THC Science

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External image
	FBI images of bomb suspect

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External image
	Preliminary plan of the January 6 Capitol attack posted on December 28, 2020; ; A map of the Capitol complex and its underground tunnels was posted to TheDonald.win on December 28, 2020, and widely shared. The image came to the attention of the Norfolk field office of the FBI, which alerted higher authorities to the possibility of organized violence on January 6. In 2023, Congress would discuss the image in its report "Planned in Plain Sight" about the failures to adequately prepare for the attack despite extensive predictions of violence.

January 6 United States Capitol attack
January 6 United States Capitol attack
Part of attempts to overturn the 2020 U.S. presidential election and domestic terrorism in the United States
	Crowd outside the Capitol during the attack (top); bear spray deployed against a line of police officers (bottom left); attackers breach a police line (bottom right)
Date	January 6, 2021; 3 years ago ; c. 12:53 p.m. – 5:40 p.m. (UTC-5)
Location	United States Capitol, Washington, D.C., United States; 38°53′23″N 77°00′33″W / 38.88972°N 77.00917°W
Caused by	False claims of 2020 presidential election fraud by Donald Trump and his allies; Denial of the 2020 U.S. presidential election results; Far-right extremism in the U.S.;
Goals	Disrupt and delay the Electoral College vote count; Pressure Congress and Vice President Mike Pence to overturn the election of Joe Biden in favor of Trump;
Methods	Far-right terrorism; Civil disorder: rioting, vandalism, looting, assault, attempted bombing; Political subversion: propaganda (big lie), conspiracy, intimidation, Incitement of insurrection, obstruction of official proceedings, attacking a legislature;
Resulted in	Insurrection suppressed; The deaths of nine people; Assaults on at least 174 police officers; Delay of counting electoral votes by several hours; Extensive physical damage; offices and chambers vandalized and ransacked; property stolen; more than $30 million for repairs and security measures; Second impeachment of Donald Trump; Third indictment of Donald Trump; Unsuccessful attempts to declare Trump ineligible for Colorado, Maine, and Illinois ballots.;
Parties
Pro-Trump, far-right militias and movements Proud Boys; Oath Keepers; Factions of the Three Percenters; QAnon movement; White supremacists, neo-Nazis, and neo-Confederates; Various far-right movements; ; (Full list)	United States federal government, D.C. and state governments U.S. Capitol Police; Washington D.C. Metropolitan Police; Virginia State Police; Federal Bureau of Investigation; Virginia National Guard; Maryland State Police; Maryland National Guard; New Jersey State Police; Washington D.C. National Guard;
Lead figures
	President Donald Trump; Enrique Tarrio; Joe Biggs; Stewart Rhodes; Vice President Mike Pence; Steven Sund;
Casualties and criminal charges
Death(s)	9 deaths attributed to the attack
Injuries	Unknown number of rioters, including at least five hospitalized; At least 174 police officers, including at least 15 hospitalized;
Charged	1,450 or more, including Trump (see also: Criminal charges relating to the attack)

On January 6, 2021, the United States Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., was attacked by a mob^[34]^[35]^[36] of supporters of then-U.S. president Donald Trump, two months after his defeat in the 2020 presidential election. They sought to keep Trump in power by occupying the Capitol and preventing a joint session of Congress counting the Electoral College votes to formalize the victory of President-elect Joe Biden. The attack was ultimately unsuccessful in preventing the certification of the election results. According to the bipartisan House select committee that investigated the incident, the attack was the culmination of a seven-part plan by Trump to overturn the election.^[37]^[38] Within 36 hours, five people died: one was shot by Capitol Police, another died of a drug overdose, and three died of natural causes, including a police officer.^[c]^[29]^[39] Many people were injured, including 174 police officers. Four officers who responded to the attack died by suicide within seven months.^[30] Damages caused by attackers exceeded $2.7 million.^[40]

Encouraged by Trump,^[41]^[42] on January 5 and 6 thousands of his supporters gathered in Washington, D.C., to support his false claims that the 2020 election had been "stolen by emboldened radical-left Democrats"^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46] and to demand that then-Vice President Mike Pence and Congress reject Biden's victory.^[47] Starting at noon on January 6,^[48] at a "Save America" rally on the Ellipse, Trump gave a speech in which he repeated false claims of election irregularities^[49] and said, "If you don't fight like hell, you're not going to have a country anymore."^[50]^[51] As Congress began the electoral vote count, thousands of attendees, some armed, walked to the Capitol, with hundreds breaching police perimeters.^[52]^[53] Among the rioters were leaders of the Proud Boys and the Oath Keepers militia groups, who conspired to use violence and interfere with the peaceful transfer of power.^[54]

The FBI estimates that between 2,000 and 2,500 people entered the Capitol Building on January 6,^[55]^[56]^[57] with some vandalizing and looting,^[58]^[59] including the offices of then-House speaker Nancy Pelosi and other Congress members.^[60] Rioters also assaulted Capitol Police officers and reporters, and attempted to capture and harm lawmakers.^[61] A gallows was erected west of the Capitol, with rioters chanting to "Hang Mike Pence" after he rejected requests, from Trump and others, to use authority they believed he had to overturn the election results.^[62] With building security breached, Capitol Police evacuated and locked down both chambers of Congress and several buildings in the Complex.^[63] Rioters occupied the empty Senate chamber while federal law enforcement officers defended the evacuated House floor.^[64]^[65] Pipe bombs were found at both the Democratic National Committee and Republican National Committee headquarters, and Molotov cocktails were discovered in a vehicle near the Capitol.^[66]^[67] Trump resisted sending the National Guard to quell the mob.^[68] Later that afternoon, in a Twitter video, he reasserted the inaccurate claim that the election was "fraudulent", and told his supporters to "go home in peace".^[69]^[70] The Capitol was cleared of rioters by mid-evening,^[71] and the electoral vote count was resumed and completed by the early morning of January 7. Pence declared President-elect Biden and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris victorious. Pressured by his cabinet, the threat of removal, and many resignations, Trump later conceded to an orderly transition of power in a televised statement.^[72]^[73]

A week after the attack, the House of Representatives impeached Trump for incitement of insurrection, making him the only U.S. president to be impeached twice.^[74] In February, after Trump had left office, the Senate voted 57–43 in favor of conviction, but fell short of the required two-thirds, resulting in his acquittal.^[75] Senate Republicans blocked a bill to create a bipartisan independent commission to investigate the attack,^[76]^[61] so the House instead approved a select investigation committee consisting of seven Democrats and two Republicans.^[d]^[77]^[78] They held nine televised public hearings on the attack,^[79] voted to subpoena Trump,^[80] and recommended that the Department of Justice (DOJ) prosecute Trump. On August 1, 2023, following a special counsel investigation, Trump was indicted on four charges.^[81]^[82]

As of May 6, 2024, 1,424 people have been charged with federal crimes relating to the event.^[83] As of May 6, 2024, 820 defendants had pleaded guilty; 255 people have pleaded guilty to felonies, while 565 have pleaded guilty to misdemeanors.^[83] As of the same date, 884 defendants have been sentenced, with 541 people receiving a jail sentence as a penalty.^[83]

Some participants in the attack were linked to far-right extremist groups or conspiratorial movements, including the Oath Keepers, Proud Boys, and Three Percenters.^[84]^[85] Numerous plotters were convicted of seditious conspiracy, including Oath Keepers and Proud Boys members;^[86] the longest sentence to date was given to then-Proud Boy chairman Enrique Tarrio, who was sentenced to 22 years in prison.^[87]

Background

Attempts to overturn the presidential election

Joe Biden, of the Democratic Party, defeated incumbent Republican Party president Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election.^[88] Trump and other Republicans attempted to overturn the election, falsely claiming widespread voter fraud.^[89]

Within hours after the closing of the polls, while votes were still being tabulated, Trump declared victory, demanding that further counting be halted.^[90] He began a campaign to subvert the election, through legal challenges and an extralegal effort. Ten days after the election, Trump's attorneys came to the conclusion that there was neither a factual foundation nor a valid legal argument for challenging the election results.^[46] Despite those analyses, Trump sought to overturn the results by filing at least sixty lawsuits, including two that came before the Supreme Court. Those actions sought to nullify election certifications and to void votes that had been cast for Biden. Those challenges were all rejected by the courts, for lack of evidence or the absence of legal standing.^[89] Trump's legal team, led by Sidney Powell, filed those lawsuits while knowing they had no factual basis or legal merit.^[46] In August 2021, Powell and other Trump attorneys were formally sanctioned for participating in "a historic and profound abuse of the judicial process... by filing baseless and frivolous lawsuits in order to undermine public confidence in the democratic process".^[91]

Trump then mounted a campaign to pressure Republican governors, secretaries of state, and state legislatures to nullify results by replacing slates of Biden electors with slates pledged to Trump, or by manufacturing evidence of fraud; Trump's role in the plot to use fake electors led to his being prosecuted in Michigan, Georgia, and in federal court. He further demanded that lawmakers investigate ostensible election "irregularities", such as by conducting signature matches of mailed-in ballots, disregarding any prior analytic efforts. Trump also personally made inquiries regarding the possibility of invoking martial law to "re-run" or reverse the election^[89]^[92] and appointing a special counsel to find instances of fraud, despite conclusions by federal and state officials that such cases were few and isolated or non-existent. Trump ultimately undertook neither step.^[89] Trump repeatedly urged Vice President Mike Pence to alter the results and to stop Biden from taking office. None of those actions would have been within Pence's constitutional powers as vice president and president of the Senate. Trump repeated this call in his rally speech on the morning of January 6.^[93]

Numerous scholars, historians, political scientists, and journalists have characterized these efforts to overturn the election as an attempted self-coup by Trump and an implementation of the "big lie".^[94] On July 16, 2023, Donald Trump was notified that he was officially a target in the Smith special counsel investigation.^[95] Trump attorney Sidney Powell would later plead guilty to conspiring to interfere with the election.^[96]

Planning of January 6 events

On December 18, four days after the Electoral College voted, Trump called for supporters to attend a rally before the January 6 Congressional vote count, writing on Twitter, "Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!".^[13]^[97] On December 28, far-right activist Ali Alexander described collaboration with the Proud Boys and explained that the purpose of the January 6 event would be "to build momentum and pressure, and then on the day change hearts and minds of Congresspeoples [sic] who weren't yet decided or saw everyone outside and said, 'I can't be on the other side of that mob'".^[98] Alexander named three Republican members of the House as allies who were planning "something big": Paul Gosar, Andy Biggs and Mo Brooks.^[99] "We're the four guys who came up with a January 6 event", he said.^[100]

On December 23, 2020, Roger Stone's group Stop the Steal posted plans to "occupy just outside" the Capitol with promises to "escalate" if opposed by police.^[101] By January 1, Stone recorded a video for his "Stop The Steal Security Project" to raise funds "for the staging, the transportation and most importantly the security" of the event.^[102]

The event was largely funded by Trump donor Julie Jenkins Fancelli, the 72-year-old heiress to the Publix supermarket fortune, who budgeted $3 million for the event and spent at least $650,000.^[103] Fancelli's funding, via conspiracy theorist Alex Jones, was used to reserve the Ellipse. With Fancelli's funding, a robocall campaign was initiated, urging people to "march to the Capitol building and call on Congress to stop the steal".^[104] Charlie Kirk, another Fancelli-funded activist, stated that his group had sent over eighty buses to the Capitol.^[105] Jones claimed that the Trump White House asked him to lead the march to the Capitol.^[106]

On January 2, Trump announced plans to speak at the "March to Save America" rally on January 6.^[e]^[107]^[108]^[109] On January 4, Steve Bannon described himself being part of "the bloodless coup".^[110]^[111]

Seditious conspiracy by Oath Keepers and Proud Boys

On November 5, 2020, two days after the presidential election, leaders of the Oath Keepers began communicating about a "civil war". On November 9, the leaders held an online members-only video conference in which leader Stewart Rhodes outlined a plan to stop the transfer of power, including preparations for using force. The Oath Keepers planned to store "an arsenal" with a "Quick Reaction Force" (QRF) in nearby Alexandria, Virginia. The leaders planned to procure boat transportation so that bridge closures could not prevent their entry into D.C.^[112]^[113]^[114]^[115]

On December 12, about 200 members of the Proud Boys joined a march near Freedom Plaza and the Trump International Hotel while dressed in combat fatigues and ballistic vests and reportedly carrying helmets.^[116] In scuffles between protesters and counter-protesters, four people were stabbed and at least 23 were arrested.^[117]

By December 15, Proud Boy members were being photographed wearing apparel featuring the antisemitic, Neo-Nazi slogan "6MWE".^[118] The acronym stands for "6 million wasn't enough", referring to the number of Jewish Holocaust victims. The slogan was accompanied by an Eagle and fasces symbol used by the Italian Fascists.^[118] The image, which spread on Twitter, prompted the Anti-Defamation League to declare that the "Proud Boys's Bigotry is on Full Display."^[119]

On December 19, Oath Keepers leader Kelly Meggs placed a call to Proud Boys leader Enrique Tarrio.^[120] On December 20, the Proud Boys leadership handpicked members to form a new chapter called the "Ministry of Self Defense", which would be in charge of "national rally planning".^[121]^[122]^[123] That day, one leader posted a message saying, "I am assuming most of the protest will be at the capital [sic] building given what's going on inside."^[124] The Proud Boys leadership began encouraging members to attend the January 6 event. Leaders used a crowdfunding website to raise money and purchase paramilitary equipment such as concealed tactical vests and radio equipment in preparation for the attack. Chapter leadership spent the days prior to, and the morning of, January 6 planning the attack.^[122] On December 29, leaders announced plans to be "incognito" on January 6, by not wearing their traditional black and yellow garb.^[122]^[125] On December 30, the leadership received a document titled "1776 Returns", which called for the occupation of "crucial buildings" on January 6 and argued for supporters to "Storm the Winter Palace" in an apparent reference to an attack on the Capitol.^[126] On January 3 and 4, Proud Boys leadership explicitly discussed "storming" the Capitol.^[122]

On January 3, Rhodes departed his home in Texas, having spent $6,000 on a rifle and other firearms equipment in Texas, and spending an additional $4,500 in Mississippi, enroute to D.C. On January 5, leaders began unloading weapons for the "QRF" in Alexandria. Leaders drove into D.C. on a "reconnaissance mission" before returning to their hotel in Virginia.^[112] On January 4, Tarrio was arrested by D.C. police in connection with a prior destruction-of-property charge. Fearing that the police would access Tarrio's messaging apps, leadership deleted the old group chat and created a new one, with one leader opining, "Well at least they won't get our boots on ground plans because we are one step ahead of them." Tarrio was released on January 5 and ordered to leave the city. Rather than immediately comply, he traveled to an underground parking garage to meet with Oath Keepers leader Stewart Rhodes.^[122]^[127]

The night of January 5, Proud Boys leaders divided members into teams, passed out radios, and programmed the radios to specific channels in preparation. Orders were issued to assemble at 10 a.m. at the Washington Monument. Leadership warned members to avoid police and not to drink in public.^[128] On January 6, about 100 plainclothes members assembled at the Washington Monument and were led to the Capitol to participate in the attack.^[122]

Predictions of violence

The weeks preceding January 6 were filled with predictions of upcoming violence by Trump's supporters. The attack was later said to be "planned in plain sight", with extensive postings on social media calling for and even planning for violence on January 6. In response to widespread predictions of possible violence, D.C. food and lodging establishments with a history of being patronized by the Proud Boys announced temporary closures in an attempt to protect public safety, and the mayor advised residents to stay away from areas near the Mall that might see violence. Members of Congress interfaced with law enforcement to ensure preparations were being made for any upcoming violence.

Commentators had long feared that Trump might provoke violence after an electoral loss.^[f]^[129] For several weeks before January 6, there were over one million mentions of storming the Capitol on social media, including calls for violence against Congress, Pence, and the police.^[130]^[131]^[101] Many of the posters planned for violence before the event: some discussed how to avoid police on the streets, which tools to bring to help pry open doors, and how to smuggle weapons into the city.^[131] They discussed their perceived need to attack the police.^[130]^[132]^[133]

On December 28, 2020, a map was posted showing entrances and exits to the Capitol and the tunnels that connect it to nearby House and Senate office buildings. Perimeters were drawn in red, orange, and yellow designed to reflect their relative importance while black X's represented forces that would be "ready for action" if Congress tried to certify the 2020 presidential election.^[133] On January 1, the operator of an obscure website about tunnels under the Capitol noticed a huge spike in traffic to the site, prompting him to notify the FBI of a likely upcoming attack on the building.^[136]

From December 29 to January 5, the FBI and its field offices warned of armed protests at every state capitol and reported plans by Trump supporters that included violence.^[137] On December 30, 2020, one popular comment was posted, saying, "I'm thinking it will be literal war on that day. Where we'll storm offices and physically remove and even kill all the D.C. traitors and reclaim the country."^[129] That comment was highlighted in a January 2 article by The Daily Beast which reported protesters were discussing bringing guns to the District, breaking into federal buildings, and attacking law enforcement.^[129]^[138] In the days leading up to the attack, several organizations, including ones that monitor online extremism, issued warnings about the event.^[139]

On January 5, the media published stories about widespread predictions of violence, and D.C. mayor Bowser called for residents to avoid the downtown area where protesters would march.^[140] That day, members of Congress reached out to law enforcement charged with protecting the Capitol against possible upcoming violence and were assured that Capitol Police were prepared.^[141]

Three days before the Capitol attack, the Capitol Police intelligence unit circulated a 12-page internal memo warning that Trump supporters see the day of the Electoral College vote count "as the last opportunity to overturn the results of the presidential election" and could use violence against "Congress itself" on that date.^[142]

Law enforcement and National Guard preparations

In January 2021, the Chain of Command to the D.C. National Guard led from Commander-in-Chief Donald Trump to the recently appointed Acting-Secretary of Defense Christopher Miller, to Acting-Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy to General William Walker the commander of the District of Columbia National Guard.

On November 9, Trump fired Secretary of Defense Mark Esper and replaced him with Christopher C. Miller as acting secretary.^[143]^[144]^[145]^[146] In response to the firing, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) director Gina Haspel privately told Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley that "we are on the way to a right-wing coup".^[147] On December 18, Miller unilaterally terminated the Department of Defense's transition to the incoming administration, falsely claiming it was a mutually-agreed pause for the holidays.^[148]^[149]

On January 2, Senator Mitt Romney contacted Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell, predicting that reinforcements would be denied. Wrote Romney: "... a senior official at the Pentagon... reports that they are seeing very disturbing social media traffic regarding the protests planned on the 6th. There are calls to burn down your home, Mitch; to smuggle guns into DC, and to storm the Capitol. I hope that sufficient security plans are in place, but I am concerned that the instigator—the President—is the one who commands the reinforcements the DC and Capitol police might require."^[150]

On January 3, all ten living former defense secretaries released an open letter in which they expressed concerns about a potential military coup to overturn the election results, mentioning the recently-appointed acting secretary of defense Christopher Miller by name.^[151] That day, Trump ordered Miller to "do whatever was necessary to protect the demonstrators" on January 6. The next day, Miller signed a memo severely limiting the ability of the D.C. National Guard to deploy without his personal permission.^[152] Since his appointment in March 2018, D.C. National Guard commanding major general William J. Walker had standing orders to respond to civil disturbances in the district, but on January 5, Walker received new orders from Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy forbidding him to respond to a civil disturbance without explicit prior approval from McCarthy and Miller.^[153] Previously, he had authority to respond without first seeking permission.^[153]^[154] After the attack, Walter described the order as "unusual", noting "It required me to seek authorization from the secretary of the Army and the secretary of defense to essentially protect my guardsmen."^[153]

On January 4, D.C. mayor Bowser announced that the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPD) would lead law enforcement in the district, and would coordinate with the Capitol Police, the U.S. Park Police, and the Secret Service.^[155] Jurisdictionally, the Metropolitan Police Department is responsible for city streets of the National Mall and Capitol area, whereas the Park Police are responsible for the Ellipse (the site of Trump's speech and rally that day), the Secret Service is responsible for the vicinity of the White House, and the Capitol Police is responsible for the Capitol complex itself.^[155] During a meeting with a representative of the Capitol Police, the Mayor asked "[W]here does your perimeter start?". At that point the individual left the room, and stopped participating in the conference. The mayor later recalled "[T]hat should have been like a trigger to me. Like these people, they don't want to answer questions about their preparation."^[156]

On January 6, under "orders from leadership", the Capitol Police deployed without "less lethal" arms such as sting grenades. The Capitol Police armory was not properly maintained. Department riot shields had been improperly stored at the wrong temperature, rendering them ineffective, while ammunition stores were expired.^[157]

Trump supporters gather in D.C.

On January 5, Michael Flynn (left) and Roger Stone (right) spoke at a Trump rally near the Capitol. Both had received presidential pardons in the past month.

On January 5, several events related to overturning the election occurred on or near the National Mall in Washington, D.C., at places such as Freedom Plaza, the North Inner Gravel Walkway between 13th and 14th Streets, Area 9 across from the Russell Senate Office Building, and near the United States Supreme Court.^[158]^[159] On the night of January 5 and into the morning of January 6, at least ten people were arrested, several on weapons charges.^[160]

On January 5, Ray Epps, an individual with a history in the Arizona Oath Keepers, was filmed during two street gatherings urging people to go into the Capitol the next day, "peacefully", he said at one of the gatherings.^[161]^[162] Epps was filmed on January 6 telling people to "go to the Capitol".^[161] Epps had texted his nephew that he was "orchestrating" the flow into the Capitol building.^[163] Epps later claimed that he had been boasting about "directing" people towards the Capitol.^[164]

From 1:00 to 5:00 p.m. on January 5, a series of Trump rallies were held at Freedom Plaza.^[158] Notable speakers included Alex Jones, Michael Flynn, George Papadopoulos, and Roger Stone.^[165]

Both Flynn and Stone had received presidential pardons in prior weeks. On December 8, Trump pardoned retired U. S. Army lieutenant general Michael Flynn, who had pleaded guilty to "willfully and knowingly" making false statements to the FBI about communications with the Russian ambassador. Flynn, a prominent QAnon proponent, participated in the D.C. events on January 5, while his brother, U.S. Army general Charles Flynn, would participate in a conference call on January 6 when he would refuse permission to deploy the National Guard after the breach of the Capitol.^[166] On December 23, Trump pardoned Roger Stone, who had been found guilty at trial of witness tampering, making false statements to Congress, and obstruction. Stone, who had longtime ties to both the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers, employed Oath Keepers as security on January 5.^[167] Stone's Oath-Keeper driver was later convicted of seditious conspiracy for his role in plotting and executing the following day's attack.^[168]

January 5 meetings

In the evening of January 5, Trump's closest allies, including Michael Flynn, Corey Lewandowski, Alabama senator Tommy Tuberville, and Trump's sons Donald Jr. and Eric, met at the Trump International Hotel in Washington, D.C.^[169]^[170] Tuberville has since said that he did not attend the meeting,^[171] despite having been photographed in the hotel's lobby.^[169]^[172] According to Charles Herbster, who said he attended the meeting himself, attendees included Tuberville, Adam Piper, and Peter Navarro. Daniel Beck wrote that "Fifteen of us spent the evening with Donald Trump Jr., Kimberly Guilfoyle, Tommy Tuberville, Mike Lindell, Peter Navarro, and Rudy Giuliani".^[173] Herbster claimed to be standing "in the private residence of the President at Trump International with the following patriots who are joining me in a battle for justice and truth". He added David Bossie to the list of attendees.^[169]

Bombs placed

FBI compilation of bombs being placed^[174]

At 7:40 p.m. on January 5, someone wearing a gray hooded sweatshirt, a face mask, and Nike Air Max Speed Turf sneakers was filmed carrying a bag through a residential neighborhood on South Capitol Street. At 7:52 p.m., the individual was recorded sitting on a bench outside the DNC; the next day, a pipe bomb was discovered there, placed under a bush. In the footage, the suspect appears to zip a bag, stand and walk away. At 8:14, the suspect was filmed in an alley near the RNC, where a second pipe bomb was found the following day.^[175] Both bombs were placed within a few blocks of the Capitol.^[176]^[177] Nearing the second anniversary of the incident, a reward of $500,000 was being offered,^[178] but as of the third anniversary, no suspects have been named.^[179]^[180]^[181]

January 6 Trump rally

On January 6, the "Save America" rally (or "March to Save America", promoted as a "Save America March")^[182] took place on the Ellipse within the National Mall just south of the White House. The permit granted to Women for America First scheduled a first amendment rally "March for Trump", with speeches running from 9:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., with an additional hour for the conclusion of the rally and dispersal of participants.^[158]

Speakers included Rudy Giuliani (top) and John Eastman (bottom).

