2021 United States Capitol attack | |
---|---|
Part of the 2020–21 U.S. election protests and attempts to overturn the 2020 U.S. presidential election | |
Date | January 6, 2021 12:53 – 8:00 p.m.[1] (UTC-5) |
Location | 38°53′23.3″N 77°00′32.6″W / 38.889806°N 77.009056°W |
Caused by |
|
Goals |
|
Methods | |
Resulted in |
|
Casualties and criminal charges | |
Death(s) | 5 deaths (1 from gunshot, 1 from drug overdose, 3 from natural causes)[16][17] |
Injuries |
|
Damage | Extensive physical damage;[6][21][22] offices and chambers vandalized and ransacked; property stolen;[23] more than $30 million for repairs and security measures[24] |
Charged | 684[25] |
January 6 United States Capitol attack |
---|
![]() |
Timeline • Planning |
Background |
Participants |
Aftermath |
The 2021 United States Capitol attack occurred on January 6, 2021, when a mob of supporters of then-President Donald Trump attacked the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.[26][27] They sought to overturn his defeat in the 2020 presidential election[28] by disrupting the joint session of Congress assembled to count electoral votes that would formalize President-elect Joe Biden's victory.[3][29] The Capitol Complex was locked down and lawmakers and staff were evacuated, while rioters assaulted law enforcement officers and occupied the building for several hours.[30] Five people died either shortly before, during, or following the event: one was shot by Capitol Police, another died of a drug overdose, and three succumbed to natural causes.[17][31] Many people were injured, including 138 police officers. Four officers who responded to the attack died by suicide within seven months.[32]
Called to action by Trump,[33][34] thousands of his supporters gathered in Washington, D.C., on January 5 and 6 to support his false claim that the 2020 election had been "stolen by emboldened radical-left Democrats"[35][36][37][38] and to demand that Vice President Mike Pence and Congress reject Biden's victory.[39] Starting at noon on January 6,[40] at a "Save America" rally on the Ellipse, Trump repeated false claims of election irregularities[41] and said, "If you don't fight like hell, you're not going to have a country anymore".[42][43][44] During and after his speech,[40] thousands of attendees walked to the Capitol and hundreds breached police perimeters[45][46] as Congress was beginning the electoral vote count. Many in the crowd broke into the building,[47][48] occupying, vandalizing, and looting it,[30][49] assaulting Capitol Police officers and reporters, and attempting to locate lawmakers to capture and harm.[50] Gallows had been erected west of the Capitol and some rioters chanted "Hang Mike Pence" after he rejected false claims by Trump and others that the vice president could overturn the election results.[51] Some vandalized and looted the offices of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D‑CA) and other members of Congress.[52][53][54] With building security breached, Capitol Police evacuated and locked down both chambers of Congress and several buildings in the Capitol Complex.[55] Rioters occupied the empty Senate chamber while federal law enforcement officers defended the evacuated House floor.[56][57] Pipe bombs were found at each of the Democratic National Committee and Republican National Committee headquarters, and Molotov cocktails were discovered in a vehicle near the Capitol.[58][59]
Trump resisted sending the National Guard to quell the mob.[60] Later that afternoon, in a Twitter video, he reasserted that the election was "fraudulent", but told his supporters to "go home in peace".[61][62] The Capitol was clear of rioters by mid-evening,[1] and the counting of the electoral votes resumed and completed in the early morning hours of January 7. Pence declared President-elect Biden and Vice-President-elect Kamala Harris victorious. Pressured by his administration, the threat of removal, and many resignations, Trump later committed to an orderly transition of power in a televised statement.[63][64] A week after the riot, the House of Representatives impeached Trump for incitement of insurrection, making him the only U.S. president to have been impeached twice.[65] In February, after Trump had left office, the Republican-controlled Senate acquitted him in a 57-to-43 vote in favor of conviction, which fell short of a two-thirds majority (requiring 67 votes).[66] The House passed a bill to create a bipartisan independent commission modeled after the 9/11 Commission to investigate the attack,[67] but it was blocked by Republicans in the Senate.[50] Pelosi then proposed, and the House approved, a House select committee to investigate the attack.[68]
Dozens of people present in Washington, D.C. on the day, including some who took part in the riot, were found to be listed in the FBI's Terrorist Screening Database, most as suspected white supremacists.[69] Members of anti-government groups, including the Oath Keepers, Proud Boys, and Three Percenters, were charged with conspiracy for allegedly staging planned missions at the Capitol.[70][71][72] By early October, 684 people had been charged with federal crimes relating to the attack.[25] On November 1, 2021, a comprehensive and detailed account of the events before, during and after the attack have been reported by The Washington Post.[73]
Background
Attempt to overturn the presidential election
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Donald_Trump_%2850548277763%29.jpg/220px-Donald_Trump_%2850548277763%29.jpg)
In the 2020 United States presidential election, Democrat Joe Biden defeated incumbent Republican Donald Trump.[74] Trump and other Republicans attempted to overturn the election, falsely claiming that there was widespread voter fraud.[75]
Mere hours after the voting had ended, with the votes still being counted, Trump declared victory and demanded that the counting be stopped.[76] He began a campaign to subvert the election, through legal challenges and an extralegal effort.[38] Although Trump's lawyers concluded within ten days after the election that legal challenges to the election results had no factual basis or legal merit,[38] Trump sought to overturn the results by filing at least sixty lawsuits, including two brought to the Supreme Court, that sought to nullify election certifications and void votes cast for Biden; these challenges were all rejected by the courts for lack of evidence or standing.[75]
Trump then mounted a campaign to pressure Republican governors, secretaries of state, and state legislatures to nullify results, by replacing slates of Biden electors with those declared to Trump, or manufacturing evidence of fraud; and he demanded that lawmakers investigate supposed election "irregularities", such as by conducting signature matches of mail-in ballots (regardless of efforts already undertaken). Trump also personally inquired about invoking martial law to "re-run" or reverse the election[75][77] and appointing a special counsel to find incidences of fraud (even though federal and state officials had concluded that such cases were very isolated or non-existent); Trump ultimately undertook neither step.[75] Trump repeatedly urged Vice President Mike Pence to change the results and stop Biden from being inaugurated, which was not within Pence's constitutional powers as vice president and president of the Senate; Trump repeated this call in his rally speech on the morning of January 6.[78]
Some have characterized these attempts to overturn the election as an attempted coup d'état,[79] and an implementation of the "big lie".[9]
Planning
Congress was scheduled to meet jointly on January 6 to certify the winner of the Electoral College vote, typically a ceremonial affair.[80][81] In December, Congressman Mo Brooks organized three White House meetings between Trump, Republican lawmakers, and others. Attendees included Trump, Vice President Pence, representatives Jody Hice (R-GA), Jim Jordan (R-OH), and Andy Biggs (R-AZ), representative-elect Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-GA), and members of the Trump legal team.[82] The purpose of the meetings was to strategize about how Congress could overturn the election results on January 6.[83]
On December 18, four days after the Electoral College voted, Trump called for supporters to attend a rally before the January 6 Congressional vote count to continue his challenge to the validity of several states' election results. Trump tweeted, "Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!"[11][84] The "March to Save America" and rally that preceded the riots at the Capitol were initially organized by Women for America First, a 501(c)(4) organization chaired by Amy Kremer, co-founder of Women for Trump.[85] On January 1, 2021, they obtained a permit with an estimated attendance of 5,000 for a first amendment rally "March for Trump".[86] In late 2020 and early 2021, Kremer organized and spoke at a series of events across the country as part of a bus tour to encourage attendance at the January 6 rally and support Trump's efforts to overturn the election result.[87] Women for America First invited its supporters to join a caravan of vehicles traveling to the event. Event management was carried out by Event Strategies, a company founded by Tim Unes, who worked for Trump's 2016 presidential campaign.[85]
On January 2, Trump retweeted a post by Kremer promoting the January 6 rally, adding that he would be there. From that point, although Kremer still held the permit, planning essentially passed to the White House.[87] Trump discussed the speaking lineup and the music to be played at the event. Although the initial plan for the rally called for people to remain at the Ellipse until the counting of electoral slates was complete, the White House said they should march to the Capitol, as Trump repeatedly urged during his speech.[38]
Ali Alexander, a right-wing political activist who took part in organizing the rally and expressed support for the storming as "completely peaceful", was reported as saying in December that Representatives Paul Gosar (R–AZ), Andy Biggs (R–AZ), and Mo Brooks (R–AL) were involved in the planning of "something big".[88] "We're the four guys who came up with a January 6 event", he said.[89] According to Alexander, "It was to build momentum and pressure and then on the day change hearts and minds of Congress peoples who weren't yet decided or who saw everyone outside and said, 'I can't be on the other side of that mob.'" His remarks received more scrutiny after the events of January 6, causing Biggs to respond with a statement denying any relationship with Alexander.[90] The Washington Post wrote that videos and posts revealed earlier connections between Alexander and the three members of Congress.[91]
For several weeks before the event, there was planning on social media, including calls for violence against Congress, Pence, and police. Plans were coordinated on "alt-tech" platforms distinct from larger social media platforms such as Reddit or Twitter, which had implemented bans to censor violent language and images. Websites such as TheDonald.win (a successor to the Reddit forum r/The_Donald), social networking service Parler, chat app Telegram, Gab, and others, were used to discuss previous Trump rallies and made plans for storming the Capitol.[92][93] There were also calls for violence mentioning January 6 on mainstream social media platforms, such as Twitter and TikTok, although the majority of posts on these platforms did not explicitly call for violence.[92]
Many of the posters planned for violence before the event; some discussed how to avoid police on the streets, which tools to bring to help pry open doors, and how to smuggle weapons into the city.[93] They discussed their perceived need to attack the police.[92][94][95] Following clashes with Washington, D.C. police during protests on December 12, 2020, the Proud Boys and other far-right groups turned against supporting law enforcement.[96] At least one group, Stop the Steal, posted on December 23, 2020, its plans to occupy the Capitol with promises to "escalate" if opposed by police.[97] Multiple sites graphically and explicitly discussed "war", physically taking charge at the event, and killing politicians, even soliciting opinions about which politician should be hanged first, with a GIF of a noose.[92]
One comment−cited in the FBI memo−advocated for Trump supporters going to Washington and getting "violent". "Stop calling this a march, or rally, or a protest. Go there, ready for war. We get our President or we die. ... It is our duty as Americans to fight, kill and die for our rights."[98] On December 26, a leader of the Oath Keepers allegedly messaged instructions to "wait for the 6th when we are all in D.C. to insurrection". According to prosecutors, that leader also authored a message in December reporting "I organized an alliance between Oath Keepers, Florida 3%ers, and Proud Boys".[99]
On January 5, the Norfolk field office of the FBI reported plans of violence: "An online thread discussed specific calls for violence to include stating 'Be ready to fight. Congress needs to hear glass breaking, doors being kicked in, and blood from their BLM and Pantifa [sic] slave soldiers being spilled. Get violent. Stop calling this a march, or rally, or a protest. Go there ready for war. We get our President or we die. NOTHING else will achieve this goal.'" The Norfolk report noted that planners shared a map of the tunnels underneath the Capitol.[100]
NBC News reported in June 2021 that the FBI had been asking at least one person charged with involvement in the attack about his possible connections to members of Congress.[101]
Joan Donovan, research director at Harvard's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, said that key figures in the Unite the Right rally and the Gamergate online harassment campaign worked to raise online fury ahead of the attack.[102]
Funding
Organizations that took part in the event include: Black Conservatives Fund, Eighty Percent Coalition, Moms For America, Peaceably Gather, Phyllis Schlafly Eagles, Rule of Law Defense Fund, Stop The Steal, Turning Point Action, Tea Party Patriots, Women For America First, and Wildprotest.com.[103][104] Rule of Law Defense Fund, which is a 501(c)(4) arm of the Republican Attorneys General Association, also paid for robocalls to invite people to "march to the Capitol building and call on Congress to stop the steal".[105] Conspiracy theorist Alex Jones's media company paid $500,000 to book the Ellipse for the event,[106][107] of which $300,000 was donated by Publix heiress and prominent Trump donor Julie Jenkins Fancelli.[107] Jones claimed that the Trump White House asked him to lead the march to the Capitol.[106] Charlie Kirk tweeted that Turning Point Action and Students for Trump had sent over eighty buses to the Capitol.[108] Roger Stone recorded a video for Stop The Steal Security Project to raise funds "for the staging, the transportation and most importantly the security" of the event.[109] Other people attempted to raise funds in December via GoFundMe to help pay for transportation to the rally, with limited success.[2] An investigation by BuzzFeed News identified more than a dozen fundraisers to pay for travel to the planned rally. GoFundMe subsequently deactivated several of the campaigns after the riot, but some campaigns had already raised part or all of their fundraising goals before deactivation.[110]
January 5 meeting
Trump's closest allies met at the Trump International Hotel in Washington, D.C., on the evening of January 5.[111][112] Attendees included Donald Trump Jr., Eric Trump, Michael Flynn, Corey Lewandowski, and Alabama Senator Tommy Tuberville. Tuberville has since stated that he did not attend the meeting,[113] but the evidence suggests otherwise.[111][114] According to Charles Herbster, who said he attended the meeting, other attendees included Adam Piper and Peter Navarro. Daniel Beck wrote that "Fifteen of us spent the evening with Donald Trump Jr., Kimberly Guilfoyle, Tommy Tuberville, Michael J. Lindell, Peter Navarro, and Rudy Giuliani".[115] Herbster claimed to be standing "in the private residence of the President at Trump International with the following patriots who are joining me in a battle for justice and truth". He added David Bossie to the list of attendees.[111] After January 6, members of the anti-government paramilitary group Oath Keepers were indicted on conspiracy charges for allegedly staging a planned mission in the Capitol.[70][10][116]
Public predictions of violence
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09426-2_%2850813677883%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09426-2_%2850813677883%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)
In 2019, Kara Swisher, a columnist for The New York Times, envisioned what would happen "if Mr. Trump loses the 2020 election and tweets inaccurately the next day that there had been widespread fraud and, moreover, that people should rise up in armed insurrection to keep him in office".[117] In early September 2020, citizen journalist Tim Pool said in a recorded conversation that "I've had messages from people saying that they've already got plans to rush to D.C. as soon as Nov. 3 goes chaotic", and that, "The right-wing militias, the Oath Keepers, the Three Percenters, and just the Proud Boys and Trump supporters, they are going to rush full-speed to D.C. They are going to take the White House and do whatever they can and paramilitary."[118] On December 1, 2020, a Georgia election official publicly warned, "Stop inspiring people to commit potential acts of violence. Someone's going to get hurt. Someone's going to get shot. Someone's going to get killed".[117]
On December 21, 2020, a viral tweet predicted "On January 6, armed Trumpist militias will be rallying in D.C., at Trump's orders. It's highly likely that they'll try to storm the Capitol after it certifies Joe Biden's win".[117] On December 29, 2020, D.C.'s Hotel Harrington, a past gathering spot for Proud Boys, announced closure from January 4–6, citing public safety. Harry's Pub, another Proud Boys hotspot, similarly announced a temporary closure.[119] On December 30, 2020, former Pence aide Olivia Troye publicly expressed fears "that violence could erupt in Washington, D.C., on January 6".[120]
A January 2 article by The Daily Beast reported protesters were discussing bringing guns to the District, breaking into federal buildings, and attacking law enforcement.[117] The article quoted one popular comment "I'm thinking it will be literal war on that day. Where we'll storm offices and physically remove and even kill all the D.C. traitors and reclaim the country".[117][121]
Official predictions and warnings
In the days leading up to the attack, several organizations that monitored online extremism had been issuing warnings about the event.[122] In an internal report dated December 29, 2020, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Minneapolis field office warned of armed protests at every state capitol, orchestrated by the far-right boogaloo movement, before Biden's inauguration.[123] Prior to January 6, 2021, the FBI notified the local Joint Terrorism Task Force of possible impending violence at the Capitol.[124] The Washington Post reported an internal FBI document on January 5 warned of rioters preparing to travel to Washington and setting up staging areas in various regional states.[125] However, the FBI decided not to distribute a formal intelligence bulletin.[124][126] Some security specialists later reported they had been surprised that they had not received information from the FBI and DHS before the event.[127]
Robert Contee, the acting Chief of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia, said after the event that his department had possessed no intelligence indicating the Capitol would be breached. Capitol Police chief Steven Sund said his department had developed a plan to respond to "First Amendment activities" but had not planned for the "criminal riotous behavior" they encountered.[128] However, on January 3, three days before the Capitol attack, the Capitol Police intelligence unit had circulated an internal memo warning that Trump supporters "see January 6, 2021, as the last opportunity to overturn the results of the presidential election" and could use violence against "Congress itself" on that date.[129] Sund said he directed the department to be placed on "all hands on deck" status (contrary to early reports[130]), which meant every sworn officer would be working. He also said he activated seven Civil Disturbance Unit platoons, approximately 250 officers, with four of those platoons equipped in helmets, protective clothing and shields.[131] U.S. Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy said law enforcement agencies' estimates of the potential size of the crowd, calculated in advance of the event, varied between 2,000 and 80,000.[132] On January 5, the National Park Service estimated that thirty thousand people would attend the "Save America" rally, based on people already in the area.[133]
Other organizations, such as the Anti-Defamation League, British security firm G4S, and nonpartisan governance watchdog Advance Democracy, Inc., studied QAnon posts and made various warnings of the potential of violence on January 6.[122][134][135]
Law enforcement preparations
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/39a.SupremeCourt.WDC.6January2021_%2850811385013%29.jpg/220px-39a.SupremeCourt.WDC.6January2021_%2850811385013%29.jpg)
According to U.S. Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy, law enforcement agencies' estimates of the potential size of the crowd, calculated in advance of the event, varied between 2,000 and 80,000.[136] On January 5, the National Park Service estimated that 30,000 people would attend the "Save America" rally, based on people already in the area.[137]
The Intelligence and Interagency Coordination Division of the Capitol Police made a threat analysis on January 3 which was drafted by a single employee who was not aided by a supervisor in writing and distributing the summary to Capitol Police leadership and others.[138][139]
Sund said his department had developed a plan to respond to "First Amendment activities", but had not planned for the "criminal riotous behavior" they encountered.[140] Sund said he directed the department to be placed on "all hands on deck" status,[a] which meant every sworn officer would be working. He also said he activated seven Civil Disturbance Unit platoons, approximately 250 officers, with four of those platoons equipped in helmets, protective clothing and shields.[142] On January 6, under "orders from leadership", the police force deployed without "less lethal" arms such as sting grenades. Department riot shields had been improperly stored, causing them to shatter upon impact.[143]
On January 4, D.C. Mayor Bowser announced that the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPD) would lead law enforcement for the event, and would coordinate with the Capitol Police, the U.S. Park Police, and the Secret Service.[144][b] "To be clear, the District of Columbia is not requesting other federal law enforcement personnel and discourages any additional deployment without immediate notification to, and consultation with, MPD if such plans are underway", Bowser wrote in a letter to the Department of Justice.[144]
Days after the 2020 election, on November 9, Donald Trump fired Defense Secretary Mark Esper, replacing him with Christopher C. Miller.[145] On December 31, 2020, Mayor Muriel Bowser requested District of Columbia National Guard troops be deployed to support D.C. police during the expected demonstrations. In her request, she wrote that the guards would not be armed and that they would be primarily responsible for "crowd management" and traffic direction, allowing police to focus on security concerns. Miller approved the request on January 4, 2021, activating 340 troops, with no more than 114 to be deployed at any given time.[146] In a January 4 memo, Miller prohibited deploying D.C. Guard members with weapons, helmets, body armor or riot control agents without his personal approval.
Three days before the riots, the Department of Defense twice offered to deploy the National Guard to the Capitol, but was told by the Capitol Police it would not be necessary.[136] On January 3, Sund was reportedly refused additional National Guard support by House Sergeant-at-Arms Paul D. Irving and Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Michael C. Stenger.[147][148] On January 5, Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy issued a memo directly placing limits on D.C. National Guard. The commanding general of the D.C. National Guard, Major General William J. Walker, explained the change, saying: "All military commanders normally have immediate response authority to protect property, life, and in my case, federal functions – federal property and life. But in this instance, I did not have that authority."[149]
According to Miller's later statements, on January 3, Miller was ordered by Trump to "do whatever was necessary to protect the demonstrators" on January 6.[150] On January 22, Miller disputed the criticism that the Pentagon had delayed deployment of the Guard, calling it "complete horseshit".[151]Trump supporters gather in D.C.
