part of the [[Canadian Indian residential school system]] and operated in [[Cranbrook, British Columbia]] between 1890 and 1970.<ref name="TRCSummary">{{cite web |title=Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada |url=http://www.trc.ca/assets/pdf/Honouring_the_Truth_Reconciling_for_the_Future_July_23_2015.pdf |website=National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation |publisher=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada |accessdate=27 June 2021 |date=May 31, 2015}}</ref>{{rp|354}} The school, run by the [[Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate]] of the Roman Catholic Church, first opened in 1890. It was replaced by an industrial school in 1912 that continued to operate until it was closed in 1970.<ref name="Martens" /> Between 1912 and 1970, over 5,000 children from across British Columbia and Alberta attended the school.<ref name="CranbrookDaily2017">{{cite news |title=Ktunaxa regain sole ownership of St. Eugene resort |url=https://www.cranbrooktownsman.com/news/ktunaxa-regain-sole-ownership-of-st-eugene-resort/ |work=Cranbrook Daily Townsman |date=2017-06-27}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|The Indian Residential School History & Dialogue Centre includes a list of students' home communities.<ref name="IRSHDCCranbrook">{{cite web |title=Cranbrook(BC) |url=https://collections.irshdc.ubc.ca/index.php/Detail/entities/45 |website=Indian Residential School History & Dialogue Centre |access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref>}} The building has been home to the St. Eugene Golf Resort and Casino since 2000.<ref name="Bain" /><ref name="EugeneAbout" />

⚫
Through an Indigenous-led restoration project, the school building was converted to to [[St. Eugene Golf Resort and Casino|St. Eugene's Golf Resort and Casino]].<ref name="Eugene">{{cite web |title=About Us, Culture and Heritage |url=https://www.steugene.ca/en/about-us-culture-heritage/ |website=St. Eugene Resort |accessdate=15 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Rod">{{cite news |last1=Mickleburgh |first1=Rod |title=Residential school goes from tragedy to triumph |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/residential-school-goes-from-tragedy-to-triumph/article4439666/ |accessdate=15 June 2020 |publisher=The Globe and Mail |date=July 24, 2012}}</ref> The golf course opened in 2000, followed by a casino in 2002 and a hotel in 2003.<ref name="Bain">{{cite news |last1=Bain |first1=Jennifer |title=Inside the Cranbrook residential school that became a resort |url=https://o.canada.com/travel/inside-the-cranbrook-residential-school-that-became-a-resort |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=ocanada |date=8 January 2020 |language=en-CA}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
The presence of Roman Catholic missionaries in British Columbia was limited until the 1858, when they expanded operations into what is now Canada..<ref name="TRCHistoryPart1">{{cite book |title=Canada's Residential Schools : The History, Part 1 - Origins to 1939 |date=2015 |publisher=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada |location=Montreal |isbn=978-0-7735-9817-1 |url=http://www.trc.ca/assets/pdf/Volume_1_History_Part_1_English_Web.pdf |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>{{rp|98}} Their first mission opened at Okanagan Lake in 1860 and a mission in the Kootenays opened in 1874.<ref name="TRCHistoryPart1" />{{rp|98}}
The presence of Roman Catholic missionaries in British Columbia was limited until 1858, when they expanded operations into what is now Canada.<ref name="TRCHistoryPart1">{{cite book |title=Canada's Residential Schools : The History, Part 1 - Origins to 1939 |date=2015 |publisher=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada |location=Montreal |isbn=978-0-7735-9817-1 |url=http://www.trc.ca/assets/pdf/Volume_1_History_Part_1_English_Web.pdf |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>{{rp|98}} Their first mission opened at [[Okanagan Lake]] in 1860 and a mission in the Kootenays opened in 1874.<ref name="TRCHistoryPart1" />{{rp|98}}


The first school opened in 1890, just north of Cranbrook.<ref name="NCTRCranbrook" /> Operated by the Oblates of Mary Immaculate it was replaced in 1912 with room for 126 students.<ref name="Bain" /> In his 1891 submission to the Indian Affairs Annual Report school principal [[Nicolas Coccola]] commented on parental resistance to the school.<ref name="TRCHistoryPart1" />{{rp|275}} He wrote: "The parents, who at the opening of the school were on the eve of breaking out into war with the whites, objected to send their children at first, but seem now highly pleased, and come and offer their children, more than we are allowed by the Government at present to take."<ref name="Coccola1891">{{cite book |last1=Coccola |first1=N. |title=Dominion of Canada Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs for the Year Ended 31st December. |date=1891 |publisher=Department of Indian Affairs |page=136 |url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/first-nations/indian-affairs-annual-reports/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=7927}}</ref> The [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada]] argued that the parent's positive feelings were temporary, pointing to comments from Coccola in 1922 in which he complained about collecting children from their home communities with no assistance from parents "unless coaxed and threatened."<ref name="TRCHistoryPart1" />{{rp|275-276}}
⚫
The Canadian government took over operation of the school in 1969 and closed the facility in 1970.<ref name="NCTRCranbrook">{{cite web |title=Cranbrook (St. Eugene’s) |url=https://nctr.ca/residential-schools/british-columbia/cranbrook-st-eugenes/ |website=NCTR |access-date=30 June 2021 |date=2021-01-22}}</ref>