Trump supporters gathered on the Ellipse to hear speeches from Trump, Rudy Giuliani, and others, such as Chapman University School of Law professor John Eastman, who spoke, at least in part, based on his memorandums, which have been described as an instruction manual for a coup d'état.^[183]^[184] In a court filing in February, a member of the Oath Keepers claimed she had acted as "security" at the rally, and was provided with a "VIP pass to the rally where she met with Secret Service agents". The U.S. Secret Service denied that any private citizens had coordinated with it to provide security on January 6.^[185] On February 22, she changed her story and said that she interacted with the Secret Service only as she passed through the security check before the rally.^[186]

Mo Brooks was a featured speaker at the rally and spoke around 9 a.m., where he said, "Today is the day American patriots start taking down names and kicking ass". And later, "Are you willing to do what it takes to fight for America? Louder! Will you fight for America?"^[187]^[188]

Representative Madison Cawthorn said, "This crowd has some fight".^[189] Women for America First founder Amy Kremer told attendees, "it is up to you and I to save this Republic" and called on them to "keep up the fight".^[109] Trump's sons, Donald Jr. and Eric, along with Eric's wife Lara Trump, also spoke, naming and verbally attacking Republican congressmen and senators who were not supporting the effort to challenge the Electoral College vote, and promising to campaign against them in future primary elections.^[190] Donald Jr. said of Republican lawmakers, "If you're gonna be the zero and not the hero, we're coming for you".^[191]^[192]

Rudy Giuliani repeated conspiracy theories that voting machines used in the election were "crooked" and at 10:50 called for "trial by combat".^[193]^[194] Eastman asserted that balloting machines contained "secret folders" that altered voting results.^[195]^[g] At 10:58, a Proud Boys contingent left the rally and marched toward the Capitol Building.^[48]

On January 6, the "Wild Protest" was organized by Stop The Steal and took place in Area 8, across from the Russell Senate Office Building.^[197] On January 6, the "Freedom Rally" was organized by Virginia Freedom Keepers, Latinos for Trump, and United Medical Freedom Super PAC at 300 First Street NE, across from the Russell Senate Office Building.^[198]

Trump's speech

Starting at 11:58, from behind a bulletproof shield, President Trump gave a speech, declaring that he would "never concede" the election, criticizing the media, and calling for Pence to overturn the election results.^[93]^[199] His speech contained many falsehoods and misrepresentations that inflamed the crowd.^[200] Trump did not call on his supporters to use violence or enter the Capitol,^[201] but his speech was filled with violent imagery.^[202] On social media, Trump was suggesting that his supporters had the power to prevent Biden from taking office.^[201] One of his tweets, posted on January 6, 2021, at 5:43 a.m., was "Get smart Republicans. FIGHT."^[34] The same afternoon, Pence released a letter to Congress, in which he said he could not challenge Biden's victory.^[93]^[203]

Although the initial plan for the rally called for people to remain at the Ellipse until the counting of electoral slates was complete, the White House said they should march to the Capitol, as Trump repeatedly urged during his speech.^[46] Trump called for his supporters to "walk down to the Capitol" to "cheer on our brave senators and congressmen and women and we're probably not going to be cheering so much for some of them." He told the crowd that he would be with them, but he ultimately did not go to the Capitol. As to counting Biden's electoral votes, Trump said, "We can't let that happen" and suggested Biden would be an "illegitimate president".^[201]^[202] Referring to the day of the elections, Trump said, "most people would stand there at 9:00 in the evening and say, 'I want to thank you very much,' and they go off to some other life, but I said, 'Something's wrong here. Something's really wrong. [It] can't have happened.' And we fight. We fight like Hell and if you don't fight like Hell, you're not going to have a country anymore".^[51]^: 01:11:44 He said the protesters would be "going to the Capitol and we're going to try and give [Republicans] the kind of pride and boldness that they need to take back our country".^[204] Trump also said, "you'll never take back our country with weakness. You have to show strength and you have to be strong. We have come to demand that Congress do the right thing and only count the electors who have been lawfully slated".^[201]^[202]

Trump denounced Representative Liz Cheney, saying, "We've got to get rid of the weak Congresspeople, the ones that aren't any good, the Liz Cheneys of the world".^[205] He called upon his supporters to "fight much harder" against "bad people"; told the crowd that "you are allowed to go by very different rules"; said that his supporters were "not going to take it any longer"; framed the moment as the last stand; suggested that Pence and other Republican officials put themselves in danger by accepting Biden's victory; and told the crowd he would march with them to the Capitol (but was prevented from doing so by his security detail).^[201]^[202]^[206] In addition to the twenty times he used the term "fight", Trump once used the term "peacefully", saying, "I know that everyone here will soon be marching over to the Capitol building to peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard".^[202]

During Trump's speech, his supporters chanted "Take the Capitol", "Taking the Capitol right now", "Invade the Capitol", "Storm the Capitol" and "Fight for Trump".^[207]^[208] Before Trump had finished speaking at 1:12 p.m., the Proud Boys had begun their attack on the Capitol and breached the outer perimeter of the Capitol grounds; the two pipe bombs had been discovered nearby.^[53]

Attack on the Capitol

Just before the Proud Boys attacked the Capitol, pipe bombs were discovered near the complex.^[209] Proud Boys, Oath Keepers, and other attackers besieged and ultimately breached the Capitol. Members of the Congress barricaded themselves in the chamber, and one attacker was fatally shot by police while attempting to breach a barricade.^[210]

After officials at the Pentagon delayed deployment of the National Guard, citing concerns about optics, D.C. mayor Muriel Bowser requested assistance from the governor of Virginia. By 3:15, Virginia State Police began arriving in D.C.^[211] After Vice President Pence and the Congress were evacuated to secure locations, law enforcement cleared and secured the Capitol.

Proud Boys march to Capitol as mob assembles

At 10:30, over a hundred Proud Boys left the Washington Monument, led by Ethan Nordean and Joe Biggs. By 11:52, the group had reached the Capitol and proceeded to walk around the building before doubling back to the west side, which allowed them to assess building defenses and to look for weaknesses.^[212]^[79]^[213]

Enroute, comments from one of the Proud Boys served as an early indicator of a plan to attack the Capitol, according to a documentary filmmaker who was on scene:

There's only one moment where that – the sort of facade of marching and protesting might have fallen, which is there was a – one of the Proud Boys called Milkshake and Eddie Block on his livestream catches Milkshake saying, well, let's go storm the Capitol with Nordean – Rufio – one of the leaders of the Proud Boys saying, you could keep that quiet, please, Milkshake. And then we continued on marching.^[214]

Around 12:30, a crowd of about 300 assembled east of the Capitol. Senator Josh Hawley (R-MO), a leader of the group of lawmakers who vowed to challenge the Electoral College vote, greeted these protesters with a raised fist as he passed by on his way to Congress's joint session in the early afternoon.^[215]^[216] At 12:52, a group of Oath Keepers, wearing black hoodies with prominent logos, left the rally at the Ellipse and changed into Army Combat Uniforms, with helmets, on their way to the Capitol.^[48]

Shortly before 12:53, Nordean and Biggs marched the group of 200–300 Proud Boys to a barricade on the west side of the Capitol grounds near the Peace Monument. Biggs used a megaphone to lead the crowd in chants.^[122]

Bombs discovered near Capitol Complex

Around 12:45 p.m., a bomb was discovered next to a building containing Republican National Committee (RNC) offices by a woman using the shared alleyway to access her apartment building's laundry room.^[217] She alerted RNC security, which investigated and summoned law enforcement; U.S. Capitol Police, FBI agents and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) all responded to the RNC bomb.^[218]

About thirty minutes later, while officers were still responding at the RNC, they were informed a second pipe bomb had been discovered under a bush at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters.^[219]^[220] Vice President-elect Kamala Harris was inside the DNC headquarters at the time the pipe bomb was discovered.^[221] Capitol Police began investigating the DNC pipe bomb at 1:07 p.m., and Harris was evacuated at approximately 1:14 p.m.^[221] The devices were of a similar design – about one foot (30 cm) in length.^[220]^[222] They were safely detonated by bomb squads;^[219] the pipe bomb at the RNC was neutralized at 3:33 p.m. and the pipe bomb at the DNC was neutralized at 4:36 p.m., according to a Capitol Police timeline.^[221] The bombs were fully functional and constructed of galvanized steel pipes, homemade black powder, and kitchen timers.^[223]^[224] The FBI stated that the bombs "were viable and could have been detonated, resulting in serious injury or death".^[223]

Sund told The Washington Post on January 10 that he suspected the pipe bombs were intentionally placed to draw police away from the Capitol;^[225] Representative Tim Ryan (D-Ohio) echoed the sentiment in a virtual news conference on January 11, saying, "[W]e do believe there was some level of coordination ... because of the pipe bombs ... that immediately drew attention away from the breach that was happening".^[226]^[227] The Inspector General of the Capitol Police later concluded, "If those pipe bombs were intended to be diversion... it worked".^[228] As the mob of Trump supporters attacked the Capitol, the discovery of the pipe bombs diverted a large number of already-outnumbered law enforcement officers from the Capitol.^[221] Capitol Police Inspector General Michael Bolton testified before Congress that "the bombs drew three teams to investigate" and left only one squad at the Capitol.^[223]

Attack begins near Peace Monument, led by Proud Boys

External videos
At 12:54, just after interacting with Proud Boy leader Joe Biggs, a man later identified as Ryan Samsel (boxed in red) was the first to breach the restricted Capitol grounds.
"Proud Boys Led Major Breaches of Capitol on Jan. 6, Video Investigation Finds". The New York Times, June 17, 2022.

The Proud Boys contingent reached the west perimeter of the Capitol grounds, which was protected only by a sparse line of police in front of a temporary fence. Other Trump supporters arrived, adding to a growing crowd. The Proud Boys tactically coordinated their attacks "from the first moment of violence to multiple breaches of the Capitol while leaving the impression that it was just ordinary protesters leading the charge".^[229] Proud Boys targeted an access point and began to rile up the previously-peaceful crowd.^[229] In a "tipping point" moment, a man later identified as Ryan Samsel approached Joe Biggs and talked with him, even embracing him. Samsel later told the FBI that Biggs "encouraged him to push at the barricades and that when he hesitated, the Proud Boys leader flashed a gun, questioned his manhood and repeated his demand to move upfront and challenge the police", according to The New York Times.^[230] Proud Boy Dominic Pezzola recalled seeing Biggs flash a handgun and goading Samsel, telling him to "defend his manhood" by attacking the police line, but later tried to retract this statement.^[231] As soon as that exchange ended, Samsel became the first to violently attack Capitol Police. Capitol police officer Caroline Edwards described the attack:

Ms. Edwards described how a Proud Boys leader named Joseph Biggs encouraged another man to approach the bike rack barricade where she was posted. That man, Ryan Samsel, she said, pushed the bike rack over, causing her to hit her head and lose consciousness. But before she blacked out, Ms. Edwards recalled seeing "a war scene" playing out in front of her. Police officers were bleeding and throwing up, she recalled. "It was carnage," she said. "It was chaos."^[232]

Video showed Officer Edwards being pushed back behind a bicycle rack as Proud Boys pushed barricades towards her, knocking her off her feet and causing her to hit her head on the concrete steps.^[233]

Bodycam video taken at U.S. Capitol, January 6, 2021

The Proud Boys led the charge toward the Capitol, to the next police line,^[229] repeating the same set of tactics: identifying building access points, riling up other protesters, and sometimes directly joining in the violence. When met with resistance, leaders of the group reassessed, and teams of Proud Boys targeted new entry points to the Capitol.^[234]

Around 1:00 p.m., hundreds of Trump supporters clashed with a second thin line of officers and pushed through barriers erected along the perimeter of the Capitol.^[57]^[235] The crowd swept past barriers and officers, with some members of the mob spraying officers with chemical agents or hitting them with lead pipes.^[3]^[7]^[236] Many rioters walked up the external stairways, while some resorted to ropes and makeshift ladders.^[237] Police blocked the entrance to a tunnel at the lower west terrace, where rioters waged a three-hour fight to enter.^[238] To gain access to the Capitol, several rioters scaled the west wall.^[239] Representative Zoe Lofgren (D–CA), aware that rioters had reached the Capitol steps, could not reach Capitol police chief Steven Sund by phone; House sergeant-at-arms Paul D. Irving told Lofgren the doors to the Capitol were locked and "nobody can get in".^[240]

Telephone logs released by Capitol Police show that Sund had been coordinating additional resources from various agencies. Sund's first call was to the D.C. Metropolitan Police, who arrived within 15 minutes.^[241] Sund called Irving and Stenger at 12:58 and asked them for an emergency declaration required to call in the National Guard; they both told Sund they would "run it up the chain", but formal approval to request the Guard was withheld for over an hour.^[242]

According to testimony from White House staffer Cassidy Hutchinson, shortly after his speech concluded at 1:00 p.m. Trump ordered his Secret Service detail to drive him to the Capitol. When they refused, Trump reportedly assaulted his Secret Service driver, lunging for the man's throat.^[243]

Around 1:12 p.m., reinforcements from the MPD, equipped with crowd control gear, arrived on the lower west terrace.^[245] From 1:25 to 1:28, three different groups of Proud Boys leaders were recorded marching in stack formations away from the newly-reinforced police line.^[229] After about fifteen minutes of observing, the Proud Boys went back on the attack, targeting two new access points that were poorly defended.^[229] Ronald Loehrke and other Proud Boys led a contingent to the east side of the Capitol; once there, Proud Boys again used distraction and teamwork to remove barricades, prompting the previously-peaceful crowd on the east side to overrun barriers along the entire police line.^[229]

Meanwhile, on the west side, Joe Biggs led a team of Proud Boys that targeted the stairs covered by a temporary scaffolding.^[229] Within two minutes of Bigg's arrival, a team of over a dozen Proud Boys approached the entrance to the scaffolding and attacked police.^[229] Proud Boy Daniel "Milkshake" Scott led the charge, and a 20-minute battle for the scaffolding ensued.^[156]^[229]

At 1:50 p.m., the on-scene MPD incident commander declared a riot.^[241] At 1:58, Capitol Police officers removed a barricade on the northeast side of the Capitol, allowing hundreds of protestors to stream onto the grounds.^[246]

Attackers on west terrace breach Senate Wing hallway

Proud Boy leader Dominic Pezzola (top) using a stolen police riot shield to breach the Capitol at 2:11, allowing attackers including Pezzola, Doug Jensen, Joe Biggs and others to stream into the building (middle). A lone Capitol Police officer (bottom), Eugene Goodman, realizing he was steps away from the still-unsealed Senate chamber doors, shoved attacker Doug Jensen, leading the mob away from the Senate and towards a line of waiting Capitol Police reinforcements.

Just before 2:00 p.m., attackers reached the doors and windows of the Capitol and began attempts to break in. The Los Angeles Times observed that "whether by sheer luck, real-time trial and error, or advance knowledge", the first attackers to break through the police line onto the upper west terrace ran past 15 reinforced windows, "making a beeline" for the recessed area near the Senate where two unreinforced windows and two doors with unreinforced glass were the only protection from attack.^[244] At 2:11, Proud Boy leader Dominic Pezzola used a stolen police riot shield to smash one of those un-reinforced windows on the west side of the Capitol, breaching the building itself. By 2:13, the Capitol was officially breached.^[48]^[7]^[247]^[248] Although most of the Capitol's windows had been reinforced, attackers targeted those that remained as single-pane glass and could be broken easily.^[244] Joe Biggs and other Proud Boy leaders had entered the Capitol by 2:14.^[122] A news crew from British broadcaster ITV followed the rioters into the Capitol, the only broadcaster to do so.^[249]^[250]

At 2:13, Vice President Pence was removed from the Senate chamber by his lead Secret Service agent, Tim Giebels, who brought him to a nearby office about 100 feet (30 m) from the landing.^{[citation needed]} Pence's wife Karen Pence, daughter Charlotte Pence Bond, and brother, Representative Greg Pence, were in the Capitol at the time it was attacked.^[251] As Pence and his family were being escorted from the Senate chamber to a nearby hideaway, they came within a minute of being visible to rioters on a staircase 100 feet (30 m) away.^[252]

Unaccompanied by other officers, Capitol Police officer Eugene Goodman confronted the mob. He has been cited for heroism in baiting and diverting the rioters away from the Senate chamber in the minutes before the chamber could be safely evacuated. As the crowd of rioters reached a landing from which there was an unimpeded path to the chamber, Goodman pushed the lead attacker, Doug Jensen, and then deliberately retreated away from the chamber, enticing the crowd to chase him in another direction.^[253] One media report described his actions as follows:

In short, he tricked them, willingly becoming the rabbit to their wolf pack, pulling them away from the chambers where armed officers were waiting, avoiding tragedy and saving lives. Lives which include their own.^[254]

Those present at the time of the event, including Democratic and Republican legislators and members of the press, praised Goodman for his quick thinking and brave actions.^[255]^[256] Republican senator Ben Sasse credited Goodman with having "single-handedly prevented untold bloodshed".^[256]^[257] Goodman's actions were captured in video footage taken by HuffPost reporter Igor Bobic.^[258] Bobic's footage of Goodman went viral on the internet, receiving more than 10 million views.^[259]^[260] A second video of Goodman's confrontation with the crowd was published by ProPublica on January 15.^[260] Goodman was later awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal.^[261]

Evacuation of leadership amid Capitol lockdown

C-SPAN broadcast of the Senate going into recess after Capitol is breached

Surveillance video of Mike Pence being evacuated from the Capitol

Congressional staffers removed the Electoral College certificates from the Senate floor as it was evacuated.

At 2:15, the Senate was gaveled into recess, and the doors were locked. A minute later, the rioters reached the doors to the gallery above the chamber.^[240]^[262] Banging could be heard from outside as rioters attempted to break through the doors. Meanwhile, in the House chamber, Speaker Pelosi was escorted out of the chamber. The House was gaveled into recess, but would resume a few minutes later.^[263]^[264]

A police officer carrying a semi-automatic weapon appeared on the floor and stood between then–Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell and then–Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer.^[265] Senator Mitt Romney exasperatedly threw up his hands and directly criticized several fellow Republicans who were challenging President-elect Biden's electoral votes, yelling to them, "This is what you've gotten, guys".^[266] Several members of Senate parliamentarian Elizabeth MacDonough's staff carried the boxes of Electoral College votes and documentation out of the chamber to hidden safe rooms within the building.^[267]^[268]

Due to security threat inside: immediately, move inside your office, take emergency equipment, lock the doors, take shelter.

—Capitol Police alert^[240]

At 2:26, Pence's Secret Service detail evacuated him and his family from their hideaway near the Senate downstairs towards a more secure location. After his evacuation, Pence's detail wanted to move him away from the Capitol building, but Pence refused to get in the car. Addressing the agent in charge of his detail, Tim Giebels, Pence said, "I trust you, Tim, but you're not driving the car. If I get in that vehicle, you guys are taking off. I'm not getting in the car."^[269]^[270]

All buildings in the complex were subsequently locked down, with no entry or exit allowed. Capitol staff were asked to shelter in place; those outside were advised to "seek cover".^[63] As the mob roamed the Capitol, lawmakers, aides, and staff took shelter in offices and closets. Aides to Mitch McConnell, barricaded in a room just off a hallway, heard a rioter outside the door "praying loudly", asking for "the evil of Congress [to] be brought to an end".^[240] The rioters entered and ransacked the office of the Senate Parliamentarian.^[271]

With senators still in the chamber, Trump called Senator Tommy Tuberville and told him to do more to block the counting of Biden's electoral votes, but the call had to be cut off when the Senate chamber was evacuated at 2:30.^[272]^[273]^[274]^[275] After evacuation, the mob briefly took control of the chamber, with some armed men carrying plastic handcuffs and others posing with raised fists on the Senate dais Pence had left minutes earlier.^[7]^[276] Staff and reporters inside the building were taken by secure elevators to the basement and then to an underground bunker constructed following the attempted attack on the Capitol in 2001. Evacuees were redirected while en route after the bunker was also infiltrated by the mob.^[274]

The Sergeant-at-Arms of the Senate, Michael C. Stenger, accompanied a group of senators, including Lindsey Graham and Joe Manchin, to a secure location in a Senate office building. Once safe, the lawmakers were "furious" with Stenger; Graham asked him, "How does this happen? How does this happen?" and added that they "[are] not going to be run out by a mob".^[240]

Meanwhile, the House was gaveled into recess at 2:18. Amid the security concerns, Representative Dean Phillips yelled, "This is because of you!" at his Republican colleagues.^[277] At this same time, according to her book, Oath and Honor, "[t]he C-SPAN cameras captured [Representative Cheney] as [she] pointed at [Representative Jason Smith] and said 'You did this.' [She] was angry. 'You did this.'"^[278] The House resumed debate around 2:25. After Gosar finished speaking at 2:30, the House again went into recess after rioters entered the House wing and were attempting to enter the Speaker's Lobby just outside the chamber. Lawmakers were still inside and being evacuated, with Pelosi, Kevin McCarthy, and a few others taken to a secure location.^[279]^[280] With violence breaking out, Capitol security advised members of Congress to take cover.^[281]^[282] Members of Congress inside the House chamber were told to don gas masks as law enforcement began using tear gas within the building.^[263]^[282]^[283]^[284]^[285]

ABC News reported that shots were fired within the Capitol.^[283]^[34] An armed standoff took place at the front door of the chamber of the House of Representatives: as the mob attempted to break in, federal law enforcement officers inside drew their guns^[7] and pointed them toward the chamber doors, which were barricaded with furniture.^[286] In a stairway, one officer fired a shot at a man coming toward him.^[287] Photographer Erin Schaff said that, from the Capitol Rotunda, she ran upstairs, where rioters grabbed her press badge. Police found her, and because her press pass had been stolen, held her at gunpoint before colleagues intervened.^[266]

The chief of staff for Representative Ayanna Pressley claimed that when the congresswoman and staff barricaded themselves in her office and attempted to call for help with duress buttons that they had previously used during safety drills, "[e]very panic button in my office had been torn out – the whole unit".^[288] Subsequently, a House Administration Committee emailed Greg Sargent of The Washington Post claiming the missing buttons were likely due to a "clerical screw-up" resulting from Pressley's swapping offices.^[289] Representative Jamaal Bowman tweeted that there were no duress buttons in his office, but acknowledged he was only three days into his term and that the buttons were installed a week later.^[290]

Multiple rioters, using the cameras on their cell phones, documented themselves occupying the Capitol and the offices of various representatives,^[291] vandalizing the offices of Speaker Pelosi,^[292]^[293] accessing secure computers, and stealing a laptop.^[294]

Oath Keepers arrive and breach Rotunda

Shortly after 2:00, Oath Keepers leader Stewart Rhodes arrived on the restricted Capitol grounds. At 2:30, a team of Oath Keepers ("Stack One", which included Meggs, Harrelson, Watkins, Hackett, and Moerschel), clad in paramilitary clothing, marched in a stack formation up the east steps of the Capitol to join the mob already besieging the Capitol. At 2:38, those doors to the Capitol Rotunda were breached, and "Stack One" entered the building alongside other attackers. A second group ("Stack Two") entered the Capitol through those same doors at 3:15.^[112] Throughout the attack, Oath Keepers maintained a "Quick reaction Force" ready to deliver an arsenal to the group if called upon.^[112]^[295]^[296]

Meanwhile, also at 2:38, Proud Boy founder Enrique Tarrio made a public social media post writing, "Don't fucking leave." In response to a member who asked "Are we a militia yet?", Tarrio replied, "Yep... Make no mistake... We did this..."^[122]

QAnon follower killed by police while attempting to breach Speaker's Lobby

External videos
After Zachary Jordan Alam (circled in red, bottom right) smashed the window with his helmet, Ashli Babbitt (circled in red, top left) attempted to breach the Speaker's Lobby by climbing through a window toward the fleeing congress.
Footage of attempted breach of the Speaker's Lobby and subsequent shooting of Babbitt.