On January 5, several events related to overturning the election took place in or around the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The founder of the Eighty Percent Coalition, organized the "Rally to Revival",[86] which was permitted to take place at Freedom Plaza including a "Rally to Save America".[152] On the same day, the "Save the Republic Rally" was organized by Moms for America in the early afternoon at Area 9 across from the Russell Senate Office Building;[153] and the "One Nation Under God" rally, which was organized by Virginia Women for Trump, Stop the Steal, American Phoenix Project, and Jericho March, took place near the United States Supreme Court.[154]
The Silent Majority rally
A rally was organized by a recently defeated Republican congressional candidate from South Carolina. It was scheduled for 250 people and permitted in the North Inner Gravel Walkway between 13th and 14th Streets within the National Mall and featured a fifteen-foot-high (4.6 m) replica of the US Constitution.[86][155][156] These events took place on January 5 and 6. At least ten people were arrested, several on weapons charges, on the night of January 5 and into the morning of January 6.[157] On January 6, the "Wild Protest" was organized by Stop The Steal and took place in Area 8, across from the Russell Senate Office Building.[158] On the same day, the "Freedom Rally" was organized by Virginia Freedom Keepers, Latinos for Trump, and United Medical Freedom Super PAC at 300 First Street NE, across from the Russell Senate Office Building.[159]
Freedom Plaza rallies
The Freedom Plaza rallies were held at the northwest corner of 14th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, just west of the White House. A series of three consecutive events was planned, first a "March to Save America" rally from 1:00 to 2:00 p.m., followed by a "Stop the Steal" rally from 3:30 to 5:00 and an "Eighty Percent Coalition" rally from 5:00 to 8:30.[160] A number of speakers were presented, notably including:
- Matt Maddock (R), MI State Representative from Milford[161]
- Vernon Jones (D/R), former GA State Representative[162]
- Alex Jones, conservative radio host and conspiracy theorist[163][164]
- Michael Flynn, former National Security Advisor to President Trump[165][166]
- George Papadopoulos (R), Trump Campaign Advisor[167][168]
- Roger Stone, advisor to President Trump[165][169][170]
Bombs placed
External image | |
---|---|
![]() |
At 7:40 p.m. on January 5, someone wearing a gray hooded sweatshirt, a COVID-19 mask, and Nike Air Max Speed Turf sneakers was filmed carrying a bag through a residential neighborhood on South Capitol Street. At 7:52 p.m., he or she was recorded sitting on a bench outside the DNC—the next day, a pipe bomb was discovered there, placed under a bush. In the footage, the suspect appears to zip a bag, stand and walk away. At 8:14, they were filmed in an alley near the RNC, where a second pipe bomb was found the following day.[172] They placed both bombs within a few blocks of the Capitol.[173][174] The FBI distributed photos and video of the person who they believe planted the devices and offered an initial reward of up to $50,000 for information;[175] by the end of the month, the FBI raised it to $75,000.[176][177]
January 6 Trump rally
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Before.SenatePark.WDC.6January2021_%2850808731733%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Before.SenatePark.WDC.6January2021_%2850808731733%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)
The "Save America" rally (or "March to Save America", promoted as a "Save America March")[178] took place on January 6 in the Ellipse within the National Mall just south of the White House. The permit granted to Women for America First showed their first amendment rally "March for Trump" with speeches running from 9:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., and an additional hour for the conclusion of rally and dispersal of participants.[86]
Trump supporters gathered there to hear speeches from Trump, Rudy Giuliani, and others, such as Chapman University School of Law professor John C. Eastman, who spoke, at least in part, on the basis of his memorandums, which have been described as an instruction manual for a coup d'état.[179][180] In a court filing in February, a member of the Oath Keepers claimed she had acted as "security" at the rally, and was provided with a "VIP pass to the rally where she met with Secret Service agents". The U.S. Secret Service denied that any private citizens had coordinated with it to provide security on January 6.[181] On February 22, she changed her story and said she interacted with the Secret Service only as she passed through the security check before the rally.[182]
Mo Brooks (R-AL) was a featured speaker at the rally and spoke around 9 a.m, where he said, "Today is the day American patriots start taking down names and kicking ass". And later, "Are you willing to do what it takes to fight for America? Louder! Will you fight for America?"[183][184]
Representative Madison Cawthorn (R–NC) said, "This crowd has some fight".[185] Amy Kremer told attendees, "it is up to you and I to save this Republic" and called on them to "keep up the fight".[87] Trump's sons, Donald Jr. and Eric, along with Eric's wife Lara Trump, also spoke, naming and verbally attacking Republican congressmen and senators who were not supporting the effort to challenge the Electoral College vote, and promising to campaign against them in future primary elections.[186] Donald Jr. said of Republican lawmakers, "If you're gonna be the zero and not the hero, we're coming for you".[187][188]
Rudy Giuliani repeated conspiracy theories that voting machines used in the election were "crooked" and at 10:50 called for "trial by combat".[189][190] At 10:58, a Proud Boys contingent left the rally and marched toward the Capitol Building.[40]
Eastman asserted that balloting machines contained "secret folders" that altered voting results.[191] A week later, he retired.[192]
Donald Trump's speech
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2021_United_States_Capitol_VOA_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-2021_United_States_Capitol_VOA_1_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Starting at 11:58, from behind a bulletproof shield, President Trump gave a speech, declaring he would "never concede" the election, criticized the media, and called for Pence to overturn the election results, something outside Pence's constitutional power.[78][193] His speech contained many falsehoods and misrepresentations that inflamed the crowd.[194] Trump did not overtly call on his supporters to use violence or enter the Capitol,[195] but his speech was filled with violent imagery[196] and Trump suggested that his supporters had the power to prevent Biden from taking office.[195] The same afternoon, Pence released a letter to Congress in which he said he could not challenge Biden's victory.[78][197]
Trump called for his supporters to "walk down to the Capitol" to "cheer on our brave senators and congressmen and women and we're probably not going to be cheering so much for some of them." He told the crowd that he would be with them, but he ultimately did not go to the Capitol. As to counting Biden's electoral votes, Trump said, "We can't let that happen" and suggested Biden would be an "illegitimate president."[195][196] Referring to the day of the elections, Trump said, "most people would stand there at 9:00 in the evening and say, 'I want to thank you very much,' and they go off to some other life, but I said, 'Something's wrong here. Something's really wrong. [It] can't have happened.' And we fight. We fight like Hell and if you don't fight like Hell, you're not going to have a country anymore".[43]: 01:11:44 He said the protesters would be "going to the Capitol and we're going to try and give [Republicans] the kind of pride and boldness that they need to take back our country."[198] Trump also said, "you'll never take back our country with weakness. You have to show strength and you have to be strong. We have come to demand that Congress do the right thing and only count the electors who have been lawfully slated".[195][196]
Trump denounced Representative Liz Cheney (R-WY), saying, "We've got to get rid of the weak Congresspeople, the ones that aren't any good, the Liz Cheneys of the world".[199] He called upon his supporters to "fight much harder" against "bad people"; told the crowd that "you are allowed to go by very different rules," said that his supporters were "not going to take it any longer"; framed the moment as the last stand, suggested that Pence and other Republican officials put themselves in danger by accepting Biden's victory; and told the crowd he would march with them to the Capitol (although he did not do so).[195][196] In addition to the twenty times he used the term "fight," Trump once used the term "peacefully," saying, "I know that everyone here will soon be marching over to the Capitol building to peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard".[196]
During Trump's speech, his supporters chanted "Take the Capitol," "Taking the Capitol right now," "Invade the Capitol," "Storm the Capitol" and "Fight for Trump".[200][201] The New York Times places the fall of the first barriers at 1:03 p.m.[202] Before Trump had finished speaking at 1:12 p.m., an estimated eight thousand supporters had already begun moving up the National Mall, with some shouting that they were storming the Capitol.[46] After completing his speech, Trump went back to the White House on the presidential motorcade, arriving at 1:19 p.m.[203] At some point afterward, Trump went to the Oval Office and started watching news coverage of the attack.[203]
Attack on the Capitol
During his January 6 speech, President Trump called upon supporters to walk to the Capitol. Just before the attack, pipe bombs were discovered near the complex.[204] Attackers besieged and ultimately breached the Capitol. Members of the Congress barricaded themselves in the chamber, and one attacker was fatally shot by police while attempting to breach a barricade.[205]
After officials at the Pentagon delayed deployment of the National Guard citing concerns about optics, D.C. Mayor Bowser requested assistance from the Governor of Virginia. By 3:15, Virginia state assets began arriving in D.C.[206] After Vice President Pence and the Congress were evacuated to secure locations, law enforcement cleared and secured the Capitol.
March to the Capitol
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7957.jpg/220px-DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7957.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/22.ProudBoys.USSC.WDC.6January2021_%2850810571356%29.jpg/220px-22.ProudBoys.USSC.WDC.6January2021_%2850810571356%29.jpg)
On January 6, Trump supporters filled The Ellipse, about 1.6 miles (2.6 km) from the Capitol, just south of the White House grounds.[207] Signs around the stage carried the slogan "Save America March". Speeches began at 9:00. While they continued, a Proud Boys contingent left the rally at 10:58 to march toward the Capitol Building. As they set off, Ethan Nordean used a megaphone to issue instructions and said: "if you're not a Proud Boy, please get out of the way". Another leader, Joe Biggs, used a walkie-talkie for communications.[40] President Trump arrived and began speaking about noon. Throughout his speech, he encouraged the crowd to walk down Pennsylvania Avenue to the Capitol. Before he had finished speaking, members of the crowd began walking toward the Capitol "in a steady stream".[207] Around 12:30, a "fairly calm" crowd of about 300 built up east of the Capitol. Senator Josh Hawley (R-MO), a leader of the group of lawmakers who vowed to challenge the Electoral College vote, greeted these protesters with a raised fist as he passed by on his way to the Congress joint session in the early afternoon.[208][209]
Bombs discovered near Capitol Complex
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jan_6_pipe_bomb.jpg/170px-Jan_6_pipe_bomb.jpg)
Around 12:45 p.m., a bomb was discovered next to a building containing Republican National Committee (RNC) offices by a woman using the shared alleyway to access her apartment building's laundry room.[210] She alerted RNC security, which investigated and summoned law enforcement; U.S. Capitol Police, FBI agents and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) all responded to the RNC bomb.[211]
About thirty minutes later, while officers were still responding at the RNC, they were informed a second pipe bomb had been discovered under a bush at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters.[212][213] Vice President-elect Kamala Harris was inside the DNC headquarters at the time the pipe bomb was discovered.[214] Capitol Police began investigating the DNC pipe bomb at 1:07 p.m., and Harris was evacuated at approximately 1:14 p.m.[214] The devices were of a similar design – about one foot (30 cm) in length.[213][215] They were safely detonated by bomb squads;[212] the pipe bomb at the RNC was neutralized at 3:33 p.m. and the pipe bomb at the DNC was neutralized at 4:36 p.m., according to a Capitol Police timeline.[214] The bombs were fully functional and constructed of galvanized steel pipes, homemade black powder, and kitchen timers.[216][217] The FBI stated that the bombs "were viable and could have been detonated, resulting in serious injury or death".[216]
Sund told The Washington Post on January 10 that he suspected the pipe bombs were intentionally placed to draw police away from the Capitol;[218] Representative Tim Ryan (D-Ohio) echoed the sentiment in a virtual news conference on January 11, saying, "[W]e do believe there was some level of coordination ... because of the pipe bombs ... that immediately drew attention away from the breach that was happening".[219][220] The Inspector General of the Capitol Police later concluded, "If those pipe bombs were intended to be diversion... it worked".[221] As the mob of Trump supporters attacked the Capitol, the discovery of the pipe bombs diverted a large number of already-outnumbered law enforcement officers from the Capitol.[214] Capitol Police Inspector General Michael Bolton testified before Congress that "the bombs drew three teams to investigate" and left only one squad at the Capitol.[216]Siege
The Proud Boys contingent reached the west perimeter of the Capitol grounds, protected only by a sparse line of police in front of a temporary fence. Other Trump supporters arrived, forming a growing crowd. The mob, headed by Proud Boy Joe Biggs, rushed the fences and clashed with the police. At 12:53, rioters stormed through the barriers and onto the Capitol grounds for the first time, as police struggled to contain them. Meanwhile, at The Ellipse, Oath Keepers wearing black hoodies with prominent logos left the rally at 12:52 and changed into Army Combat Uniforms, with helmets, on their way to the Capitol.[40]
Around 1:00, hundreds of Trump supporters clashed with a second thin line of officers and pushed through barriers erected along the perimeter of the Capitol.[48][222] The crowd swept past barriers and officers, with some members of the mob spraying officers with chemical agents or hitting them with lead pipes.[3][6][223] Many rioters walked up the external stairways, while some resorted to ropes and makeshift ladders.[224] To gain access, several scaled the west wall.[225] Representative Zoe Lofgren (D–CA), aware that rioters had reached the Capitol steps, could not reach Steven Sund by phone; House Sergeant-at-Arms Paul D. Irving told Lofgren the doors to the Capitol were locked and "nobody can get in."[226]
Telephone logs released by USCP show that Sund had been coordinating additional resources from various agencies. Sund's first call was to the D.C. Metropolitan Police, who arrived within 15 minutes.[227] Sund called Irving and Stenger at 12:58 and asked them for an emergency declaration required to call in the National Guard; they both told Sund they would "run it up the chain." More than an hour later, Irving called back with formal approval.[228]
After Trump had finished his speech, around 1:12, he returned to the White House despite promising to march with protectors to the Capital. [207]
A reliable estimate of the total size of the crowd cannot be ascertained, as aerial photos are not permitted in Washington, D.C., for reasons of security, but the crowd was estimated to be in the thousands.[36]
At 1:50 p.m., the on-scene MPD incident commander declared a riot.[227] At 1:58, Capitol Police officers removed a barricade on the northeast side of the Capitol allowing hundreds of protestors to stream onto the grounds.[229]
Capitol breach
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7965.jpg/220px-DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7965.jpg)
Just before 2:00 p.m., numerous rioters reached the doors and windows of the Capitol and began attempts to break in. Around 2:11, a group of rioters used a piece of lumber to break through a window, and began climbing into the building moments later.[230] At 2:12, a Proud Boy seized a Capitol Police plastic shield and used it to smash through another window; by 2:13, the Capitol was officially breached, and the growing mob streamed into the National Statuary Hall.[40][6][231][232]
As rioters began to invade the Capitol and other nearby buildings, some buildings in the complex were evacuated.[57] Outside, the mob punctured the tires of a police vehicle, and left a note saying "PELOSI IS SATAN" on the windshield.[6] Politico reported some rioters briefly showing their police badges or military identification to law enforcement as they approached the Capitol, expecting to be let inside; a Capitol Police officer told BuzzFeed News that one rioter had told him "[w]e're doing this for you" as he flashed a badge.[128]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Screenshot_of_Officer_Daniel_Hodges_crushed_during_Jan_6_attack.png/220px-Screenshot_of_Officer_Daniel_Hodges_crushed_during_Jan_6_attack.png)
Concerned about the approaching mob, Representative Maxine Waters (D-CA) called Capitol Police Chief Steven Sund, who was not on Capitol grounds but at the police department's headquarters. When asked what the Capitol Police were doing to stop the rioters, Sund told Waters, "We're doing the best we can" before the line went dead.[226] Although Sund's phone logs released by USCP show no such call taking place.[citation needed]
Federal officials estimate that about ten thousand rioters entered the Capitol grounds,[233] and more than 800 breached the building.[233][234]
More than 800 video and audio files – including D.C. Metropolitan Police radio transmissions, Capitol Police body-worn camera footage, and Capitol surveillance camera footage – were later obtained as evidence in Trump's impeachment trial. The evidence showed that the assailants launched a large and coordinated attack; for example, "Security camera footage near the House chamber shows the rioters waving in reinforcements to come around the corner. Another video shows more than 150 rioters charging through a breached entrance in just a minute-and-a-half".[235] While assaulting the Capitol, the crowd chanted "Fight, Fight"; "Stop the steal"; and "Fight for Trump".[236] As they were overrun by a violent mob, the police acted with restraint and pleaded for backup.[235] Many of the attackers employed tactics, body armor and technology (such as two-way radio headsets) similar to those of the very police they were confronting.[237] Some rioters wore riot gear, including helmets and military-style vests. A pair of rioters carried plastic handcuffs, which they found on a table inside the Capitol.[238][239]
Some of the rioters carried American flags, Confederate battle flags,[6][240][241][242] or Nazi emblems.[243] For the first time in U.S. history, a Confederate battle flag was displayed inside the Capitol.[240][244] Christian imagery and rhetoric was prevalent. Rioters carried crosses and signs saying, "Jesus Saves", and "Jesus 2020". On the National Mall, rioters chanted, "Christ is king". One rioter carried a Christian flag. Rioters referred to the neo-fascist Proud Boys as "God's warriors".[245][246] These were mainly neo-charismatic, prophetic Christians who believed that Trump was prophesied to remain in power and anointed by God to save Christian Americans from religious persecution.[247]
Although a few evangelical leaders supported the riots,[245] most condemned the violence and criticized Trump for inciting the crowd.[248] This criticism came from liberal Christian groups such as the Red-Letter Christians, as well as evangelical groups who were generally supportive of Trump.[245][249] This criticism did not affect evangelical support for Trump; investigative journalist Sarah Posner, author of Unholy: Why White Evangelicals Worship at the Altar of Donald Trump, argued that many white evangelical Christians in the U.S. create an echo chamber whereby Trump's missteps are blamed on the Democratic Party, leftists, or the mainstream media, the last of which being viewed as especially untrustworthy.[250]
Senate adjourned
At the time, the joint session of Congress – which had already voted to accept the nine electoral votes from Alabama and three from Alaska without objection – was split so that each chamber could separately consider an objection to accepting Arizona's electoral votes that had been raised by Representative Paul Gosar (R-AZ) and endorsed by Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX). Both chambers were roughly halfway through their two-hour debate on the motion.[251][252]
While debate over the Arizona electoral college votes continued, an armed police officer entered the Senate chamber, positioned facing the back entrance of the chamber. Pence handed the floor from Senator Kyrsten Sinema (D-AZ) to Senator James Lankford (R-OK). Moments later, Pence and his family were escorted out by Secret Service members. As rioters began to climb the stairs toward the Senate chamber, a lone Capitol Police officer, Eugene Goodman, worked to slow the mob down as he radioed that they had reached the second floor. Realizing he was steps away from the still-unsealed Senate chamber doors, Goodman then shoved a rioter, leading the mob as he ran into a line of reinforcements. Banging could be heard from outside as rioters attempted to breach the doors. As Lankford was speaking, the Senate was gaveled into recess, and the doors were locked at 2:15. A minute later, the rioters reached the gallery outside the chamber.[226][253] A police officer carrying a semi-automatic weapon appeared on the floor and stood between then Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and then Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY).[254] Senator Mitt Romney (R-UT) exasperatedly threw up his hands and directly criticized several fellow Republicans who were challenging President-elect Biden's electoral votes, yelling to them, "This is what you've gotten, guys".[255] Several members of Senate parliamentarian Elizabeth MacDonough's staff carried the boxes of Electoral College votes and documentation out of the chamber to hidden safe rooms within the building.[256][257]
Due to security threat inside: immediately, move inside your office, take emergency equipment, lock the doors, take shelter.