Reverend James Mulvihill succeeded Reverend G.P. Dunlop as head of the school in 1958, following Dunlop's departure to take over as head of the [[Kamloops Indian Residential School]].<ref>{{cite news |title=B.C. News Roundup: Kootenays |work=The Province |date=6 August 1958 |location=Vancouver |page=26}}</ref>

⚫
The Canadian government took over operation of the school in 1969 and closed the facility in 1970.<ref name="NCTRCranbrook">{{cite web |title=Cranbrook (St. Eugene's) |url=https://nctr.ca/residential-schools/british-columbia/cranbrook-st-eugenes/ |website=NCTR |access-date=30 June 2021 |date=2021-01-22}}</ref>

⚫
Through an Indigenous-led restoration project, the school building was converted to [[St. Eugene Golf Resort and Casino|St. Eugene's Golf Resort and Casino]].<ref name="EugeneAbout">{{cite web |title=About Us, Culture and Heritage |url=https://www.steugene.ca/en/about-us-culture-heritage/ |website=St. Eugene Resort |accessdate=15 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Rod">{{cite news |last1=Mickleburgh |first1=Rod |title=Residential school goes from tragedy to triumph |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/residential-school-goes-from-tragedy-to-triumph/article4439666/ |accessdate=15 June 2020 |publisher=The Globe and Mail |date=July 24, 2012}}</ref> The golf course opened in 2000, followed by a casino in 2002 and a hotel in 2003.<ref name="Bain">{{cite news |last1=Bain |first1=Jennifer |title=Inside the Cranbrook residential school that became a resort |url=https://o.canada.com/travel/inside-the-cranbrook-residential-school-that-became-a-resort |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=ocanada |date=8 January 2020 |language=en-CA}}</ref>


==Unmarked graves==
==Unmarked graves==
{{see also|2021 Canadian Indian residential schools gravesite discoveries}}
On June 30, 2021 the [[St. Mary's First Nation (British Columbia)|ʔaq̓am First Nation]] announced that 182 unmarked graves had been discovered using ground penetrating radar the assistance of a [[ground-penetrating radar]].<ref name="Martens">{{cite news |last1=Martens |first1=Kathleen |title=3rd First Nation discovers unmarked residential school graves |url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/182-unmarked-graves-located-on-ktunaxa-nation-territory-in-b-c/ |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=APTN News |date=30 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Yates">{{cite news |last1=Yates |first1=Kelsey |title=182 unmarked burials found at former residential school near Cranbrook |url=https://www.langleyadvancetimes.com/news/182-unmarked-burials-found-at-former-residential-school-near-cranbrook/ |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Langley Advance Times |date=30 June 2021}}</ref>
On June 30, 2021, the [[St. Mary's First Nation (British Columbia)|ʔaq̓am First Nation]] announced that [[2021 Canadian Indian residential schools gravesite discoveries|182 unmarked graves had been discovered]] using the assistance of [[ground-penetrating radar]].<ref name="Martens">{{cite news |last1=Martens |first1=Kathleen |title=3rd First Nation discovers unmarked residential school graves |url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/182-unmarked-graves-located-on-ktunaxa-nation-territory-in-b-c/ |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=APTN News |date=30 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Yates">{{cite news |last1=Yates |first1=Kelsey |title=182 unmarked burials found at former residential school near Cranbrook |url=https://www.langleyadvancetimes.com/news/182-unmarked-burials-found-at-former-residential-school-near-cranbrook/ |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Langley Advance Times |date=30 June 2021}}</ref> The Leadership of the First Nation has indicated that this was the site of a cemetery and that deterioration of the original wooden crosses over time left graves unmarked; The Leadership states: "These factors, among others, make it extremely difficult to establish whether or not these unmarked graves contain the remains of children who attended the St. Eugene Residential School."<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 30, 2021|title=ʔaq̓am Statement on Discovery of Unmarked Graves|url=https://www.aqam.net/sites/default/files/20210630%20-%20aqam%20media%20Release%20-%20Statement%20on%20discovery%20of%20unmarked%20graves.pdf}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Larsson, P. (2013, October 27). Kootenay Indian Residential School. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/institutions/residential/526d7d59dc1dc8b865000020


==External links==
==External links==
*[https://thediscoverblog.com/2018/05/18/st-eugene-indian-residential-school-repurposing-an-indian-residential-school/ St. Eugene Indian Residential School: Repurposing an Indian Residential School]
*[https://thediscoverblog.com/2018/05/18/st-eugene-indian-residential-school-repurposing-an-indian-residential-school/ St. Eugene Indian Residential School: Repurposing an Indian Residential School]


{{2021 Canadian Indian residential schools gravesite discoveries}}

[[Category:Residential schools in British Columbia]]
{{BritishColumbia-school-stub}}
[[Category:Indigenous-related controversies in Canada]]

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1890]]
⚫
{{coord|49.5860|N|115.7572|W|type:edu_region:CA-BC|display=title}}
[[Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1970]]