At 2:44 p.m., law enforcement near the House Chamber was trying to "defend two fronts", and "a lot of members [of Congress] and staff that were in danger at the time".^[297]^[298] While some lawmakers remained trapped in the House gallery,^[299] House members and staff from the floor were being evacuated by Capitol Police, protected from the attackers by a barricaded door with glass windows.^[279]

As lawmakers evacuated, an attacker smashed a glass window beside the barricaded door.^[300]^[301] Lieutenant Michael Byrd aimed his weapon, prompting attackers to repeatedly warn "he's got a gun".^[302] Police and Secret Service warned "Get back! Get down! Get out of the way!".^[303] An attacker, wearing a Trump flag as a cape, began to climb through the shattered window, prompting Lt. Byrd to fire a single shot, hitting the attacker in the shoulder.^[304]^[305]

Mob members immediately began to leave the scene, making room for a Capitol Police emergency response team to administer aid. The attacker, later identified as 35-year-old Ashli Babbitt, had entered the Capitol building through the breach on the upper west terrace.^[306] She was evacuated to Washington Hospital Center where she later died of her injury.^[279] The shooting was recorded on several cameras, and footage was widely circulated.^[307]

Attack on the Tunnel

Around 3:15, MPD officer Daniel Hodges was crushed in a door while defending the Capitol tunnel from attackers. One of his attackers was sentenced to 7.5 years in prison.^[308]^[309]

At 3:21, MPD officer Michael Fanone was pulled into the mob and assaulted—dragged down the Capitol steps, beaten with pipes, stunned with a Taser, sprayed with chemical irritants, and threatened with his own sidearm.^[310] Fanone was carried unconscious back into the tunnel.^[311] He suffered burns, a heart attack, traumatic brain injuries, and post-traumatic stress disorder as a result.^[312]^[313]^[314] One of the men who attacked Fanone with a stun gun was sentenced to 12.5 years in prison.^[315]

By 3:39 p.m., fully-equipped riot officers from Virginia had arrived at the Capitol and began^[when?] defending the tunnel,^[52] using flashbang munitions to clear the area of attackers.

Police clear the Capitol and Congress reconvenes

A combined force of Capitol Police and Metropolitan Police began a joint operation to clear the Capitol. By 2:49, the Crypt was cleared, and the mob outside the Speaker's Lobby was cleared by 2:57. At 3:25, law enforcement, including a line of MPD officers in full riot gear, proceeded to clear the Rotunda; and by 3:40, rioters had mostly been pushed out onto West Plaza.^[156]^{: ch 8}

At 4:22 p.m., Trump issued a video message to supporters on social media, finally telling them to "go home".^[69]^[275] At 5:08, Army senior leaders relayed to Major General Walker the secretary of defense's permission to deploy the DC National Guard to the Capitol; The first contingent of 155 Guard members, dressed in riot gear, began arriving at the Capitol at 5:20.^[298]^[153] By 6 p.m., the building was cleared of rioters, and bomb squads swept the Capitol.

At 8:06 p.m., Pence called the Senate back into session, and at 9 p.m., Pelosi did the same in the House. After debating and voting down two objections, Congress voted to confirm Biden's electoral college win at 3:24 a.m.^[316]

Federal officials' conduct

Trump's conduct

Statement by Donald Trump during the conflict, two hours after the building had been breached

Trump was in the West Wing of the White House at the time of the attack.^[317] He was "initially pleased" and refused to intercede when his supporters breached the Capitol.^[318] Staffers reported that Trump had been "impossible to talk to throughout the day".^[319] Concerned that Trump may have committed treason through his actions, White House counsel Pat Cipollone reportedly advised administration officials to avoid contact with Trump and ignore any illegal orders that could further incite the attack, in order to limit their prosecutorial liability under the Sedition Act of 1918.^[320]

Shortly after 2:00 p.m. EST, as the attack was ongoing and after Senators had been evacuated, Trump placed calls to Republican senators (first Mike Lee of Utah, then Tommy Tuberville of Alabama), asking them to make more objections to the counting of the electoral votes.^[273] Pence was evacuated by the Secret Service from the Senate chamber around 2:13.^[273]^[321] At 2:47 p.m., as Trump's supporters violently clashed with police at the Capitol, Trump's account tweeted, "Please support our Capitol Police and Law Enforcement. They are truly on the side of our Country. Stay peaceful!";^[275] The Washington Post later reported that Trump did not want to include the words "stay peaceful".^[322] It later emerged that this message was sent by Deputy Chief of Staff Dan Scavino.^[323]

During the attack, Chief of Staff Mark Meadows received messages from Donald Trump Jr., as well as Fox News hosts Sean Hannity, Laura Ingraham, and Brian Kilmeade, urging him to tell Trump to condemn the mayhem, or risk destroying his legacy.^[324] By 3:10, pressure was building on Trump to condemn supporters engaged in the attack. By 3:25, Trump tweeted, "I am asking for everyone at the U.S. Capitol to remain peaceful. No violence! Remember, WE are the Party of Law & Order – respect the Law and our great men and women in Blue", but he refused to call upon the crowd to disperse.^[275] By 3:40, several congressional Republicans called upon Trump to more specifically condemn violence and to tell his supporters to end the occupation of the Capitol.^[325]^[326]

At some point on January 6, Trump formally withdrew his nomination of acting DHS secretary Chad Wolf, transmitting his withdrawal to the Senate.^[327]^[328]^[329]^[330]

By 3:50 p.m., White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany said that the National Guard and "other federal protective services" had been deployed.^[275] At 4:06 p.m. on national television, President-elect Biden called for President Trump to end the attack. At 4:22 p.m., Trump issued a video message on social media that Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube later took down. In it, he repeated his claims of electoral fraud, praised his supporters, and told them to "go home".^[69]^[275] At 6:25 p.m., Trump tweeted: "These are the things and events that happen when a sacred landslide election victory is so unceremoniously & viciously stripped away from great patriots who have been badly & unfairly treated for so long" and then issued a call: "Go home with love & in peace. Remember this day forever!".^[70]^[275]^[331] At 7:00, Rudy Giuliani placed a second call to Lee's number and left a voicemail intended for Tuberville, urging him to make more objections to the electoral votes as part of a bid "to try to just slow it down".^[273]

Inflammatory speech while knowing of weapons

During the "Save America" rally, Trump delivered a speech filled with violent imagery, despite knowing that some of his supporters were armed. He demanded that armed supporters be allowed to enter the rally, and later instructed the crowd to march on the US Capitol.^[202]^[332] In a December 21, 2021, statement, Trump falsely called the attack a "completely unarmed protest". The Department of Justice said in a January 2022 official statement that over 75 people had been charged, in relation to the attack, with entering a restricted area while armed with "a dangerous or deadly weapon", including some armed with guns, stun guns, knives, batons, baseball bats, axes, and chemical sprays.^[333] According to testimony from Trump White House aide Cassidy Hutchinson, a Secret Service official had warned Trump that protestors were carrying weapons, but Trump wanted the magnetometers used to detect metallic weapons removed so armed supporters could enter the rally.^[334] According to Hutchinson, when warned, Trump said:

I don't fucking care that they have weapons, they're not here to hurt me. They're not here to hurt me. Take the fucking mags away. Let my people in. They can march to the Capitol from here, let the people in and take the mags away.^[332]

Allegation that he assaulted a Secret Service driver

In June 2022, Cassidy Hutchinson testified that she was told by then-White House deputy chief of staff Tony Ornato that after Trump got into the presidential SUV following his rally, hoping to drive to the Capitol as his supporters marched there, his lead Secret Service agent Robert Engel told him it was too dangerous and informed him they were returning to the White House. Hutchinson said Ornato told her Trump became irate, attempted to grab the steering wheel of the vehicle, and lunged at Engel's clavicle.^[335] She testified Engel was present with Ornato as he related the incident but never contradicted the account.^[336] Three days after Hutchinson's testimony, CNN reported that it had spoken with two Secret Service agents who had heard accounts of the incident from multiple other agents since February 2021, including Trump's driver. Although details differed, agents confirmed there was an angry confrontation, with one agent relating that Trump "tried to lunge over the seat – for what reason, nobody had any idea", but no one asserted Trump attacked Engel. A separate Secret Service official told CNN that Engel denied that Trump grabbed at the steering wheel or lunged toward an agent on his detail, and that Ornato denied telling Hutchinson that.^[337] The same day, Politico reported that during an early 2022 deposition Engel told the committee that he had kept his full account of the incident from his Secret Service colleagues for at least fourteen months.^[338] On July 14, 2022, CNN published a corroborating account by a Metropolitan Police officer in the motorcade, who told of the "heated exchange" Trump had with his Secret Service detail when they refused to take him to the Capitol following his rally on January 6.^[339]

Endangering Mike Pence

On January 5, after Vice President Mike Pence refused to participate in the fake electors plot, Trump warned that he would have to publicly criticize him. This prompted Pence's chief of staff to become concerned for Pence's safety and to alert Pence's Secret Service detail to the perceived threat.^[82]^[340] At 3:23 a.m. on the morning of January 6, QAnon leader Ron Watkins posted a tweet accusing Pence of orchestrating a coup against Trump and linked to a blog post which called for "the immediate arrest of [Pence], for treason."^[341]^[342]^[343]

At 2:24, while Pence was in hiding in the Capitol, Trump tweeted that Pence "didn't have the courage to do what should have been done".^[62]^[344] Trump followers on far-right social media called for Pence to be hunted down, and the mob began chanting, "Where is Pence?" and "Find Mike Pence!"^[345] Outside, the mob chanted, "Hang Mike Pence!", which some crowds continued to chant as they stormed the Capitol;^[344] at least three rioters were overheard by a reporter as saying that they wanted to find Pence and execute him as a "traitor" by hanging him from a tree outside the building.^[346] One official recalled that: "The members of the [Vice President's Secret Service detail] at this time were starting to fear for their own lives... they're screaming and saying things like 'say goodbye to the family'."^[347] According to witnesses, White House chief of staff Mark Meadows told coworkers that Trump complained about Pence being escorted to safety and then stated something suggesting that Pence should be hanged.^[348]^[349] Pence later argued that Trump's "reckless words endangered my family and everyone at the Capitol that day."^[350]

Failure to end the attack

In a televised January 6 Attack congressional hearing on June 9, 2022, congresspersons Bennie Thompson and Liz Cheney stated that Trump did nothing to stop the attack despite numerous urgent requests that he intervene. They described Trump's inaction as a "dereliction of duty".^[351] Cheney said that Trump had attempted to overturn a free and fair democratic election by promoting a seven-part conspiracy.^[352]^[353] According to Representative Thompson, "Jan. 6 was the culmination of an attempted coup, a brazen attempt, as one rioter put it shortly after Jan. 6, to overthrow the government... The violence was no accident. It represents Trump's last stand, most desperate chance to halt the transfer of power." Trump, according to the committee, "lied to the American people, ignored all evidence refuting his false fraud claims, pressured state and federal officials to throw out election results favoring his challenger, encouraged a violent mob to storm the Capitol and even signaled support for the execution of his own vice president".^[352]^[353]

After the June 9 hearing, Congressman Tom Rice reiterated his long-held view of Trump's conduct, saying, "He watched it happen. He reveled in it. And he took no action to stop it. I think he had a duty to try to stop it, and he failed in that duty."^[354]

Capitol Police leadership's failure to prepare

On January 6, the Capitol police were led by Michael C. Stenger (top left) the Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate, Paul D. Irving (top right) the Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives, and Steven Sund (bottom), the Chief of the Capitol Police. All three resigned in the wake of January 6.

Capitol Police leadership had not planned for a riot or attack,^[355] and on January 6, under "orders from leadership", the force deployed without riot gear, shields, batons, or "less lethal" arms such as sting grenades. Department riot shields had been improperly stored, causing them to shatter upon impact.^[157] Hundreds more Capitol Police could have been used, but they were not.^[247]

Concerned about the approaching mob, Representative Maxine Waters called Capitol Police Chief Steven Sund, who was not on the Capitol grounds but at the police department's headquarters. When asked what the Capitol Police were doing to stop the rioters, Sund told Waters, "We're doing the best we can" and then hung up on her.^[240]^[356] It was not until 2:10 p.m. that the Capitol Police board granted Chief Sund permission to formally request deployment of the Guard.^[156]^: 737

In a February 2021 confidence vote organized by the U.S. Capitol Police Labor Committee, the union representing Capitol Police officers, 92 percent voted that they had no confidence in leadership, writing: "Our leaders did not properly plan for the protest nor prepare officers for what they were about to face. This despite the fact they knew days before that the protest had the potential to turn violent. We still have no answers why leadership failed to inform or equip us for what was coming on January 6th."^[357]

Department of Defense leadership's refusal to send Guard

Acting-Secretary Christopher Miller (top left), whose appointment had prompted concerns of a right-wing military coup, failed to authorize the National Guard to deploy until after the Capitol had been secured and Trump had called for supporters to "go home". Walter E. Piatt (top right) and Charles Flynn (bottom left) participated in a 2:26 p.m. call denying deployment of the guard, though the military did not admit Flynn's role for several weeks after the attack. Daniel R. Hokanson (bottom right) placed calls to ensure the Virginia and Maryland National Guard would not move until given explicit permission by the Pentagon.

On January 3, acting defense secretary Miller had been ordered by Trump to "do whatever was necessary to protect the demonstrators" on January 6.^[152] The following day, Miller issued orders which prohibited deploying D.C. Guard members with weapons, helmets, body armor, or riot control agents without his personal approval.^[154] Prior to the attack Trump had floated the idea with his staff of deploying 10,000 National Guardsmen, though not to protect the Capitol, but rather "to protect him and his supporters from any supposed threats by left-wing counterprotesters".^[358]

At 1:34 p.m., D.C. mayor Muriel Bowser had a telephone call with army secretary Ryan McCarthy in which she requested they deploy the Guard. At 2:10 p.m., the Capitol Police board granted chief Sund permission to formally request deployment of the Guard.^[156]^: 737

At 2:26 p.m., D.C.'s homeland security director Chris Rodriguez coordinated a conference call with Mayor Bowser, the chiefs of the Capitol Police (Sund) and Metropolitan Police (Contee), and D.C. National Guard (DCNG) commander Walker. As the DCNG does not report to a governor, but to the president, Walker patched in the Office of the Secretary of the Army, noting that he would need Pentagon authorization to deploy. Lt. Gen. Walter E. Piatt, director of the Army Staff, noted that the Pentagon needed Capitol Police authorization to step onto Capitol grounds. Metro Police chief Robert Contee asked for clarification from Capitol Police chief Sund: "Steve, are you requesting National Guard assistance at the Capitol?" to which Sund replied, "I am making urgent, urgent, immediate request for National Guard assistance". According to Sund, Piatt stated, "I don't like the visual of the National Guard standing a police line with the Capitol in the background". Sund pleaded with Piatt to send the Guard, but Piatt stated that only Army secretary McCarthy had the authority to approve such a request and he could not recommend that Secretary McCarthy approve the request for assistance directly to the Capitol. The D.C. officials were subsequently described as "flabbergasted" at this message. McCarthy would later state that he was not in this conference call because he was already entering a meeting with senior department leadership.^[242] General Charles A. Flynn, brother of General Michael Flynn, participated in the call.^[359]^[360]

By 3:37 p.m., the Pentagon dispatched its own security forces to guard the homes of senior defense leaders, "even though no rioters or criminal attacks are occurring at those locations." Sund later opined, "This demonstrates to me that the Pentagon fully understands the urgency and danger of the situation even as it does nothing to support us on the Hill."^[356]^[298]

In response to the reluctance expressed by Department of Defense leaders during the 2:26 conference call, D.C. officials contacted the State of Virginia. The Public Safety secretary of Virginia, Brian Moran, dispatched the Virginia State Police to the U.S. Capitol, as permitted by a mutual aid agreement with D.C.^[211] At 3:46 p.m., after leaders of the Department of Defense learned that the Virginia National Guard may have mobilized, the head of the National Guard Bureau, General Hokanson, called the Virginia commander to verify that the Virginia Guard would not move without prior permission from the Pentagon. At 3:55, Hokanson made a similar call to the commander of the Maryland National Guard.^[361]

On January 6, Secretary Miller ultimately withheld permission to deploy the National Guard until 4:32 p.m., after assets from Virginia had already entered the district, FBI tactical teams had arrived at the Capitol, and Trump had instructed rioters to "go home".^[362]^[363] Miller's permission would not actually be relayed to the commander of the National Guard until 5:08.^[364] Sund recalls a comment from the DC National Guard commander General Walker who said:

Steve, I felt so bad. I wanted to help you immediately, but I couldn't. I could hear the desperation in your voice, but they wouldn't let me come. When we arrived, I saw the New Jersey State Police. Imagine how I felt. New Jersey got here before we did!^[365]^[356]^{: Ch. 2}

The Army falsely denied for two weeks that Lt. Gen. Charles A. Flynn – the Army deputy chief of staff for operations, plans and training – was on the conference call requesting the National Guard. Flynn's role drew scrutiny in light of his brother Michael's recent calls for martial law and an election do-over that would be overseen by the military.^[359] Flynn testified that "he never expressed a concern about the visuals, image, or public perception of" sending the Guard to the Capitol; Col. Earl Matthews, who participated in the call and took contemporaneous notes, called Flynn's denial "outright perjury".^[366] Department of Defense leaders claim they called the D.C. National Guard commander at 4:30 to relay permission to deploy—leaders of the Guard deny this call ever took place.^[367]

Congressional conduct

During the attack, Representative Lauren Boebert (R-CO) posted information about the police response and the location of members on Twitter, including the fact that Speaker Pelosi had been taken out of the chamber, for which she has faced calls to resign for endangering members.^[368]^[369] Boebert responded that she was not sharing private information since Pelosi's removal was also broadcast on TV.^[290]

Representative Ayanna Pressley left the congressional safe room for fear of other members there "who incited the mob in the first place".^[290]

While sheltering for hours in the "safe room" – a cramped, windowless room where people sat within arms' length of each other – some Republican Congress members refused to wear face masks, even when their Democratic colleagues begged them to do so. During the following week, three Democratic members tested positive for COVID-19 in what an environmental health expert described as a "superspreader" event.^[370]

Deletion of Secret Service and Homeland Security text messages

As part of its investigation into the events of January 6, the Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General requested text messages from the Secret Service. In response, the messages were deleted.^[371]^[372] Text messages from Department of Homeland Security leaders Chad Wolf and Ken Cuccinelli "are missing from a key period leading up to the January 6 attack".^[373] Wolf's nomination had been withdrawn by the White House sometime on January 6.^[374] A criminal investigation was opened into the deletion.^[375]

Participants, groups, and criminal charges

By November 2023, over 1,200 defendants had been charged for their role in the attack.^[33] The attackers included some of Trump's longtime and most fervent supporters from across the United States.^[376] The mob included Republican Party officials, current and former state legislators and political donors, far-right militants, white supremacists,^[376] conservative evangelical Christians,^[h] and participants of the "Save America" Rally.^[377] According to the FBI, dozens of people on its terrorist watchlist were in D.C. for pro-Trump events on the 6th, with the majority being "suspected white supremacists".^[378] Some came heavily armed and some were convicted criminals, including a man who had been released from a Florida prison after serving a sentence for attempted murder.^[376]

Last Sons of Liberty,^[379] Rod of Iron Ministries,^[380] and Groyper Army^[381] were directly involved but non-conspiring groups. NSC-131^[382] and Super Happy Fun America^[383] both were involved in the attack and allegedly conspired, though SHFA denies this.^[384] Multiple factions of the Three Percenters were also involved in the attack, including 'DC Brigade', 'Patriot Boys of North Texas',^[385] and 'B Squad'. The B Squad and DC Brigade conspired with the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers.^[386]

Proud Boys

Proud Boys leaders who were guilty of leading a seditious conspiracy to stop the transfer of power: Chairman Enrique Tarrio of Florida (top left), Ethan "Rufio" Nordean of Washington State (top center), Joe Biggs (top right) of Florida, Zachary Rehl of Pennsylvania (bottom left) and Jeremy Bertino of South Carolina (bottom right). Bertino pleaded guilty, while the other four were found guilty at trial.

The Proud Boys played a much greater role in planning and coordinating the attack than was known in 2021. In 2022, new information appeared in testimony to the January 6th Committee and in a New York Times investigative video.^[234] Another key revelation about the Proud Boys' plans came from an informant and concerned Mike Pence:

According to an F.B.I. affidavit the panel highlighted ... a government informant said that members of the far-right militant group the Proud Boys told him they would have killed Pence 'if given the chance.' The rioters on January 6th almost had that chance, coming within forty feet of the Vice-President as he fled to safety.^[387]

On July 7, 2023, Barry Bennet Ramey was sentenced to 5 years in prison. He was connected to the Proud Boys and pepper-sprayed police in the face.^[388] Proud Boys leaders Joseph Biggs and Zachary Rehl were sentenced to 17 and 15 years respectively.^[389] Proud Boy Dominic Pezzola, who breached the Capitol with a stolen police riot shield, was sentenced to 10 years.^[390] Proud Boys founder Enrique Tarrio, described as the "ultimate leader" of the conspiracy, was sentenced to 22 years in prison.^[87]

Oath Keepers

The Oath Keepers are an American far-right^[391] anti-government militia^[391]^[392] whose leaders have been convicted of violently opposing the government of the United States, including the transfer of presidential power as prescribed by the United States constitution. It was incorporated in 2009 by founder Elmer Stewart Rhodes, a lawyer and former paratrooper. In 2023, Rhodes was sentenced to 18 years for seditious conspiracy for his role in the attack, and another Oath Keepers leader, Kelly Meggs, was sentenced to 12 years for the same crime.^[393]

On January 13, 2022, 10 members of the Oath Keepers, including founder Stewart Rhodes, were arrested and charged with seditious conspiracy.^[394] On November 29, a jury convicted Rhodes and Florida chapter Oath Keepers leader Kelly Meggs of seditious conspiracy. Three other members of the Oath Keepers were found not guilty of seditious conspiracy, but were convicted on other, related charges.^[395]^[396]

On May 23, 2023, Rhodes, age 57, was sentenced to 18 years in prison.^[397] The Department of Justice announced plans to appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit for longer prison terms for Rhodes and his co-defendants.^[397] At sentencing, the court described Rhodes as dangerous, noting "The moment you are released, whenever that may be, you will be ready to take up arms against your government."^[398] Eight of Rhodes's militiamen were convicted for seditious conspiracy, among other charges. Meggs was sentenced to 12 years in prison.^[399] Jessica Watkins was sentenced to 8 years and six months, and Kenneth Harrelson was sentenced to four years in prison. Both convicts were members of the Oath Keepers, with Watkins' crimes including merging her local Ohio armed group with the Oath Keepers in 2020, and Harrelson's as serving as the right-hand man to Kelly Meggs, leader of the Florida chapter.^[400]

QAnon

QAnon is an American political conspiracy theory and political movement that originated in the American far-right political sphere in 2017.^[402] QAnon centers on fabricated claims made by an anonymous individual or individuals known as "Q". Those claims have been relayed and developed by online communities and influencers. Their core belief is that a cabal of Satanic,^[403]^[404]^[405] cannibalistic child molesters are operating a global child sex trafficking ring that conspired against Donald Trump.^[409] Watchdogs studied QAnon posts and warned of the potential for violence ahead of January 6, 2021.^[410]^[411]^[412] Multiple QAnon-affiliated protesters participated in the attack.^[413]^[414] One participant, whose attire and behavior attracted worldwide media attention, was Jake Angeli, a QAnon supporter nicknamed the "QAnon Shaman".^[415] Ashli Babbitt, a rioter who was shot dead by police as she was trying to break into the Speaker's Lobby, was a committed follower of QAnon.^[416]^[417] The day before the attack, she had tweeted: "the storm is here and it is descending upon DC in less than 24 hours".^[418]

White supremacists, neo-Nazis, and neo-Confederates

Far-right emblematic gear was worn by some participants, including neo-Confederate, Holocaust deniers, neo-Nazi and Völkisch-inspired neopagan apparel, as well as a shirt emblazoned with references to the Auschwitz concentration camp and its motto, Arbeit macht frei ("Work sets you free").^[419]^[378]^[26]^[420]

The anti-Semitic, neo-Nazi group NSC-131 was at the event, although it is unknown to what extent.^[421]^[422]^[i] Following the event, members of the group detailed their actions and claimed they were the "beginning of the start of White Revolution in the United States".^[424] After the attack, two white nationalists known for racist and anti-Semitic rhetoric streamed to their online followers a video posted on social media showing a man harassing an Israeli journalist seeking to conduct a live report outside the building.^[419]

For the first time in U.S. history, a Confederate battle flag was displayed inside the Capitol.^[425]^[426] Some of the rioters carried American flags, Confederate battle flags,^[7]^[425]^[427]^[428] or Nazi emblems.^[429] A group of Indian American Trump supporters held an Indian flag.^[430] Varun Gandhi, a senior parliamentarian from India's ruling BJP, expressed surprise and disapproval of the prominent display of the Indian flag by some of the protestors in one of his tweets; opposition Indian National Congress leader Shashi Tharoor equated the mentality of some Indians with that of Trump supporters.^[431]

The laptop computer taken from Pelosi's office was taken by 22-year-old Capitol rioter Riley Williams, a member of the Atomwaffen and the Order of Nine Angles.^[432]^[433]^[434]^[435]^[436] Williams' boyfriend, who tipped off police, said that she had intended to send the stolen laptop to a friend in Russia for sale to Russian intelligence.^[434]^[436] Williams was sentenced to 3 years in prison.^[437]