—Capitol Police alert[226]
Trump had made repeated false claims that the vice president had "unilateral authority" to reject electoral college votes and had pressured Pence to overturn the election results, but that morning Pence told Trump he refused to do so, after taking legal advice confirming that there was no such constitutional authority. At 2:24, Trump tweeted that Pence "didn't have the courage to do what should have been done".[51][258] Afterwards, Trump followers on far-right social media called for Pence to be hunted down, and the mob began chanting, "Where is Pence?" and "Find Mike Pence!"[259] Outside, the mob chanted, "Hang Mike Pence!", which some crowds continued to chant as they stormed the Capitol;[258] at least three rioters were overheard by a reporter saying they wanted to find Pence and execute him as a "traitor" by hanging him from a tree outside the building.[260] All buildings in the complex were subsequently locked down, with no entry or exit from the buildings allowed. Capitol staff were asked to shelter in place; those outside were advised to "seek cover".[55]
As the mob roamed the Capitol, lawmakers, aides, and staff took shelter in offices and closets. Aides to Mitch McConnell, barricaded in a room just off a hallway, heard a rioter outside the door "praying loudly", asking for "the evil of Congress [to] be brought to an end".[226] The rioters entered and ransacked the office of the Senate Parliamentarian.[261]
With senators still in the chamber, Trump called Senator Tommy Tuberville (R-AL) and told him to do more to block the counting of Biden's electoral votes, but the call had to be cut off when the Senate chamber was evacuated at 2:30.[262][263][264][265] After evacuation, the mob briefly took control of the chamber, with some armed men carrying plastic handcuffs and others posing with raised fists on the Senate dais Pence had left minutes earlier.[6][266] Pence's wife Karen Pence, daughter Charlotte Pence Bond, and brother Greg Pence (a member of the House; R–IN) were in the Capitol at the time it was attacked.[267] As Pence and his family were being escorted from the Senate chamber to a nearby hideaway, they came within a minute of being visible to rioters on a staircase only 100 feet (30 m) away.[230] It was reportedly intended for Pence to be evacuated from the Capitol Complex entirely, but he refused to do so, saying that seeing his "20-car motorcade fleeing ... would only vindicate their insurrection".[268]
Staff and reporters inside the building were taken by secure elevators to the basement and then to an underground bunker constructed following the attempted attack on the Capitol in 2001. Evacuees were redirected while en route after the bunker was also infiltrated by the mob.[264]
Sergeant-at-Arms of the Senate Michael C. Stenger accompanied a group of senators including Lindsey Graham (R-SC) and Joe Manchin (D-WV) to a secure location in a Senate office building. Once safe, the lawmakers were "furious" with Stenger; Graham asked him, "How does this happen? How does this happen?" and added that they "[are] not going to be run out by a mob".[226]
House recessed
Meanwhile, in the House chamber around 2:15 while Gosar was speaking, Speaker Pelosi was escorted out of the chamber. The House was gaveled into recess, but would resume a few minutes later.[269][270] Amid the security concerns, Representative Dean Phillips (D–MN) yelled, "This is because of you!" at his Republican colleagues.[271] The House resumed debate around 2:25. Around 2:30, when Gosar finished speaking, the House went into recess again after rioters had entered the House wing and were attempting to enter the Speaker's Lobby just outside the chamber. Lawmakers were still inside and being evacuated, with Pelosi, Kevin McCarthy and a few others taken to a secure location.[272][273] With violence breaking out, Capitol security advised the members of Congress to take cover.[274][275] Members of Congress inside the House chamber were told to don gas masks as law enforcement began using tear gas within the building.[269][275][276][277][278]
ABC News reported that shots were fired within the Capitol.[276][279] An armed standoff took place at the front door of the chamber of the House of Representatives: as the mob attempted to break in, federal law enforcement officers drew their guns inside[6] and pointed them toward the chamber doors, which were barricaded with furniture.[280] In a stairway, one officer fired a shot at a man coming toward him.[281] Photographer Erin Schaff said that, from the Capitol Rotunda, she ran upstairs, where rioters grabbed her press badge. Police found her, and because her press pass had been stolen, held her at gunpoint before other colleagues intervened.[255]
The chief of staff for Representative Ayanna Pressley (D–MA) claimed that when the congresswoman and staff barricaded themselves in her office and attempted to call for help with duress buttons that they had previously used during safety drills, "[e]very panic button in my office had been torn out – the whole unit".[282] Subsequently, a House Administration Committee emailed Greg Sargent of The Washington Post claiming the missing buttons were likely due to a "clerical screw-up" resulting from Pressley's swapping offices.[283] Representative Jamaal Bowman (D-NY) tweeted that there were no duress buttons in his office, but acknowledged he was only three days into his term and they were installed a week later.[284]
Multiple rioters, using the cameras on their cell phones, documented themselves occupying the Capitol and the offices of various representatives,[285] vandalizing the offices of Speaker Pelosi,[286][287] accessing secure computers, and stealing a laptop.[288]
Congress reconvened
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_16.jpg/220px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_16.jpg)
By 6 p.m., the building was cleared of rioters, and bomb squads swept the Capitol. At 7:15 p.m., Defense Secretary Miller told the leaders of Congress that they were cleared to return to the Capitol. At 8:06 p.m., Pence called the Senate back into session, and at 9 p.m., Pelosi did the same in the House. After debating and voting down two objections, Congress voted to confirm Biden's electoral college win at 3:24 a.m.[289]
Participants and response
Groups
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7942.jpg/220px-DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7942.jpg)
The attackers included some of Trump's longtime and most fervent supporters from across the United States.[290] The mob included Republican Party officials, current and former state legislators and political donors, far-right militants, white supremacists,[290] conservative evangelical Christians and participants of the "Save America" Rally.[291] Some came heavily armed and some were convicted criminals, including a man who had been released from a Florida prison after serving a sentence for attempted murder.[290] Although the anti-government Boogaloo movement mostly were opposing Donald Trump, a Boogaloo follower said several groups under his command helped storm the Capitol, taking the opportunity to strike against the federal government.[292] Supporters of the Three Percenters, the Black Hebrew Israelites, the America First Movement, the Stop the Steal movement, the Patriot Movement, Blue Lives Matter, the Proud Boys, Tea Party movement, the Oath Keepers, Traditionalist Worker Party, QAnon, the Groyper Army, and national-anarchism, as well as neo-Confederates, Christian nationalists and Holocaust deniers, among other far-right organizations and groups, were present during the riot, with some wearing emblematic gear. Neo-Nazi and Völkisch-inspired neopagan apparel was also worn by some participants during the riots, including a shirt emblazoned with references to the Auschwitz–Birkenau concentration camp and its motto, Arbeit macht frei (German for "work makes you free").[293][294][69][295]
Anti-Semitic, neo-Nazi group NSC-131 (National Socialist Club) also attended the Capitol Riot, although it is unknown to what extent.[296][297] The group is more radical than other patriot groups who attended the rally. "NSC members consider themselves soldiers fighting a war against a hostile, Jewish-controlled system that is deliberately plotting the extinction of the white race." states the ADL.[298]
Christian imagery, including a large "Jesus saves" banner, was seen in the crowd of demonstrators. Before the demonstrators entered the building, activist Jake Angeli called out for them to pause and join him in prayer, saying, "Thank you for allowing the United States to be reborn. We love you and we thank you. In Christ's holy name, we pray". During the prayer, many of those present removed their hats and shouted "amen" when he finished.[291]
Witnesses also reported seeing the national flags of Cuba, Romania, India, Israel, Vietnam, Australia, Japan, Iran, Georgia, South Korea, Tonga, Mexico, Canada, the United States (including an upside-down version and a US marines flag), as well as the flag of the fictional country of "Kekistan", III Percenters, "Release the Kraken", Pine tree, Second Amendment, America First and VDARE flags, Altered versions of confederate, Gadsden, state, national and Gays for Trump flags, Campaign and Army flags such as the Betsy Ross flag, Irish Brigade flags, and others.[299]
Shirts with references to famous internet meme Pepe the Frog were also seen, alongside "1776" and "MAGA civil war 2021" shirts, NSC-131 stickers, Qanon and Valknot symbolism aswell as Oath Keepers and proud boys hats.[300], Rioters were also seen using the "OK" hand sign, a famous alt-right dog whistle.
After the storming of the Capitol, two white nationalists known for racist and anti-Semitic rhetoric streamed to their online followers a video posted on social media showing a man harassing an Israeli journalist seeking to conduct a live report outside the building.[294] Some participants wore shirts bearing the abbreviation 6MWE, standing for "6 Million Wasn't Enough", a reference to the number of Jewish people who were murdered in the Holocaust.[293] According to the FBI, the majority of participants in the attack who appeared on its terrorist watchlist "are suspected white supremacists".[69] Following the event, members of the Nationalist Social Club, a neo-Nazi street gang, detailed their participation in the storming and claimed the acts were the "beginning of the start of White Revolution in the United States".[301]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC08970_%2850827352796%29.jpg/220px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC08970_%2850827352796%29.jpg)
An academic analysis reported in The Atlantic found that of the 193 people so far arrested for invading the Capitol, 89 percent had no clear public connection to established far-right militias, known white-nationalist gangs, or any other known militant organizations. "The overwhelming reason for action, cited again and again in court documents, was that arrestees were following Trump's orders to keep Congress from certifying Joe Biden as the presidential-election winner." They were older than participants in previous far-right violent demonstrations and more likely to be employed, with 40% being business owners. The researchers concluded that these "middle-aged, middle-class insurrectionists" represented "a new force in American politics – not merely a mix of right-wing organizations, but a broader mass political movement that has violence at its core and draws strength even from places where Trump supporters are in the minority".[302]
The Associated Press reviewed public and online records of more than 120 participants after the storming and found that many of them shared conspiracy theories about the 2020 presidential election on social media and had also believed other QAnon and "deep state" conspiracy theories. Additionally, several had threatened Democratic and Republican politicians before the storming.[290] The event was described as "Extremely Online", with "pro-Trump internet personalities" and fans streaming live footage while taking selfies.[303][304]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09265-2_%2850821579347%29.jpg/220px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09265-2_%2850821579347%29.jpg)
Some military personnel participated in the riot;[290] the Department of Defense is investigating members on active and reserve duty who may have been involved in the riot.[305][306] An analysis by National Public Radio showed that nearly 20% of defendants charged in relation to the attack served in the military; in the general population, 7% of all American adults are veterans.[307] Police officers and a police chief from departments in multiple states are under investigation for their alleged involvement in the riot.[308] As of January 25, at least 39 law enforcement officers are suspected of participating in Trump's pre-riot rally, or joining the Capitol riots, or both.[309] Two Capitol Police officers were suspended, one for directing rioters inside the building while wearing a Make America Great Again hat, and the other for taking a selfie with a rioter.[310][311]
Court charges filed by federal prosecutors against members of the Oath Keepers militia who stormed the Capitol indicated that the militiamen were updated via Facebook messages on the location of lawmakers as they were evacuated, and relayed communications such as "We have about 30–40 of us. We are sticking together and sticking to the plan" and "All members are in the tunnels under capital [sic] seal them in. Turn on gas".[70][312][313]
Anti-vaccine activists and conspiracy theorists were also present at the rally.[314] Members of the right-wing Tea Party Patriots-backed group America's Frontline Doctors, including founder Simone Gold and its communications director, were arrested.[315][316]
State lawmakers
At least nineteen Republican current and former state legislators were present at the event, including West Virginia State Senator Mike Azinger, Nevada State Assemblywoman Annie Black, Virginia State Senator Amanda Chase, Maryland Delegate Daniel L. Cox, Alaska State Representative David Eastman, West Virginia Delegate Derrick Evans, Colorado State Representative-elect Ron Hanks, Missouri State Representative Justin Hill, Arizona State Representative Mark Finchem, Virginia State Delegate Dave LaRock, Virginia State Delegate John McGuire, Michigan State Representative Matt Maddock, Pennsylvania State Senator Doug Mastriano, Illinois State Representative Chris Miller, Rhode Island State Representative Justin K. Price, and Tennessee Representative Terri Lynn Weaver, as well as outgoing Georgia State Representative Vernon Jones (a former Democrat who announced at the rally that he had joined the Republican Party), outgoing Arizona State Representative Anthony Kern, and former Pennsylvania State Representative Rick Saccone. Weaver claimed to have been "in the thick of it" and Evans filmed himself entering the Capitol alongside rioters. All denied participating in acts of violence.[317]
On January 8, Evans was charged by federal authorities with entering a restricted area;[318] he resigned from the House of Delegates the next day.[319] Amanda Chase was censured by the Virginia State Senate for her actions surrounding the event;[320] in response she filed a federal lawsuit against that body.[321] In May 2021, months after the riot, crowdsourced video analysis identified Doug Mastriano and his wife passing through a breached Capitol Police barricade, contradicting his previous claims; Mastriano dismissed these accusations as the work of "angry partisans" who were "foot soldiers of the ruling elite".[322]
Former United States Representative Dana Rohrabacher (CA-48) was filmed joining a crowd that breached a Capitol Police barricade on January 6; Rohrabacher was not charged with an offense.[323]
Trump's conduct
Trump was in the West Wing of the White House at the time of the attack.[324] He was "initially pleased" when his supporters breached the Capitol and refused to intercede.[325] Staffers reported that Trump had been "impossible to talk to throughout the day".[326] Concerned that Trump may have committed treason through his actions, White House Counsel Pat Cipollone reportedly advised administration officials to avoid contact with Trump and ignore any illegal orders that could further incite the attack to limit their prosecutorial liability under the Sedition Act of 1918.[327]
Shortly after 2:00 p.m. EST, as the riot was ongoing and after Senators had been evacuated, Trump placed calls to Republican Senators (first Mike Lee of Utah, then Tommy Tuberville of Alabama), asking them to make more objections to the counting of the electoral votes to try to overturn the election.[263] At 2:47 p.m., as his supporters violently clashed with police at the Capitol, Trump tweeted, "Please support our Capitol Police and Law Enforcement. They are truly on the side of our Country. Stay peaceful!"[328] The Washington Post later reported that Trump did not want to include the words "stay peaceful".[329] Pence was evacuated by the Secret Service from the Senate chamber around 2:13.[263][330]
By 3:10, pressure was building on Trump to condemn supporters engaged in the riots. By 3:25, Trump tweeted, "I am asking for everyone at the U.S. Capitol to remain peaceful. No violence! Remember, WE are the Party of Law & Order – respect the Law and our great men and women in Blue", but he refused to call upon the crowd to disperse.[328] By 3:40, several congressional Republicans called upon Trump to more specifically condemn violence and to tell his supporters to end the occupation of the Capitol.[331][332]
By 3:50 p.m., White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany said the National Guard and "other federal protective services" had been deployed.[328] At 4:06 p.m. on national television, President-elect Biden called for President Trump to end the riot. At 4:22 p.m., Trump issued a video message on social media that Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube later took down. In it, he praised his supporters and repeated his claims of electoral fraud.[61][328] At 6:25 p.m., Trump tweeted: "These are the things and events that happen when a sacred landslide election victory is so unceremoniously & viciously stripped away from great patriots who have been badly & unfairly treated for so long" and then issued a call: "Go home with love & in peace. Remember this day forever!"[62][328][333] At 7:00, Rudy Giuliani placed a second call to Lee's number and left a voicemail intended for Tuberville urging him to make more objections to the electoral votes as part of a bid "to try to just slow it down".[263]
Congressional conduct
During the riots, Representative Lauren Boebert (R-CO) posted on Twitter some information about the police response and the location of members, including the fact that Speaker Pelosi had been taken out of the chamber, for which she has faced calls to resign for endangering members.[334][335] Boebert responded that she was not sharing private information, since Pelosi's removal was also broadcast on TV.[284]
Representative Ayanna Pressley left the congressional safe room for fear of other members there "who incited the mob in the first place".[284]
While sheltering for hours in the "safe room" – a cramped, windowless room where people sat within arms' length of each other – some Republican Congress members refused to wear facemasks, even when their Democratic colleagues begged them to do so. During the following week, three Democratic members tested positive for the coronavirus. An environmental health expert described the situation as a "superspreader" event.[336]
Law enforcement and National Guard response
Capitol Police had not planned for a riot or attack.[140] The Capitol Police Board – consisting of the Architect of the Capitol, the House Sergeant at Arms, and the Senate Sergeant at Arms – has the authority to request the National Guard to the Capitol but made the decision on January 3 not to do so.[337] On January 6, USCP officers deployed without "less lethal" arms such as sting grenades. At 12:49 p.m., Capitol police responded to the two bombs near the Capitol.[338] Minutes later, rioters breached a police perimeter west of the Capitol building. By 2:12 p.m., rioters breached the Capitol building.[339] Capitol and D.C. police then fought to protect Congress and restore order, while individuals at the Department of Defense waited over three hours to deploy the National Guard.[340]
Capitol Police Chief Sund first requested assistance from the D.C. National Guard (DCNG) at 1:49 p.m.[341][342] At 2:22 p.m. D.C. officials also requested National Guard deployment in a conference call with Pentagon leaders.[341] After DoD refused to send immediate assistance, D.C. Mayor Muriel Bowser contacted the Public Safety Secretary of Virginia, Brian Moran, who immediately dispatched Virginia State Police to the District.[343] At 2:49 p.m., the Governor of Virginia activated all available assets including the Virginia National Guard to aid the U.S. Capitol; the authorization from DoD required for legal deployment was not granted.[343][344] By 3:10 p.m., police from Fairfax County, Virginia, were dispatched to the District,[345] and began arriving at 3:15 p.m.[343]
At 4:22 p.m., Trump issued a video message on social media in which he repeated his claims of electoral fraud, praised his supporters and told them to "go home".[346] By 4:24 p.m., a 12-man armed FBI SWAT team had arrived at the Capitol Complex.[347] Then-Acting Secretary of Defense Christopher Miller finally approved deployment of the National Guard at 4:32 p.m.[348] Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Mark Milley, later told the House committee that investigated January 6 that Pence, not Trump, had requested the deployment of the National Guard.[349]
At 5:02, about 150 soldiers of the DCNG departed the D.C. Armory; the contingent reached the Capitol complex and began support operations at 5:40. By 6:14 p.m., U.S. Capitol Police, D.C. Metropolitan Police, and DCNG successfully established a perimeter on the west side of the U.S. Capitol. At 8:00 p.m., the U.S. Capitol Police declared the Capitol building to be secure.[341]Results
Casualties
Ashli Elizabeth Babbitt, a 35-year-old Air Force veteran, was fatally shot in the shoulder by Lt. Michael Leroy Byrd while attempting to climb through a shattered window in a barricaded door.[350] This was soon ruled a justified homicide.[272][351][352] Brian Sicknick, a 42-year-old responding Capitol Police officer, was pepper-sprayed during the riot and had two thromboembolic strokes the next day,[353][354] after which he was placed on life support[8] and soon died.[355][356] The D.C. chief medical examiner found he died from a stroke, classifying his death as natural,[357] and commenting that "all that transpired played a role in his condition".[358][359] Rosanne Boyland, 34, died of an amphetamine overdose during the riot, in addition to being trampled by other rioters after her collapse,[360] ruled accidental by the D.C. medical examiner's office.[17] Kevin Greeson, 55, and Benjamin Philips, 50, died naturally from coronary heart disease and hypertensive heart disease.[17]
Some rioters[note 1] and 138 police officers (73 Capitol Police and 65 Metropolitan Police) were injured,[19] of whom 15 were hospitalized, some with severe injuries.[20] All had been released from the hospital by January 11.[362]
Suicides
Morale among the Capitol Police plummeted after the riot.[363] The department responded to several incidents where its officers threatened to harm themselves.[363] Four officers from various police departments who responded to the attack died by suicide in the days and months that followed.[364] Capitol Police Officer Howard Charles Liebengood died by suicide three days after the attack.[365] D.C. Metropolitan Police Officer Jeffrey Smith, who was injured in the attack, died by suicide by a gunshot wound to the head at George Washington Memorial Parkway on January 15, after his concussion was misdiagnosed. A former D.C. chief medical examiner hired by Smith's widow reported that the "acute, precipitating event that caused the death of Officer Smith was his occupational exposure to the traumatic events he suffered on January 6, 2021";[366][78] Smith's widow subsequently sued two of his alleged assailants, claiming they caused a traumatic brain injury with a crowbar or a heavy walking stick, leading to his death.[367] In the immediate aftermath of the attack, some members of Congress and press reports included these two suicides in the number of reported casualties, for a total of seven deaths.[368] In July, two more members of law enforcement who responded to the attack died by suicide: Metropolitan Police Officer Kyle Hendrik DeFreytag was found on July 10, and Metropolitan Police Officer Gunther Paul Hashida was found on July 29.[369]
On August 5, 2021, Liebengood and Smith, along with Brian Sicknick and Billy Evans, were posthumously honored in a signing ceremony for a bill to award Congressional Gold Medals to Capitol Police and other January 6 responders. Their names are noted in the text of the bill, and Biden remarked on their deaths.[370][371]
Damage and theft
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/US_Capitol_evening_of_2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_by_Tina_Smith_01.jpg/170px-US_Capitol_evening_of_2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_by_Tina_Smith_01.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Interior_damage_after_2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_by_Bill_Cassidy_01.jpg/170px-Interior_damage_after_2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_by_Bill_Cassidy_01.jpg)
Rioters stormed the offices of Nancy Pelosi, flipping tables and ripping photos from walls;[286][287] the office of the Senate Parliamentarian was ransacked;[261] art was looted;[6] and feces were tracked into several hallways.[22][372] Windows were smashed throughout the building, leaving the floor littered with glass and debris.[6][373] Rioters damaged, turned over, or stole furniture.[373] One door had "MURDER THE MEDIA" scribbled onto it.[374] Rioters damaged Associated Press recording and broadcasting equipment outside the Capitol after chasing away reporters.[375] Rioters also destroyed a display honoring the life of congressman and civil rights leader John Lewis.[376][377] A photo of Representative Andy Kim (D–NJ) cleaning up the litter in the rotunda after midnight went viral.[378]
The rioters caused extensive physical damage.[6][22] Architect of the Capitol J. Brett Blanton, who leads the office charged with maintaining the Capitol and preserving its art and architecture, reported in congressional testimony from late February 2021 that the combined costs of repairing the damage and post-attack security measures (such as erecting temporary perimeter fencing) already exceeded $30 million and would continue to increase.[24] In May 2021, U.S. prosecutors estimated that the damage would cost almost $1.5 million.[379] Interior damage from the riot included broken glass, broken doors, and graffiti; as well as defecation throughout the complex, on the floor and smeared on the walls; some statues, paintings, and furniture were damaged by pepper spray, tear gas, and fire extinguishing agents deployed by rioters and police.[21][24]
The historic bronze Columbus Doors were damaged.[24][380] Items, including portraits of John Quincy Adams and James Madison, as well as a marble statue of Thomas Jefferson, were covered in "corrosive gas agent residue"; these were sent to the Smithsonian for assessment and restoration.[381] A 19th-century marble bust of President Zachary Taylor was defaced with what seemed to be blood, but the most important works in the Capitol collection, such as the John Trumbull paintings, were unharmed.[21][373] On the Capitol's exterior, two 19th-century bronze light fixtures designed by Frederick Law Olmsted were damaged.[21] Because the Capitol has no insurance against loss, taxpayers will pay for damage inflicted by the siege.[374] Multiple sources noted that Federal Prison Industries, as a "mandatory source" for government agencies, would receive priority when the government purchases goods FPI manufactures such as office furniture to replace what was damaged in the riots.[382][383]
Technology theft and cybersecurity concerns