[[Category:Residential schools in Canada]]
[[Category:June 2021 events in Canada]]
[[Category:Cranbrook, British Columbia]]
[[Category:Schools in British Columbia]]
[[Category:1890 establishments in British Columbia]]
[[Category:1970 disestablishments in British Columbia]]
[[Category:2021 controversies]]
[[Category:Ktunaxa Nation]]
[[Category:Former schools in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Defunct Christian schools in Canada]]

Latest revision as of 09:53, 28 May 2024

Kootenay Indian Residential School
St. Eugene's Mission (now a golf resort) in 2017
Location
Map
Cranbrook, British Columbia

Canada
Coordinates49°35′10″N 115°45′26″W / 49.5860°N 115.7572°W / 49.5860; -115.7572
Information
Former nameSt. Eugene's Mission School
TypeCanadian Indian residential school
Religious affiliation(s)Catholic
Established1890
Closed1970
AuthorityCatholic Church in Canada
GenderCoed
LanguageEnglish

The Kootenay Indian Residential School, composed of the St. Eugene's and St. Mary's mission schools, was a part of the Canadian Indian residential school system and operated in Cranbrook, British Columbia between 1890 and 1970.[1]: 354  The school, run by the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate of the Roman Catholic Church, first opened in 1890. It was replaced by an industrial school in 1912 that continued to operate until it was closed in 1970.[2] Between 1912 and 1970, over 5,000 children from across British Columbia and Alberta attended the school.[3][nb 1] The building has been home to the St. Eugene Golf Resort and Casino since 2000.[5][6]

History[edit]

The presence of Roman Catholic missionaries in British Columbia was limited until 1858, when they expanded operations into what is now Canada.[7]: 98  Their first mission opened at Okanagan Lake in 1860 and a mission in the Kootenays opened in 1874.[7]: 98 

The first school opened in 1890, just north of Cranbrook.[8] Operated by the Oblates of Mary Immaculate it was replaced in 1912 with room for 126 students.[5] In his 1891 submission to the Indian Affairs Annual Report school principal Nicolas Coccola commented on parental resistance to the school.[7]: 275  He wrote: "The parents, who at the opening of the school were on the eve of breaking out into war with the whites, objected to send their children at first, but seem now highly pleased, and come and offer their children, more than we are allowed by the Government at present to take."[9] The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada argued that the parent's positive feelings were temporary, pointing to comments from Coccola in 1922 in which he complained about collecting children from their home communities with no assistance from parents "unless coaxed and threatened."[7]: 275–276 

Reverend James Mulvihill succeeded Reverend G.P. Dunlop as head of the school in 1958, following Dunlop's departure to take over as head of the Kamloops Indian Residential School.[10]

The Canadian government took over operation of the school in 1969 and closed the facility in 1970.[8]

Through an Indigenous-led restoration project, the school building was converted to St. Eugene's Golf Resort and Casino.[6][11] The golf course opened in 2000, followed by a casino in 2002 and a hotel in 2003.[5]

Unmarked graves[edit]

See also: 2021 Canadian Indian residential schools gravesite discoveries

On June 30, 2021, the ʔaq̓am First Nation announced that 182 unmarked graves had been discovered using the assistance of ground-penetrating radar.[2][12] The Leadership of the First Nation has indicated that this was the site of a cemetery and that deterioration of the original wooden crosses over time left graves unmarked; The Leadership states: "These factors, among others, make it extremely difficult to establish whether or not these unmarked graves contain the remains of children who attended the St. Eugene Residential School."[13]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The Indian Residential School History & Dialogue Centre includes a list of students' home communities.[4]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada" (PDF). National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. May 31, 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  2. ^ a b Martens, Kathleen (30 June 2021). "3rd First Nation discovers unmarked residential school graves". APTN News. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  3. ^ "Ktunaxa regain sole ownership of St. Eugene resort". Cranbrook Daily Townsman. 2017-06-27.
  4. ^ "Cranbrook(BC)". Indian Residential School History & Dialogue Centre. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Bain, Jennifer (8 January 2020). "Inside the Cranbrook residential school that became a resort". ocanada. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  6. ^ a b "About Us, Culture and Heritage". St. Eugene Resort. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d Canada's Residential Schools : The History, Part 1 - Origins to 1939 (PDF). Montreal: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015. ISBN 978-0-7735-9817-1. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  8. ^ a b "Cranbrook (St. Eugene's)". NCTR. 2021-01-22. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  9. ^ Coccola, N. (1891). Dominion of Canada Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs for the Year Ended 31st December. Department of Indian Affairs. p. 136.
  10. ^ "B.C. News Roundup: Kootenays". The Province. Vancouver. 6 August 1958. p. 26.
  11. ^ Mickleburgh, Rod (July 24, 2012). "Residential school goes from tragedy to triumph". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  12. ^ Yates, Kelsey (30 June 2021). "182 unmarked burials found at former residential school near Cranbrook". Langley Advance Times. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  13. ^ "ʔaq̓am Statement on Discovery of Unmarked Graves" (PDF). June 30, 2021.

External links[edit]

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kootenay_Indian_Residential_School&diff=1226060144&oldid=1031272987

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