The National Capital Region Threat Intelligence Consortium, a fusion center that aids the DHS and other federal national security and law enforcement groups, wrote that potentially violent individuals were joining the protest from the neo-Nazi group Atomwaffen Division and Stormfront. Despite this information, the Secret Service released an internal memo that stated there was no concern.^[438]

Others

Although the anti-government Boogaloo movement mostly were opposed to Donald Trump, a Boogaloo follower said several groups under his command helped attack the Capitol, taking the opportunity to strike against the federal government.^[439] Also present during the attack were parts of the National Anarchist Movement and the Blue Lives Matter movement, supporters of the America First Movement, the Stop the Steal movement and the Patriot Movement, remnants of the Tea Party movement, the Three Percenters, the Groyper Army, Christian nationalists, and other far-right organizations and groups.^[26] Shirts with references to the internet meme Pepe the Frog were also seen, alongside "1776" and "MAGA civil war 2021" shirts, NSC-131 stickers, and the valknut symbol.^[440] Rioters were seen using the OK gesture, a gesture that had been famously co-opted as an alt-right symbol. Christian imagery, including a large "Jesus saves" banner, was seen in the crowd of demonstrators. Various other iconography was also on display, such as flags of other countries.^[j]

Anti-vaccine activists and conspiracy theorists were also present at the rally.^[443] Members of the right-wing Tea Party Patriots–backed group America's Frontline Doctors, including founder Simone Gold and its communications director, were arrested.^[444]^[445] She was later sentenced to 60 days in prison by a US federal court in Washington, D.C., for illegally entering the Capitol building.^[446] West Virginia delegate Derrick Evans, a state lawmaker, filmed himself entering the Capitol alongside rioters. On January 8, he was charged by federal authorities with entering a restricted area;^[447] he resigned from the House of Delegates the next day and was ultimately sentenced to 90 days in jail.^[448] Amanda Chase was censured by the Virginia State Senate for her actions surrounding the event.^[449]

Police and military connections

Politico reported that some rioters briefly showed their police badges or military identification to law enforcement as they approached the Capitol, expecting to be let inside; a Capitol Police officer told BuzzFeed News that one rioter had told him "[w]e're doing this for you" as he flashed a badge.^[355] One former police officer, Laura Steele, was convicted for breaching the Capitol with fellow Oath Keepers.^[450]

A number of U.S. military personnel participated in the attack;^[376] the Department of Defense is investigating members on active and reserve duty who may have been involved in the attack.^[451]^[452] Nearly 20% of defendants charged in relation to the attack, and about 12% of the participants in general, were current or former members of the U.S. military.^[453]^[454] A report from George Washington University and the Combating Terrorism Center said that "if anything ... there actually is a very slight underrepresentation of veterans among the January 6 attackers".^[454] Police officers and a police chief from departments in multiple states are under investigation for their alleged involvement in the attack.^[455] Two Capitol Police officers were suspended, one for directing rioters inside the building while wearing a Make America Great Again hat, and the other for taking a selfie with a rioter.^[456]^[457]

Analysis

In February 2021, an academic analysis in The Atlantic found that of the 193 persons so far arrested for invading the Capitol, 89 percent had no clear public connection to established far-right militias, known white-nationalist gangs, or any other known militant organizations. "The overwhelming reason for action, cited again and again in court documents, was that arrestees were following Trump's orders to keep Congress from certifying Joe Biden as the presidential-election winner". They were older than participants in previous far-right violent demonstrations and more likely to be employed, with 40% being business owners. The researchers concluded that these "middle-aged, middle-class insurrectionists" represented "a new force in American politics – not merely a mix of right-wing organizations, but a broader mass political movement that has violence at its core and draws strength even from places where Trump supporters are in the minority".^[458]

The Associated Press reviewed public and online records of more than 120 participants after the attack and found that many of them shared conspiracy theories about the 2020 presidential election on social media and had also believed other QAnon and "deep state" conspiracy theories. Additionally, several had threatened Democratic and Republican politicians before the attack.^[376] The event was described as "extremely online", with "pro-Trump internet personalities" and fans streaming live footage while taking selfies.^[459]^[460]

According to the University of Maryland's National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism:

The "ordinary people" argument misses, or at least obscures, the extent to which the Capitol rioters were linked to dangerous groups and ideas.... at least 280 of the individuals charged with committing crimes on Jan. 6 were associated with extremist groups or conspiratorial movements. This includes 78 defendants who had links to the Proud Boys, a group with a history of violence; 37 members of the anti-government Oath Keepers militia; 31 individuals who embraced the similarly anti-government and militant views of the Three Percenters movement; and 92 defendants who promoted aspects of QAnon.... These 280 individuals make up approximately 35 percent of the Capitol defendants. While it is true that they do not represent a majority of the more than 800 people who have been charged in connection with the riot, ... A 35 percent rate of participation in extremism among a collective of apparently "ordinary" individuals is an astounding number – one that should shake us to our core.^[84]

Federal officials estimate that about ten thousand rioters entered the Capitol grounds,^[461] and the Secret Service and FBI have estimated that about 1,200 ultimately entered the building.^[462]

More than 800 video and audio files – including D.C. Metropolitan Police radio transmissions, Capitol Police body-worn camera footage, and Capitol surveillance camera footage – were later obtained as evidence in Trump's impeachment trial. The evidence showed that the assailants launched a large and coordinated attack. For example, "Security camera footage near the House chamber shows the rioters waving in reinforcements to come around the corner. Another video shows more than 150 rioters charging through a breached entrance in just a minute-and-a-half".^[463] While assaulting the Capitol, the crowd chanted "Fight, Fight"; "Stop the steal"; and "Fight for Trump".^[464] As they were overrun by a violent mob, the police acted with restraint and pleaded for backup.^[463] Many of the attackers employed tactics, body armor, and technology (such as two-way radio headsets) similar to those of the very police they were confronting.^[465] Some rioters wore riot gear, including helmets and military-style vests. A pair of rioters carried plastic handcuffs, which they found on a table inside the Capitol.^[466]^[467] In an analysis of later court documents, it was reported that at least 85 participants in the riot were charged with carrying or using a weapon—such as guns, knives, axes, chemical sprays, police gear, and stun guns—in the riots to assault others or break objects. It is illegal to possess weapons at the Capitol.^[468]

Results

Casualties and suicides

Ashli Babbitt, a 35-year-old Air Force veteran, was fatally shot in the upper chest by Lt. Michael Leroy Byrd while attempting to climb through the shattered window of a barricaded door.^[469]^[k]

Brian Sicknick, a 42-year-old responding Capitol Police officer, was pepper-sprayed during the attack and had two thromboembolic strokes the next day,^[474]^[475] after which he was placed on life support^[9] and soon died.^[476]^[477] The D.C. chief medical examiner found he died from a stroke, classifying his death as natural,^[478] and commented that "all that transpired played a role in his condition".^[479]^[475]^[480]

Rosanne Boyland, 34, died of an amphetamine overdose during the attack, rather than, as was initially reported, from being trampled by other rioters after her collapse.^[481] Her death was ruled as accidental by the D.C. medical examiner's office.^[29] Her mother, Cheryl Boyland, told NBC News: "She was not doing drugs. The only thing they found was her own prescription medicine."^[482]

Kevin Greeson, 55; and Benjamin Philips, 50, died naturally from coronary heart disease and hypertensive heart disease, respectively.^[29]

Four officers, from various police departments, who responded to the attack committed suicide in the days and months that followed.^[483] Capitol Police officer Howard Charles Liebengood died by suicide three days after the attack.^[484] D.C. Metropolitan Police officer Jeffrey Smith, who was injured in the attack, died by suicide from a gunshot wound to the head at George Washington Memorial Parkway on January 15, after a misdiagnosed concussion;^[485] his death was found to be in line of duty.^[486] In July, two more officers who responded to the attack died by suicide: Metropolitan Police officer Kyle Hendrik DeFreytag was found on July 10, and Metropolitan Police officer Gunther Paul Hashida was found on July 29.^[487]

Some rioters^[l] and 174 police officers were injured, of whom 15 were hospitalized, some with severe injuries.^[32] All had been released from the hospital by January 11.^[489]

Damage

Rioters stormed the offices of Nancy Pelosi, flipping tables and ripping photos from walls;^[292]^[293] the office of the Senate Parliamentarian was ransacked;^[271] art was looted;^[7] and feces were tracked into several hallways.^[19]^[490]^[491] Windows were smashed throughout the building, leaving the floor littered with glass and debris.^[7]^[492] Rioters damaged, turned over, or stole furniture.^[492] One door had "Murder the Media" scribbled onto it in all-caps.^[493] Rioters damaged Associated Press recording and broadcasting equipment outside the Capitol after chasing away reporters.^[494] Rioters also destroyed a display honoring the life of congressman and civil rights leader John Lewis.^[495]^[496] A photo of Representative Andy Kim cleaning up the litter in the rotunda after midnight went viral.^[497]

The rioters caused extensive physical damage.^[7]^[19] Architect of the Capitol J. Brett Blanton, who leads the office charged with maintaining the Capitol and preserving its art and architecture, reported in congressional testimony from late February 2021 that the combined costs of repairing the damage and post-attack security measures (such as erecting temporary perimeter fencing) already exceeded $30 million and would continue to increase.^[21] In May 2021, U.S. prosecutors estimated that the damage would cost almost $1.5 million.^[498] Interior damage from the attack included broken glass, broken doors, and graffiti; as well as defecation^[499] throughout the complex, on the floor and smeared on the walls; some statues, paintings, and furniture were damaged by pepper spray, tear gas, and fire extinguishing agents deployed by rioters and police.^[18]^[21]

The historic bronze Columbus Doors were damaged.^[21]^[500] Items, including portraits of John Quincy Adams and James Madison, as well as a marble statue of Thomas Jefferson, were covered in "corrosive gas agent residue"; these were sent to the Smithsonian for assessment and restoration.^[442] A 19th-century marble bust of President Zachary Taylor was defaced with what seemed to be blood, but the most important works in the Capitol collection, such as the John Trumbull paintings, were unharmed.^[18]^[492] On the Capitol's exterior, two 19th-century bronze light fixtures designed by Frederick Law Olmsted were damaged.^[18] Because the Capitol has no insurance against loss, taxpayers will pay for damage suffered during the siege.^[493] Rare old-growth mahogany wood, stored in Wisconsin for more than one hundred years by the Forest Products Laboratory, was used to replace damaged wood fixtures and doors at the Capitol.^[501]^[502]

Laptop theft and cybersecurity concerns

A laptop owned by Senator Jeff Merkley was stolen.^[503] A laptop taken from Pelosi's office was a "laptop from a conference room ... that was only used for presentations", according to Pelosi's deputy chief of staff.^[20] Representative Ruben Gallego said, "we have to do a full review of what was taken, or copied, or even left behind in terms of bugs and listening devices".^[355] Military news website SOFREP reported that "several" secret‑level laptops were stolen, some of which had been abandoned while still logged in to SIPRNet, causing authorities to temporarily shut down SIPRNet for a security update on January 7 and leading the United States Army Special Operations Command to re-authorize all SIPRNet-connected computers on January 8.^[504]^[505]

Representative Anna Eshoo said in a statement that "[i]mages on social media and in the press of vigilantes accessing congressional computers are worrying" and she had asked the Chief Administrative Officer of the House (CAO) "to conduct a full assessment of threats based on what transpired".^[506] The CAO said it was "providing support and guidance to House offices as needed".^[20]

Aftermath

Political, legal, and social repercussions

The attack was followed by political, legal, and social repercussions. The second impeachment of Donald Trump, who was charged for incitement of insurrection for his conduct, occurred on January 13. At the same time, Cabinet officials were pressured to invoke the 25th Amendment for removing Trump from office.^[507] Trump was subsequently acquitted in the Senate trial, which was held in February after Trump had already left office. The result was a 57–43 vote in favor of conviction, with every Democrat and seven Republicans voting to convict, but two-thirds of the Senate (67 votes) are required to convict.^[508] Many in the Trump administration resigned. Several large companies^[509] announced they were halting all political donations, and others have suspended funding the lawmakers who had objected to certifying Electoral College results.^[510] A bill was introduced to form an independent commission, similar to the 9/11 Commission, to investigate the events surrounding the attack; it passed the House but was blocked by Republicans in the Senate.^[511] The House then approved a House "select committee" to investigate the attack.^[512] In June, the Senate released the results of its own investigation of the attack. The event led to strong criticism of law enforcement agencies. Leading figures within the United States Capitol Police resigned.^[513]^[514] A large-scale criminal investigation was undertaken, with the FBI opening more than 1,200 case files. Federal law enforcement undertook a nationwide manhunt for the perpetrators, with arrests and indictments following within days. Over 890 people had been found guilty of federal crimes.^[515]

Trump was suspended from various social media sites for his involvement in inciting the attack, at first temporarily and then indefinitely. In response to posts by Trump supporters in favor of the attempts to overturn the election, the social networking site Parler was shut down by its service providers. Corporate suspensions of other accounts and programs associated with participating groups also took place.^[516]^[517]^[518]

The inauguration week was marked by nationwide security concerns. Unprecedented security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden were undertaken, including the deployment of 25,000 National Guard members. In May, the House passed a $1.9 billion Capitol security bill in response to the attack.^[519]

In the days following the attack on the Capitol, Republican politicians in at least three states introduced legislation creating new prohibitions on protest activity.^[520]

Trump has publicly embraced and celebrated^[521] the January 6 Capitol attack and has made it a cornerstone of his 2024 presidential campaign.^[522] Trump has promoted a revisionist history of the event by downplaying the severity of the violence and calling those charged for their involvement in the attack "hostages."^[521]^[523]^[524]^[525]

On August 1, 2023, Fitch Ratings downgraded the U.S. credit rating from AAA to AA+, making it the second time in U.S. history the government's credit rating was downgraded since Standard & Poor's downgrade in 2011. Fitch Ratings directly cited the attack as a factor in its decision to downgrade, privately telling Biden officials that the event "indicated an unstable government". It also cited rising debt at the federal, state, and local levels, a "steady deterioration in standards of governance" over the last two decades, worsening political divisions around spending and tax policy, and "repeated debt limit standoffs and last-minute resolutions." Fitch Ratings did note in a previous report that while government stability declined from 2018 to 2021, it had increased since Biden assumed the presidency.^[526]

Although a few evangelical leaders supported the attack,^[527] most condemned the violence and criticized Trump for inciting the crowd.^[528] This criticism came from liberal Christian groups such as the Red-Letter Christians, as well as evangelical groups who were generally supportive of Trump.^[527]^[529] This criticism did not noticeably affect evangelical support for Trump; investigative journalist Sarah Posner, author of Unholy: Why White Evangelicals Worship at the Altar of Donald Trump, argued that many white evangelical Christians in the U.S. create an echo chamber whereby Trump's missteps are blamed on the Democratic Party, leftists, or the mainstream media, the last of which is viewed as especially untrustworthy.^[530]

Domestic reactions

In the aftermath of the attack, after drawing widespread condemnation from the U.S. Congress, members of his administration, and the media, 45th U.S. President Donald Trump released a video-taped statement on January 7 to stop the resignations of his staff and the threats of impeachment or removal from office. In the statement, he condemned the violence at the U.S. Capitol, saying that "a new administration will be inaugurated", which was widely seen as a concession, and his "focus now turns to ensuring a smooth, orderly, and seamless transition of power" to the Joe Biden administration.^[531]^[532] Vanity Fair reported that Trump was at least partially convinced to make the statement by U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham (R-SC), who told Trump a sufficient number of Senate Republicans would support removing him from office unless he conceded.^[533] Kayleigh McEnany, the White House Press Secretary, had attempted to distance the administration from the rioters' behavior in a televised statement earlier in the day.^[534] On January 9, The New York Times reported that Trump had told White House aides he regretted committing to an orderly transition of power and would never resign from office.^[535] In a March 25 interview on Fox News, Trump defended the Capitol attackers, saying they were patriots who posed "zero threat", and he criticized law enforcement for "persecuting" the rioters.^[536]

The Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a statement on January 12 condemning the attack and reminding military personnel everywhere that incoming President Joe Biden was about to become their commander-in-chief, saying "... the rights of freedom of speech and assembly do not give anyone the right to resort to violence, sedition, and insurrection".^[537] The statement also said, "As we have done throughout our history, the U.S. military will obey lawful orders from civilian leadership, support civilian authorities to protect lives and property, ensure public safety in accordance with the law, and remain fully committed to protecting and defending the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic".^[538]^[539] U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell (R–KY), then the Senate Majority Leader, called it a "failed insurrection",^[540]^[541] that "the mob was fed lies", and "they were provoked by the president and other powerful people".^[540] Christopher Wray, the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) since 2017, later characterized the incident as domestic terrorism.^[542]^[543] President Biden, who described the rioters as "terrorists" aimed at "overturning the will of the American people" later shared this opinion.^[544] In early 2021, the RAND Corporation released a framework to reduce the risk of extremist activity in the U.S. military.^[545]

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi had the flags at the Capitol lowered to half-staff in honor of Brian Sicknick, a United States Capitol Police officer who died following the attacks.^[546]^[547] Trump initially declined to lower flags at the White House or other federal buildings under his control, before changing his mind four days later.^[548]^[549]^[550] Biden, Mike Pence, and Pelosi offered condolences to Sicknick's family; Trump did not.^[546]^[551] After Sicknick's death, Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) received backlash for previous speeches that were perceived as calls for violence.^[552]

A survey by the Hobby School of Public Affairs at the University of Houston taken January 12–20 showed that nearly a third (32%) of Texas Republicans supported the attack, although overall 83% of all Texans who expressed an opinion were opposed to it.^[553] In a poll of Americans just after the attack, 79% of those surveyed said America is "falling apart".^[554]^[555] In February 2022, the Republican National Committee called the events of January 6 "legitimate political discourse".^[556]

The US art world reacted through the chronicling of the day as well as the creation of new work. Starting January 7, 2021, the Smithsonian Museum enacted its "rapid-response protocol" to gather rally signs, posters, flags, and weapons abandoned on the National Mall and began work on a digital arts exhibit.^[557] Visual artist Paul Chan created his "A drawing as a recording of an insurrection", a 163-inch (4.1 m) double-sided drawing^[558] exhibited at the Greene Naftali Gallery in New York.^[559] In December 2022, literary press Whiskey Tit released Tell Me What You See, the first fiction published about the attack.^[560] At the one-year anniversary, One Six Comics published graphic novel series 1/6^[561] with an accompanying education and action guide by the Western States Center.^[562] The Society of Classical Poets website posted various poems about the day,^[563] including one glorifying deceased rioter Ashli Babbitt.^[564]

Joe Biden, Kamala Harris, civil rights groups and celebrities immediately criticized the Capitol Police for a perceived "double standard" in the treatment of the protesters and rioters, who were mostly white. Joe Biden stated, "No one can tell me that if it had been a group of Black Lives Matter protesting yesterday they wouldn't have been treated very, very differently than the mob of thugs that stormed the Capitol. We all know that's true and it is unacceptable." Michelle Obama wrote, "Yesterday made it painfully clear that certain Americans are, in fact, allowed to denigrate the flag and symbols of our nation. They've just got to look the right way."^[565]^[566] Capitol Police chief Steven Sund, who later resigned, explained they had prepared for a peaceful protest but were overwhelmed by an "angry, violent mob".^[567] Later in the year, at a White House ceremony to thank officers who responded to the attack that day, Joe Biden and Kamala Harris congratulated the police on their response, calling them "heroes".^[568]

International reactions

More than seventy countries and international organizations expressed their concerns over the attack and condemned the violence, with some specifically condemning President Donald Trump's own role in inciting the attack.^[569]^[570] Foreign leaders, diplomats, politicians, and institutions expressed shock, outrage, and condemnation of the events.^[571]^[572] Multiple world leaders made a call for peace, describing the assault as "an attack on democracy".^[573] The leaders of some countries, including Brazil, Poland, and Hungary, declined to condemn the situation, and described it as an internal U.S. affair.^[574]

As early as January 2021, a few European security officials described the events as an attempted coup.^[575]

14th Amendment disqualification

In late 2022 Trump announced his candidacy for the 2024 presidential election. Some legal scholars have argued that Trump should be barred from presidential office under section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution because of his apparent support for the attack.^[576] Three states, Maine, Colorado, and Illinois, issued rulings to disqualify Trump from appearing on election ballots. Trump appealed their decisions in Trump v. Anderson. The Supreme Court heard the case on February 8, 2024, and unanimously ruled on March 4, 2024 that states could not remove Trump from the ballot.^[25]

Other public officials involved in the January 6 attack have also faced disqualification under the Fourteenth Amendment. Otero County, New Mexico, commissioner Couy Griffin was disqualified and removed from office while Congressional representative Marjorie Taylor Greene survived a similar challenge.^[577]

Analysis and terminology

A week following the attack, journalists were searching for an appropriate word to describe the event.^[578] According to the Associated Press, U.S. media outlets first described the developments on January 6 as "a rally or protest", but as the events of the day escalated and further reporting and images emerged, the descriptions shifted to "an assault, a riot, an insurrection, domestic terrorism or even a coup attempt".^[579] It was variably observed that the media outlets were settling on the terms "riot" and "insurrection".^[579]^[580] According to NPR, "By definition, 'insurrection', and its derivative, 'insurgency', are accurate. 'Riot' and 'mob' are equally correct. While these words are not interchangeable, they are all suitable when describing Jan. 6."^[581] The New York Times assessed the event as having brought the United States "hours away from a full-blown constitutional crisis".^[582] Brian Stelter in CNN Business wrote that the events of the Capitol attack "will be remembered as an act of domestic terrorism against the United States".^[583]

The attack was widely described as an attempted coup d'état^[584]^[585]^[586] or self-coup.^[587]^[588] Federal judge David Carter described Trump's actions as "a coup in search of a legal theory".^[589] Naunihal Singh of the U.S. Naval War College, and author of Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups, wrote that the attack on the Capitol was "an insurrection, a violent uprising against the government" and "sedition", but not a coup because Trump did not order the military "to seize power on his behalf".^[590]^[591] The Coup D'état Project of the Cline Center for Advanced Social Research at the University of Illinois, which tracks coups and coup attempts globally, classified the attack as an "attempted dissident coup", defined as an unsuccessful coup attempt "initiated by a small group of discontents" such as "ex-military leaders, religious leaders, former government leaders, members of a legislature/parliament, and civilians [but not police or the military]". The Cline Center said the "organized, illegal attempt to intervene in the presidential transition" by displacing Congress met this definition.^[592]^[593] Some political scientists identified the attack as an attempted self-coup, in which the head of government attempts to strong-arm the other branches of government to entrench power.^[594] Academic Fiona Hill, a former member of Trump's National Security Council, described the attack, and Trump's actions in the months leading up to it, as an attempted self-coup.^[595]

The FBI classified the attack as domestic terrorism.^[596]^[597] At the Senate Judiciary Committee meeting on March 2, 2021, Wray testified:

I was appalled, like you, at the violence and destruction that we saw that day. I was appalled that you, our country's elected leaders, were victimized right here in these very halls. That attack, that siege was criminal behavior, plain and simple, and it's behavior that we, the FBI, view as domestic terrorism. It's got no place in our democracy and tolerating it would make a mockery of our nation's rule of law.^[598]^[599]

The Congressional Research Service also concluded that the attack met the federal definition of domestic terrorism.^[600]^[601] Republican senator Ted Cruz characterized it as terrorism at least eighteen times over the ensuing year, though he was among the Senate Republicans who blocked a bipartisan January 6 commission to investigate it.^[602]^[603]

On January 4, 2021, Steve Bannon, while discussing the planning for the upcoming events and speech by Trump on January 6 at The Ellipse, described it as a "bloodless coup".^[110]^[111]

A March 2023 poll found that 20.5 percent of respondents believed that violence to achieve a political goal is sometimes justified. Nearly 12 percent expressed their willingness to use force to restore Trump to power.^[604] A June 2023 poll found that about 12 million American adults, or 4.4 percent of the adult population, believed violence is justified in returning Trump to the White House.^[605]

Historians' perspectives

While there have been other instances of violence at the Capitol in the 19th and 20th centuries, this event was the most severe assault on the building since the 1814 burning of Washington by British forces during the War of 1812. The last attempt on the life of the vice president was a bomb plot against Thomas Marshall in July 1915.^[606] For the first time in U.S. history, a Confederate battle flag was flown inside the Capitol. The Confederate States Army had never reached the Capitol, nor come closer than 6 miles (10 km) from the Capitol at the Battle of Fort Stevens, during the American Civil War.^[426]^[m]