A laptop owned by Senator Jeff Merkley (D-OR) was stolen.[384] A laptop taken from Speaker Pelosi's office was a "laptop from a conference room ... that was only used for presentations", according to Pelosi's deputy chief of staff.[385] Representative Ruben Gallego (D–AZ) said "we have to do a full review of what was taken, or copied, or even left behind in terms of bugs and listening devices".[128] Military news website SOFREP reported that "several" secret‑level laptops were stolen, some of which had been abandoned while still logged in to SIPRNet, causing authorities to temporarily shut down SIPRNet for a security update on January 7 and leading the United States Army Special Operations Command to re-authorize all SIPRNet-connected computers on January 8.[386][387]
Representative Anna Eshoo (D–CA) said in a statement that "[i]mages on social media and in the press of vigilantes accessing congressional computers are worrying" and she had asked the Chief Administrative Officer of the House (CAO) "to conduct a full assessment of threats based on what transpired".[388] The CAO said it was "providing support and guidance to House offices as needed".[385]
One protester was arrested on charges of theft. She had allegedly stolen a laptop or hard drive from Pelosi's office with the intention of sending it to a friend in Russia for sale to the country's foreign intelligence service.[389] The laptop has not been recovered.[390]
Events elsewhere
State capitols and cities
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pro-Trump_demonstration_at_the_Texas_Capitol_Building_on_6_January_2021.jpg/220px-Pro-Trump_demonstration_at_the_Texas_Capitol_Building_on_6_January_2021.jpg)
Protests were again being held at state capitols in the week before inauguration.[393]
International
Internationally, Trump's allegations of a "stolen" election found a small audience among conspiracy theorists and fringe groups.[394] In Canada, there were small pro-Trump rallies on January 6 in Calgary, Toronto, and Vancouver.[395] At the Vancouver rally, CBC photojournalist Ben Nelms was assaulted by one of the demonstrators.[396] In Japan, a few hundred people in Tokyo rallied in support of Trump hours before the rally in Washington, D.C.; several people carried the U.S. flag and the Rising Sun Flag, a controversial symbol in East Asia because of its association with Japanese imperialism. The gathering in Tokyo was backed by Happy Science, a new religious movement that has been described as a cult.[394] In New Zealand, a week after the Capitol attack, about 100 participants attended a "freedom rally" outside the New Zealand Parliament in Wellington. The "freedom rally" was organized by conspiracy theorist and New Zealand Public Party leader Billy Te Kahika, and featured several participants with pro-Trump banners and flags.[397][398]
Aftermath
Political, legal, and social repercussions
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/210112-Z-NI803-2562_%2850884625323%29.jpg/220px-210112-Z-NI803-2562_%2850884625323%29.jpg)
The attack was followed by political, legal, and social repercussions. The second impeachment of Donald Trump, who was charged for incitement of insurrection for his conduct, occurred on January 13. At the same time, Cabinet officials were pressured to invoke the 25th Amendment for removing Trump from office.[399] Trump was subsequently acquitted in the Senate trial, which was held in February after Trump had already left office. The result was a 57–43 vote in favor of conviction, with every Democrat and seven Republicans voting to convict, but two-thirds of the Senate (67 votes) are required to convict.[400] Many in the Trump administration resigned. Several large companies[401] announced they were halting all political donations, and others have suspended funding the lawmakers who had objected to certifying Electoral College results.[402] A bill was introduced to form an independent commission, similar to the 9/11 Commission, to investigate the events surrounding the attack; it passed the House but was blocked by Republicans in the Senate.[403] The House then approved a House "select committee" to investigate the attack.[404] In June, the Senate released the results of its own investigation of the attack. The event led to strong criticism of law enforcement agencies. Leading figures within the United States Capitol Police resigned.[405][406] A large-scale criminal investigation was undertaken, with the FBI opening more than 1,200 case files. Federal law enforcement undertook a nationwide manhunt for the perpetrators, with arrests and indictments following within days. Over 890 people had been found guilty of federal crimes.[407]
Trump was suspended from various social media sites for his involvement in inciting the attack, at first temporarily and then indefinitely. In response to posts by Trump supporters in favor of the attempts to overturn the election, the social networking site Parler was shut down by its service providers. Corporate suspensions of other accounts and programs associated with participating groups also took place.[408][409][410]
The inauguration week was marked by nationwide security concerns. Unprecedented security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden were undertaken, including the deployment of 25,000 National Guard members. In May, the House passed a $1.9 billion Capitol security bill in response to the attack.[411]
In the days following the attack on the Capitol, Republican politicians in at least three states introduced legislation creating new prohibitions on protest activity.[412]
Trump has publicly embraced and celebrated[413] the January 6 Capitol attack and has made it a cornerstone of his 2024 presidential campaign.[414] Trump has promoted a revisionist history of the event by downplaying the severity of the violence and calling those charged for their involvement in the attack "hostages."[413][415][416][417]Domestic reactions
In the aftermath of the attack, after drawing widespread condemnation from the U.S. Congress, members of his administration, and the media, 45th U.S. President Donald Trump released a video-taped statement on January 7 to stop the resignations of his staff and the threats of impeachment or removal from office. In the statement, he condemned the violence at the U.S. Capitol, saying that "a new administration will be inaugurated", which was widely seen as a concession, and his "focus now turns to ensuring a smooth, orderly, and seamless transition of power" to the Joe Biden administration.[418][419] Vanity Fair reported that Trump was at least partially convinced to make the statement by U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham (R-SC), who told Trump a sufficient number of Senate Republicans would support removing him from office unless he conceded.[420] Kayleigh McEnany, the White House Press Secretary, had attempted to distance the administration from the rioters' behavior in a televised statement earlier in the day.[421] On January 9, The New York Times reported that Trump had told White House aides he regretted committing to an orderly transition of power and would never resign from office.[422] In a March 25 interview on Fox News, Trump defended the Capitol attackers, saying they were patriots who posed "zero threat", and he criticized law enforcement for "persecuting" the rioters.[423]
The Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a statement on January 12 condemning the attack and reminding military personnel everywhere that incoming President Joe Biden was about to become their commander-in-chief, saying "... the rights of freedom of speech and assembly do not give anyone the right to resort to violence, sedition, and insurrection".[424] The statement also said, "As we have done throughout our history, the U.S. military will obey lawful orders from civilian leadership, support civilian authorities to protect lives and property, ensure public safety in accordance with the law, and remain fully committed to protecting and defending the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic".[425][426] U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell (R–KY), then the Senate Majority Leader, called it a "failed insurrection",[427][428] that "the mob was fed lies", and "they were provoked by the president and other powerful people".[427] Christopher Wray, the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) since 2017, later characterized the incident as domestic terrorism.[429][430] President Biden, who described the rioters as "terrorists" aimed at "overturning the will of the American people" later shared this opinion.[431] In early 2021, the RAND Corporation released a framework to reduce the risk of extremist activity in the U.S. military.[432]
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi had the flags at the Capitol lowered to half-staff in honor of Brian Sicknick, a United States Capitol Police officer who died following the attacks.[433][434] Trump initially declined to lower flags at the White House or other federal buildings under his control, before changing his mind four days later.[435][436][437] Biden, Mike Pence, and Pelosi offered condolences to Sicknick's family; Trump did not.[433][438] After Sicknick's death, Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) received backlash for previous speeches that were perceived as calls for violence.[439]
A survey by the Hobby School of Public Affairs at the University of Houston taken January 12–20 showed that nearly a third (32%) of Texas Republicans supported the attack, although overall 83% of all Texans who expressed an opinion were opposed to it.[440] In a poll of Americans just after the attack, 79% of those surveyed said America is "falling apart".[441][442] In February 2022, the Republican National Committee called the events of January 6 "legitimate political discourse".[443]
The US art world reacted through the chronicling of the day as well as the creation of new work. Starting January 7, 2021, the Smithsonian Museum enacted its "rapid-response protocol" to gather rally signs, posters, flags, and weapons abandoned on the National Mall and began work on a digital arts exhibit.[444] Visual artist Paul Chan created his "A drawing as a recording of an insurrection", a 163-inch (4.1 m) double-sided drawing[445] exhibited at the Greene Naftali Gallery in New York.[446] In December 2022, literary press Whiskey Tit released Tell Me What You See, the first fiction published about the attack.[447] At the one-year anniversary, One Six Comics published graphic novel series 1/6[448] with an accompanying education and action guide by the Western States Center.[449] The Society of Classical Poets website posted various poems about the day,[450] including one glorifying deceased rioter Ashli Babbitt.[451]Immediately after the attack, right-wing pro-Trump figures and outlets spread the false claim that antifa instigated the event. A poll released in February 2021 found that 50% of Republicans and 20% of Democrats believe antifa was mostly responsible for the violence.[452]
International reactions
More than seventy countries and international organizations expressed their concerns over the attack and condemned the violence, with some specifically condemning President Donald Trump's own role in inciting the attack.[453][454] Foreign leaders, diplomats, politicians, and institutions expressed shock, outrage, and condemnation of the events.[455][456] Multiple world leaders made a call for peace, describing the assault as "an attack on democracy".[457] The leaders of some countries, including Brazil, Poland, and Hungary, declined to condemn the situation, and described it as an internal U.S. affair.[458]
As early as January 2021, a few European security officials described the events as an attempted coup.[459]Analysis and terminology
A week following the attack, journalists were searching for an appropriate word to describe the event.[460] According to the Associated Press, U.S. media outlets first described the developments on January 6 as "a rally or protest", but as the events of the day escalated and further reporting and images emerged, the descriptions shifted to "an assault, a riot, an insurrection, domestic terrorism or even a coup attempt".[461] It was variably observed that the media outlets were settling on the terms "riot" and "insurrection".[461][462] According to NPR, "By definition, 'insurrection', and its derivative, 'insurgency', are accurate. 'Riot' and 'mob' are equally correct. While these words are not interchangeable, they are all suitable when describing Jan. 6."[463] The New York Times assessed the event as having brought the United States "hours away from a full-blown constitutional crisis".[464] Brian Stelter in CNN Business wrote that the events of the Capitol attack "will be remembered as an act of domestic terrorism against the United States".[465]
The attack was widely described as an attempted coup d'état[466][467][468] or self-coup.[469][470][471] Federal judge David Carter described Trump's actions as "a coup in search of a legal theory".[472] Naunihal Singh of the U.S. Naval War College, and author of Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups, wrote that the attack on the Capitol was "an insurrection, a violent uprising against the government" and "sedition", but not a coup because Trump did not order the military "to seize power on his behalf".[473][474] The Coup D'état Project of the Cline Center for Advanced Social Research at the University of Illinois, which tracks coups and coup attempts globally, classified the attack as an "attempted dissident coup", defined as an unsuccessful coup attempt "initiated by a small group of discontents" such as "ex-military leaders, religious leaders, former government leaders, members of a legislature/parliament, and civilians [but not police or the military]". The Cline Center said the "organized, illegal attempt to intervene in the presidential transition" by displacing Congress met this definition.[475][476] Some political scientists identified the attack as an attempted self-coup, in which the head of government attempts to strong-arm the other branches of government to entrench power.[477] Academic Fiona Hill, a former member of Trump's National Security Council, described the attack, and Trump's actions in the months leading up to it, as an attempted self-coup.[478]
The FBI classified the attack as domestic terrorism.[479][480] At the Senate Judiciary Committee meeting on March 2, 2021, Wray testified:
The Congressional Research Service also concluded that the attack met the federal definition of domestic terrorism.[483][484] Republican senator Ted Cruz characterized it as terrorism at least eighteen times over the ensuing year, though he was among the Senate Republicans who blocked a bipartisan January 6 commission to investigate it.[485][486]I was appalled, like you, at the violence and destruction that we saw that day. I was appalled that you, our country's elected leaders, were victimized right here in these very halls. That attack, that siege was criminal behavior, plain and simple, and it's behavior that we, the FBI, view as domestic terrorism. It's got no place in our democracy and tolerating it would make a mockery of our nation's rule of law.[481][482]
Historians' perspective
While there have been other instances of violence at the Capitol in the 19th and 20th centuries, this event was the most severe assault on the building since the 1814 burning of Washington by the British Army during the War of 1812. The last attempt on the life of the Vice President was a bomb plot against Thomas Marshall in July 1915.[487] For the first time in U.S. history, a Confederate battle flag was flown inside the Capitol. The Confederate army had never reached the Capitol, nor come closer than 6 miles (9.7 km) from the Capitol, during the American Civil War.[488][note 2]
Law professor and scholar of legal history Carlton F.W. Larson wrote that the Framers of the Constitution would have denounced the event as a treasonous act, although those who participated in the mob assault were likely shielded from a treason charge by an 1851 precedent.[490]
See also
- Demonstrations in support of Donald Trump
- Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud
- Timeline of protests against Donald Trump
Notes
- ^ Only sporadic instances of injured rioters have been publicly recorded;[361] injuries in general (such as a total number) among this group have not.
- ^ However, from 1894 to 2020, the Flag of Mississippi contained a Confederate battle flag in its design and had been displayed in the Capitol building.[489]
References
- ^ a b "Planning and Execution Timeline for the National Guard's Involvement in the January 6, 2021, Violent Attack at the U.S. Capitol" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. January 11, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ a b c Barry, Dan; McIntire, Mike; Rosenberg, Matthew (January 9, 2021). "'Our President Wants Us Here': The Mob That Stormed the Capitol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ a b c Reeves, Jay; Mascaro, Lisa; Woodward, Calvin (January 11, 2021). "Capitol assault a more sinister attack than first appeared". Associated Press. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Luke, Timothy W (February 21, 2021). "Democracy under threat after 2020 national elections in the USA: 'stop the steal' or 'give more to the grifter-in-chief?'". Educational Philosophy and Theory: 1–8. doi:10.1080/00131857.2021.1889327.
President Trump inciting thousands of his supporters to march on the Capitol 'to stop the steal'. The resulting assault on the Capitol left five dead, scores injured, and the sad spectacle of Trump's supporters defiling the House chambers, vandalizing the Capitol building itself, and leaving the nation to deal with a tragic result
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Chapman, Steve (January 11, 2021). "The Capitol riot shows the growing danger of right-wing extremism". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- Hesson, Ted; Parker, Ned; Cooke, Kristina; Harte, Julia (January 8, 2021). "U.S. Capitol siege emboldens motley crew of extremists". Reuters. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- Nguyen, Tina; Scott, Mark (January 12, 2021). "Right-wing extremist chatter spreads on new platforms as threat of political violence ramps up". Politico. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- Coleman, Alistair (January 16, 2021). "Capitol riots: What are far-right Trump supporters saying?". BBC. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- Goldman, Adam; Benner, Katie; Feuer, Alan (January 18, 2021). "Investigators Eye Right-Wing Militias at Capitol Riot". The New York Times. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- Williams, Katie Bo; Peniston, Bradley (January 6, 2021). "Right-Wing Extremists Storm US Capitol". defenseone.com. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- Zaru, Deena (January 14, 2021). "The symbols of hate and far-right extremism on display in pro-Trump Capitol siege". ABC news. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Paybarah, Azi; Lewis, Brent (January 7, 2021). "Stunning Images as a Mob Storms the U.S. Capitol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ a b Lakritz, Talia (January 6, 2021). "Shocking photos show pro-Trump rioters in the Capitol stealing memorabilia and breaking into the desks of lawmakers". Yahoo News. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ a b Benner, Katie; Levenson, Michael (January 8, 2021). "A Capitol Police officer who was seriously injured Wednesday remains on life support". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ a b Multiple sources:
- Snyder, Timothy (January 9, 2021). "The American Abyss". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
- Ben-Ghiat, Ruth (January 26, 2021). "Opinion: Trump's big lie wouldn't have worked without his thousands of little lies". CNN. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- Heavey, Jan Wolfe, Susan (January 25, 2021). "Trump lawyer Giuliani faces $1.3 billion lawsuit over 'big lie' election fraud claims". Reuters. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Block, Melissa (January 16, 2021). "Can The Forces Unleashed By Trump's Big Election Lie Be Undone?". NPR. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- Pilkington, Ed (January 24, 2021). "Donald Trump is gone but his big lie is a rallying call for rightwing extremists". The Guardian. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ a b Savage, Charlie; Goldman, Adam; MacFarquhar, Neil (January 20, 2021). "'This Kettle Is Set to Boil': New Evidence Points to Riot Conspiracy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ a b Carless, Will (January 4, 2021). "Nation's capital braces for violence as extremist groups converge to protest Trump's election loss". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Lee, ArLuther (January 15, 2021). "Evidence suggests Pence was in grave danger during Capitol riot". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- ^ Feuer, Alan (June 2, 2021). "A second man pleads guilty to a charge stemming from the Jan. 6 riot at the Capitol". The New York Times. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
- ^ Woodward, Alex (January 7, 2021). "What happened in Washington DC yesterday? A timeline of insurrection". The Independent. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ WABC (January 10, 2021). "Rep Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez: 'We came close to half of the House nearly dying' during riots". ABC7 New York. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ McEvoy, Jemima (January 8, 2021). "These Are The Five People Who Died Amid The Capitol Riot". Forbes. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Massimo, Nick (April 19, 2021). "Medical examiner: Capitol Police officer Sicknick died of stroke; death ruled 'natural'". WTOP. Associated Press. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
- ^ Melendez, Pilar; Bredderman, William; Montgomery, Blake (January 6, 2021). "Woman Shot Dead as Mob Overran Capitol ID'ed as Air Force Vet". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ a b Schmidt, Michael S.; Broadwater, Luke (February 12, 2021). "Officers' Injuries, Including Concussions, Show Scope of Violence at Capitol Riot". The New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
- ^ a b ArLuther Lee (January 11, 2021). "2 Capitol Hill police officers suspended over riot". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on January 2021.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|archive-date=
(help) - ^ a b c d Bahr, Sarah (January 8, 2021). "First Inventory of Damage to U.S. Capitol Building Released". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ a b c Wilson, Kristin; Barrett, Ted; Raju, Manu; Zaslav, Ali; Fortinsky, Sarah (January 6, 2021). "Smoke grenades being deployed on Senate side of the US Capitol". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021.
- ^ Miller, Maggie (January 8, 2021). "Laptop stolen from Pelosi's office during Capitol riots". The Hill. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Chappell, Bill (February 24, 2021). "Architect of the Capitol Outlines $30 Million In Damages From Pro-Trump Riot". NPR.
- ^ a b Multiple sources:
- Hymes, Clare; McDonald, Cassidy; Watson, Eleanor (March 18, 2021). "Over 300 charged from more than 40 states: What we know about the "unprecedented" Capitol riot arrests". CBS News.
- Axon, Rachel; Pulver, Dinah; Stassen-Berger, Rachel; Fraser, Jayme; Salman, Josh; Penzenstadler, Nicholas; Wedell, Katie; Hines, Morgan; Baratz, David (March 18, 2021). "Capitol riot arrests: See who's been charged across the U.S." USA Today.
- Harrington, Rebecca; Hall, Madison; Gould, Skye; Haroun, Azmi; Shamsian, Jacob; Ardrey, Taylor (May 12, 2021). "684 people have been charged in the Capitol insurrection so far. This searchable table shows them all". Insider. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
- ^ The Editorial Board (October 2, 2021). "Jan. 6 Was Worse Than We Knew". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
- ^ Parton, Heather Digby (October 8, 2021). "Trump's coup plot was worse than anyone knew - Republicans are trying their best to make attempted coups now normal politics in America". Salon. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
- ^ Lozada, Carlos (October 8, 2021). "Adam Schiff points to a second insurrection — by members of Congress themselves - In his memoir ["Midnight In Washington: How We Almost Lost Our Democracy and Still Could"], the House Intelligence Committee chair argues America barely passed Trump's "stress test" of American democracy". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
- ^ Mascaro, Lisa; Tucker, Eric; Jalonick, Mary Clare; Taylor, Andrew (January 7, 2021). "Pro-Trump mob storms US Capitol in bid to overturn election". AP News. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
- ^ a b "Vandalized":
- Jackman, Tom (January 7, 2021). "FBI appeals for information from public on Capitol rioters". The Washington Post.
- Pallini, Thomas (January 7, 2021). "Photos show the aftermath of an unprecedented and destructive siege on the US Capitol that left 4 rioters dead". Business Insider. "Looted":
- Daly, Matthew; Balsamo, Michael (January 8, 2021). "Deadly siege focuses attention on Capitol Police". Associated Press. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ Evelyn, Kenya (January 9, 2021). "Capitol attack: the five people who died". The Guardian.
- ^ "Four officers who responded to U.S. Capitol attack have died by suicide". Reuters. August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
- ^ Barry, Dan; Frenkel, Sheera (January 7, 2021). "'Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date". The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ Snodgrass, Erin (October 7, 2021). "A timeline of Donald Trump's efforts to overturn the 2020 election". Business Insider. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
- ^ Naylor, Brian (February 10, 2021). "Read Trump's Jan. 6 Speech, A Key Part Of Impeachment Trial". NPR. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
- ^ a b Doig, Steve (January 8, 2021). "It is difficult, if not impossible, to estimate the size of the crowd that stormed Capitol Hill". The Conversation. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ Higgins, Andrew (January 10, 2021). "The Art of the Lie? The Bigger the Better – Lying as a political tool is hardly new. But a readiness, even enthusiasm, to be deceived has become a driving force in politics around the world, most recently in the United States". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Rutenberg, Jim; Becker, Jo; Lipton, Eric; Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan; Rosenberg, Matthew; Schmidt, Michael S. (February 1, 2021). "77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election". The New York Times.
Trump's ... effort to reverse his loss turned into ... an extralegal campaign to subvert the election, rooted in a lie so convincing to some of his most devoted followers that it made the deadly January 6 assault on the Capitol almost inevitable ... With each passing day the lie grew, finally managing to do what the political process and the courts would not: upend the peaceful transfer of power that for 224 years had been the bedrock of American democracy.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Amenabar, Teddy; Zauzmer, Julie; Davies, Emily; Brice-Saddler, Michael; Ruane, Michael E.; et al. (January 6, 2021). "Live updates: Hundreds storm Capitol barricades; two nearby buildings briefly evacuated; Trump falsely tells thousands he won". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- Peñaloza, Marisa (January 6, 2021). "Trump Supporters Clash With Capitol Police At Protest". NPR. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- Rodd, Scott; Hooks, Kris (January 6, 2021). "Trump Supporters, Proud Boys Converge On California's Capitol To Protest Electoral College Count". CapitalRadio. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Video "How the Proud Boys led the assault – and who was in the pro-Trump mob", in: Zurcher, Anthony (February 13, 2021). "Trump impeachment trial: What verdict means for Trump, Biden and America". BBC news. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Blake, Aaron (January 7, 2021). "'Let's have trial by combat': How Trump and allies egged on the violent scenes Wednesday". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- President Donald Trump, ABC News Prime: Call for Trump's removal, Capitol Hill security failure, Global reaction to riots on YouTube, ABC News, January 8, 2021, minutes 10:55–11:06.