Douglas Brinkley, a historian at Rice University,^[609] remarked on how January 6 would be remembered in American history: "Now every Jan. 6, we're going to have to remember what happened... I worry if we lose the date that it will lose some of its wallop over time". He also wrote about Trump's responsibility during the attack: "There are always going to be puzzle pieces added to what occurred on Jan. 6, because the president of the United States was sitting there watching this on television in the White House, as we all know, allowing it to go on and on".^[610]

Speaking on January 6, 2022, historians Doris Kearns Goodwin and Jon Meacham warned that the U.S. remained at "a crucial turning point". Meacham commented, "What you saw a year ago today was the worst instincts of both human nature and American politics and it's either a step on the way to the abyss or it is a call to arms figuratively for citizens to engage". Goodwin added, "We've come through these really tough times before. We've had lots of people who were willing to step up and put their public lives against their private lives. And that's what we've got to depend on today. That's what we need in these years and months ahead."^[611]

Robert Paxton considered the attack to be evidence that Trump's movement was an example of fascism, a characterization that Paxton had resisted up to that point. Paxton compared the event to the French 6 February 1934 crisis.^[612]

Richard J. Evans said that it was not a coup, but that it did represent a danger to democracy in the United States.^[613]

Other scholars expressed concern about how history would portray the attack and its aftermath.^[614] Larry Sabato, director of the University of Virginia's Center for Politics, stated that reframing the insurrection as a "sightseeing tour" by the GOP has given "the far-right extremists, the neo-Nazi white supremacists who are obsessed with January 6, the counter reality they've been looking for of a bunch of patriots taking a tour in the Capitol."^[615]

Notes

^ Including five people involved in the attack by direct causes, and four Capitol police officers directly involved in the attack by suicides. See Casualties and suicides section.
^ 5 deaths from the attack (1 from gunshot, 1 from drug overdose, 3 from natural causes with one stated that "all that transpired played a role in his condition";^[27]^[28]^[29] 4 officer deaths by suicide within seven months of the attack^[30]
^ The coroner stated that "All that transpired played a role in his condition".
^ Pelosi offered a committee makeup of seven Democrats and six Republicans; however House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy refused to appoint any Republicans unless they included some who had voted to overturn Electoral College results.
^
Multiple notes:
- Amy Kremer of Women for Trump had been granted a permit the day prior.
- Other organizations taking part in the event included: Black Conservatives Fund, Eighty Percent Coalition, Moms For America, Peaceably Gather, Phyllis Schlafly Eagles, Rule of Law Defense Fund, Stop The Steal, Turning Point Action, Tea Party Patriots, Women For America First, and Wildprotest.com.
^ In 2019, Kara Swisher speculated Trump might encourage supporters to "rise up in armed insurrection to keep him in office".
^ A week later, he retired.^[196]
^ Before the demonstrators entered the building, activist Jake Angeli called out for them to pause and join him in prayer.^[377]
^ The group is more radical than other patriot movement groups who attended the rally. "NSC members consider themselves soldiers fighting a war against a hostile, Jewish-controlled system that is deliberately plotting the extinction of the white race." states the ADL.^[423]
^ Witnesses reported seeing the national flags of Cuba, Romania, India, Israel, South Vietnam, Australia, Japan, Iran, Georgia, South Korea, Tonga, Mexico, Canada, and the United States (including an upside-down version); a U.S. Marines flag; the flag of the fictional country of "Kekistan"; Trump campaign flags such as "Release the Kraken", Second Amendment and America First flags; Pine tree, III Percenters and VDARE flags; altered versions of confederate, Gadsden, state, national and Gay Pride flags; as well as old American and Army flags such as the Betsy Ross flag, Irish Brigade flags, and others.^[441]^[442]
^ Some media reports have described Babbitt as "unarmed" at the time of the shooting;^[469]^[470] however, according to a January 11, 2021 crime scene examination report by the D.C. Department of Forensic Sciences, the police "recovered a 'Para Force' folding knife in Ms. Babbitt's pants pocket" after she was shot.^[471]^[472]^[473]
^ Only sporadic instances of injured rioters have been publicly recorded;^[488] injuries in general (such as a total number) among this group have not.
^ However, from 1894 to 2020, the Flag of Mississippi contained a Confederate battle flag in its design and had been displayed in the Capitol building.^[607]
The flag was carried during the attack by Kevin Seefried, who traveled from his home in Delaware to hear Trump speak, bringing the flag he had displayed outside his house. Seefried and his son, who helped clear a broken window for them to gain access into the Capitol, were both indicted by a grand jury.^[608]

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^ Eisen, Norman; Ayer, Donald; Perry, Joshua; Bookbinder, Noah; Perry, E. Danya (June 6, 2022). Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality (Report). Brookings Institution. Retrieved December 16, 2023. [Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to – in his own words – "overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021 – an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup.
^
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^ Harvey, Michael (2022). "Introduction: History's Rhymes". In Harvey, Michael (ed.). Donald Trump in Historical Perspective. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003110361-1. ISBN 978-1-003-11036-1. As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. (p3)
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^
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- Holpuch, Amanda (January 6, 2021). "US Capitol's last breach was more than 200 years ago". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021. For the first time on Wednesday, it was the site of an armed insurrection incited by the sitting president. ... Not since 1814 has the building been breached. Then, it was by British troops who set fire to the building during a broader attack on Washington in the war of 1812.
- Puckett, Jason; Spry Jr., Terry (January 6, 2021). "Has the US Capitol ever been attacked before?". WXIA-TV. Tegna Inc. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021. While this is the first large-scale occupation of the U.S. Capitol since 1814, there have been several other instances of violence at the U.S. Capitol, particularly in the 20th century.
- Fisher, Marc; Flynn, Meagan; Contrera, Jessica; Loennig, Carol D. (January 7, 2021). "The four-hour insurrection: How a Trump mob halted American democracy". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021. The attack, which some historians called the most severe assault on the Capitol since the British sacked the building in 1814
^ Cassella, Megan (April 21, 2016). "U.S. Capitol replacing flag display over Confederate imagery". Reuters. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
^ Higgins, Tucker (April 8, 2021). "Man who carried Confederate flag to Capitol during Jan. 6 riot indicted". CNBC. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
^ "Faculty: Douglas Brinkley". Rice University. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
^ O'Dowd, Peter; Hagan, Allison (January 6, 2022). "'Dark day on the calendar of American history': Historian explains how Jan. 6 will be remembered". wbur.org. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
^ Greve, Joan E. (January 6, 2022). "Historians mark 6 January with urgent warning on threats to US democracy". The Guardian. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
^ Paxton, Robert O. (January 11, 2021). "I've Hesitated to Call Donald Trump a Fascist. Until Now". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 12, 2021.
^ Evans, Richard J. (January 13, 2021). "Why Trump isn't a fascist". New Statesman. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
^ Fisher, Joe (January 5, 2024). "Scholars concerned over how history will portray Jan. 6". United Press International. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ McGreal, Chris (March 11, 2023). "Republicans try to reframe January 6 as a sightseeing tour – will it work?". The Guardian. Retrieved January 7, 2024.

External links

Capitol riot arrests: See who's been charged across the U.S. – U.S.-wide tracker database created and updated by USA Today
"CNN Special Report: American Coup: The January 6th Investigation". CNN. September 13, 2022. Show can be found on CNN Live TV
- "Transcript: CNN Special Report: American Coup: The January 6th Investigation". CNN. September 18, 2022.

Federal government

Final Report (December 22, 2022) of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack (845 pages)
- Supporting Material from the January 6 Select Committee
Capitol Breach Cases – list of defendants charged in federal court in the District of Columbia related to the January 6 attack (list maintained by the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia)
Senate Committee on Rules and Administration; Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee (June 7, 2021). "Examining The U.S. Capitol Attack: A Review of The Security, Planning, and Response Failures on January 6". United States Senate.
FBI Seeking Information Related to Violent Activity at the U.S Capitol Building – FBI
"Senate Impeachment Trial: January 6 Video Montage (13:24)". C-SPAN (House Impeachment Manager Rep. Jamie Raskin presents a video montage of the January 6, 2021, Attack on the U.S. Capitol during his opening statement during the Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump). February 9, 2021. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021 – via YouTube.
- See also: Elliott, Philip (February 10, 2021). "This Video of Jan. 6's Insurrection Should Be Mandatory". Time. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021.
H. Res. 24 – Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors (article of impeachment adopted by the House on January 13, 2021)
H.Res.31 – Condemning and censuring Representative Mo Brooks of Alabama (censure resolution introduced on January 11, 2021, by Representative Tom Malinowski, with two cosponsors)
The full text of Article of Impeachment against Donald J. Trump (2021) at Wikisource

Video

What Parler Saw During the Attack on the Capitol (video archive from ProPublica)
Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol (visual investigation by The New York Times)
Democracy on Trial PBS
Lies, Politics and Democracy PBS
Plot to Overturn the Election PBS
Michael Flynn's Holy War PBS
American Insurrection PBS
United States of Conspiracy PBS
Trump's American Carnage PBS
Pelosi's Power PBS
America's Great Divide PBS
American Reckoning – A PBS NewsHour Special Report PBS
The January 6th Report NBC
CNN Coverage of the January 6 Insurrection CNN
News team decides to remind listeners of the attempted overthrow of the USA government by Republican elected officials on January 6, 2021 (WITF; The Washington Post; May 2, 2021).
FBI U.S. Capitol Violence (Filter by keywords)

Timeline

Leatherby, Lauren; Singhvi, Anjali (January 15, 2021). "Critical Moments in the Capitol Siege". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. (Detailed timeline)
Bennett, Dalton; Brown, Emma; Cahlan, Sarah; Lee, Joyce Sohyun; Kelly, Meg; Samuels, Elyse; Swaine, Jon (January 16, 2021). "41 minutes of fear: A video timeline from inside the Capitol siege". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. (Video timeline)
US Capitol stormed, collected news and commentary. BBC News Online.
Timeline − details before, during and after the attack (The Washington Post; October 31, 2021).
Video (18:49): "Inside Trump's Election Plot" on YouTube (MSNBC News; July 29, 2022)
"Donald Trump Is Not Above The Law" (The New York Times; August 26, 2022)

[16] Including five people involved in the attack by direct causes, and four Capitol police officers directly involved in the attack by suicides. See Casualties and suicides section.

[32] 5 deaths from the attack (1 from gunshot, 1 from drug overdose, 3 from natural causes with one stated that "all that transpired played a role in his condition";^[27]^[28]^[29] 4 officer deaths by suicide within seven months of the attack^[30]

[41] The coroner stated that "All that transpired played a role in his condition".

[80] Pelosi offered a committee makeup of seven Democrats and six Republicans; however House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy refused to appoint any Republicans unless they included some who had voted to overturn Electoral College results.

[111] Multiple notes:
Amy Kremer of Women for Trump had been granted a permit the day prior.

Other organizations taking part in the event included: Black Conservatives Fund, Eighty Percent Coalition, Moms For America, Peaceably Gather, Phyllis Schlafly Eagles, Rule of Law Defense Fund, Stop The Steal, Turning Point Action, Tea Party Patriots, Women For America First, and Wildprotest.com.

[6] Amy Kremer of Women for Trump had been granted a permit the day prior.

[7] Other organizations taking part in the event included: Black Conservatives Fund, Eighty Percent Coalition, Moms For America, Peaceably Gather, Phyllis Schlafly Eagles, Rule of Law Defense Fund, Stop The Steal, Turning Point Action, Tea Party Patriots, Women For America First, and Wildprotest.com.

[134] In 2019, Kara Swisher speculated Trump might encourage supporters to "rise up in armed insurrection to keep him in office".

[203] A week later, he retired.^[196]

[385] Before the demonstrators entered the building, activist Jake Angeli called out for them to pause and join him in prayer.^[377]

[432] The group is more radical than other patriot movement groups who attended the rally. "NSC members consider themselves soldiers fighting a war against a hostile, Jewish-controlled system that is deliberately plotting the extinction of the white race." states the ADL.^[423]

[452] Witnesses reported seeing the national flags of Cuba, Romania, India, Israel, South Vietnam, Australia, Japan, Iran, Georgia, South Korea, Tonga, Mexico, Canada, and the United States (including an upside-down version); a U.S. Marines flag; the flag of the fictional country of "Kekistan"; Trump campaign flags such as "Release the Kraken", Second Amendment and America First flags; Pine tree, III Percenters and VDARE flags; altered versions of confederate, Gadsden, state, national and Gay Pride flags; as well as old American and Army flags such as the Betsy Ross flag, Irish Brigade flags, and others.^[441]^[442]

[484] Some media reports have described Babbitt as "unarmed" at the time of the shooting;^[469]^[470] however, according to a January 11, 2021 crime scene examination report by the D.C. Department of Forensic Sciences, the police "recovered a 'Para Force' folding knife in Ms. Babbitt's pants pocket" after she was shot.^[471]^[472]^[473]

[500] Only sporadic instances of injured rioters have been publicly recorded;^[488] injuries in general (such as a total number) among this group have not.

[621] However, from 1894 to 2020, the Flag of Mississippi contained a Confederate battle flag in its design and had been displayed in the Capitol building.^[607]
The flag was carried during the attack by Kevin Seefried, who traveled from his home in Delaware to hear Trump speak, bringing the flag he had displayed outside his house. Seefried and his son, who helped clear a broken window for them to gain access into the Capitol, were both indicted by a grand jury.^[608]

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Kelety, Josh (October 18, 2022). "Trump did not sign an order to deploy 20,000 troops on Jan. 6". Associated Press. Retrieved January 5, 2024.

Lajka, Arijeta (July 23, 2021). "Pelosi did not block the National Guard from the Capitol on Jan. 6". Associated Press. Retrieved January 5, 2024.

Paybarah, Azi (October 14, 2022). "Jan. 6 video undermines Trump's repeated efforts to blame Pelosi for Capitol security". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2024.

Blake, Aaron (October 14, 2022). "The new Jan. 6 video, and the other baseless GOP claim about Pelosi". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2024.

Kessler, Glenn (January 4, 2023). "Jan. 6 committee yet again debunks Trump claim of 10,000 troops". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2024.

[512] Kelety, Josh (October 18, 2022). "Trump did not sign an order to deploy 20,000 troops on Jan. 6". Associated Press. Retrieved January 5, 2024.

[513] Lajka, Arijeta (July 23, 2021). "Pelosi did not block the National Guard from the Capitol on Jan. 6". Associated Press. Retrieved January 5, 2024.

[514] Paybarah, Azi (October 14, 2022). "Jan. 6 video undermines Trump's repeated efforts to blame Pelosi for Capitol security". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2024.

[515] Blake, Aaron (October 14, 2022). "The new Jan. 6 video, and the other baseless GOP claim about Pelosi". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2024.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Riot to prevent the certification of U.S. presidential election results}}
+{{Short description|2021 attempt to prevent presidential electoral vote count}}
-{{about|the January 2021 attack|the April 2021 car attack|April 2021 United States Capitol car attack}}
+{{Redirect|2021 United States Capitol attack|the unrelated car attack|2021 United States Capitol car attack}}
-{{pp-move-indef}}
+{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
+{{Use American English|date=November 2021}}
-{{pp-protected|reason=Persistent addition of [[WP:INTREF|unsourced or poorly sourced content]]|small=yes}}
-{{use American English|date=February 2021}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
-{{use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
 {{Infobox civil conflict
-| title = 2021 United States Capitol attack
+| title = January 6 United States Capitol attack
 | subtitle =
-| partof = the [[2020–21 U.S. election protests]] and [[attempts to overturn the 2020 U.S. presidential election]]
+| partof = [[attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|attempts to overturn the 2020 U.S. presidential election]] and [[domestic terrorism in the United States]]
 | image = {{multiple image
 | border = infobox
-| total_width = 310
+| total_width = 300
-| image_style = border:1;
+| image_style = border:1;1/6
-| perrow = 1/2/1
+| perrow = 1/2
 | image1 = 2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg
+| image2 = January 6 attacker Edward Francisco Rodriguez assaults police with bear spray (cropped).png
-| image2 = Tear Gas outside United States Capitol 20210106.jpg
-| image3 = 2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09156 (50826223403).jpg
+| image3 = Attackers assault law enforcement during January 6 United States Capitol attack.png
+| image4 =
-}}Crowd shortly after the breach (top); [[tear gas]] deployed against rioters (bottom left); [[gallows]] (bottom right).
+}}Crowd outside the Capitol during the attack (top); [[bear spray]] deployed against a line of police officers (bottom left); attackers breach a police line (bottom right)
-| date = {{start date and age|2021|1|6|mf=yes}}
+| date = {{start date and age|2021|1|6}}
-| time-begin = 12:53
+| time-begin = {{circa|12:53 p.m.}}
-| time-end = 8:00 p.m.<ref name="DoD-Timeline">{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2021 |title=Planning and Execution Timeline for the National Guard's Involvement in the January 6, 2021, Violent Attack at the U.S. Capitol |url=https://media.defense.gov/2021/jan/11/2002563151/-1/-1/0/planning-and-execution-timeline-for-the-national-guards-involvement-in-the-january-6-2021-violent-attack-at-the-us-capitol.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111221316/https://media.defense.gov/2021/jan/11/2002563151/-1/-1/0/planning-and-execution-timeline-for-the-national-guards-involvement-in-the-january-6-2021-violent-attack-at-the-us-capitol.pdf |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref>
+| time-end = 5:40 p.m.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/01/06/capitol-riot-january-6-anniversary |first1=Erin |last1=Doherty |first2=Oriana |last2=González |title=In photos: An hour-by-hour record of the Jan. 6 Capitol riot |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=January 6, 2022 |access-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106175028/https://www.axios.com/capitol-riot-january-6-anniversary-c61435e4-f4c4-4f5a-b6d1-9c463ac7eed2.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
 | timezone = [[UTC-5]]
-| place = [[United States Capitol]], [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
+| place = [[United States Capitol]], Washington, D.C., United States
-| coordinates = {{coord|38|53|23.3|N|77|00|32.6|W|type:event|display=inline}}
+| coordinates = {{coord|38|53|23|N|77|00|33|W|type:event|display=inline,title}}
-| causes = {{blist|Opposition to the results of the [[2020 U.S. presidential election]]<ref name="NYTrioteranalysis" />|[[Stop the Steal|False claims of 2020 presidential election fraud]] by [[Donald Trump]] and his allies<ref name="NYTrioteranalysis" /><ref name="2021-01-11-ap-sinister" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Luke|first1=Timothy W|author-link= Timothy Luke|title=Democracy under threat after 2020 national elections in the USA: 'stop the steal' or 'give more to the grifter-in-chief?'|journal=Educational Philosophy and Theory|date=February 21, 2021|pages=1–8|doi=10.1080/00131857.2021.1889327|quote=President Trump inciting thousands of his supporters to march on the Capitol 'to stop the steal'. The resulting assault on the Capitol left five dead, scores injured, and the sad spectacle of Trump's supporters defiling the House chambers, vandalizing the Capitol building itself, and leaving the nation to deal with a tragic result|doi-access=free }}</ref>|[[Radical right (United States)|Right-wing extremism in the U.S.]]<ref name="v0q85">Multiple sources:
+| causes = {{blist|[[Stop the Steal|False claims of 2020 presidential election fraud]] by [[Donald Trump]] and his allies<ref name="NYTrioteranalysis" /><ref name="2021-01-11-ap-sinister" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Luke |first1=Timothy W |author-link=Timothy Luke |title=Democracy under threat after 2020 national elections in the USA: 'stop the steal' or 'give more to the grifter-in-chief?' |journal=Educational Philosophy and Theory |date=February 21, 2021 |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=551–557 |doi=10.1080/00131857.2021.1889327 |quote=President Trump inciting thousands of his supporters to march on the Capitol 'to stop the steal'. The resulting assault on the Capitol left five dead, scores injured, and the sad spectacle of Trump's supporters defiling the House chambers, vandalizing the Capitol building itself, and leaving the nation to deal with a tragic result |doi-access=free}}</ref>|Denial of the [[2020 U.S. presidential election]] results<ref name="NYTrioteranalysis" />||[[Radical right (United States)|Far-right extremism in the U.S.]]<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{cite news|last=Chapman|first=Steve|date=January 11, 2021|title=The Capitol riot shows the growing danger of right-wing extremism|work=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/steve-chapman/ct-column-capitol-riot-right-wing-extremism-chapman-20210111-rygjyo7ohzb6ld5pm53ukuwts4-story.html|access-date=January 19, 2021|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |last=Chapman |first=Steve |date=January 11, 2021 |title=The Capitol riot shows the growing danger of right-wing extremism |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/steve-chapman/ct-column-capitol-riot-right-wing-extremism-chapman-20210111-rygjyo7ohzb6ld5pm53ukuwts4-story.html |access-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112173019/https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/steve-chapman/ct-column-capitol-riot-right-wing-extremism-chapman-20210111-rygjyo7ohzb6ld5pm53ukuwts4-story.html |url-status=live}}
-* {{cite news|first1=Ted|last1=Hesson|first2=Ned|last2=Parker|first3=Kristina|last3=Cooke|first4=Julia|last4=Harte|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-election-extremists/u-s-capitol-siege-emboldens-motley-crew-of-extremists-idUSL1N2JJ0A0|title=U.S. Capitol siege emboldens motley crew of extremists|work=Reuters|date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 19, 2021|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |first1=Ted |last1=Hesson |first2=Ned |last2=Parker |first3=Kristina |last3=Cooke |first4=Julia |last4=Harte |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-election-extremists/u-s-capitol-siege-emboldens-motley-crew-of-extremists-idUSL1N2JJ0A0/ |title=U.S. Capitol siege emboldens motley crew of extremists |work=[[Reuters]] |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119012256/https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-election-extremists/u-s-capitol-siege-emboldens-motley-crew-of-extremists-idUSL1N2JJ0A0 |url-status=live}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/12/right-wing-extremist-social-media-458387|first1=Tina|last1=Nguyen|first2=Mark|last2=Scott|title=Right-wing extremist chatter spreads on new platforms as threat of political violence ramps up|work=Politico|date=January 12, 2021|access-date=January 19, 2021|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/12/right-wing-extremist-social-media-458387 |first1=Tina |last1=Nguyen |first2=Mark |last2=Scott |title=Right-wing extremist chatter spreads on new platforms as threat of political violence ramps up |work=[[Politico]] |date=January 12, 2021 |access-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120210657/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/12/right-wing-extremist-social-media-458387 |url-status=live}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-55679813|first=Alistair|last=Coleman|title=Capitol riots: What are far-right Trump supporters saying?|work=BBC|date=January 16, 2021|access-date=January 19, 2021}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-55679813 |first=Alistair |last=Coleman |title=Capitol riots: What are far-right Trump supporters saying? |work=[[BBC News]] |date=January 16, 2021 |access-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119135406/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-55679813 |url-status=live}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/18/us/politics/capitol-riot-militias.html|first1=Adam|last1=Goldman|first2=Katie|last2=Benner|first3=Alan|last3=Feuer|title=Investigators Eye Right-Wing Militias at Capitol Riot|date=January 18, 2021|access-date=January 19, 2021|newspaper=The New York Times|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/18/us/politics/capitol-riot-militias.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118225328/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/18/us/politics/capitol-riot-militias.html |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |first1=Adam |last1=Goldman |first2=Katie |last2=Benner |first3=Alan |last3=Feuer |title=Investigators Eye Right-Wing Militias at Capitol Riot |date=January 18, 2021 |access-date=January 19, 2021 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |ref=none}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2021/01/right-wing-extremists-storm-capitol-building/171216/|first1=Katie Bo|last1=Williams|first2=Bradley|last2=Peniston|title=Right-Wing Extremists Storm US Capitol|work=defenseone.com|date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 19, 2021|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2021/01/right-wing-extremists-storm-capitol-building/171216/ |first1=Katie Bo |last1=Williams |first2=Bradley |last2=Peniston |title=Right-Wing Extremists Storm US Capitol |work=defenseone.com |date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=January 19, 2021 |ref=none |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118144220/https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2021/01/right-wing-extremists-storm-capitol-building/171216/ |url-status=live}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/symbols-hate-extremism-display-pro-trump-capitol-siege/story?id=75177671|first=Deena|last=Zaru|title=The symbols of hate and far-right extremism on display in pro-Trump Capitol siege|work=ABC news|date=January 14, 2021|access-date=January 19, 2021|ref=none}}</ref>}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/symbols-hate-extremism-display-pro-trump-capitol-siege/story?id=75177671 |first=Deena |last=Zaru |title=The symbols of hate and far-right extremism on display in pro-Trump Capitol siege |work=[[ABC News]] |date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=January 19, 2021 |ref=none |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119192049/https://abcnews.go.com/US/symbols-hate-extremism-display-pro-trump-capitol-siege/story?id=75177671 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
+| methods = {{blist|[[Far-right terrorism]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cfr.org/timeline/far-right-terrorism-united-states | title=Timeline: Far-Right Terrorism in the United States | access-date=April 30, 2024 | archive-date=April 30, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430233724/https://www.cfr.org/timeline/far-right-terrorism-united-states | url-status=live }}</ref>|[[Civil disorder]]: [[rioting]],<ref name="Stunning" /> [[vandalism]],<ref name="LootVandal" /> [[looting]],<ref name="LootVandal" /> [[assault]],<ref name="LifeandTimes" /> attempted [[bomb]]ing<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moe |first1=Doug |date=January 12, 2021 |title=A Madison woman found the RNC pipe bomb in D.C. |work=[[WISC-TV|Madison Magazine]] |url=https://www.channel3000.com/a-madison-woman-found-the-rnc-pipe-bomb-in-d-c/ |access-date=March 11, 2021 |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119235152/https://www.channel3000.com/a-madison-woman-found-the-rnc-pipe-bomb-in-d-c/ |url-status=live}}</ref>|[[subversion|Political subversion]]: [[Big lie#Donald Trump's false claims of a stolen election|propaganda (big lie)]],<ref>Multiple sources:
-| methods = {{blist|[[Demonstration (political)|Demonstration]]|[[Civil disorder]]: [[rioting]],<ref name="Stunning" /> [[vandalism]],<ref name="LootVandal">{{Cite web|last=Lakritz, Talia|date=January 6, 2021|title=Shocking photos show pro-Trump rioters in the Capitol stealing memorabilia and breaking into the desks of lawmakers|url=https://news.yahoo.com/shocking-photos-show-pro-trump-222205516.html|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=Yahoo News}}</ref> [[looting]],<ref name="LootVandal" /> [[assault]]<ref name="LifeandTimes">{{Cite news|last1=Benner|first1=Katie|last2=Levenson|first2=Michael|date=January 8, 2021|title=A Capitol Police officer who was seriously injured Wednesday remains on life support.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/admin/a-capitol-police-officer-who-was-seriously-injured-wednesday-remains-on-life-support.html|url-status=live|url-access=registration|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111051832/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/admin/a-capitol-police-officer-who-was-seriously-injured-wednesday-remains-on-life-support.html|archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref>|[[subversion|Political subversion]]: [[big lie|propaganda (big lie)]],<ref name="bigliemulti" /> [[conspiracy]],<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last1=Savage|first1=Charlie|last2=Goldman|first2=Adam|last3=MacFarquhar|first3=Neil|date=January 20, 2021|title='This Kettle Is Set to Boil': New Evidence Points to Riot Conspiracy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/us/politics/oath-keepers-capitol-riot.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121133735/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/us/politics/oath-keepers-capitol-riot.html|archive-date=January 21, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref name="agitation01" /> [[intimidation]],<ref name="ajc2">{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=ArLuther|title=Evidence suggests Pence was in grave danger during Capitol riot|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/rioters-planned-to-take-hostages-assassinate-officials-at-capitol/JLGDCKKK6RGRJOQS3LBC4O3LVE/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118200140/https://www.ajc.com/news/rioters-planned-to-take-hostages-assassinate-officials-at-capitol/JLGDCKKK6RGRJOQS3LBC4O3LVE/|date=January 15, 2021|archive-date=January 18, 2021|access-date=January 16, 2021|newspaper=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution}}</ref> [[Incitement of insurrection|incitement]] ''(alleged)'', [[Obstruction of justice|obstruction of official proceedings]],<ref name="obstruction01">{{Cite news|last=Feuer|first=Alan|date=June 2, 2021|title=A second man pleads guilty to a charge stemming from the Jan. 6 riot at the Capitol.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/us/politics/jan-6-capitol-riot-guilty-plea.html|access-date=June 5, 2021}}</ref> [[List of attacks on legislatures|legislature takeover]]}}
+* {{cite news |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |date=January 9, 2021 |title=The American Abyss |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/magazine/trump-coup.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109180723/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/magazine/trump-coup.html |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |url-access=limited |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 22, 2021 |ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/25/opinions/big-lie-ben-ghiat/index.html |date=January 26, 2021 |title=Opinion: Trump's big lie wouldn't have worked without his thousands of little lies |first=Ruth |last=Ben-Ghiat |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=February 18, 2021 |ref=none |archive-date=June 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603024721/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/25/opinions/big-lie-ben-ghiat/index.html |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-election-dominion-idUKKBN29U206 |title=Trump lawyer Giuliani faces $1.3 billion lawsuit over 'big lie' election fraud claims |first1=Jan |last1=Wolfe |first2=Susan |last2=Heavey |date=January 25, 2021 |access-date=September 7, 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |ref=none |archive-date=June 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620182931/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-election-dominion-idUKKBN29U206 |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/16/957291939/can-the-forces-unleashed-by-trumps-big-election-lie-be-undone |first=Melissa |last=Block |date=January 16, 2021 |title=Can The Forces Unleashed By Trump's Big Election Lie Be Undone? |website=[[NPR]] |access-date=February 18, 2021 |ref=none |archive-date=November 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128071931/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/16/957291939/can-the-forces-unleashed-by-trumps-big-election-lie-be-undone |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/24/donald-trump-big-lie-american-democracy |first=Ed |last=Pilkington |access-date=February 18, 2021 |title=Donald Trump is gone but his big lie is a rallying call for rightwing extremists |date=January 24, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |ref=none |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611231540/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/24/donald-trump-big-lie-american-democracy |url-status=live}}</ref> [[conspiracy]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Savage |first1=Charlie |last2=Goldman |first2=Adam |last3=MacFarquhar |first3=Neil |date=January 20, 2021 |title='This Kettle Is Set to Boil': New Evidence Points to Riot Conspiracy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/us/politics/oath-keepers-capitol-riot.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121133735/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/us/politics/oath-keepers-capitol-riot.html |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 24, 2021}}</ref><ref name="agitation01" /> [[intimidation]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Lee |first=ArLuther |title=Evidence suggests Pence was in grave danger during Capitol riot |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/rioters-planned-to-take-hostages-assassinate-officials-at-capitol/JLGDCKKK6RGRJOQS3LBC4O3LVE/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118200140/https://www.ajc.com/news/rioters-planned-to-take-hostages-assassinate-officials-at-capitol/JLGDCKKK6RGRJOQS3LBC4O3LVE/ |date=January 15, 2021 |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |access-date=January 16, 2021 |newspaper=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution}}</ref> [[Incitement of insurrection]], [[Obstruction of justice|obstruction of official proceedings]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Feuer |first=Alan |date=June 2, 2021 |title=A second man pleads guilty to a charge stemming from the Jan. 6 riot at the Capitol. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/us/politics/jan-6-capitol-riot-guilty-plea.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602190516/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/us/politics/jan-6-capitol-riot-guilty-plea.html |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=June 5, 2021}}</ref> [[List of attacks on legislatures|attacking a legislature]]}}
 | goals = {{blist|Disrupt and delay the [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|Electoral College vote count]]|Pressure Congress and Vice President [[Mike Pence]] to overturn the election of [[Joe Biden]] in favor of Trump}}
+| result = {{blist|Insurrection suppressed|The deaths of nine people{{efn|Including five people involved in the attack by direct causes, and four [[United States Capitol Police|Capitol police officers]] directly involved in the attack by suicides. See ''[[#Casualties and suicides|Casualties and suicides]]'' section.}}|Assaults on at least 174 police officers<ref name="cost of riot">{{cite web |url=https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/crime/cost-of-capitol-riot-january-6/291-6fb5117e-dea1-4631-a76a-76e87b268bfd |title=Jan. 6 Capitol riot: Law enforcement didn't share critical information, report says |first=Mike |last=Gooding |url-status=live |date=July 25, 2023 |access-date=January 2, 2024 |work=[[WVEC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102090820/https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/crime/cost-of-capitol-riot-january-6/291-6fb5117e-dea1-4631-a76a-76e87b268bfd |archive-date=January 2, 2024}}</ref>|Delay of [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|counting electoral votes]] by several hours<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodward |first=Alex |date=January 7, 2021 |title=What happened in Washington DC yesterday? A timeline of insurrection |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/capitol-riots-what-happened-washington-dc-timeline-b1783562.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107033409/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/capitol-riots-what-happened-washington-dc-timeline-b1783562.html |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref>
-| result = {{blist|Failure to overturn the presidential election; delay of [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|counting electoral votes]] by several hours;<ref name="Phuhb">{{Cite news|last=Woodward|first=Alex|date=January 7, 2021|title=What happened in Washington DC yesterday? A timeline of insurrection|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/capitol-riots-what-happened-washington-dc-timeline-b1783562.html|access-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> resumption of presidential transition leading up to the [[inauguration of Joe Biden]]|[[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|Second impeachment of Trump]]<ref name="BBTRUMP">{{Cite web|last=WABC|date=January 10, 2021|title=Rep Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez: 'We came close to half of the House nearly dying' during riots|url=https://abc7ny.com/9529495/|access-date=January 11, 2021|website=ABC7 New York}}</ref>|[[Law enforcement response to the 2021 United States Capitol attack#Suicides|Suicide]] of four [[United States Capitol Police|Capitol Police]] officers}}
+|Extensive physical damage;<ref name="Stunning" /><ref name="Bahr" /><ref name="WilsonGrenadesDeployed" /> offices and chambers vandalized and ransacked; property stolen;<ref name="hill-miller-2021-laptop"/> more than $30{{spaces}}million for repairs and security measures<ref name="Chappell">{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Chappell |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/insurrection-at-the-capitol/2021/02/24/970977612/architect-of-the-capitol-outlines-30-million-in-damages-from-pro-trump-riot |title=Architect of the Capitol Outlines $30 Million In Damages From Pro-Trump Riot |work=[[NPR]] |date=February 24, 2021 |access-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224191906/https://www.npr.org/sections/insurrection-at-the-capitol/2021/02/24/970977612/architect-of-the-capitol-outlines-30-million-in-damages-from-pro-trump-riot |url-status=live}}</ref>|[[Second impeachment of Donald Trump]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Donald Trump Becomes First President To Be Impeached Twice; House Charges Him With Inciting Capitol Hill Siege|url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/donald-trump-impeachment-house-of-representatives-1234672714/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Ted|last=Johnson|date=January 13, 2021|access-date=October 7, 2022|archive-date=October 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007035653/https://deadline.com/2021/01/donald-trump-impeachment-house-of-representatives-1234672714/|url-status=live}}</ref>|[[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)|Third indictment of Donald Trump]]<ref name="annotated"/><ref name="Wilner" />|Unsuccessful attempts to [[Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump|declare Trump ineligible]] for Colorado, Maine, and Illinois ballots.<ref name = "politicoMarch4"/>}}
+| side1 = '''[[Trumpism|Pro-Trump]], [[far-right]] militias and movements'''
+* [[Proud Boys]]
+* [[Oath Keepers]]
+* Factions of the [[Three Percenters]]
+* [[QAnon]] movement
+* [[White supremacy in the United States|White supremacists]], [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazis]], and [[neo-Confederates]]
+* Various far-right movements<br />
+'''([[#Participants, groups, and criminal charges|Full list]])'''<ref name="List1">Multiple sources:
+* {{cite news |last1=Yousef |first1=Odette |date=January 9, 2021 |url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/the-bizarre-outfits-at-the-capitol-werent-just-costumes-they-were-a-message/0ac8c1d1-fcba-441f-81af-0fd34dd53383 |title=The Bizarre Outfits At The Capitol Weren't Just Costumes. They Were A Message. |work=[[WBEZ]] |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111204341/https://www.wbez.org/stories/the-bizarre-outfits-at-the-capitol-werent-just-costumes-they-were-a-message/0ac8c1d1-fcba-441f-81af-0fd34dd53383 |url-status=live |ref=none }}
+* {{Cite web |last1=Neilson |first1=Susie |last2=McFall-Johnsen |first2=Morgan |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Several groups of extremists stormed the Capitol on Wednesday. Here are some of the most notable individuals, symbols, and groups. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/hate-symbols-and-extremist-groups-at-the-us-capitol-siege-2021-1#national-anarchist-movement-n-am-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107223216/https://www.businessinsider.com/hate-symbols-and-extremist-groups-at-the-us-capitol-siege-2021-1#national-anarchist-movement-n-am-11 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021 |website=[[The Business Insider]] |ref=none }}
+* {{cite news |last1=Adkins |first1=Laura E. |last2=Burack |first2=Emily |title=Hate on display: A guide to the symbols and signs on display at the Capitol insurrection |url=https://jweekly.com/2021/01/07/hate-on-display-a-guide-to-the-symbols-and-signs-on-display-at-the-capitol-insurrection/ |access-date=January 8, 2021 |work=[[J. The Jewish News of Northern California]] |agency=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |date=January 7, 2021 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108000802/https://www.jweekly.com/2021/01/07/hate-on-display-a-guide-to-the-symbols-and-signs-on-display-at-the-capitol-insurrection/ |url-status=live |ref=none }}
+* {{cite web |title='Second revolution begins': Armed right-wing groups celebrate Capitol attack |url=https://news.yahoo.com/second-revolution-begins-armed-wing-053014168.html |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=January 7, 2021 |work=[[Yahoo! News]] |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107183012/https://news.yahoo.com/second-revolution-begins-armed-wing-053014168.html |url-status=live |ref=none }}
+* {{cite news |last1=Read |first1=Richard |last2=Hennessy-Fisk |first2=Molly |last3=Chabria |first3=Anita |title=Far-right extremists want to attack more capitols, but are divided after D.C. riot |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/far-right-extremists-want-to-attack-more-capitols-but-are-divided-after-dc-riot/ar-BB1cA4Q9 |access-date=January 8, 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 8, 2021 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108142036/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/far-right-extremists-want-to-attack-more-capitols-but-are-divided-after-dc-riot/ar-BB1cA4Q9 |url-status=live |ref=none }}
+* {{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/06/dc-protests-live-updates-trump-supporters-electoral-college-proud-boys/4126018001/ |title=Pro-Trump rioters breach Capitol, forcing lockdown; one person shot; Pence evacuated, Senate chamber cleared out |first1=N'dea |last1=Yancey-Bragg |first2=John |last2=Bacon |first3=Will |last3=Carless |first4=Ryan W. |last4=Miller |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106211223/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/06/dc-protests-live-updates-trump-supporters-electoral-college-proud-boys/4126018001/ |date=January 6, 2021 |url-status=live |ref=none }}
+* {{cite web |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/fears-as-trump-supporters-including-anti-semitic-groups-rally-in-washington/ |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Fears as Trump supporters, including anti-Semitic groups, rally in Washington |first=Ben |last=Sales |website=Times of Israel |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106214230/https://www.timesofisrael.com/fears-as-trump-supporters-including-anti-semitic-groups-rally-in-washington/ |url-status=live |ref=none }}
+* {{cite web |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/confederate-flag-capitol-dc/ |first=Nur |last=Ibrahim |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Was the Confederate Flag Raised at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.? |website=[[Snopes]] |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106215047/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/confederate-flag-capitol-dc/ |url-status=live |ref=none }}
+* {{Cite news |last1=Biesecker |first1=Michael |last2=Kunzelman |first2=Michael |last3=Flaccus |first3=Gillian |last4=Mustian |first4=Jim |date=January 10, 2021 |title=Records show fervent Trump fans fueled US Capitol takeover |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/us-capitol-trump-supporters-1806ea8dc15a2c04f2a68acd6b55cace |url-status=live |access-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111143844/https://apnews.com/article/us-capitol-trump-supporters-1806ea8dc15a2c04f2a68acd6b55cace |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |quote=The insurrectionist mob that showed up at the president's behest and stormed the U.S. Capitol was overwhelmingly made up of longtime Trump supporters, including Republican Party officials, GOP political donors, far-right militants, white supremacists, members of the military and adherents of the QAnon myth that the government is secretly controlled by a cabal of Satan-worshiping pedophile cannibals. Records show that some were heavily armed and included convicted criminals, such as a Florida man recently released from prison for attempted murder. }}
+* {{cite news |last1=Jelten |first1=Tom |title=Militant Christian Nationalists Remain A Potent Force, Even After The Capitol Riot |date=January 19, 2021 |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/19/958159202/militant-christian-nationalists-remain-a-potent-force |newspaper=[[NPR]] |access-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-date=February 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218015609/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/19/958159202/militant-christian-nationalists-remain-a-potent-force |url-status=live }}
+* {{Cite web |last=Makuch, Ben |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Neo-Nazis Boast About Participation In Capitol Hill Invasion |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/93wnja/neo-nazis-boast-about-participation-in-capitol-hill-invasion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020725/https://www.vice.com/en/article/93wnja/neo-nazis-boast-about-participation-in-capitol-hill-invasion |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021 |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] }}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/04/politics/anti-vaxxers-stop-the-steal-invs/index.html |title=Leaders of the anti-vaccine movement used 'Stop the Steal' crusade to advance their own conspiracy theories |publisher=[[CNN]] |last1=Devine |first1=Curt |last2=Griffin |first2=Drew |date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207205650/https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/04/politics/anti-vaxxers-stop-the-steal-invs/index.html |url-status=live }}
+* {{Cite news |last=Satija |first=Neena |date=January 12, 2021 |title='I do regret being there': Simone Gold, noted hydroxychloroquine advocate, was inside the Capitol during the riot |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/simone-gold-capitol-riot-coronavirus/2021/01/12/d1d39e84-545f-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112184002/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/simone-gold-capitol-riot-coronavirus/2021/01/12/d1d39e84-545f-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |issn=0190-8286 }}
+* {{Cite web |last=Dazio |first=Stefanie |date=January 19, 2021 |title=Capitol photos, videos lead to California doctor's arrest |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/capitol-photos-videos-lead-california-doctors-arrest-75351374 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210121224731/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/capitol-photos-videos-lead-california-doctors-arrest-75351374 |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |access-date=January 21, 2021 |website=[[ABC News]] }}
+* {{Cite web |title=Enrique Tarrio, the Cuban-American leader of the far-right 'Proud Boys' |work=france24.com |url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20210106-who-exactly-is-enrique-tarrio-leader-of-the-us-s-far-right-proud-boys-organisation |access-date=January 7, 2021 |date=January 6, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106220822/https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20210106-who-exactly-is-enrique-tarrio-leader-of-the-us-s-far-right-proud-boys-organisation |url-status=live }}
+* {{Cite web |title=Was the Confederate Flag Raised at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/confederate-flag-capitol-dc/ |first=Nur |last=Ibrahim |access-date=January 7, 2021 |work=[[Snopes]] |date=January 6, 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106215047/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/confederate-flag-capitol-dc/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{Cite web |work=Yahoo! News |first=Keydra |last=Manns |title=Chaos ensues as Trump supporters storm Capitol, thwart Biden confirmation |date=January 6, 2021 |url=https://news.yahoo.com/trump-supporters-storm-capitol-barricades-185238935.html |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106222934/https://news.yahoo.com/trump-supporters-storm-capitol-barricades-185238935.html |url-status=live }}