- Haberman, Maggie (January 6, 2021). "Trump Told Crowd 'You Will Never Take Back Our Country With Weakness'". The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- da Silva, Chantal (November 6, 2020). "'Reckless' and 'stupid': Trump Jr calls for 'total war' over election results". The Independent. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ Woodward, Calvin (January 13, 2021). "AP FACT CHECK: Trump's call to action distorted in debate". Associated Press. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ^ a b "Trump's 1/6/2021 Speech". January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021 – via rev.com.
- ^ Jacobo, Julia (January 7, 2021). "This is what Trump told supporters before many stormed Capitol Hill". ABC news. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
We have come to demand that Congress do the right thing and only count the electors who have been lawfully slated. Lawfully slated. I know that everyone here will soon be marching over to the Capitol building to peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard. Today, we will see whether Republicans stand strong for integrity of our elections. But whether or not they stand strong for our country, our country. Our country has been under siege for a long time. Far longer than this four year period.
- ^ Mendoza, Martha; Linderman, Juliet; Long, Colleen; Burke, Garance (March 5, 2021). "Officers maced, trampled: Docs expose depth of Jan. 6 chaos". Associated Press. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
- ^ a b Mogelson, Luke. "Among the Insurrectionists". The New Yorker. No. January 15, 2021. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ^ Bennet, Dalton; Brown, Emma; Cahlan, Sarah; Sohuyn Lee, Joyce; Kelly, Meg; Samuels, Elyse; Swaine, Jon (January 16, 2021). "41 minutes of fear: A video timeline from inside the Capitol siege". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
- ^ a b Barrett, Ted; Raju, Manu; Nickeas, Peter (January 6, 2021). "Pro-Trump mob storms US Capitol as armed standoff takes place outside House chamber". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Landale, James (January 7, 2021). "Capitol siege: Trump's words 'directly led' to violence, Patel says". BBC news. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- Dozier, Kimberly; Bergengruen, Vera (January 6, 2021). "Incited by the President, Trump Supporters Violently Storm the Capitol". Time. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ a b Jalonick, Mary Clare; Mascaro, Lisa (May 28, 2021). "GOP blocks Capitol riot probe, displaying loyalty to Trump". Associated Press. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
- ^ a b Evon, Dan (January 9, 2021). "Was 'Hang Mike Pence' Chanted at Capitol Riot?". Snopes. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ^ Betz, Bradford (January 17, 2021). "New video shows MAGA mob rifling through paperwork in Senate chamber as they hunt down Nancy Pelosi". Fox News. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
- ^ Rosenberg, Matthew (January 7, 2021). "He looted Speaker Pelosi's office, and then bragged about it". NYTimes.com.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Conradis, Brandon (January 6, 2021). "Pelosi's office vandalized after pro-Trump rioters storm Capitol". The Hill. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- Swaine, Jon (January 7, 2021). "Man who posed at Pelosi desk said in Facebook post that he is prepared for violent death". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- Rambaran, Vandana (January 8, 2021). "Oregon Sen. Jeff Merkley says laptop stolen from office during Capitol riots". Fox news. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- Colvin, Jill (January 9, 2021). "Capitol mob built gallows and chanted 'Hang Mike Pence'". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021.
- "US Capitol rioters chanted 'Hang Mike Pence' – video footage". The Times of Israel. January 10, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- Turner-Cohen, Alex (January 11, 2021). "US Capitol riot mob wanted to kill Mike Pence, run Pelosi over with a car". News.com.au. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ a b "Watch Live: Protesters Swarm US Capitol Steps as Congress Counts Electoral Votes". NBC4 Washington. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Macias, Amanda; Mangan, Dan (January 6, 2021). "U.S. Capitol secured hours after pro-Trump rioters invade Congress". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ a b McEvoy, Jemima (January 6, 2021). "DC Protests Live Coverage: Entire Capitol Now On Lockdown As Protesters Enter The Building". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Higgins, Tucker (January 6, 2021). "DC protests: FBI says 2 suspicious devices were rendered safe". CNBC Politics.
- ^ Benner, Katie (January 6, 2021). "Pipe Bomb Found and Destroyed at R.N.C.; D.N.C. Is Evacuated". The New York Times.
- ^ Collins, Kaitlan; Cohen, Zachary; Starr, Barbara; Hansler, Jennifer (January 6, 2021). "Pence took lead as Trump initially resisted sending National Guard to Capitol". CNN. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ a b Zilbermints, Regina (January 6, 2021). "Trump tells rioters 'go home,' repeats claims that election 'fraudulent'". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ a b Durkee, Alison (January 6, 2021). "Trump Justifies Supporters Storming Capitol: 'These Are The Things And Events That Happen'". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Liptak, Kevin; Stracqualursi, Veronica; Malloy, Allie (January 7, 2021). "Isolated Trump reluctantly pledges 'orderly' transition after inciting mob". CNN. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021.
- ^ Fordham, Evie (January 7, 2021). "Trump promises 'orderly transition' on Jan. 20 after Electoral College results certified". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Fandos, Nicholas (January 13, 2021). "The House impeaches Trump for 'incitement of insurrection,' setting up a Senate trial". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
- ^ Montanaro, Domenico (February 13, 2021). "Senate Acquits Trump In Impeachment Trial — Again". NPR. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
- ^ "Pelosi announces independent 9/11-style commission on deadly Capitol riot". CNBC. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ "House votes to create select committee to investigate January 6 insurrection". CNN. June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
- ^ a b c Barrett, Devlin; Hsu, Spencer S.; Lang, Marissa J. "Dozens of people on FBI terrorist watch list came to D.C. the day of Capitol riot". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
- ^ a b c Shortell, David; Polantz, Katelyn; Perez, Evan; Cohen, Zachary (January 20, 2021). "Members of extremist Oath Keepers group planned attack on US Capitol, prosecutors say". CNN. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Lynch, Sarah N. (March 19, 2021). "U.S. charges Proud Boys with conspiracy in Capitol assault that turned deadly". Reuters.
- ^ "Alleged "Three Percenters" militia members indicted in new Capitol riot conspiracy case". www.cbsnews.com.
- ^ Staff (October 31, 2021). "Before, During and After THE ATTACK - The Jan. 6 siege of the U.S. Capitol was neither a spontaneous act nor an isolated event". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Presidential Election Results". The New York Times. December 11, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
- "2020 US Presidential Election Results: Live Map". ABC News. December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
- Holder, Josh; Gabriel, Trip; Paz, Isabella Grullón (December 14, 2020). "Biden's 306 Electoral College Votes Make His Victory Official". The New York Times.
- Blod, Michael R.; Riccardi, Nicholas (December 5, 2020). "Biden officially secures enough electors to become president". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Multiple sources:
- Miller, Zeke; Long, Colleen; Eggert, David (November 20, 2020). "Trump tries to leverage power of office to subvert Biden win". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
- Haberman, Maggie; Rutenberg, Jim; Corasaniti, Nick; Epstein, Reid J. (November 20, 2020). "Trump Targets Michigan in His Ploy to Subvert the Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
- "Trump presses Georgia governor to help subvert election". MarketWatch. Associated Press. December 5, 2020. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
- Gardner, Amy; Dawsey, Josh; Bade, Rachael (December 8, 2020). "Trump asks Pennsylvania House speaker for help overturning election results, personally intervening in a third state". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
- Hale, Lee; et al. (November 20, 2020). "The Growing Backlash Against Trump's Efforts To Subvert The Election : Consider This from NPR". NPR. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
- Raju, Manu; Herb, Jeremy (December 7, 2020). "House conservatives urge Trump not to concede and press for floor fight over election loss". CNN. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
- ^ Burns, Alexander; Martin, Jonathan (November 4, 2021). "As America Awaits a Winner, Trump Falsely Claims He Prevailed". The New York Times. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ Finkelstein, Claire O.; Painter, Richard (December 22, 2020). "Invoking Martial Law to Reverse the 2020 Election Could be Criminal Sedition". Just Security.
- ^ a b c d Nickeas, Peter (January 6, 2021). "Pro-Trump supporters have flooded DC to protest president's election loss". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Graham, David A. (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- Musgrave, Paul (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- Solnit, Rebecca (January 6, 2021). "Call it what it was: a coup attempt". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- Coleman, Justine (January 6, 2021). "GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt'". TheHill. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- Jacobson, Louis (January 6, 2021). "Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide". PolitiFact. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered precisely when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.
- ^ 3 U.S.C. § 15
- ^ Walsh, Deirdre (January 6, 2021). "Congress' Electoral Count To Resume After Violent Protests Halt Process". NPR. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
- ^ Gattis, Paul (January 6, 2021). "Mo Brooks: Today patriots start 'kicking ass' in fighting vote results". al. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Zanona, Melanie (December 21, 2021). "House Republicans meet with Trump to discuss overturning election results". Politico. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Timberg, Craig (April 15, 2021). "Gallows or guillotines? The chilling debate on TheDonald.win before the Capitol siege". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
- Jaffe, Logan; DePillis, Lydia; Arnsdorf, Isaac; McSwane, J. David (January 13, 2021). "Trump tweeted "Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!" and thousands of insurrectionists heeded the call". Orlando Weekly. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
- Donald Trump [@realdonaldtrump] (December 18, 2020). "Peter Navarro releases 36-page report alleging election fraud 'more than sufficient' to swing victory to Trump washex.am/3nwaBCe. A great report by Peter. Statistically impossible to have lost the 2020 Election. Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!" (Tweet). Archived from the original on December 19, 2020 – via Twitter.
- ^ a b Schwartz, Brian (January 9, 2021). "Pro-Trump dark money groups organized the rally that led to deadly Capitol Hill riot". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Beaujon, Andrew (January 5, 2021). "Here's What We Know About the Pro-Trump Rallies That Have Permits". Washingtonian. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
Rally to Revival
- ^ a b c Tanfani, Joseph; Berens, Michael; Parker, Ned (January 11, 2021). "How Trump's pied pipers rallied a faithful mob to the Capitol". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
- ^ Montini, EJ (January 10, 2021). "Arizona Reps. Andy Biggs and Paul Gosar implicated by activist in Capitol insurrection". The Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ Grim, Ryan; Chávez, Aída (January 11, 2021). "Freedom Caucus Chair Andy Biggs Helped Plan January 6 Event, Lead Organizer Says". The Intercept. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Kuznia, Rob; Devine, Curt; Bronstein, Scott; Ortega, Bob (January 9, 2021). "Extremists intensify calls for violence ahead of Inauguration Day". CNN. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- Sommer, Will (January 11, 2021). "'Stop the Steal' Organizer in Hiding After Denying Blame for Riot". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- Anglen, Robert; Hansen, Ronald J. (January 10, 2021). "Reps. Paul Gosar, Andy Biggs credited in video with organizing Trump crowd in DC on day of riot". The Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on March 17, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Bernstein, Brittany (January 13, 2021). "GOP Reps. Deny Giving 'Reconnaissance Tours' to Capitol Rioters". news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Lytvyenko, Jane; Hensley-Clancy, Molly (January 6, 2021). "The Rioters Who Took Over The Capitol Have Been Planning Online In The Open For Weeks". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ a b Frenkel, Sheera (January 6, 2021). "The storming of Capitol Hill was organized on social media". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Castronuovo, Celine (April 28, 2021). "Officials determined troubling posts did not indicate threat ahead of Capitol riot: report". TheHill. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
- ^ Dilanian, Ken; Collins, Ben. "Feds aren't using posts about plans to attack the Capitol as evidence". NBC News. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Panetta, Grace. "Proud Boys may have deliberately planned the Capitol siege as revenge against law enforcement, FBI says". Business Insider. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
- Kirkpatrick, David D.; Feuer, Alan (March 14, 2021). "Police Shrugged Off the Proud Boys, Until They Attacked the Capitol". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
- Hsu, Spencer S. (February 3, 2021). "Proud Boys may have planned Capitol breach to retaliate against police for member stabbed at earlier march, FBI alleges". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
- ^ McEvoy, Jemima (January 7, 2021). "Capitol Attack Was Planned Openly Online For Weeks – Police Still Weren't Ready". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Barrett, Devlin; Hsu, Spencer; Davis, Aaron (January 30, 2021). "'Be ready to fight': FBI probe of U.S. Capitol riot finds evidence detailing coordination of an assault". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
- ^ Wedell, Katie; Johnson, Kevin (March 24, 2021). "Oath Keeper planned with Proud Boys, Three Percenters before Capitol attack, prosecutors say". USA TODAY.
- ^ Hafner, Katherine (January 12, 2021). "'Go there ready for war': FBI's Norfolk office sent warning ahead of Capitol violence, report says". pilotonline.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021.
- ^ "FBI asks Jan. 6 suspect about ties to Congress, extremists groups". MSNBC. June 18, 2021.
- ^ McLaughlin, Eliott C. (January 19, 2021). "Violence at Capitol and beyond reignites debate over America's defense of extremist speech". CNN. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
As an expert in online extremism and disinformation campaigns, she watched as ... key figures in Gamergate and Charlottesville stoked online fury ahead of the attempted coup.
- ^ Mihalopoulos, Dan (January 12, 2021). "Chicago-Area Billionaire Gave Millions To 'Patriots' Group That Backed Pro-Trump Rally". WBEZ Chicago. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
The funding sources for last Wednesday's rally against President Donald Trump's reelection loss are not publicly documented ... On the website for the rally ... 11 groups listed as "participating in the March to Save America" as part of the "#StopTheSteal coalition".
- ^ "March to Save America". Archived from the original on January 6, 2021.
- ^ Corey, Jamie / (January 7, 2021). "Republican Attorneys General Dark Money Group Organized Protest Preceding Capitol Mob Attack". Documented. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ a b Graziosi, Graig (January 8, 2021). "Alex Jones says he paid $500,000 for rally that led to Capitol riot". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ a b Ramachandran, Shalini; Berzon, Alexandra; Ballhaus, Rebecca (February 1, 2021). "Jan. 6 Rally Funded by Top Trump Donor, Helped by Alex Jones, Organizers Say". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Palmer, Ewan (January 12, 2021). "Charlie Kirk Says Not Everyone in Capitol Mob Was an Insurrectionist". Newsweek. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ "Stop The Steal Security Project". Archived from the original on January 1, 2021.
- ^ Wong, Venessa (January 8, 2021). "Trump Supporters Used GoFundMe To "Build An Army" In DC". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ a b c Pierce, Charles P. (January 28, 2021). "Tommy Tuberville Denied Insurrection Eve Meeting at Trump Hotel Despite Photos". Esquire. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
- ^ Abramson, Seth (January 26, 2021). "January 5 Meeting at Trump International Hotel Could Hold the Key to the January 6 Insurrection". sethabramson.substack.com. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ^ Burkhalter, Eddie (January 27, 2021). "Trump appointee says Tuberville met with Trump family, advisers on eve of Capitol attack". Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ^ Burkhalter, Eddie (January 27, 2021). "Photos put Tuberville in Trump's hotel on Jan. 5 despite denying meeting". Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ^ Whitmire, Kyle (January 28, 2021). "What have you done now, Tommy Tuberville?". Al.com. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
- ^ "United States v. Caldwell, Crowl and Watkins". United States District Court for the District Of Columbia. January 19, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Blake, Aaron (January 28, 2021). "Who could have predicted the Capitol riot? Plenty of people — including Trump allies". The Washington Post.
- ^ Silverman, Robert (August 1, 2021). "How 'Coward and Phony' Tim Pool Became One of the Biggest Political YouTubers on the Planet". The Daily Beast. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
- ^ Vitka, Will (December 29, 2020). "2 downtown DC Trump supporter hangouts to be closed for Jan. 6 rally". WTOP. Archived from the original on December 29, 2020.
- ^ Ankel, Sophia (December 30, 2020). "Pence's former top aide said Trump is 'encouraging' violence on the day Congress votes to seal the 2020 election result". Business Insider. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020.
- ^ Sommer, Will; Suebsaeng, Asawin (January 2, 2021). "Trump Plans to Fight the Election Even After 'Stop the Steal' Rally Ends". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on January 2, 2021.
- ^ a b Kuznia, Rob; Devine, Curt; Bronstein, Scott; Ortega, Bob (January 8, 2021). "Extremists intensify calls for violence ahead of Inauguration Day". CNN. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Cohen, Zachary; Wild, Whitney (January 12, 2021). "FBI warns 'armed protests' being planned at all 50 state capitols and in Washington DC". CNN. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- Dickson, Caitlin (January 11, 2021). "Exclusive: FBI warns of potential boogaloo violence during Jan. 17 rallies". news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- Long, Colleen; Balsamo, Michael; Kunzelman, Michael (January 11, 2021). "FBI warns of plans for nationwide armed protests next week". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ a b Dilanian, Ken (January 12, 2021). "FBI has opened 160 case files for crimes committed during Capitol riot". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (January 12, 2021). "FBI report warned of 'war' at Capitol, contradicting claims there was no indication of looming violence". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
- ^ Dilanian, Ken; Ainsley, Julia (January 13, 2021). "Worried about free speech, FBI never sent bulletin on Capitol threats". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ^ Temple-Raston, Dina (January 13, 2021). "Why Didn't The FBI And DHS Produce A Threat Report Ahead of The Capitol Insurrection?". NPR.org. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
- ^ a b c Bertrand, Natasha (January 7, 2021). "Justice Department warns of national security fallout from Capitol Hill insurrection". Politico. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Leonnig, Carol D. (January 15, 2021). "Capitol Police intelligence report warned three days before attack that 'Congress itself' could be targeted". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
- ^ Long, Colleen; Balsamo, Michael; Mascaro, Lisa (January 10, 2021). "Capitol police were overrun, 'left naked' against rioters". Associated Press. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
- ^ Date, Jack (February 7, 2021). "Former Capitol Police Chief Steven Sund says entire intelligence community missed signs of riot". ABC News. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
- ^ Long, Colleen; Baldor, Lolita; Balsamo, Michael; Merchant, Nomaan (January 7, 2021). "Capitol Police rejected offers of federal help to quell mob". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Shabad, Rebecca (January 6, 2021). "Trump to address D.C. rally where as many as 30,000 people are expected". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ "Extremists and Mainstream Trump Supporters Plan to Protest Congressional Certification of Biden's Victory". Anti-Defamation League. January 4, 2021. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ "January 2021 Washington, D.C., Security Outlook: Intelligence Report, Part Three". G4S. January 4, 2021. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ a b Long, Colleen; Baldor, Lolita; Balsamo, Michael; Merchant, Nomaan (January 7, 2021). "Capitol Police rejected offers of federal help to quell mob". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Shabad, Rebecca (January 6, 2021). "Trump to address D.C. rally where as many as 30,000 people are expected". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration (June 8, 2021). Staff Report: Examining the U.S. Capitol Attack: A review of the Security, Planning and Response Failures on January 6 (PDF). United States Senate (Report). Retrieved January 22, 2022.
- ^ Beitsch, Rebecca; Marcos, Cristina (June 8, 2021). "New report highlights severe intelligence failures on Jan. 6". The Hill. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
- ^ a b Bertrand, Natasha (January 7, 2021). "Justice Department warns of national security fallout from Capitol Hill insurrection". Politico. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Long, Colleen; Balsamo, Michael; Mascaro, Lisa (January 10, 2021). "Capitol police were overrun, 'left naked' against rioters". Associated Press. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
- ^ Date, Jack (February 7, 2021). "Former Capitol Police Chief Steven Sund says entire intelligence community missed signs of riot". ABC News. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
- ^ Jankowicz, Mia (April 9, 2021). "US Capitol Police had expired ammunition and ineffective shields on the day of the January 6 riot, scathing internal report says". Business Insider.
- ^ a b c Myre, Greg (January 7, 2021). "Where Was Security When A Pro-Trump Mob Stormed The Capitol?". NPR. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Harper, Steven (March 7, 2021). "Insurrection Timeline: First the Coup and Then the Cover-Up". BillMoyers.com.
- ^ Marquardt, Alex; Starr, Barbara; Main, Alison; Cole, Devan (January 5, 2021). "Pentagon approves DC mayor's request to deploy National Guard for upcoming demonstrations". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Walsh, Deidre; Grisales, Claudia (January 15, 2021). "Former Capitol Police Chief Steven Sund Defends Agency's Role In Jan. 6 Attack". NPR. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- ^ Beaumont, Peter (January 11, 2021). "Ex-head of Capitol police: officials reluctant to call in national guard". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Sonne, Paul (January 26, 2021). "Pentagon restricted commander of D.C. Guard ahead of Capitol riot". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ^ Fink, Jenni (May 12, 2021). "Trump told Christopher Miller: Do "whatever is necessary" to protect demonstrators ahead of Capitol riot". Newsweek. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021.
- ^ Ciralsky, Adam (January 22, 2021). ""The President Threw Us Under the Bus": Embedding With Pentagon Leadership in Trump's Chaotic Last Week". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- ^ "Eight Percent Coalition". Eight Percent Coalition. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
Fight To Save America
- ^ "Save The Republic Rally". Moms For America. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ^ O'Gorek, Elizabeth (January 6, 2021). "Where Are Wednesday's Pro-Trump Protests?". Hill Rag. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
- ^ FOX Carolina (Meredith Corporation) (April 18, 2018). "James Epley (R)". foxcarolina.com. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021.
- ^ Eliana Block (January 7, 2021). "This man erected a 15-foot Constitution on the National Mall the same day rioters stormed the Capitol". 13newsnow.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021.
- ^ Ramirez, Stephanie (January 5, 2021). "Several arrested on gun charges as pro-Trump rallies begin in DC". FOX 5 DC. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ "WildProtest.com". Archived from the original on January 6, 2021.
- ^ "Freedom Rally 2021". Freedom Rally 2021. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Beaujon, Andrew (January 5, 2021). "Here's What We Know About the Pro-Trump Rallies That Have Permits". Washingtonian.
- "Public Gathering Permit 21-0278". scribd.com. National Capitol Region, National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. January 6, 2021.
- "Public Gathering Permit 21-0274" (PDF). National Park Service. January 4, 2021.
- ^ Hendrickson, Clara (January 12, 2021). "Rep. Matt Maddock, wife join conservative Facebook group discussing possibility of civil war". Detroit Free Press.
- ^ Schramm, Rebekka (January 7, 2021). "Georgia Democrat fired up Trump crowd before protest turned violent". CBS 46.
- ^ "What Conspiracy Theorist Alex Jones Said in the Lead Up to the Capitol Riot". Frontline. PBS. January 12, 2021.
- ^ Carroll, Rory (January 7, 2021). "US Capitol breach". The Guardian.
- ^ a b Steakin, Will; Matthew Mosk; James Gordon Meek; Ali Dukakis (January 15, 2021). "Longtime Trump advisers connected to groups behind rally that led to Capitol attack". ABC news.
- ^ "Flynn, Papadopoulos address pro-Trump rally in DC". Associated Press. January 10, 2021 – via youtube.com.
- ^ Kakaounaki, Marianna (January 19, 2021). "Trump was not responsible for Jan 6 violence, ex-campaign aide tells Kathimerini". Ekathimerini.
- ^ AP (January 10, 2021). "Flynn, Papadopoulos address pro-Trump rally in DC". youtube.com.
- ^ Dan Friedman, Reporter (January 27, 2021). "Roger Stone Did Something Wrong". Mother Jones. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
- ^ "Roger Stone Addresses Pro-Trump Rally in Washington, D.C." Bloomberg. January 5, 2021.
- ^ "Seeking Information: Pipe Bombs in Washington, D.C." Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- ^ Date, Jack (March 9, 2021). "New images released of suspect in pipe bombs found at RNC, DNC before Capitol riot". ABC News.
- ^ Benner, Katie; Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 6, 2021). "An explosive device is found at the R.N.C., and the D.N.C. is evacuated". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ McDonald, Cassidy; Triay, Andres; Herridge, Catherine (March 9, 2021). "FBI releases new video of suspected pipe bomber walking near RNC and DNC headquarters". CBS news. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ^ Sanchez, Rosa (January 7, 2021). "FBI posts photo of person who placed suspected pipe bombs outside DNC, RNC". ABC news. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Shortell, David (January 29, 2021). "Pipe bombs found near Capitol on January 6 were placed the night before, FBI says". CNN. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
- ^ Fitzsimons, Tim (January 21, 2021). "FBI ups reward to $75,000 for suspect who placed pipe bombs during Capitol riot". NBC news. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ ""Save America" Rally: Pro-Trump protesters march in Washington, DC". San Mateo Daily Journal. January 6, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
Foley, Ryan (January 6, 2021). "Trump supporters gather in DC for peaceful Save America March before some storm Capitol". The Christian Post. Retrieved February 22, 2021. - ^ Sullivan, Margaret (September 30, 2021). "A Trump lawyer wrote an instruction manual for a coup. Why haven't you seen it on the news?". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
- ^ Hayes, Rob (January 11, 2021). "Faculty call for firing of Chapman University professor who spoke at pro-Trump rally". ABC7 Los Angeles. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ^ Polantz, Katelyn (February 22, 2021). "Oath Keeper claims she was VIP security at Trump rally before riot and says she met with Secret Service agents". CNN. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ Polantz, Katelyn (February 23, 2021). "Oath Keeper now says she didn't meet with Secret Service around the January 6 rally". CNN. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ Gattis, Paul (January 6, 2021). "Mo Brooks: Today patriots start 'kicking ass' in fighting vote results". AL.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Catie Edmondson and Luke Broadwater (January 13, 2021). "Before Capitol Riot, Republican Lawmakers Fanned the Flames". nytimes.com.
- ^ Pellicer, Lauren (January 6, 2021). "NC Congressional Delegates React To Violence As Pro-Trump Mob Storms US Capitol". Blue Ridge Public Radio.
- ^ Graziosi, Graig (January 6, 2021). "Trump's sons declare war on GOP". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ da Silva, Chantal (November 6, 2020). "'Reckless' and 'stupid': Trump Jr calls for 'total war' over election results". The Independent. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
- ^ Forgey, Quint (January 6, 2021). "'I'm going to be in your backyard': Trump sons threaten primaries for GOP lawmakers". Politico.
- ^ Palma, Bethania (January 6, 2021). "Did Rudy Giuliani Call for 'Trial By Combat' Before Trump Mob Broke Into Capitol?". Snopes. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Flaherty, Colleen (January 11, 2021). "Chapman Faces Pressure to Fire Professor Who Spoke at Trump Rally". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ Agrawal, Nina (January 13, 2021). "Chapman University will not fire law professor who spoke at pro-Trump Capitol rally". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Agrawal, Nina; Ormseth, Matthew (January 14, 2021). "Chapman professor will retire after uproar over his speaking at Trump rally". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
- ^ Haberman, Maggie (January 6, 2021). "Trump, speaking to protesters, declares 'we will never concede.'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Liptak, Kevin; Stracqualursi, Veronica; Malloy, Allie (January 7, 2021). "Trump publicly acknowledges he won't serve a second term a day after inciting mob". CNN. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- Morris, David Z. (January 7, 2021). "'We will never concede': How Donald Trump incited an attack on America". Fortune. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- Rucker, Philip (January 6, 2021). "Trump's presidency finishes in 'American carnage' as rioters storm the Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- Kiely, Eugene; Farley, Robert; Gore, D'Angelo; Robertson, Lori (January 6, 2021). "Trump's Falsehood-Filled 'Save America' Rally". FactCheck.org. Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- Tan, Shelly; Shin, Youjin; Rindler, Danielle (January 9, 2021). "How one of America's ugliest days unraveled inside and outside the Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Blake, Aaron (January 11, 2021). "What Trump said before his supporters stormed the Capitol, annotated". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Savage, Charlie (January 10, 2021). "Incitement to Riot? What Trump Told Supporters Before Mob Stormed Capitol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ Glantz, Aaron; The Center for Investigative Reporting (January 6, 2021). "Read Pence's full letter saying he can't claim "unilateral authority" to reject electoral votes". PBS News Hour. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Andersen, Travis (January 6, 2021). "Before mob stormed US Capitol, Trump told them to 'fight like hell'". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Kranish, Michael (January 13, 2021). "Before riot, Trump said 'we got to get rid' of Rep. Liz Cheney". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
- ^ "Trial of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States". Congressional Record. February 10, 2021.
- ^ Goodman, Ryan; Hendrix, Justin (January 25, 2021). ""Fight for Trump": Video Evidence of Incitement at the Capitol". Just Security.
- ^ Leatherby, Lauren; Ray, Arielle; Singhvi, Anjali; Triebert, Christiaan; Watkins, Derek; Willis, Haley (January 12, 2021). "How a Presidential Rally Turned Into a Capitol Rampage". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan (February 14, 2021). "After the Speech: What Trump Did as the Capitol Was Attacked". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
- ^ "'Planned, Coordinated Attack': Former Capitol Police Chief On The Insurrection". NPR.org.
- ^ Wu, Nicholas; Tully-McManus, Katherine (August 26, 2021). "Capitol Police Lt. Michael Byrd speaks out on fatal shooting of Ashli Babbitt". POLITICO. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Northam recounts call for help from Speaker Pelosi during Capitol siege". The Washington Post. January 7, 2021. .washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/07/capitol-protests-dc-live-updates/ Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
{{cite web}}
: Check|archive-url=
value (help) - ^ a b c "How a Presidential Rally Turned Into a Capitol Rampage". The New York Times. January 12, 2021. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
- ^ Bernard, Katie (January 7, 2021). "A photographer and a fist pump. The story behind the image that will haunt Josh Hawley". The Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Regnier, Chris (January 7, 2021). "Senator Hawley criticized for acknowledging Capitol protesters with fist pump". KTVI. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Moe, Doug (January 12, 2021). "A Madison woman found the RNC pipe bomb in D.C." Madison Magazine. Madison, Wisconsin: Channel 3000. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ^ Hamer, Emily (January 14, 2021). "Madison native says she found pipe bomb near RNC office in D.C. by 'sheer luck'". Wisconsin State Journal. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
- ^ a b Date, Jack; Barr, Luke (January 7, 2021). "'Hazardous' suspected explosive devices found outside RNC and DNC". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ a b Balsamo, Michael (January 11, 2021). "Discovery of pipe bombs in D.C. obscured by riot at Capitol". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Swan, Betsy Woodruff; Cadelago, Christopher; Cheney, Kyle (January 6, 2022). "Harris was inside DNC on Jan. 6 when pipe bomb was discovered outside". Politico. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
- ^ Sanchez, Rosa (January 7, 2021). "FBI posts photo of person who placed suspected pipe bombs outside DNC, RNC". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ a b c Press-Reynolds, Kieran (June 16, 2022). "As the January 6 hearings focus attention on the Capitol riot, one huge mystery remains". Insider. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
- ^ Mak, Tim; Raston, Dina-Temple (April 14, 2021). "What We Know About The Suspect Who Planted Bombs Before The Capitol Riot". Morning Edition. NPR. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
- ^ Leonnig, Carol D.; Davis, Aaron C.; Hermann, Peter; Demirjian, Karoun (January 10, 2021). "Outgoing Capitol Police chief: House, Senate security officials hamstrung efforts to call in National Guard". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ "Representative Tim Ryan News Conference on U.S. Capitol Attack". C-SPAN. January 11, 2021. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Benner, Katie; Goldman, Adam (January 11, 2021). "Justice Dept. Pursues at Least 150 Suspects in Capitol Riot". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Grisales, Claudia (May 10, 2021). "Watchdog: Capitol Police Need to Boost Counterintelligence to Address Rising Threats". NPR. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
- ^ Lee, Jessica (January 8, 2021). "Did Trump Watch Capitol Riots From a Private Party Nearby?". Snopes. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ Greenberg, Jon; Kim, Noah Y. (January 8, 2021). "Black Lives Matter protests and the Capitol assault: Comparing the police response". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ Smith, Harrison; Olivo, Antonio (January 6, 2021). "Rioters use ropes, makeshift ladders to invade Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021.
- ^ "Scenes From an American Insurrection". The Atlantic. January 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Demirjian, Karoun; Leonnig, Carol D.; Kane, Paul; Davis, Aaron C. (January 9, 2021). "Inside the Capitol siege: How barricaded lawmakers and aides sounded urgent pleas for help as police lost control". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ a b Hermann, Peter (January 14, 2021). "'We got to hold this door'". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- ^ Leonnig, Carol D.; Davis, Aaron C.; Hermann, Peter; Demirjian, Karoun (January 10, 2021). "Outgoing Capitol Police chief: House, Senate security officials hamstrung efforts to call in National Guard". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ Leatherby, Lauren; Ray, Arielle; Singhvi, Anjali; Triebert, Christiaan; Watkins, Derek; Willis, Haley (January 12, 2021). "How a Presidential Rally Turned Into a Capitol Rampage". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ a b Parker, Ashley; Leonnig, Carol D.; Kane, Paul; Brown, Emma (January 15, 2021). "How the rioters who stormed the Capitol came dangerously close to Pence". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
- ^ Cooper, Stella; Engelbrecht, Cora; Hill, Evan; Triebert, Christiaan; Willis, Haley (July 2, 2021). "Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol | Visual Investigations". The New York Times, via YouTube. Event occurs at 18:17. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Lang, Brent; Littleton, Cynthia (January 6, 2021). "U.S. Capitol on Lockdown, Pro-Trump Protestors Breach Police Lines". Variety. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- Balsamo, Michael; Long, Colleen (January 6, 2021). "The Latest: Schumer says Jan. 6, 2021, will live in infamy". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021.
- "Woman dies after shooting in U.S. Capitol; D.C. National Guard activated after mob breaches building". The Washington Post. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021.
A mob was able to breach security and successfully enter the building
- ^ a b Karoun Demirjian (February 25, 2021). "Acting Capitol Police chief: More than 10,000 rioters came onto Capitol grounds and more than 800 breached the building". Washington Post.
- ^ Barrett, Devlin; Hsu, Spencer S. (January 23, 2021). "Justice Department, FBI debate not charging some of the Capitol rioters". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ a b Wild, Whitney; Herb, Jeremy; Foreman, Tom (February 15, 2021). "New radio and video footage from Capitol riot shows a coordinated attack and officers' restraint". CNN.
- ^ Trial of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, Congressional Record-Senate, Vol. 167, No. 26 (February 11, 2021)
- ^ Biesecker, Michael; Bleiberg, Jake; Laporta, James (January 15, 2021). "Capitol rioters included highly trained ex-military and cops". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- ^ Loller, Travis (January 21, 2021). "Attorneys: Tennessee man in Capitol riot danger to community". AP News. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ Alund, Natalie Neysa; Timms, Mariah (January 22, 2021). "Authorities found sniper rifle, handcuffs in home of accused 'zip tie guy' in Capitol riot". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ a b McLaughlin, Eliott C. (January 7, 2021). "Before Wednesday, insurgents waving Confederate flags hadn't been within 6 miles of the US Capitol". CNN. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Contreras, Russell (January 8, 2021). "Descendant of Robert E. Lee says Confederate flag at Capitol was "treasonous"". Axios. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Anderson, Javonte (January 7, 2021). "Capitol riot images showing Confederate flag a reminder of country's darkest past". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Tumlin, Remy (January 6, 2021). "Evening Briefing Special Edition: A Pro-Trump Mob Storms the Capitol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- Eddy, Melissa (January 8, 2021). "Amid the Rampage at the U.S. Capitol, a Sweatshirt Stirs Troubling Memories". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- Devine, Curt; Bronstein, Scott (January 10, 2021). "Man in 'Camp Auschwitz' sweatshirt during Capitol riot identified". CNN. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Cramer, Maria (January 9, 2021). "Confederate Battle Flag in the Capitol: A 'Jarring' First in U.S. History". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- Blumenthal, Sidney (January 9, 2021). "Trump's Maga insurrectionists were perverse US civil war re-enactors". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- Smith, Clint (January 8, 2021). "The Whole Story in a Single Photo". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
During the Civil War, the Confederate Army never reached the Capitol. The rebel flag, to my knowledge, had never been flown inside the halls of Congress until Wednesday. Two days ago, a man walked through the halls of government bearing the flag of a group of people who had seceded from the United States and gone to war against it.
- ^ a b c Olmstead, Molly (January 7, 2021). "How Prominent Evangelicals Reacted to the Capitol Riot". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
- ^ Jenkins, Jack (January 6, 2021). "As chaos hits Capitol, two forms of faith on display". The Salt Lake Tribune. Religion News Service. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ^ Boorstein, Michelle (January 14, 2021). "For some Christians, the Capitol riot doesn't change the prophecy: Trump will be president". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
- ^ McCarthy, Bryn (January 8, 2021). "Capitol riots: Religious leaders condemn violence, urge peace even in political disagreement". Fox news. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
- ^ Watts, Craig M. (January 11, 2021). "The Cost of Believing Liars". Red Letter Christians. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
- ^ Jervis, Rick; Ramirez, Marc; Ruiz-Goiriena, Romina (January 12, 2021). "'No regrets': Evangelicals and other faith leaders still support Trump after deadly US Capitol attack". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
- ^ "Senate rejects challenge to Biden Arizona win". PBS. Associated Press. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ "LIVE COVERAGE: Congress certifies Biden win after Pennsylvania, Arizona challenges fail". The Hill. Capitol Hill Publishing Corp. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ "Sen. Lankford interrupted while speaking before Senate as rioters enter Capitol". Tulsa World. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|archive-date=
(help) - ^ Williams, Michael; Mishanec, Nora; Li, Roland; Fracassa, Dominic (January 6, 2021). "Live updates: Twitter says users discussing second attack on U.S. Capitol on Jan. 17". Laredo Morning Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ a b Fandos, Nicholas; Schaff, Erin; Cochrane, Emily (January 7, 2021). "'Senate Being Locked Down': Inside a Harrowing Day at the Capitol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Harvey, Olivia (January 7, 2021). "The Photos of These Women Saving the Ballot Boxes Belong in History Books". Yahoo Finance. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ Pramuk, Jacob (January 6, 2021). "Senate salvages Electoral College ballots before rioters break into the chamber". CNBC. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
Electoral college ballots rescued from the Senate floor. If our capable floor staff hadn't grabbed them, they would have been burned by the mob.
- ^ a b Colvin, Jill (January 8, 2021). "Hurt feelings, anger linger after Pence, Trump clash". ABC news. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Frenkel, Sheera (January 8, 2021). "The storming of Capitol Hill was organized on social media". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- Fisher, Marc; Flynn, Meagan; Contrera, Jessica; Leonnig, Carol D. (January 8, 2021). "The four-hour insurrection". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- Barbaro, Michael (January 8, 2021). "How They Stormed Congress". The Daily (New York Times podcast). Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ Sheth, Sonam (January 8, 2021). "A Reuters photographer says he overheard pro-Trump insurrectionists saying they wanted to hang Mike Pence at the Capitol". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ a b Morris, Seren (January 7, 2021). "Video of Senate Office Ransacked in Capitol Chaos Viewed Over 5 Million Times". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Romboy, Dennis (January 7, 2021). "How President Trump misdialed Utah Sen. Mike Lee while the Capitol was under siege". Deseret news. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Serfaty, Sunlen; Cole, Devan; Rogers, Alex (January 8, 2021). "As riot raged at Capitol, Trump tried to call senators to overturn election". CNN. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ a b Kane, Paul (January 6, 2021). "Inside the assault on the Capitol: Evacuating the Senate". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ "Associated Press Timeline of events at the Capitol, 4 dead". My Sun Coast. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Kois, Dan (January 8, 2021). "They Were Out for Blood". Slate. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Acosta, Jim; Brown, Pamela (January 7, 2021). "Trump pressured Pence to engineer a coup, then put the VP in danger, source says". CNN. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ Hall, Louise (July 16, 2021). "Mike Pence refused to get in car amid 6 January riots fearing Secret Service 'conspiracy', reports claim". The Independent. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
- ^ a b Wire, Sarah D. (January 6, 2021). "Reporter inside Capitol describes being in a roomful of people 'panicked that I might inadvertently give away their location'". The Seattle Times. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ "Watch the moment House floor forced into recess as protesters enter Capitol". MSN. The Washington Post. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Hensley-Clancy, Molly; Nashrulla, Tasneem; Baird, Addy; Jamieson, Amber; Namako, Tom; Hall, Ellie; McLeod, Paul; Baer, Stephanie K. (January 6, 2021). "Trump Launched A Deadly Attempted Coup, Encouraging A Mob To Breach The US Capitol Building Because He Lost The Presidential Election". BuzzFeed news. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ a b Swaine, Jon; Bennett, Dalton; Sohyun Lee, Joyce; Kelly, Meg (January 8, 2021). "Video shows fatal shooting of Ashli Babbitt in the Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Caygle, Heather; Ferris, Sarah (January 12, 2021). "Inside Pelosi's push to impeach Trump: This time it's personal". Politico. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Fandos, Nicholas; Cochrane, Emily; Sullivan, Eileen; Thrush, Glenn; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (January 6, 2021). "Pence and lawmakers evacuated as protesters storm the Capitol, halting Congress's counting of electoral votes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ a b Kanno-Youngs, Zolan; Tavernise, Sabrina; Cochrane, Emily (January 7, 2021). "As House Was Breached, a Fear 'We'd Have to Fight' to Get Out". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ a b Berge, Clint (January 6, 2021). "HAPPENING NOW: Armed standoff inside US Capitol, shots fired". WQOW. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ "Violent pro-Trump mob storms US Capitol". BBC news. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Chowdhury, Maureen (January 6, 2021). "Lawmaker says staff were able to remove electoral ballots before rioters breached Senate floor". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021.