+* {{Cite web |title=Neo-Nazis among protesters who stormed US Capitol |url=https://nypost.com/2021/01/06/neo-nazis-among-protesters-who-stormed-us-capitol/ |work=nypost.com |access-date=January 7, 2021 |date=January 7, 2021 |last=Fitz-Gibbon |first=Jorge |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112013019/https://nypost.com/2021/01/06/neo-nazis-among-protesters-who-stormed-us-capitol/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite news |first=Aída |last=Chávez |title=Here are the Donors to Tea Party Group that Helped Organize Pre-Riot Rally |url=https://theintercept.com/2021/01/13/capitol-riot-donors-tea-party-patriots/ |work=[[The Intercept]] |date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=February 19, 2021 |archive-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228075143/https://theintercept.com/2021/01/13/capitol-riot-donors-tea-party-patriots/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{Cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/09/us/capitol-hill-insurrection-extremist-flags-soh/index.html |title=Decoding the extremist symbols and groups at the Capitol Hill insurrection |first1=Mallory |last1=Simon |first2=Sara |last2=Sidner |others=Photo illustrations by Priya Krishnakumar |website=[[CNN]] |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516174538/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/09/us/capitol-hill-insurrection-extremist-flags-soh/index.html |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite news |title=FBI moves on alleged members of extremist groups Oath Keepers, Three Percenters |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/oath-keeper-three-percenter-arrests/2021/01/17/27e726f2-5847-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html |first1=Devlin |last1=Barrett |first2=Spencer S. |last2=Hsu |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 18, 2021 |access-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-date=February 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211204534/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/oath-keeper-three-percenter-arrests/2021/01/17/27e726f2-5847-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html |url-status=live }}
+* {{Cite journal |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2021/0114/Capitol-assault-Why-did-police-show-up-on-both-sides-of-thin-blue-line |first=Patrik |last=Jonsson |title=Capitol assault: Why did police show up on both sides of 'thin blue line'? |date=January 14, 2021 |journal=Christian Science Monitor |access-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-date=June 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606042229/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2021/0114/Capitol-assault-Why-did-police-show-up-on-both-sides-of-thin-blue-line |url-status=live }}
+* {{Cite news |last1=Barrett |first1=Malachi |url=https://www.mlive.com/politics/2021/01/far-right-activist-who-encouraged-us-capitol-occupation-also-organized-stop-the-steal-rally-in-michigan.html |title=Far-right activist who encouraged U.S. Capitol occupation also organized 'stop the steal' rally in Michigan |date=January 7, 2021 |publisher=[[Booth Newspapers|MLive.com]] |access-date=April 16, 2021 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108013723/https://www.mlive.com/politics/2021/01/far-right-activist-who-encouraged-us-capitol-occupation-also-organized-stop-the-steal-rally-in-michigan.html |url-status=live }}
+* {{Cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/white-supremacists-among-those-who-stormed-the-u-s-capitol-live-streamed-inside-1.9431649 |title=White Supremacists Among Those Who Stormed the U.S. Capitol, Live Streamed From Inside |date=January 9, 2021 |publisher=[[Haaretz]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=April 16, 2021 |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113035803/https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/white-supremacists-among-those-who-stormed-the-u-s-capitol-live-streamed-inside-1.9431649 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+| side2 = '''[[United States federal government]], D.C. and state governments'''
+* [[U.S. Capitol Police]]
+* [[D.C. Metropolitan Police|Washington D.C. Metropolitan Police]]
+* [[Virginia State Police]]
+* [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]
+* [[Virginia National Guard]]
+* [[Maryland State Police]]
+* [[Maryland National Guard]]
+* [[New Jersey State Police]]
+* [[D.C. National Guard|Washington D.C. National Guard]] <!-- Last to arrive on scene, so last in list-->
+| leadfigures1 = *'''President [[Donald Trump]]'''
+* [[Enrique Tarrio]]
+* [[Joe Biggs]]
+* [[Stewart Rhodes]]
+| leadfigures2 = *'''Vice President [[Mike Pence]]'''
+* [[Steven Sund]]
 | casualties_label = Casualties and criminal charges
-| fatalities = 5 deaths (1 from gunshot, 1 from drug overdose, 3 from natural causes)<ref>{{cite web|last=McEvoy|first=Jemima|title=These Are The Five People Who Died Amid The Capitol Riot|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2021/01/08/woman-possibly-crushed-to-death-these-are-the-five-people-who-died-amid-pro-trump-riots/|date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=Forbes|ref=none}}</ref><ref name=Massimo />
+| fatalities = 9 deaths attributed to the attack{{efn|5 deaths from the attack ([[Killing of Ashli Babbitt|1 from gunshot]], 1 from drug overdose, 3 from natural causes with [[Death of Brian Sicknick|one stated that]] "all that transpired played a role in his condition";<ref>{{cite news |title=Officer Brian Sicknick died of natural causes day after Capitol invasion, medical examiner rules |date=April 19, 2021 |first=Kevin |last=Breuninger |access-date=2 January 2024 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/19/brian-sicknick-died-of-natural-causes-after-capitol-riot-medical-examiner-rules.html |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419211528/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/19/brian-sicknick-died-of-natural-causes-after-capitol-riot-medical-examiner-rules.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McEvoy |first=Jemima |title=These Are The Five People Who Died Amid The Capitol Riot |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2021/01/08/woman-possibly-crushed-to-death-these-are-the-five-people-who-died-amid-pro-trump-riots/ |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[Forbes]] |archive-date=February 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220160313/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2021/01/08/woman-possibly-crushed-to-death-these-are-the-five-people-who-died-amid-pro-trump-riots/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Massimo 2021-04-19" /> 4 [[Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack#Suicides|officer deaths by suicide]] within seven months of the attack<ref name="Rwolfe"/>}}
-| injuries = {{blist|Unknown number of rioters, including at least five hospitalized<ref name="DB-hosp">{{Cite news|last1=Melendez|first1=Pilar|last2=Bredderman|first2=William|last3=Montgomery|first3=Blake|date=January 6, 2021|title=Woman Shot Dead as Mob Overran Capitol ID'ed as Air Force Vet|work=The Daily Beast|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/one-woman-shot-six-hospitalized-as-trump-loving-mob-swarms-capitol|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106210258/https://www.thedailybeast.com/one-woman-shot-six-hospitalized-as-trump-loving-mob-swarms-capitol|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref>|At least 138 police officers (73 Capitol Police officers, 65 [[Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia|Metropolitan Police Department]] officers),<ref name="SchmidtBroadwater">{{cite news|last1=Schmidt|first1=Michael S.|last2=Broadwater|first2=Luke|title=Officers' Injuries, Including Concussions, Show Scope of Violence at Capitol Riot|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/11/us/politics/capitol-riot-police-officer-injuries.html|access-date=February 12, 2021|work=The New York Times|date=February 12, 2021|language=en}}</ref> including at least 15 hospitalized<ref name="AJCTwoSuspended" />}}
+| injuries = {{blist|Unknown number of rioters, including at least five hospitalized<ref>{{cite news |last1=Melendez |first1=Pilar |last2=Bredderman |first2=William |last3=Montgomery |first3=Blake |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Woman Shot Dead as Mob Overran Capitol ID'ed as Air Force Vet |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/one-woman-shot-six-hospitalized-as-trump-loving-mob-swarms-capitol |url-status=live |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106210258/https://www.thedailybeast.com/one-woman-shot-six-hospitalized-as-trump-loving-mob-swarms-capitol |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref>|At least 174 police officers,<ref name="cost of riot"/> including at least 15 hospitalized<ref name="AJCTwoSuspended" />}}
+| charged = 1,450 or more, including Trump<ref name="Capitol arrests">{{cite web |title=Number of people charged in Jan. 6 rioting surpasses 1,100 |url=https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/4147038-number-of-people-charged-in-jan-6-rioting-surpasses-1100/ |date=August 10, 2023 |access-date=September 3, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814081640/https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/4147038-number-of-people-charged-in-jan-6-rioting-surpasses-1100/ |archive-date=August 14, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="annotated">{{cite news |last1=Savage |first1=Charlie |last2=Goldman |first2=Adam |title=The Trump Jan. 6 Indictment, Annotated – The Justice Department unveiled an indictment on Tuesday charging former President Donald J. Trump with four criminal counts. They relate to Mr. Trump's attempts to overturn the results of the 2020 election, which culminated in the Jan. 6 attack on the Capitol by a mob of his supporters. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/01/us/politics/trump-jan-6-indictment-2020-election-annotated.html |date=August 1, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801235212/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/01/us/politics/trump-jan-6-indictment-2020-election-annotated.html |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |access-date=September 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Wilner" /> (''see also'': [[Criminal proceedings in the January 6 United States Capitol attack|Criminal charges relating to the attack]])
-| charged = 684<ref name="Capitol arrests">Multiple sources:
+| arrests =
-* {{cite web|last1=Hymes|first1=Clare|last2=McDonald|first2=Cassidy|last3=Watson|first3=Eleanor|title=Over 300 charged from more than 40 states: What we know about the "unprecedented" Capitol riot arrests|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/capitol-riot-arrests-2021-03-18/|work=CBS News|date=March 18, 2021}}
+| buildings =
-* {{Cite web|last1=Axon|first1=Rachel|last2=Pulver|first2=Dinah|last3=Stassen-Berger|first3=Rachel|last4=Fraser|first4=Jayme|last5=Salman|first5=Josh|last6=Penzenstadler|first6=Nicholas|last7=Wedell|first7=Katie|last8=Hines|first8=Morgan|last9=Baratz|first9=David|title=Capitol riot arrests: See who's been charged across the U.S.|url=https://www.usatoday.com/storytelling/capitol-riot-mob-arrests/|newspaper=USA Today|date=March 18, 2021}}
+| detentions =
-* {{cite web|last1=Harrington|first1=Rebecca|last2=Hall|first2=Madison|last3=Gould|first3=Skye|last4=Haroun|first4=Azmi|last5=Shamsian|first5=Jacob|last6=Ardrey|first6=Taylor|title=684 people have been charged in the Capitol insurrection so far. This searchable table shows them all.|url=https://www.insider.com/all-the-us-capitol-pro-trump-riot-arrests-charges-names-2021-1|work=Insider|date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210513091644/https://www.insider.com/all-the-us-capitol-pro-trump-riot-arrests-charges-names-2021-1|access-date=May 13, 2021|archive-date=May 13, 2021|url-status=live }}<!--This reference updates itself and keeps changing, so generate a new archive whenever updating.--></ref>
-| arrests =
+| fined =
+| notes =
-| damage = Extensive physical damage;<ref name="Stunning" /><ref name="Bahr" /><ref name="WilsonGrenadesDeployed" /> offices and chambers vandalized and ransacked; property stolen;<ref name="40hRf">{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Maggie|date=January 8, 2021|title=Laptop stolen from Pelosi's office during Capitol riots|url=https://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/533384-laptop-stolen-from-pelosis-office-during-capitol-riots|access-date=January 11, 2021|website=The Hill}}</ref> more than $30{{nbs}}million for repairs and security measures<ref name="Chappell">{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Chappell|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/insurrection-at-the-capitol/2021/02/24/970977612/architect-of-the-capitol-outlines-30-million-in-damages-from-pro-trump-riot|title=Architect of the Capitol Outlines $30 Million In Damages From Pro-Trump Riot|work=NPR|date=February 24, 2021 }}</ref>
-| buildings =
+| sidebox =
-| detentions =
-| fined =
-| notes =
-| sidebox =
 }}
-{{2021 United States Capitol attack}}
+{{January 6 United States Capitol attack}}
+<!-- EDITORS PLEASE NOTE Before trying to shoehorn awkward bold labels back into this, please see [[MOS:AVOIDBOLD]]. Thanks, user:NewsAndEventsGuy --><onlyinclude>
+On January 6, 2021, the [[United States Capitol|United States Capitol Building]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], was attacked by a mob<ref name="ABC News 2021-01-07"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news |last1=Buchanan |first1=Larry |last2=Gamio |first2=Lazaro |last3=Kelso |first3=Christina |last4=Khavin |first4=Dmitriy |last5=Leatherby |first5=Lauren |last6=Parlapiano |first6=Alicia |last7=Reinhard |first7=Scott |last8=Singhvi |first8=Anjali |last9=Watkins |first9=Derek |date=2021-01-07 |title=How a Pro-Trump Mob Stormed the U.S. Capitol |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/06/us/trump-mob-capitol-building.html |access-date=2023-10-31 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107154311/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/06/us/trump-mob-capitol-building.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=2022-07-13 |title=January 6 Hearing Day 7: Donald Trump Summoned a Mob |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/january-6-hearing-day-7-donald-trump-summoned-a-mob/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Center for American Progress |language=en |archive-date=October 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031212518/https://www.americanprogress.org/article/january-6-hearing-day-7-donald-trump-summoned-a-mob/ |url-status=live }}</ref> of supporters of then-[[U.S. president]] [[Donald Trump]], two months after his defeat in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]]. They sought to keep Trump in power by occupying the Capitol and preventing a [[Joint session of the United States Congress|joint session of Congress]] [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|counting the Electoral College votes]] to formalize the victory of President-elect [[Joe Biden]]. The attack was ultimately unsuccessful in preventing the certification of the election results. According to the bipartisan [[United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack|House select committee that investigated the incident]], the attack was the culmination of [[Public hearings of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack#7PartPlan|a seven-part plan]] by Trump to [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|overturn the election]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Bash |first1=Dana |last2=Tapper |first2=Jake |last3=Herb |first3=Jeremy |title=January 6 Vice Chair Cheney said Trump had a 'seven-part plan' to overturn the election. Here's what she meant |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/09/politics/jan-6-hearing-cheney-trump-overturn-election-plan/index.html |website=[[CNN]]|access-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615071813/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/09/politics/jan-6-hearing-cheney-trump-overturn-election-plan/index.html |archive-date=June 15, 2022 |date=June 10, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Vogt |first1=Adrienne |last2=Hammond |first2=Elise |last3=Sangal |first3=Aditi |last4=Macaya |first4=Melissa |last5=Hayes |first5=Mike |date=June 28, 2022 |title=The committee is arguing Trump had a 'seven-part plan' to overturn the election. Here's what that means |url=https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/january-6-hearings-june-28/h_c0195fffa9900609e2924b7dbf2225bb |access-date=June 28, 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628164028/https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/january-6-hearings-june-28/h_c0195fffa9900609e2924b7dbf2225bb |url-status=live }}</ref> Within 36 hours, five people died: [[Killing of Ashli Babbitt|one was shot]] by [[United States Capitol Police|Capitol Police]], another died of a drug overdose, and three died of [[Manner of death|natural causes]], including [[Death of Brian Sicknick|a police officer]].{{efn|The coroner stated that "All that transpired played a role in his condition".}}<ref name="Massimo 2021-04-19">{{cite news |last1=Massimo |first1=Nick |title=Medical examiner: Capitol Police officer Sicknick died of stroke; death ruled 'natural' |url=https://wtop.com/dc/2021/04/medical-examiner-capitol-police-officer-sicknick-died-of-stroke-death-ruled-natural/ |access-date=May 16, 2021 |work=[[WTOP-FM|WTOP]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=April 19, 2021 |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506060028/https://wtop.com/dc/2021/04/medical-examiner-capitol-police-officer-sicknick-died-of-stroke-death-ruled-natural/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Evelyn|first=Kenya|date=January 9, 2021|title=Capitol attack: the five people who died|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/08/capitol-attack-police-officer-five-deaths|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=January 11, 2021|archive-date=November 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119141300/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/08/capitol-attack-police-officer-five-deaths|url-status=live}}</ref> Many people were injured, including 174 police officers. Four officers who responded to the attack [[Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack#Suicides|died by suicide]] within seven months.<ref name="Rwolfe">{{cite news |last=Wolfe |first=Jan |date=August 2, 2021 |title=Four officers who responded to U.S. Capitol attack have died by suicide |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/officer-who-responded-us-capitol-attack-is-third-die-by-suicide-2021-08-02/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404160950/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/officer-who-responded-us-capitol-attack-is-third-die-by-suicide-2021-08-02/ |archive-date=April 4, 2022}}</ref> Damages caused by attackers exceeded $2.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 15, 2022 |title=24 Months Since the Jan. 6 Attack on the Capitol |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/24-months-january-6-attack-capitol |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]] |language=en |archive-date=January 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104184551/https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/24-months-january-6-attack-capitol |url-status=live}}</ref></onlyinclude>
+Encouraged by Trump,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107035158/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |url-access=registration |access-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Snodgrass |first=Erin |title=A timeline of Donald Trump's efforts to overturn the 2020 election |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/a-timeline-of-trumps-efforts-to-overturn-the-2020-election-2021-10 |date=October 7, 2021 |work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026110252/https://www.businessinsider.com/a-timeline-of-trumps-efforts-to-overturn-the-2020-election-2021-10 |url-status=live}}</ref> on January{{spaces}}5 and{{spaces}}6 thousands of his supporters gathered in Washington, D.C., to support [[Stop the Steal|his false claims]] that the 2020 election had been "stolen by emboldened radical-left [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Naylor |first1=Brian |title=Read Trump's Jan. 6 Speech, A Key Part Of Impeachment Trial |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/10/966396848/read-trumps-jan-6-speech-a-key-part-of-impeachment-trial |access-date=July 23, 2021 |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=February 10, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701165425/https://www.npr.org/2021/02/10/966396848/read-trumps-jan-6-speech-a-key-part-of-impeachment-trial |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Doig |first=Steve |date=January 8, 2021 |title=It is difficult, if not impossible, to estimate the size of the crowd that stormed Capitol Hill |url=https://theconversation.com/it-is-difficult-if-not-impossible-to-estimate-the-size-of-the-crowd-that-stormed-capitol-hill-152889 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110082826/https://theconversation.com/it-is-difficult-if-not-impossible-to-estimate-the-size-of-the-crowd-that-stormed-capitol-hill-152889 |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |access-date=January 10, 2021 |website=The Conversation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Higgins |first=Andrew |date=January 10, 2021 |title=The Art of the Lie? The Bigger the Better – Lying as a political tool is hardly new. But a readiness, even enthusiasm, to be deceived has become a driving force in politics around the world, most recently in the United States. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/10/world/europe/trump-truth-lies-power.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110225247/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/10/world/europe/trump-truth-lies-power.html |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |url-access=limited |access-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Rutenberg">{{cite web |date=February 1, 2021 |url-status=live |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131233459/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html |archive-date=January 31, 2021 |url-access=limited |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |quote=Trump's [...] effort to reverse his loss turned into [...] an extralegal campaign to subvert the election, rooted in a lie so convincing to some of his most devoted followers that it made the deadly January 6 assault on the Capitol almost inevitable [...] With each passing day the lie grew, finally managing to do what the political process and the courts would not: upend the peaceful transfer of power that for 224 years had been the bedrock of American democracy. |title=77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election |last1=Rutenberg |first1=Jim |last2=Becker |first2=Jo |last3=Lipton |first3=Eric |last4=Haberman |first4=Maggie |last5=Martin |first5=Jonathan |last6=Rosenberg |first6=Matthew |last7=Schmidt |first7=Michael S.}}</ref> and to demand that then-Vice President [[Mike Pence]] and [[United States Congress|Congress]] reject Biden's victory.<ref>Multiple sources:
-The '''2021 United States Capitol attack''' occurred on January 6, 2021, when a mob of supporters of then-President [[Donald Trump]] and others attacked the [[United States Capitol]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="NYT-20211002">{{cite news |author=The Editorial Board |title=Jan. 6 Was Worse Than We Knew |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/02/opinion/jan-6-trump-eastman-election.html |date=October 2, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=October 3, 2021 }}</ref><ref name="SLN-20211008">{{cite news |last=Parton |first=Heather Digby |title=Trump's coup plot was worse than anyone knew - Republicans are trying their best to make attempted coups now normal politics in America |url=https://www.salon.com/2021/10/08/coup-plot-was-worse-than-anyone-knew/ |date=October 8, 2021 |work=[[Salon.com|Salon]] |accessdate=October 8, 2021 }}</ref> They sought to [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|overturn his defeat]] in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]]<ref name="WP-20211008">{{cite news |last=Lozada |first=Carlos |title=Adam Schiff points to a second insurrection — by members of Congress themselves - In his memoir [''"Midnight In Washington: How We Almost Lost Our Democracy and Still Could"''], the House Intelligence Committee chair argues America barely passed Trump's "stress test" of American democracy |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/10/08/adam-schiff-midnight/ |date=October 8, 2021 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=October 9, 2021 }}</ref> by disrupting the [[joint session of Congress]] assembled to [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|count electoral votes]] that would formalize President-elect [[Joe Biden]]'s victory.<ref name="2021-01-11-ap-sinister">{{Cite news|last1=Reeves|first1=Jay|last2=Mascaro|first2=Lisa|last3=Woodward|first3=Calvin|date=January 11, 2021|title=Capitol assault a more sinister attack than first appeared|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/14c73ee280c256ab4ec193ac0f49ad54|access-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/congress-confirm-joe-biden-78104aea082995bbd7412a6e6cd13818 |first1=Lisa |last1=Mascaro |first2=Eric |last2=Tucker |first3=Mary Clare |last3=Jalonick |first4=Andrew |last4=Taylor |title=Pro-Trump mob storms US Capitol in bid to overturn election|date=January 7, 2021|work=AP News|access-date=July 3, 2021}}</ref> The [[United States Capitol Complex|Capitol Complex]] was locked down and lawmakers and staff were evacuated, while rioters assaulted law enforcement officers and occupied the building for several hours.<ref name="combo" /> Five people died either shortly before, during, or following the event: one was shot by [[United States Capitol Police|Capitol Police]], another died of a drug overdose, and three succumbed to natural causes.<ref name=Massimo /><ref name="YsUXQ">{{Cite web|last=Evelyn|first=Kenya|date=January 9, 2021|title=Capitol attack: the five people who died|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/08/capitol-attack-police-officer-five-deaths|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Many people were injured, including 138 police officers. Four officers who responded to the attack [[Law enforcement response to the 2021 United States Capitol attack#Suicides|died by suicide]] within seven months.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 2, 2021|title=Four officers who responded to U.S. Capitol attack have died by suicide|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/officer-who-responded-us-capitol-attack-is-third-die-by-suicide-2021-08-02/|access-date=August 3, 2021|website=Reuters}}</ref>
+* {{cite news |last=Peñaloza |first=Marisa |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Trump Supporters Clash With Capitol Police At Protest |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/06/953616207/diehard-trump-supporters-gather-in-the-nations-capital-to-protest-election-resul |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106151035/https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/06/953616207/diehard-trump-supporters-gather-in-the-nations-capital-to-protest-election-resul |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |ref=none}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last1=Rodd |first1=Scott |last2=Hooks |first2=Kris |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Trump Supporters, Proud Boys Converge On California's Capitol To Protest Electoral College Count |url=https://www.capradio.org/161107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106222929/https://www.capradio.org/161107 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=CapitalRadio |ref=none}}</ref> Starting at noon on January 6,<ref name="Zurcher BBC" /> at a "Save America" rally on [[the Ellipse]], Trump gave a speech in which he repeated false claims of election irregularities<ref>Multiple sources:
-Called to action by Trump,<ref name="0hMwq">{{Cite news|last1=Barry|first1=Dan|last2=Frenkel|first2=Sheera|date=January 7, 2021|title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html|url-access=registration|access-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref><ref name="BUS-20211007">{{cite news |last=Snodgrass |first=Erin |title=A timeline of Donald Trump's efforts to overturn the 2020 election |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/a-timeline-of-trumps-efforts-to-overturn-the-2020-election-2021-10 |date=October 7, 2021 |work=[[Business Insider]] |accessdate=October 8, 2021 }}</ref> thousands of his supporters gathered in Washington, D.C., on January{{nbs}}5 and{{nbs}}6 to support [[Stop the Steal|his false claim]] that the 2020 election had been "stolen by emboldened radical-left Democrats"<ref name="Naylor2021">{{cite news |last1=Naylor |first1=Brian |title=Read Trump's Jan. 6 Speech, A Key Part Of Impeachment Trial |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/10/966396848/read-trumps-jan-6-speech-a-key-part-of-impeachment-trial |access-date=July 23, 2021 |publisher=NPR |date=February 10, 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="doig" /><ref name="NYT-20210110">{{Cite news|last=Higgins|first=Andrew|date=January 10, 2021|title=The Art of the Lie? The Bigger the Better – Lying as a political tool is hardly new. But a readiness, even enthusiasm, to be deceived has become a driving force in politics around the world, most recently in the United States.|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/10/world/europe/trump-truth-lies-power.html|access-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Rutenberg">{{Cite web|date=February 1, 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html|newspaper=The New York Times|quote=Trump's{{nbs}}... effort to reverse his loss turned into{{nbs}}... an extralegal campaign to subvert the election, rooted in a lie so convincing to some of his most devoted followers that it made the deadly January{{nbs}}6 assault on the Capitol almost inevitable{{nbs}}... With each passing day the lie grew, finally managing to do what the political process and the courts would not: upend the peaceful transfer of power that for 224 years had been the bedrock of American democracy.|title=77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election|last1=Rutenberg|first1=Jim|last2=Becker|first2=Jo|last3=Lipton|first3=Eric|last4=Haberman|first4=Maggie|last5=Martin|first5=Jonathan|last6=Rosenberg|first6=Matthew|last7=Schmidt|first7=Michael S.}}</ref> and to demand that [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Mike Pence]] and Congress reject Biden's victory.<ref name="4ugfY">Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite web|last1=Amenabar|first1=Teddy|last2=Zauzmer|first2=Julie|last3=Davies|first3=Emily|last4=Brice-Saddler|first4=Michael|last5=Ruane|first5=Michael E.|last6=Chason|first6=Rachel|last7=Tan|first7=Rebecca|last8=Olivo|first8=Antonio|last9=Hermann|first9=Peter|display-authors=5|date=January 6, 2021|title=Live updates: Hundreds storm Capitol barricades; two nearby buildings briefly evacuated; Trump falsely tells thousands he won|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106194011/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=[[The Washington Post]]|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |last=Blake |first=Aaron |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Let's have trial by combat': How Trump and allies egged on the violent scenes Wednesday |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/06/lets-have-trial-by-combat-how-trump-allies-egged-violent-scenes-wednesday/ |access-date=January 8, 2021 |ref=none |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107013645/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/06/lets-have-trial-by-combat-how-trump-allies-egged-violent-scenes-wednesday/ |url-status=live}}
-* {{cite news|last=Peñaloza|first=Marisa|date=January 6, 2021|title=Trump Supporters Clash With Capitol Police At Protest|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/06/953616207/diehard-trump-supporters-gather-in-the-nations-capital-to-protest-election-resul|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106151035/https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/06/953616207/diehard-trump-supporters-gather-in-the-nations-capital-to-protest-election-resul|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|work=[[NPR]]|ref=none}}
-* {{cite web|last1=Rodd|first1=Scott|last2=Hooks|first2=Kris|date=January 6, 2021|title=Trump Supporters, Proud Boys Converge On California's Capitol To Protest Electoral College Count|url=https://www.capradio.org/161107|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106222929/https://www.capradio.org/161107|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=CapitalRadio|ref=none}}</ref> Starting at noon on January 6,<ref name="Zurcher BBC" /> at a "Save America" rally on [[the Ellipse]], Trump repeated false claims of election irregularities<ref name="cKAhP">Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite news|last=Blake|first=Aaron|date=January 7, 2021|title='Let's have trial by combat': How Trump and allies egged on the violent scenes Wednesday|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/06/lets-have-trial-by-combat-how-trump-allies-egged-violent-scenes-wednesday/|access-date=January 8, 2021|ref=none}}
 * President [[Donald Trump]], {{YouTube|tRKRW-4Dt3s|ABC News Prime: Call for Trump's removal, Capitol Hill security failure, Global reaction to riots}}, [[ABC News]], January 8, 2021, minutes 10:55–11:06.
-* {{cite news|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|author-link=Maggie Haberman|title=Trump Told Crowd 'You Will Never Take Back Our Country With Weakness'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/trump-speech-capitol.html|date=January 6, 2021|url-access=registration|access-date=January 9, 2021|work=The New York Times|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Trump Told Crowd 'You Will Never Take Back Our Country With Weakness' |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/trump-speech-capitol.html |url-access=registration |access-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107023712/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/trump-speech-capitol.html |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |url-status=live }}