- ^ Winsor, Morgan; Pereira, Ivan; Mansell, William (January 7, 2021). "Updates: Capitol breached by protesters, shots reported fired inside". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ "Police draw guns inside the Capitol". The New York Times. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ "Trump supporters storm U.S. Capitol, with one woman killed and tear gas fired". The Washington Post. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Ulloa, Jasmine; Annear, Steve (January 12, 2021). "'It was like looking at evil': The Capitol attack through the eyes of the Massachusetts delegation". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ^ Sargent, Greg (February 8, 2021). "One mystery involving the insurrection may be close to getting solved". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
- ^ a b c Kavi, Aishvarya (January 13, 2021). "Lawmakers recount feeling unsafe because of colleagues' behavior during Capitol siege". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Chung, Gabrielle (January 6, 2021). "Nancy Pelosi's Office Occupied by Pro-Trump Rioters amid Chaos at U.S. Capitol". People. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- Lee, Timothy B. (January 6, 2021). "Pro-Trump reporter gloats over access to fleeing Hill staffer's computer". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- "Arkansas man admits to storming Capitol, sitting at Nancy Pelosi's desk". thv11.com. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ a b Benner, Katie; Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 6, 2021). "Live Updates: Pro-Trump Mob Breaches Capitol, Halting Vote Certification". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ a b Schaff, Erin; Tavernise, Sabrina (January 6, 2021). "Marauding protesters vandalize Speaker Pelosi's office". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Brewster, Thomas. "Capitol Hill Mob Accessed Congressional Computers – 'Consider Them All Compromised'". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
- ^ Leonnig, Carol; Rucker, Philip: I Alone Can Fix It: Donald J. Trump's Catastrophic Final Year, page 481-484. Penguin Press 2021, ISBN 978-0593300626
- ^ a b c d e Biesecker, Michael; Kunzelman, Michael; Flaccus, Gillian; Mustian, Jim (January 10, 2021). "Records show fervent Trump fans fueled US Capitol takeover". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
The insurrectionist mob that showed up at the president's behest and stormed the U.S. Capitol was overwhelmingly made up of longtime Trump supporters, including Republican Party officials, GOP political donors, far-right militants, white supremacists, members of the military and adherents of the QAnon myth that the government is secretly controlled by a cabal of Satan-worshiping pedophile cannibals. Records show that some were heavily armed and included convicted criminals, such as a Florida man recently released from prison for attempted murder.
- ^ a b Jelten, Tom. "Militant Christian Nationalists Remain A Potent Force, Even After The Capitol Riot". NPR.org. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
- ^ Hesson, Ted; Parker, Ned; Harte, Julia (January 8, 2021). "U.S. Capitol siege emboldens motley crew of extremists". Reuters. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ a b Brest, Mike (January 13, 2021). "Man in 'Camp Auschwitz' sweatshirt at Capitol riot arrested". Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
- ^ a b Schor, Elana (January 13, 2021). "Anti-Semitism seen in Capitol insurrection raises alarms". Daily Herald. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Yousef, Odette (January 9, 2021). "The Bizarre Outfits At The Capitol Weren't Just Costumes. They Were A Message". WBEZ. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- Neilson, Susie; McFall-Johnsen, Morgan (January 6, 2021). "Several groups of extremists stormed the Capitol on Wednesday. Here are some of the most notable individuals, symbols, and groups". The Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- Adkins, Laura E.; Burack, Emily (January 7, 2021). "Hate on display: A guide to the symbols and signs on display at the Capitol insurrection". J. The Jewish News of Northern California. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- "'Second revolution begins': Armed right-wing groups celebrate Capitol attack". Yahoo! News. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- Read, Richard; Hennessy-Fisk, Molly; Chabria, Anita (January 8, 2021). "Far-right extremists want to attack more capitols, but are divided after D.C. riot". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- Yancey-Bragg, N'dea; Bacon, John; Carless, Will; Miller, Ryan W. (January 6, 2021). "Pro-Trump rioters breach Capitol, forcing lockdown; one person shot; Pence evacuated, Senate chamber cleared out". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- Sales, Ben (January 6, 2021). "Fears as Trump supporters, including anti-Semitic groups, rally in Washington". www.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- Ibrahim, Nur (January 6, 2021). "Was the Confederate Flag Raised at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.?". Snopes.com. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- Biesecker, Michael; Kunzelman, Michael; Flaccus, Gillian; Mustian, Jim (January 10, 2021). "Records show fervent Trump fans fueled US Capitol takeover". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
The insurrectionist mob that showed up at the president's behest and stormed the U.S. Capitol was overwhelmingly made up of longtime Trump supporters, including Republican Party officials, GOP political donors, far-right militants, white supremacists, members of the military and adherents of the QAnon myth that the government is secretly controlled by a cabal of Satan-worshiping pedophile cannibals. Records show that some were heavily armed and included convicted criminals, such as a Florida man recently released from prison for attempted murder.
- Jelten, Tom. "Militant Christian Nationalists Remain A Potent Force, Even After The Capitol Riot". NPR.org. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
- Makuch, Ben (January 7, 2021). "Neo-Nazis Boast About Participation In Capitol Hill Invasion". Vice. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- Devine, Curt; Griffin, Drew (February 4, 2021). "Leaders of the anti-vaccine movement used 'Stop the Steal' crusade to advance their own conspiracy theories". CNN. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- Satija, Neena (January 12, 2021). "'I do regret being there': Simone Gold, noted hydroxychloroquine advocate, was inside the Capitol during the riot". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- DAZIO, STEFANIE (January 19, 2021). "Capitol photos, videos lead to California doctor's arrest". abcnews.go.com. ABC News. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
- "Enrique Tarrio, the Cuban-American leader of the far-right 'Proud Boys'". January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- "Was the Confederate Flag Raised at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.?". Snopes. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- "Chaos ensues as Trump supporters storm Capitol, thwart Biden confirmation". Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- Fitz-Gibbon, Jorge (January 7, 2021). "Neo-Nazis among protesters who stormed US Capitol". Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- "Here are the Donors to Tea Party Group that Helped Organize Pre-Riot Rally". The Intercept. January 13, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
- Story by Mallory Simon and Sara Sidner, CNN Photo Illustrations by Priya Krishnakumar (January 9, 2021). "Decoding the extremist symbols and groups at the Capitol Hill insurrection". CNN.
{{cite web}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - Barrett, Devlin; Hsu, Spencer S. (January 18, 2021). "FBI moves on alleged members of extremist groups Oath Keepers, Three Percenters". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- Jonsson, Patrik (January 14, 2021). "Capitol assault: Why did police show up on both sides of 'thin blue line'?". Christian Science Monitor.
- Barrett, Malachi (January 7, 2021). "Far-right activist who encouraged U.S. Capitol occupation also organized 'stop the steal' rally in Michigan". MLive.com. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- "White Supremacists Among Those Who Stormed the U.S. Capitol, Live Streamed From Inside". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 9, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ^ Dempsey, Janelle; Fowler, Erin; Sellstrom, Oren. "There Are White Supremacist Hate Groups Everywhere. Even In 'Blue' Mass". WBUR-FM. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
- ^ "Nationalist Social Club (NSC)". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
- ^ Somos, Christy (January 8, 2021). "These are some of the extremist groups responsible for the violence on Capitol Hill". CTVNews. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
- ^ Rose, Emma (January 15, 2021). "The Many Flags That Flew During the US Capitol's Storming and What They Represent". The Wire (India). Archived from the original on January 15, 2021.
- ^ "Identifying far-right symbols that appeared at the U.S. Capitol riot". The Washington Post. January 15, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
- ^ Makuch, Ben (January 7, 2021). "Neo-Nazis Boast About Participation In Capitol Hill Invasion". Vice. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Pape, Robert A.; Ruby, Keven (February 2021). "The Capitol Rioters Aren't Like Other Extremists". The Atlantic. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
- ^ Stelter, Brian (January 9, 2021). "CNN's Elle Reeve: 'Donald Trump plus the Internet brings extremism to the masses'". www.weny.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Penzenstadler, Nick (January 14, 2021). "Internet detectives swarmed the effort to ID Capitol riot mob, with mixed results". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Myers, Meghann; Shane III, Leo; South, Todd; Rempfer, Kyle (January 11, 2021). "How many troops were involved in the Capitol riot? Figuring that out won't be easy". Military Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Vanden Brook, Tom (January 11, 2021). "In wake of Capitol riot, active-duty Army officer under investigation". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Driesbach, Tom; Anderson, Meg (January 21, 2021). "Nearly 1 In 5 Defendants In Capitol Riot Cases Served In The Military". NPR.org. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
- ^ Bellware, Kim (January 9, 2021). "Police departments across the U.S. open probes into whether their own members took part in the Capitol riot". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ Ben-Menachem, Jonathan (January 13, 2021). "The Cops at the Capitol". The Appeal. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ^ Stelloh, Tim; Moe, Alex; Talbot, Haley (January 11, 2021). "2 Capitol police officers suspended, 1 possibly arrested over pro-Trump riot, congressman says". NBC news. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ Nickeas, Peter; Grayer, Annie; Nobles, Ryan (January 12, 2021). "2 Capitol Police officers suspended and at least 10 more under investigation for alleged roles in riot". CNN. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ "U.S. v Thomas Edward Caldwell, Donovan Ray Crowl and Jessica Marie Watkins". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
- ^ "Paramilitary group was intent on capturing Capitol, bragged about operation". Azcentral.com. January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
- ^ Devine, Curt; Griffin, Drew (February 4, 2021). "Leaders of the anti-vaccine movement used 'Stop the Steal' crusade to advance their own conspiracy theories". CNN. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ^ Satija, Neena (January 12, 2021). "'I do regret being there': Simone Gold, noted hydroxychloroquine advocate, was inside the Capitol during the riot". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ DAZIO, STEFANIE (January 19, 2021). "Capitol photos, videos lead to California doctor's arrest". abcnews.go.com. ABC News. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Spinelli, Dan (January 16, 2021). "A list of all the lawmakers who joined pro-Trump crowds on the day of the Capitol riot". Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- Dil, Cuneyt (January 7, 2021). "Local lawmakers from several states joined, observed riot at US Capitol". WWL-TV. Charleston, W.Va. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- Haas, Greg (January 8, 2021). "Democrats call for Nevada Republican Annie Black to resign Assembly seat". 8 News Now. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- Gaskill, Hannah (January 10, 2021). "After 'traitor' tweet, Maryland state Del. Cox denounces 'mob violence' at Capitol". WTOP. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- "Over a dozen lawmakers joined crowds on day of Capitol riot". WTOP. January 11, 2021. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- Wilson, Patrick (August 19, 2021). "Challenger to Goochland lawmaker criticizes his presence outside Capitol at Jan. 6 insurrection". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on August 20, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
- ^ Buchanan, Joe (January 8, 2021). "W.Va. Delegate Derrick Evans has been federally charged". WDTV. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ McElhinny, Brad (January 9, 2021). "Derrick Evans resigns W.Va. House after entering U.S. Capitol with mob". West Virginia MetroNews. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Moomaw, Graham (January 27, 2021). "'A badge of shame': Virginia Senate votes to censure Amanda Chase". Virginia Mercury. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ^ Smith, Samantha (February 1, 2021). "Sen. Amanda Chase files federal lawsuit against Virginia Senate after censure". WSLS. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ^ Roebuck, Jeremy; Seidman, Andrew (May 25, 2021). "Pa. GOP lawmaker Doug Mastriano says he left the Capitol area before the riot. New videos say otherwise". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
- ^ Staggs, Brooke (June 14, 2021). "Dana Rohrabacher breached Capitol police barricades on Jan. 6". Orange County Register. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
- ^ Parker, Ashley; Dawsey, Josh; Rucker, Philip (January 11, 2021). "Six hours of paralysis: Inside Trump's failure to act after a mob stormed the Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie (January 8, 2021). "Capitol Attack Leads Democrats to Demand That Trump Leave Office". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Acosta, Jim (January 6, 2021). "Senior White House Correspondant". CNN. No. The Presidential Election Congress Counts the Vote. Internet Archive. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
- ^ Sherman, Gabriel (January 7, 2021). ""They're Being Told to Stay Away from Trump": After a Day of Violence and 25th Amendment Chatter, Trump's Allies are Jumping Ship". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e "Associated Press Timeline of events at the Capitol, 4 dead". WWSB. Associated Press. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Parker, Ashley; Dawsey, Josh; Rucker, Philip (January 11, 2021). "Six hours of paralysis: Inside Trump's failure to act after a mob stormed the Capitol". Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Lowell, Hugo [@hugolowell] (February 13, 2021). "Sen. Lee call record clearly shows, per source, that Trump called at 2:46p — after Pence had been evacuated at 2:15p — and must have known that his VP was in danger before he tweeted attack at Pence" (Tweet). Archived from the original on February 13, 2021 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Amid violence, Trump says, 'Remember this day forever!'". KCBD. Associated Press. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
- ^ Gangel, Jamie; Liptak, Kevin; Warren, Michael; Cohen, Marshall (February 12, 2021). "New details about Trump-McCarthy shouting match show Trump refused to call off the rioters". CNN. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
- ^ Gearan, Anne; Dawsey, Josh (January 7, 2021). "Trump issued a call to arms. Then he urged his followers 'to remember this day forever!'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Graziosi, Graig (January 12, 2021). "'QAnon Congresswoman' Lauren Boebert faces calls to resign after tweeting information about Nancy Pelosi during Capitol riot". Independent. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- ^ Rogers, Katie (January 13, 2021). "A Republican Lawmaker for Whom the Spectacle Is the Point". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- ^ Itkowitz, Colby (January 12, 2021). "The lockdown room was a safe space for lawmakers under siege. Now some say maskless Republicans made it a coronavirus hot spot". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- ^ Lajka, Arijeta (July 23, 2021). "Pelosi did not block the National Guard from the Capitol on Jan. 6". Associated Press. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
- ^ Borger, Julian (January 8, 2021). "Democratic leaders call for Trump's removal from office". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Leatherby, Lauren; Ray, Arielle; Singhvi, Anjali; Triebert, Christiaan; Watkins, Derek; Willis, Haley (January 12, 2021). "How a Presidential Rally Turned Into a Capitol Rampage". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Broadwater, Luke; Schmidt, Michael S. (March 4, 2021). "Officials Put 'Unusual' Limits on D.C. National Guard Before Riot, Commander Says". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c "Timeline for December 31, 2020 – January 6, 2021" (PDF). Office of the Secretary of Defense. January 8, 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ Cohen, Zachary; Kaufman, Ellie; Liebermann, Oren (March 3, 2021). "DC National Guard commander says 'unusual' Pentagon restrictions slowed response to Capitol riot". CNN. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
- ^ a b c Vozzella, Laura (January 7, 2021). "Northam recounts call for help from Speaker Pelosi during Capitol siege". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ "Virginia COVID-19 Briefing". Culpeper Star Exponent. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Mendoza, Martha; Linderman, Juliet; Long, Colleen; Burke, Garance (March 5, 2021). "Officers maced, trampled: Docs expose depth of Jan. 6 chaos". Associated Press. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- ^ Parker, Ashley; Dawsey, Josh; Rucker, Philip (January 11, 2021). "Six hours of paralysis: Inside Trump's failure to act after a mob stormed the Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Arkin, William M. (January 21, 2021). "Exclusive: How officials' fear of Donald Trump paralyzed intelligence agencies, led to Capitol riot". Newsweek. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
- ^ Peterson, Beatrice; Winsor, Morgan (May 13, 2021). "Former acting defense secretary testifies he was trying to avoid another Kent State on Jan. 6". ABC News.
- ^ Herb, Jeremy; Cohen, Marshall; Cohen, Zachary; Rogers, Alex (January 10, 2022). "Takeaways from the prime-time January 6 committee hearing". CNN. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
- ^ Schapiro, Rich; Schecter, Anna; Damberg, Chelsea (August 27, 2021). "Officer who shot Ashli Babbitt speaks after months in hiding: 'I saved countless lives'". NBC News. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Wagner, Dennis; Daniels, Melissa; Hauck, Grace (January 7, 2021). "California woman killed during Capitol riot was a military veteran and staunch Trump supporter". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
Babbitt served in the Air Force under the married name of Ashli Elizabeth McEntee ... she had been a staunch Trump supporter
- ^ "Capitol riots: A visual guide to the storming of Congress". BBC news. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ "Trump to blame for death of woman trampled in Capitol riot, family member says". Reuters. January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Hermann, Peter; Hsu, Spencer S. (April 19, 2021). "Capitol Police officer Brian Sicknick, who engaged rioters, suffered two strokes and died of natural causes, officials say". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
- ^ Dartunorro, Clark; Thorp V, Frank (January 8, 2021). "Capitol Police officer dies from injuries after clashing with pro-Trump mob". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ "Loss of USCP Officer Brian D. Sicknick" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: United States Capitol Police. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Hardy, Jennifer (April 19, 2021). "Officer's death after insurrection was ruled "natural causes"". KLKN. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
- ^ Wishwanatha, Aruna (April 21, 2021). "Officer Brian Sicknick: What We Know About His Death". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Hermann, Peter; Hsu, Spencer (April 19, 2021). "Capitol Police officer Brian Sicknick, who engaged rioters, suffered two strokes and died of natural causes, officials say". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021.
- "Police officer in Capitol riot died from natural causes, says coroner". Agence France Presse. April 20, 2021. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021.
- "Brian Sicknick: US Capitol riot policeman 'died of natural causes'". BBC News. April 20, 2021. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021.
- Breuninger, Kevin (April 19, 2021). "Officer Brian Sicknick died of natural causes day after Capitol invasion, medical examiner rules". CNBC. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021.
- "US officer died of natural causes after Capitol riot: Coroner". Al Jazeera. April 19, 2021. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021.
- ^ Melendez, Pilar (April 7, 2021). "Capitol Rioter Rosanne Boyland Died From Drug Overdose, Not Trampling". The Daily Beast.
- ^ Katelyn Polantz (June 2, 2021). "Senate chamber trespasser pleads guilty and faces more than a year in prison". CNN. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Peter Hermann & Julie Zauzmer (January 12, 2021). "Beaten, sprayed with mace and hit with stun guns: police describe injuries to dozens of officers during assault on U.S. Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ a b kaplan, Michael (January 11, 2021). "Morale deteriorates among Capitol police after assault on Capitol". CBS News. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ Peter Hermann, Two officers who helped fight the Capitol mob died of suicide. Many more are hurting., Washington Post (February 11, 2021).
- ^ "U.S. Capitol Police "must be held accountable" says wife of officer who died by suicide". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
- ^ "DECLARATION OF DR. JONATHAN L. ARDEN" (PDF). Goodwin Weber PLLC. July 29, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
- ^ Hermann, Peter (August 14, 2021). "Family of D.C. officer who died by suicide after Capitol riot files lawsuit against alleged attackers". Washington Post. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Rowland, Geoffrey (February 9, 2021). "Managers present dramatic new video of Capitol mob at Trump impeachment trial". TheHill. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- "Senators and impeachment managers: The trial is over but the work isn't done". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- Telegraph, CHARLES BOOTHE Bluefield Daily. "Senators from both Virginias explain votes in impeachment trial". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- "Response from Fla. Republican and Democratic leaders to Senate's acquittal of former President Trump". WFTS. February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- "Menendez Statement Following Vote to Convict Former President Donald Trump for Inciting Riot on Nation's Capitol to Stop Certification of Election Results | U.S. Senator Bob Menendez of New Jersey". www.menendez.senate.gov. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- ^ Wild, Whitney; LeBlanc, Paul; Rose, Rashard (August 3, 2021). "2 more DC police officers who responded to Capitol insurrection have died by suicide". CNN. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
- ^ Pelosi, Nancy (August 5, 2021). "H.R.3325 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): To award four congressional gold medals to the United States Capitol Police and those who protected the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021". www.congress.gov. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- ^ President Biden Delivers Remarks and Signs H.R. 3325, retrieved August 7, 2021
- ^ *Sommerfeldt, Chris (January 7, 2021). "Pro-Trump rioters smeared poop in U.S. Capitol hallways during belligerent attack". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021. * Cineas, Fabiola (January 8, 2021). "Whiteness is at the core of the insurrection". Vox. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ a b c Bahr, Sarah (January 7, 2021). "Curators Scour Capitol for Damage to the Building or Its Art". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ a b Barlyn,Suzanne (January 7, 2021). "U.S. taxpayers to pay Capitol siege tab as government shuns insurance". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ "Mob swarms media outside Capitol, damages equipment". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Burdyk, Zack (January 7, 2021). "Hoyer says rioters destroyed display commemorating John Lewis". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ "House Majority Leader says rioters stole tribute to late Rep. John Lewis". WFLA. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021.
- ^ Wang, Claire (January 8, 2021). "Behind the viral photo of Rep. Andy Kim cleaning up at midnight after riots". NBC news. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ Hsu, Spencer S. (June 3, 2021). "Jan. 6 riot caused $1.5 million in damage to Capitol — and U.S. prosecutors want defendants to pay". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
- ^ Marina Pitofsky, Architect of the Capitol considering display on January 6 riot, The Hill (February 11, 2021).
- ^ Castronuovo, Celine (January 9, 2021). "Flags, signs and other items left behind in Capitol riot to be preserved as historical artifacts". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
Flags, signs and other items left throughout the Capitol by rioters who stormed the building Wednesday will be preserved as historical artifacts in the House and Senate collections and shared with national museums...Frank Blazich, a curator from the National Museum of American History, also collected signs and other items left at the scene of the chaos, including a sign that read, "Off with their heads: Stop the steal".
- ^ Valentine, Brittany (January 11, 2021). "Prison labor is what will rebuild the U.S. Capitol after its siege". AL DÍA News. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ "The Furniture Damaged in the Capitol Riot Will Almost Certainly Be Rebuilt By Incarcerated People For Pennies". Jezebel. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ Wagner, Meg; Macaya, Melissa (January 8, 2021). "Clyburn's spokesperson tells CNN they found his iPad, was not taken by rioters". CNN. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ a b Miller, Maggie (January 8, 2021). "Laptop stolen from Pelosi's office during Capitol riots". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ Black, John; Sotak, J.W.; Spoonts, Sean (January 8, 2021). "Computers with Access to Classified Material Stolen from Capitol". SOFREP. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ "News & Notices". www.aoc.gov. Architect of the Capitol. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ Krazit, Tom (January 7, 2021). "Don't worry about the cybersecurity fallout of the Capitol breach". Protocol. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ Jones, Dustin. "Woman Charged In Theft Of Pelosi's Laptop Released From Jail". NPR.org. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Shoaib, Alia (October 9, 2021). "Capitol rioter suspected of stealing laptop from Nancy Pelosi's office is charged. Her plot to sell it to Russian spies is still being investigated, says report". Business Insider. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
- ^ "Georgia Secretary of State evacuates Georgia Capitol for safety, office closes". WXIA-TV. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Reding, Shawna M. (January 6, 2021). "Texas Capitol grounds in Austin closed as Trump supporters storm US Capitol". KVUE. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Barton, April (January 14, 2021). "State prepares for protests in Montpelier over weekend and for Inauguration Day". The Burlington Free Press. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
- ^ a b Taylor, Adam (January 7, 2021). "Trump's 'stop the steal' message finds an international audience among conspiracy theorists and suspected cults". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Little, Simon (January 6, 2021). "Small pro-Trump rallies break out in Canada amid chaos at U.S. Capitol". Global News. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Daflos, Penny (January 6, 2021). "Photographers attacked at pro-Trump rally in downtown Vancouver". CTV news. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Walls, Jason (January 14, 2021). "Police keeping a close eye on controversial Billy TK 'freedom rally' outside Beehive". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
- ^ "Billy Te Kahika spreads Covid-19 misinformation at Parliament rally". Radio New Zealand. January 14, 2021. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
- ^ Zhou, Li; Nilsen, Ella (January 12, 2021). "The House Just Passed a Resolution Calling on Mike Pence to Invoke the 25th Amendment". Vox. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ^ Montanaro, Domenico (February 13, 2021). "Senate Acquits Trump In Impeachment Trial — Again". NPR. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
- ^ Kevin Miller (January 13, 2021). "Here Are the U.S. Companies Hitting Pause on Political Donations". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021. (updated)
- ^ "Tech Giants Join Corporate Reckoning Over Political Spending". NPR.org. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
- ^ Jalonick, Mary Clare; Mascaro, Lisa (May 28, 2021). "GOP blocks Capitol riot probe, displaying loyalty to Trump". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
- ^ Herb, Jeremy; Raju, Manu; Nobles, Ryan; Grayer, Annie (June 30, 2021). "House votes to create select committee to investigate January 6 insurrection". CNN. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
- ^ Everett, Burgess; Caygle, Heather (January 7, 2021). "Top Dems sack Capitol security officials after deadly riot". Politico. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Klein, Allison (January 10, 2021). "Capitol Police Chief Sund has stepped down, leaving earlier than expected". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Rabinowitz, Hannah; Lybrand, Holmes (January 6, 2024). "It may be a long time, if ever, before everyone involved in January 6 is punished. Here's why". CNN. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
- Hymes, Clare; McDonald, Cassidy; Watson, Eleanor (March 18, 2021). "Over 300 charged from more than 40 states: What we know about the 'unprecedented' Capitol riot arrests". CBS News.
- Axon, Rachel; Pulver, Dinah; Stassen-Berger, Rachel; Fraser, Jayme; Salman, Josh; Penzenstadler, Nicholas; Wedell, Katie; Hines, Morgan; Baratz, David (March 18, 2021). "Capitol riot arrests: See who's been charged across the U.S." USA Today. Archived from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
- Harrington, Rebecca; Hall, Madison; Gould, Skye; Haroun, Azmi; Shamsian, Jacob; Ardrey, Taylor (May 12, 2021). "472 people have been charged in the Capitol insurrection so far. This searchable table shows them all". Insider. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
- ^ Lyons, Kim (January 11, 2021). "Parler is gone for now as Amazon terminates hosting". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ Booker, Brakkton (January 12, 2021). "Facebook Removes 'Stop The Steal' Content; Twitter Suspends QAnon Accounts". NPR. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021.
- ^ Knutson, Jacob (January 8, 2021). "Twitter suspends accounts of Michael Flynn, Sidney Powell". Axios. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ^ Broadwater, Luke (May 20, 2021). "House passes $1.9 billion Capitol security bill by a one-vote margin". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ Brown, Alleen; Lacy, Akela (January 12, 2021). "In Wake of Capitol Riot, GOP Legislatures 'Rebrand' Old Anti-BLM Protest Laws". The Intercept. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
- ^ a b Feuer, Alan; Haberman, Maggie (April 13, 2024). "Inside Donald Trump's Embrace of the Jan. 6 Rioters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 13, 2024. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
Recently, however, his celebrations of the Capitol riot and those who took part in it have become more public as he has promoted a revisionist history of the attack and placed it at the heart of his 2024 presidential campaign ... Mr. Trump hasn't always embraced Jan. 6 — at least not openly ... Mr. Trump's embrace of Jan. 6 not only has meant describing the attack in which more than 100 police officers were injured as a "love fest." It also has led him to tell a journalist that he wanted to march to the Capitol that day but that his team had prevented him from doing so.
- ^ Mascara, Lisa; Jalonick, Mary Clark; Colvin, Jill (March 19, 2024). "Trump is making the Jan. 6 attack a cornerstone of his bid for the White House". The Associated Press. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ Weissert, Will (January 4, 2024). "One attack, two interpretations: Biden and Trump both make the Jan. 6 riot a political rallying cry". The Associated Press. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
- ^ Mascaro, Lisa (January 6, 2024). "On Jan. 6 many Republicans blamed Trump for the Capitol riot. Now they endorse his presidential bid". Associated Press. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
- ^ Price, Michelle L.; Colvin, Jill; Beaumont, Thomas (January 6, 2024). "Trump downplays Jan. 6 on the anniversary of the Capitol siege and calls jailed rioters 'hostages'". Associated Press. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
- ^ Durschlag, Jack (January 8, 2021). "Trump calls for healing, smooth transition after 'heinous attack' on Capitol". FOX news. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021.
- ^ Choi, Matthew (January 7, 2021). "Trump condemns violence in Capitol riots, more than 24 hours later". Politico. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Sherman, Gabriel (January 8, 2021). "'He Knew He F--ked Up': Facing Legal and Political Peril, Trump Is Turning On Even His Most Devoted Allies". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ^ Choi, Matthew (January 7, 2021). "McEnany tries to distance administration from Capitol riots". Politico. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Broadwater, Luke; Fandos, Nicholas; Haberman, Maggie (January 9, 2021). "Democrats Ready Impeachment Charge Against Trump for Inciting Capitol Mob". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ Ray, Siladitya (March 26, 2021). "Trump Defends Capitol Rioters In Fox News Interview, Claims They Posed 'Zero Threat'". Forbes. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
- ^ "READ: Military Joint Chiefs statement condemning 'sedition and insurrection' at US Capitol". CNN. January 12, 2021. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ^ Macias, Amanda (January 12, 2021). "Top military leaders condemn 'sedition and insurrection' at Capitol, acknowledge Biden win". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ^ Choi, David (January 12, 2021). "Top military officers condemn the Capitol Hill riots and tell troops to 'stay ready'". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ a b Wolfe, Jan (January 20, 2021). "'Mob was fed lies': Mitch McConnell accuses Trump of 'provoking' riot". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ^ "Senate Debate on Arizona Electoral College Vote Challenge, Part 2". C-SPAN. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ^ Goldman, Adam (March 2, 2021). "Live Updates: F.B.I. Director Warns Senators That Domestic Terrorism Is 'Metastasizing Across the Country'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
- ^ Wolfe, Jan (June 10, 2021). "FBI director suggests 'serious charges' coming in probe of Capitol attack". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
- ^ "Jan 6 a 'violent attempt' by 'terrorists' to hold 'power': Biden". Al Jazeera. August 6, 2021. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
- ^ Posard, Marek N.; Payne, Leslie Adrienne; Miller, Laura L. (September 16, 2021). "Reducing the Risk of Extremist Activity in the U.S. Military". Rand Corporation. doi:10.7249/PEA1447-1. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
- ^ a b Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 9, 2021). "Trump has not lowered flags in honor of an officer who died from injuries sustained amid the riot". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
While the flags at the Capitol have been lowered, Mr. Trump has not issued a similar order for federal buildings under his control. ... 'Mr. Trump has not reached out to Mr. Sicknick's family, although Vice President Mike Pence called to offer condolences,' an aide to Mr. Pence said.
- ^ Elis, Niv (January 8, 2021). "Pelosi orders flags at half-staff for Capitol officer who died". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Haberman, Maggie (January 10, 2021). "After refusing to do so, Trump orders flags to be flown at half-staff". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
Despite widespread criticism, Mr. Trump had refused to lower the flags, but relented on January 10.
- ^ Diamond, Jeremy; LeBlanc, Paul (January 10, 2021). "White House orders flags lowered to honor late police officers who responded to US Capitol breach". CNN. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ "White House advisers: Trump has no intention of resigning". KOBI-TV. January 8, 2021. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ Fitzsimons, Tim (January 11, 2021). "Father of slain Capitol officer hopes son's death brings end to 'lunacy'". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
- ^ Rolli, Bryan (January 8, 2021). "After Capitol police officer dies, #TedCruzKilledACop trends over Cruz inciting rioters". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ "Political Attitudes and Evaluations" (PDF). University of Houston. Hobby School of Public Affairs. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ Allen, Mike (January 14, 2021). "Republicans and Democrats agree – the country is falling apart". Axios. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
- ^ Castronuovo, Celine (January 14, 2021). "4 in 5 say US is falling apart: survey". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ Pengelly, Martin (February 4, 2022). "Republican party calls January 6 attack 'legitimate political discourse'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 5, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
- ^ Hilbig, Valeska; Machado, Melinda (January 3, 2022). "Smithsonian Continues Collecting Artifacts From Jan. 6 Capitol Attack". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ "One Year On, Artist Paul Chan Discusses the Insurrection—And the Drawing That It Inspired—With His 10-Year-Old Daughter". Vogue. January 6, 2022. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ "Paul Chan: A drawing as a recording of an insurrection". Greene Naftali. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ Strand, Karla J. (December 6, 2022). "December 2022 Reads for the Rest of Us". Ms. Magazine. Archived from the original on June 23, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ "What if Jan. 6 attack succeeded? Graphic novel explores grim alternate outcome". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ Jenkins, Alan; Golan, Gan; Western States Center (January 17, 2024). "1/6: The Graphic Novel: What if the Attack on the U.S. Capitol Succeeded?". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
- ^ "A Poem on the Jan. 6, 2021 Capitol Hill Protest, by Bruce Dale Wise". Society of Classical Poets. January 5, 2022. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ "A Poem Commemorating January 6th and Ashli Babbitt, by Monika Cooper". Society of Classical Poets. January 6, 2023. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ^ "After the ballots are counted: Conspiracies, political violence, and American exceptionalism". The Survey Center on American Life. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
- ^ "Capitol riots: Boris Johnson condemns Donald Trump for sparking events". BBC News. January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Ward, James (January 6, 2021). "Taoiseach and Foreign Affairs Minister react to Washington protests". echo live. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ "World Leaders Condemn Pro-Trump Riot at US Capitol". Voice of America. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Macias, Amanda; Mangan, Dan (January 6, 2021). "U.S. Capitol secured hours after pro-Trump rioters invade Congress". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
- ^ "US Capitol riots: World leaders react to 'horrifying' scenes in Washington". BBC News. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Serhan, Yasmeen (January 9, 2021). "The Populists Finally Breaking With Trump". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
- ^ Prothero, Mitch (January 7, 2021). "Some among America's military allies believe Trump deliberately attempted a coup and may have had help from federal law-enforcement officials". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Booker, Christopher (January 9, 2021). "There's an ongoing battle of words to describe Jan 6, 2021. Here's why it matters". PBS. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
- ^ a b Bauder, David (January 14, 2021). "Riot? Insurrection? Words matter in describing Capitol siege". AP News. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
- ^ Carter, Stephen L. (February 6, 2021). "'Insurrection:' Is That a Word We Really Want to Use?". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
- ^ McBride, Kelly (January 14, 2021). "From 'Protest' To 'Riot' To 'Insurrection' — How NPR's Language Evolved". NPR. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
- ^ The Editorial Board (October 2, 2021). "Opinion | Jan. 6 Was Worse Than We Knew". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ John Hudak; William G. Gale; Darrell M. West; Vanda Felbab-Brown; Rashawn Ray; Molly E. Reynolds; Elaine Kamarck; William A. Galston; Gabriel R. Sanchez (January 5, 2022). "Around the Halls: One year since the January 6 insurrection". Brookings. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
- ^ Eastman v Thompson, et al., 8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260, 44 (S.D. Cal. May 28, 2022) ("Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower – it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.").
- ^ Eisen, Norman; Ayer, Donald; Perry, Joshua; Bookbinder, Noah; Perry, E. Danya (June 6, 2022). Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality (Report). Brookings Institution. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to – in his own words – "overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021 – an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup.
- ^ Multiple media sources:
- Graham, David A. (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
- Musgrave, Paul (January 6, 2021). "This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
- Solnit, Rebecca (January 6, 2021). "Call it what it was: a coup attempt". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
- Coleman, Justine (January 6, 2021). "GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt'". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
- Jacobson, Louis (January 6, 2021). "Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide". PolitiFact. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.
- Barry, Dan; Frenkel, Sheera (January 7, 2021). "'Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
- Duignan, Brian (August 4, 2021). "January 6 U.S. Capitol attack". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état.
- ^ Harvey, Michael (2022). "Introduction: History's Rhymes". In Harvey, Michael (ed.). Donald Trump in Historical Perspective. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003110361-1. ISBN 978-1-003-11036-1.
As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. (p3)
- ^ Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. Jr. (April 7, 2022). "The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations". Government and Opposition. FirstView (4): 789–806. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.13. S2CID 248033246.
- ^ Castañeda, Ernesto; Jenks, Daniel (April 17, 2023). Costa, Bruno Ferreira; Parton, Nigel (eds.). "January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States". Social Sciences. 12 (4). MDPI: 238. doi:10.3390/socsci12040238. ISSN 2076-0760.
What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.
- ^ Luke Broadwater; Alan Feuer; Maggie Haberman (March 28, 2022). "Federal Judge Finds Trump Most Likely Committed Crimes Over 2020 Election". The New York Times.
- ^ Singh, Naunihal (January 7, 2021). "It Wasn't Strictly a Coup Attempt. But It's Not Over, Either". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ David, Fickling (January 7, 2021). "This Was No Coup. But It Comes Far Too Close: A Q&A with Naunihal Singh, an assistant professor at the U.S. Naval War College, who wrote a book on attempts to overthrow governments". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ McLaughlin, Eliott C. (February 3, 2021). "With coup label, Capitol rioters join communist party in plotting against USA, university project says". CNN. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ^ "It Was an Attempted Coup: The Cline Center's Coup D'état Project Categorizes the January 6, 2021 Assault on the US Capitol". Cline Center for Advanced Social Research. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
- ^ Ingraham, Christopher (January 13, 2021). "How experts define the deadly mob attack at the U.S. Capitol". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
- ^ Hill, Fiona (January 11, 2021). "Yes, It Was a Coup Attempt. Here's Why". Politico. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
- ^ Eric Tucker; Mary Clare Jalonick (March 2, 2021). "FBI chief warns violent 'domestic terrorism' growing in US". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
FBI Director Christopher Wray bluntly labeled the January riot at the U.S. Capitol as 'domestic terrorism' Tuesday and warned of a rapidly growing threat of homegrown violent extremism that law enforcement is scrambling to confront through thousands of investigations.
- ^ Rebecca Beitsch (March 2, 2021). "Wray: FBI deemed Jan. 6 attack domestic terrorism". The Hill.
That attack, that siege, was criminal behavior, plain and simple, and it's behavior that we, the FBI, view as domestic terrorism ...
- ^ Cohen, Zachary; Polantz, Katelyn; Carrega, Christina (March 2, 2021). "FBI Director Wray knocks down conspiracy theory that January 6 rioters were 'fake Trump protesters'". CNN. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
- ^ PBS NewsHour (March 2, 2021). Watch Live: FBI chief Wray testifies on agency oversight of Jan. 6 Capitol attack. Testimony given at 24:51. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
- ^ Lisa N. Sacco (January 13, 2021). "Domestic Terrorism and the Attack on the U.S. Capitol". Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
- ^ Ken Dilanian (February 5, 2021). "Biden may have trouble cracking down on domestic terrorism because of free speech and the FBI". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
The attack on the Capitol fits the legal definition of domestic terrorism, the Congressional Research Service and others have concluded.
- ^ Dale, Daniel (January 7, 2022). "'Sloppy' wording this week? Ted Cruz actually called the Capitol assault a terrorist attack at least 17 previous times". CNN.
- ^ Stevenson, Peter W.; Blanco, Adrian; Santamariña, Daniela (May 21, 2021). "Which senators supported a Jan. 6 Capitol riot commission". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Holpuch, Amanda (January 6, 2021). "US Capitol's last breach was more than 200 years ago". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
For the first time on Wednesday, it was the site of an armed insurrection incited by the sitting president. ... Not since 1814 has the building been breached. Then, it was by British troops who set fire to the building during a broader attack on Washington in the war of 1812.
- Puckett, Jason; Spry Jr., Terry (January 6, 2021). "Has the US Capitol ever been attacked before?". WXIA-TV. Tegna Inc. VERIFY. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
While this is the first large-scale occupation of the U.S. Capitol since 1814, there have been several other instances of violence at the U.S. Capitol, particularly in the 20th century.
- Fisher, Marc; Flynn, Meagan; Contrera, Jessica; Loennig, Carol D. (January 7, 2021). "The four-hour insurrection: How a Trump mob halted American democracy". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
The attack, which some historians called the most severe assault on the Capitol since the British sacked the building in 1814
- Holpuch, Amanda (January 6, 2021). "US Capitol's last breach was more than 200 years ago". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Cramer, Maria (January 9, 2021). "Confederate Battle Flag in the Capitol: A 'Jarring' First in U.S. History". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- Blumenthal, Sidney (January 9, 2021). "Trump's Maga insurrectionists were perverse US civil war re-enactors". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- McLaughlin, Eliott C. (January 7, 2021). "Before Wednesday, insurgents waving Confederate flags hadn't been within 6 miles of the US Capitol". CNN. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- Smith, Clint (January 8, 2021). "The Whole Story in a Single Photo". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
During the Civil War, the Confederate Army never reached the Capitol. The rebel flag, to my knowledge, had never been flown inside the halls of Congress until Wednesday. Two days ago, a man walked through the halls of government bearing the flag of a group of people who had seceded from the United States and gone to war against it.
- ^ Cassella, Megan (April 21, 2016). "U.S. Capitol replacing flag display over Confederate imagery". Reuters. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
- ^ Carlton F.W. Larson (January 7, 2021). "The framers would have seen the mob at the Capitol as traitors". Washington Post.
External links
- AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AND ARREST WARRANT for John Earle Sullivan (including screenshots from Sullivan’s video channels)
- Capitol riot arrests: who's been charged – U.S.-wide tracker database created and updated by USA Today
- Federal government
- Capitol Breach CasesCapitol Breach Cases, U.S. Attorneys, District of Columbia] A list of defendants charged in federal court in the District of Columbia related to crimes committed at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C, on Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021
- Senate Committee on Rules and Administration; Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee (June 7, 2021). "Examining The U.S. Capitol Attack: A Review of The Security, Planning, and Response Failures on January 6". United States Senate.
- FBI Seeking Information Related to Violent Activity at the U.S Capitol Building – FBI
- "Senate Impeachment Trial: January 6 Video Montage (13:24)". C-SPAN (House Impeachment Manager Rep. Jamie Raskin presents a video montage of the January 6, 2021, Attack on the U.S. Capitol during his opening statement during the Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump). February 9, 2021. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021 – via YouTube.
- See also: Philip Elliott (February 10, 2021). "This Video of Jan. 6's Insurrection Should Be Mandatory". Time. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021.
- H. Res. 24 – Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors (article of impeachment adopted by the House on January 13, 2021)
- H.Res.31 – Condemning and censuring Representative Mo Brooks of Alabama (censure resolution introduced on January 11, 2021, by Representative Tom Malinowski, with two cosponsors)
The full text of Article of Impeachment against Donald J. Trump (2021) at Wikisource
- Video
- What Parler Saw During the Attack on the Capitol (video archive from ProPublica)
- Save America rally speeches (video)
- PBS Frontline (April 2021): "American Insurrection" (video; 84:13); transcript
- News team decides to remind listeners of the attempted overthrow of the USA government by Republican elected officials on January 6, 2021 (WITF; The Washington Post; May 2, 2021).
- Federal Bureau of Investigation videos (filter by keywords)
- Timeline
- Leatherby, Lauren; Singhvi, Anjali (January 15, 2021). "Critical Moments in the Capitol Siege". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. (detailed timeline)
- Bennett, Dalton; Brown, Emma; Cahlan, Sarah; Lee, Joyce Sohyun; Kelly, Meg; Samuels, Elyse; Swaine, Jon (January 16, 2021). "41 minutes of fear: A video timeline from inside the Capitol siege". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. (video timeline)
- US Capitol stormed, collected news and commentary. BBC News Online.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha>
tags or {{efn}}
templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
template or {{notelist}}
template (see the help page).