-* {{cite news|last=da Silva|first=Chantal|date=November 6, 2020|title='Reckless' and 'stupid': Trump Jr calls for 'total war' over election results|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-election-results-war-b1634841.html|access-date=January 10, 2021|ref=none}}</ref> and said, "If you don't fight like hell, you're not going to have a country anymore".<ref name="TrumpsSpeechAP">{{Cite web|title=AP FACT CHECK: Trump's call to action distorted in debate|first=Calvin|last=Woodward|url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-trump-us-capitol-remarks-221518bc174f9bc3dd6e108e653ed08d|date=January 13, 2021|access-date=February 5, 2021|website=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="TrumpsSpeech" /><ref name="trump told">{{Cite web|title=This is what Trump told supporters before many stormed Capitol Hill.|first=Julia|last=Jacobo|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-told-supporters-stormed-capitol-hill/story?id=75110558|date=January 7, 2021|url-access=registration|access-date=January 10, 2021|website=ABC news|quote=We have come to demand that Congress do the right thing and only count the electors who have been lawfully slated. Lawfully slated. I know that everyone here will soon be marching over to the Capitol building to peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard. Today, we will see whether Republicans stand strong for integrity of our elections. But whether or not they stand strong for our country, our country. Our country has been under siege for a long time. Far longer than this four year period.}}</ref> During and after his speech,<ref name="Zurcher BBC" /> thousands of attendees walked to the Capitol and hundreds breached police perimeters<ref name=MendozaLinderman20210305>{{Cite web|title=Officers maced, trampled: Docs expose depth of Jan. 6 chaos|url=https://apnews.com/article/docs-expose-depth-january-6-capitol-siege-chaos-fd3204574c11e453be8fb4e3c81258c3|website=[[Associated Press]]|date=March 5, 2021|access-date=April 23, 2021|last1=Mendoza|first1=Martha|last2=Linderman|first2=Juliet|last3=Long|first3=Colleen|last4=Burke|first4=Garance}}</ref><ref name="ARM5E" /> as Congress was beginning the electoral vote count. Many in the crowd broke into the building,<ref name="k1QKk">{{cite news|last1=Bennet|first1=Dalton|last2=Brown|first2=Emma|last3=Cahlan|first3=Sarah|last4=Sohuyn Lee|first4=Joyce|last5=Kelly|first5=Meg|last6=Samuels|first6=Elyse|last7=Swaine|first7=Jon|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=41 minutes of fear: A video timeline from inside the Capitol siege|date=January 16, 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2021/01/16/video-timeline-capitol-siege/|access-date=January 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name="BarrettEtAl">{{Cite news|last1=Barrett|first1=Ted|last2=Raju|first2=Manu|last3=Nickeas|first3=Peter|date=January 6, 2021|title=Pro-Trump mob storms US Capitol as armed standoff takes place outside House chamber|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/us-capitol-lockdown/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106211203/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/us-capitol-lockdown/index.html|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> occupying, vandalizing, and looting it,<ref name="combo">"Vandalized":
+* {{cite news |last=da Silva |first=Chantal |author-link=Chantal Da Silva |date=November 6, 2020 |title='Reckless' and 'stupid': Trump Jr calls for 'total war' over election results |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-election-results-war-b1634841.html |access-date=January 10, 2021 |ref=none |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193722/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-election-results-war-b1634841.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and said, "If you don't fight like hell, you're not going to have a country anymore."<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=AP Fact Check: Trump's call to action distorted in debate |first=Calvin |last=Woodward |url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-trump-us-capitol-remarks-221518bc174f9bc3dd6e108e653ed08d |date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |website=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131232902/https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-trump-us-capitol-remarks-221518bc174f9bc3dd6e108e653ed08d |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrumpsSpeech" /> As Congress began the electoral vote count, thousands of attendees, some armed, walked to the Capitol, with hundreds breaching police perimeters.<ref name="MendozaLinderman20210305" /><ref name="Among the Insurrectionists" /> Among the rioters were leaders of the [[Proud Boys]] and the [[Oath Keepers]] [[militia]] groups, who conspired to use violence and interfere with the peaceful transfer of power.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/proud-boys-seditious-conspiracy-explained-207f7ca08d7c30d3cb28127eb9992bca |title=What seditious conspiracy means in Proud Boys' Jan. 6 case |website=[[Associated Press]] |date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-date=September 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924222012/https://apnews.com/article/proud-boys-seditious-conspiracy-explained-207f7ca08d7c30d3cb28127eb9992bca |url-status=live }}</ref>
-* {{Cite news|date=January 7, 2021|title=FBI appeals for information from public on Capitol rioters |first=Tom |last=Jackman |work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/}}
+The FBI estimates that between 2,000 and 2,500 people entered the Capitol Building on January 6,<ref>{{cite news |last=Lucas |first=Ryan |date=January 6, 2022 |title=Where the Jan. 6 insurrection investigation stands, one year later |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/06/1070736018/jan-6-anniversary-investigation-cases-defendants-justice |url-status=live |access-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106101200/https://www.npr.org/2022/01/06/1070736018/jan-6-anniversary-investigation-cases-defendants-justice |archive-date=January 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bennet |first1=Dalton |last2=Brown |first2=Emma |last3=Cahlan |first3=Sarah |last4=Sohuyn Lee |first4=Joyce |last5=Kelly |first5=Meg |last6=Samuels |first6=Elyse |last7=Swaine |first7=Jon |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=41 minutes of fear: A video timeline from inside the Capitol siege |date=January 16, 2021 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2021/01/16/video-timeline-capitol-siege/ |access-date=January 20, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504025143/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2021/01/16/video-timeline-capitol-siege/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BarrettEtAl">{{cite news |last1=Barrett |first1=Ted |last2=Raju |first2=Manu |last3=Nickeas |first3=Peter |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Pro-Trump mob storms US Capitol as armed standoff takes place outside House chamber |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/us-capitol-lockdown/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106211203/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/us-capitol-lockdown/index.html |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> with some vandalizing and looting,<ref>"Vandalized":
-* {{Cite news|first=Thomas|last=Pallini|date=January 7, 2021|title=Photos show the aftermath of an unprecedented and destructive siege on the US Capitol that left 4 rioters dead |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-show-the-aftermath-of-a-siege-on-capitol-building-2021-1|work=Business Insider|ref=none}} "Looted":
+* {{cite news |last=Jackman |first=Tom |date=January 7, 2021 |title=FBI appeals for information from public on Capitol rioters |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/ |url-access=limited |access-date=June 11, 2022 |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=2269358 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106194011/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/ |url-status=live}}
-* {{cite news|last1=Daly|first1=Matthew|last2=Balsamo|first2=Michael|date=January 8, 2021|title=Deadly siege focuses attention on Capitol Police|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/capitol-police-death-brian-sicknick-46933a828d7b12de7e3d5620a8a04583|access-date=January 9, 2021|ref=none}}</ref><ref name="CoaUL">Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite news|last=Landale|first=James|date=January 7, 2021|title=Capitol siege: Trump's words 'directly led' to violence, Patel says|work=BBC news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55571482|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020736/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55571482|archive-date=January 8, 2021|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |last=Pallini |first=Thomas |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Photos show the aftermath of an unprecedented and destructive siege on the US Capitol that left 4 rioters dead |work=[[Business Insider]] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-show-the-aftermath-of-a-siege-on-capitol-building-2021-1 |ref=none |access-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117160424/https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-show-the-aftermath-of-a-siege-on-capitol-building-2021-1 |url-status=live}} "Looted":
+* {{cite news |last1=Daly |first1=Matthew |last2=Balsamo |first2=Michael |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Deadly siege focuses attention on Capitol Police |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/capitol-police-death-brian-sicknick-46933a828d7b12de7e3d5620a8a04583 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |ref=none |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108232040/https://apnews.com/article/capitol-police-death-brian-sicknick-46933a828d7b12de7e3d5620a8a04583 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{cite news|last1=Dozier|first1=Kimberly|first2=Vera|last2=Bergengruen|date=January 6, 2021|title=Incited by the President, Trump Supporters Violently Storm the Capitol|url=https://time.com/5926883/trump-supporters-storm-capitol/|work=Time|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020624/https://time.com/5926883/trump-supporters-storm-capitol/|url-status=live|ref=none}}</ref> assaulting Capitol Police officers and reporters, and attempting to locate lawmakers to capture and harm.<ref name="AP_BlockCommission">{{cite news | title=GOP blocks Capitol riot probe, displaying loyalty to Trump | first1=Mary Clare | last1=Jalonick | first2=Lisa | last2=Mascaro | url=https://apnews.com/article/michael-pence-donald-trump-capitol-siege-government-and-politics-4798a8617bacf27bbb576a4b805b85d9 | date= May 28, 2021 | access-date= June 2, 2021 | work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Gallows had been erected west of the Capitol and some rioters chanted "Hang Mike Pence" after he rejected false claims by Trump and others that the vice president could overturn the election results.<ref name="Ky5pK">{{Cite web|last=Evon|first=Dan|title=Was 'Hang Mike Pence' Chanted at Capitol Riot?|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/hang-mike-pence-chant-capitol-riot/|date=January 9, 2021|access-date=January 19, 2021|website=Snopes}}</ref> Some vandalized and looted the offices of [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] ({{USpolabbr|D|CA|link=yes}}) and other members of Congress.<ref name="Betz 2021">{{Cite web|last=Betz|first=Bradford|date=January 17, 2021|title=New video shows MAGA mob rifling through paperwork in Senate chamber as they hunt down Nancy Pelosi|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/maga-mob-seen-rifling-through-paperwork-in-senate-chamber-as-they-hunt-down-nancy-pelosi-in-new-video|access-date=January 18, 2021|website=Fox News}}</ref><ref name="OgDbl">{{Cite news|last=Rosenberg|first=Matthew|date=January 7, 2021|title=He looted Speaker Pelosi's office, and then bragged about it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/richard-barnett-pelosi.html|website=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref name="a0AOG">Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite web|last=Conradis|first=Brandon|date=January 6, 2021|title=Pelosi's office vandalized after pro-Trump rioters storm Capitol|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532969-pelosis-office-vandalized-after-pro-trump-rioters-storm-capitol|access-date=January 10, 2021|website=The Hill|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |last=Landale |first=James |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Capitol siege: Trump's words 'directly led' to violence, Patel says |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55571482 |url-status=live |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020736/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55571482 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Dozier |first1=Kimberly |first2=Vera |last2=Bergengruen |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Incited by the President, Trump Supporters Violently Storm the Capitol |url=https://time.com/5926883/trump-supporters-storm-capitol/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020624/https://time.com/5926883/trump-supporters-storm-capitol/ |url-status=live |ref=none}}</ref> including the offices of then-[[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House speaker]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] and other Congress members.<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite news|last=Swaine|first=Jon|title=Man who posed at Pelosi desk said in Facebook post that he is prepared for violent death|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/man-who-posed-at-pelosi-desk-said-in-facebook-post-that-he-is-prepared-for-violent-death/2021/01/07/cf5b0714-509a-11eb-83e3-322644d82356_story.html|date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 9, 2021|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |last=Betz |first=Bradford |date=January 17, 2021 |title=New video shows MAGA mob rifling through paperwork in Senate chamber as they hunt down Nancy Pelosi|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/maga-mob-seen-rifling-through-paperwork-in-senate-chamber-as-they-hunt-down-nancy-pelosi-in-new-video|access-date=January 18, 2021|website=[[Fox News]]|archive-date=January 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117235422/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/maga-mob-seen-rifling-through-paperwork-in-senate-chamber-as-they-hunt-down-nancy-pelosi-in-new-video|url-status=live}}
-* {{cite web|last=Rambaran|first=Vandana|title=Oregon Sen. Jeff Merkley says laptop stolen from office during Capitol riots|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/oregon-jeff-merkley-laptop-stolen-capitol-riots|date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021|work=Fox news|ref=none}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.ourquadcities.com/news/national-news/capitol-mob-built-gallows-and-chanted-hang-mike-pence/|first=Jill|last=Colvin|agency=Associated Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110060916/https://www.ourquadcities.com/news/national-news/capitol-mob-built-gallows-and-chanted-hang-mike-pence/|archive-date=January 10, 2021|title=Capitol mob built gallows and chanted 'Hang Mike Pence'|date=January 9, 2021|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |last=Rosenberg |first=Matthew |date=January 7, 2021 |title=He looted Speaker Pelosi's office, and then bragged about it. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/richard-barnett-pelosi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107041436/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/richard-barnett-pelosi.html |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |url-access=limited |website=[[The New York Times]]}}
+* {{cite news |last=Conradis|first=Brandon|date=January 6, 2021|title=Pelosi's office vandalized after pro-Trump rioters storm Capitol|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532969-pelosis-office-vandalized-after-pro-trump-rioters-storm-capitol|access-date=January 10, 2021|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|ref=none|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214737/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532969-pelosis-office-vandalized-after-pro-trump-rioters-storm-capitol|url-status=live}}
-* {{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-capitol-rioters-chanted-hang-mike-pence-video-footage/|date=January 10, 2021|access-date=February 18, 2021|title=US Capitol rioters chanted 'Hang Mike Pence' – video footage|website=The Times of Israel|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |last=Swaine |first=Jon |title=Man who posed at Pelosi desk said in Facebook post that he is prepared for violent death |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/man-who-posed-at-pelosi-desk-said-in-facebook-post-that-he-is-prepared-for-violent-death/2021/01/07/cf5b0714-509a-11eb-83e3-322644d82356_story.html |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |ref=none |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020638/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/man-who-posed-at-pelosi-desk-said-in-facebook-post-that-he-is-prepared-for-violent-death/2021/01/07/cf5b0714-509a-11eb-83e3-322644d82356_story.html |url-status=live}}
-* {{cite news|title=US Capitol riot mob wanted to kill Mike Pence, run Pelosi over with a car|first=Alex|last=Turner-Cohen|url=https://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/us-politics/us-capitol-riot-mob-wanted-to-kill-mike-pence-run-pelosi-over-with-a-car/news-story/ab3277f484a9d04c162dc1c985aa4edc|date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021|work=News.com.au|ref=none}}</ref> With building security breached, Capitol Police evacuated and locked down both chambers of Congress and several buildings in the Capitol Complex.<ref name=":5" /> Rioters occupied the empty [[United States Senate chamber|Senate chamber]] while federal law enforcement officers defended the evacuated House floor.<ref name="jeTU3">{{Cite web|last1=Macias|first1=Amanda|last2=Mangan|first2=Dan|date=January 6, 2021|title=U.S. Capitol secured hours after pro-Trump rioters invade Congress|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/buildings-in-us-capitol-complex-evacuated-amid-pro-trump-protests.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107030000/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/buildings-in-us-capitol-complex-evacuated-amid-pro-trump-protests.html|archive-date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=CNBC}}</ref><ref name="McEvoy-Forbes">{{Cite web|last=McEvoy|first=Jemima|date=January 6, 2021|title=DC Protests Live Coverage: Entire Capitol Now On Lockdown As Protesters Enter The Building|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-pro-trump-rally-live-coverage/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106200617/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-pro-trump-rally-live-coverage/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Pipe bombs were found at each of the [[Democratic National Committee]] and [[Republican National Committee]] headquarters, and [[Molotov cocktail]]s were discovered in a vehicle near the Capitol.<ref name="Cgsif">{{Cite web|last=Higgins|first=Tucker|date=January 6, 2021|title=DC protests: FBI says 2 suspicious devices were rendered safe|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/fbi-says-it-is-investigating-suspicious-devices-in-washington.html|website=CNBC Politics}}</ref><ref name="Mtwdw">{{Cite news|last=Benner|first=Katie|date=January 6, 2021|title=Pipe Bomb Found and Destroyed at R.N.C.; D.N.C. Is Evacuated|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/pipe-bomb-rnc.html}}</ref>
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last=Rambaran|first=Vandana|title=Oregon Sen. Jeff Merkley says laptop stolen from office during Capitol riots|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/oregon-jeff-merkley-laptop-stolen-capitol-riots|date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021|work=[[Fox News]]|ref=none|archive-date=February 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216132035/https://www.foxnews.com/us/oregon-jeff-merkley-laptop-stolen-capitol-riots|url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.ourquadcities.com/news/national-news/capitol-mob-built-gallows-and-chanted-hang-mike-pence/ |first=Jill |last=Colvin |agency=[[Associated Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110060916/https://www.ourquadcities.com/news/national-news/capitol-mob-built-gallows-and-chanted-hang-mike-pence/ |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |title=Capitol mob built gallows and chanted 'Hang Mike Pence' |date=January 9, 2021 |ref=none}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-capitol-rioters-chanted-hang-mike-pence-video-footage/|date=January 10, 2021|access-date=February 18, 2021|title=US Capitol rioters chanted 'Hang Mike Pence' – video footage|website=The Times of Israel|ref=none|archive-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112012130/https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-capitol-rioters-chanted-hang-mike-pence-video-footage|url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |title=US Capitol riot mob wanted to kill Mike Pence, run Pelosi over with a car |first=Alex |last=Turner-Cohen |url=https://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/us-politics/us-capitol-riot-mob-wanted-to-kill-mike-pence-run-pelosi-over-with-a-car/news-story/ab3277f484a9d04c162dc1c985aa4edc |date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=January 11, 2021 |work=News.com.au |ref=none |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115172714/https://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/us-politics/us-capitol-riot-mob-wanted-to-kill-mike-pence-run-pelosi-over-with-a-car/news-story/ab3277f484a9d04c162dc1c985aa4edc |url-status=live}}</ref> Rioters also assaulted Capitol Police officers and reporters, and attempted to capture and harm lawmakers.<ref name="AP_BlockCommission">{{cite news |title=GOP blocks Capitol riot probe, displaying loyalty to Trump |first1=Mary Clare |last1=Jalonick |first2=Lisa |last2=Mascaro |url=https://apnews.com/article/michael-pence-donald-trump-capitol-siege-government-and-politics-4798a8617bacf27bbb576a4b805b85d9 |date=May 28, 2021 |access-date=June 2, 2021 |work=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=July 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728204250/https://apnews.com/article/michael-pence-donald-trump-capitol-siege-government-and-politics-4798a8617bacf27bbb576a4b805b85d9 |url-status=live}}</ref> A [[gallows]] was erected west of the Capitol, with rioters chanting to "Hang Mike Pence" after he rejected requests, from Trump and others, to use authority they believed he had to overturn the election results.<ref name="snopes hang">{{cite news |last=Evon |first=Dan |title=Was 'Hang Mike Pence' Chanted at Capitol Riot? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/hang-mike-pence-chant-capitol-riot/ |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=January 19, 2021 |website=[[Snopes]] |archive-date=February 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216132059/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/hang-mike-pence-chant-capitol-riot/|url-status=live}}</ref> With building security breached, Capitol Police evacuated and locked down both chambers of Congress and several buildings in the Complex.<ref name="NBC Wash 2021-01-06" /> Rioters occupied the empty [[United States Senate chamber|Senate chamber]] while federal law enforcement officers defended the evacuated House floor.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Macias |first1=Amanda |last2=Mangan |first2=Dan |date=January 6, 2021 |title=U.S. Capitol secured hours after pro-Trump rioters invade Congress|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/buildings-in-us-capitol-complex-evacuated-amid-pro-trump-protests.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107030000/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/buildings-in-us-capitol-complex-evacuated-amid-pro-trump-protests.html|archive-date=January 7, 2021|website=[[CNBC]]|access-date=September 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=McEvoy|first=Jemima|date=January 6, 2021|title=DC Protests Live Coverage: Entire Capitol Now On Lockdown As Protesters Enter The Building|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-pro-trump-rally-live-coverage/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106200617/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-pro-trump-rally-live-coverage/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> [[Pipe bomb]]s were found at both the [[Democratic National Committee]] and [[Republican National Committee]] headquarters, and [[Molotov cocktail]]s were discovered in a vehicle near the Capitol.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Higgins|first=Tucker|date=January 6, 2021|title=DC protests: FBI says 2 suspicious devices were rendered safe|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/fbi-says-it-is-investigating-suspicious-devices-in-washington.html|website=[[CNBC]] Politics|access-date=January 11, 2021|archive-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107025805/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/fbi-says-it-is-investigating-suspicious-devices-in-washington.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Pipe Bomb Found and Destroyed at R.N.C.; D.N.C. Is Evacuated |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/pipe-bomb-rnc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106214352/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/pipe-bomb-rnc.html |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Trump resisted sending the [[D.C. National Guard|National Guard]] to quell the mob.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Kaitlan |last2=Cohen |first2=Zachary |last3=Starr |first3=Barbara |last4=Hansler |first4=Jennifer |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Pence took lead as Trump initially resisted sending National Guard to Capitol |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/pence-national-guard/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615224827/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/pence-national-guard/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Later that afternoon, in a [[Twitter]] video, he reasserted the inaccurate claim that the election was "fraudulent", and told his supporters to "go home in peace".<ref name="Hill Trump video">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Zilbermints|first=Regina|date=January 6, 2021|title=Trump tells rioters 'go home,' repeats claims that election 'fraudulent'|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/532976-trump-tells-rioters-go-home-we-love-you|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106214240/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/532976-trump-tells-rioters-go-home-we-love-you|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref><ref name="Durkee">{{cite news |last=Durkee |first=Alison |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Trump Justifies Supporters Storming Capitol: 'These Are The Things And Events That Happen' |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2021/01/06/trump-says-he-loves-supporters-storming-capitol-but-tells-them-to-leave/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107115405/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2021/01/06/trump-says-he-loves-supporters-storming-capitol-but-tells-them-to-leave/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> The Capitol was cleared of rioters by mid-evening,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=January 11, 2021 |title=Planning and Execution Timeline for the National Guard's Involvement in the January 6, 2021, Violent Attack at the U.S. Capitol |url=https://media.defense.gov/2021/jan/11/2002563151/-1/-1/0/planning-and-execution-timeline-for-the-national-guards-involvement-in-the-january-6-2021-violent-attack-at-the-us-capitol.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111221316/https://media.defense.gov/2021/jan/11/2002563151/-1/-1/0/planning-and-execution-timeline-for-the-national-guards-involvement-in-the-january-6-2021-violent-attack-at-the-us-capitol.pdf |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> and the electoral vote count was resumed and completed by the early morning of January 7. Pence declared President-elect Biden and Vice President-elect [[Kamala Harris]] victorious. Pressured by [[Cabinet of Donald Trump|his cabinet]], the threat of removal, and many [[resignation]]s, Trump later conceded to an [[orderly transition of power]] in a televised statement.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Kevin |last2=Stracqualursi |first2=Veronica |last3=Malloy |first3=Allie |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Isolated Trump reluctantly pledges 'orderly' transition after inciting mob |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/politics/trump-biden-us-capitol-electoral-college-insurrection/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107095401/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/politics/trump-biden-us-capitol-electoral-college-insurrection/index.html |archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Fordham|first=Evie|date=January 7, 2021|title=Trump promises 'orderly transition' on Jan. 20 after Electoral College results certified|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-orderly-transition-jan-20-electoral-college|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020709/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-orderly-transition-jan-20-electoral-college|archive-date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref>
+A week after the attack, the House of Representatives [[second impeachment of Donald Trump|impeached Trump]] for [[Sedition|incitement of insurrection]], making him the only U.S. president to be [[Impeachment in the United States|impeached twice]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Fandos |first=Nicholas |date=January 13, 2021 |title=The House impeaches Trump for 'incitement of insurrection,' setting up a Senate trial |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/incitement-of-insurrection.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113220723/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/incitement-of-insurrection.html |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |url-access=limited |access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> In February, after Trump had left office, the Senate voted 57–43 in favor of conviction, but fell short of the required two-thirds, resulting in his acquittal.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/trump-impeachment-trial-live-updates/2021/02/13/967098840/senate-acquits-trump-in-impeachment-trial-again |title=Senate Acquits Trump In Impeachment Trial – Again |last=Montanaro |first=Domenico |date=February 13, 2021 |work=[[NPR]] |access-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827170640/https://www.npr.org/sections/trump-impeachment-trial-live-updates/2021/02/13/967098840/senate-acquits-trump-in-impeachment-trial-again |url-status=live}}</ref> Senate [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] blocked a bill to create a bipartisan [[January 6, 2021 Commission|independent commission]] to investigate the attack,<ref>{{cite news |title=Pelosi announces independent 9/11-style commission on deadly Capitol riot |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/15/bipartisan-support-grows-for-9/11-style-inquiry-into-deadly-capitol-riot.html |work=[[CNBC]] |access-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215210556/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/15/bipartisan-support-grows-for-9/11-style-inquiry-into-deadly-capitol-riot.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AP_BlockCommission" /> so the House instead approved a select investigation committee consisting of seven Democrats and two Republicans.{{efn|Pelosi offered a committee makeup of seven Democrats and six Republicans; however House Minority Leader [[Kevin McCarthy]] refused to appoint any Republicans unless they included some who had voted to overturn Electoral College results.}}<ref>{{cite news |first1=Jeremy |last1=Herb |first2=Manu |last2=Raju |first3=Ryan |last3=Nobles |first4=Annie |last4=Grayer |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/30/politics/house-vote-january-6-select-committee/index.html |title=House votes to create select committee to investigate January 6 insurrection |date=June 30, 2021 |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=July 3, 2021 |archive-date=July 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704094447/https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/30/politics/house-vote-january-6-select-committee/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sprunt |first=Barbara |date=July 27, 2021 |title=Here Are The 9 Lawmakers Investigating The Jan. 6 Capitol Attack |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/27/1020713409/here-are-the-9-lawmakers-investigating-the-jan-6-capitol-attack |access-date=November 9, 2021 |archive-date=November 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107044545/https://www.npr.org/2021/07/27/1020713409/here-are-the-9-lawmakers-investigating-the-jan-6-capitol-attack |url-status=live}}</ref> They held nine televised [[Public hearings of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack|public hearings on the attack]],<ref name="NPR Transcript">Multiple sources:
+* {{cite news |title=Here's every word of the first Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/10/1104156949/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611014739/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/10/1104156949/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |title=Here's every word of the second Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/13/1104690690/heres-every-word-of-the-second-jan-6-committee-hearing-on-its-investigation |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=August 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831225942/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/13/1104690690/heres-every-word-of-the-second-jan-6-committee-hearing-on-its-investigation |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |title=Here's every word of the third Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/16/1105683634/transcript-jan-6-committee |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=September 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903123709/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/16/1105683634/transcript-jan-6-committee |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |title=Here's every word of the fourth Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/21/1105848096/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=August 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804093631/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/21/1105848096/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |title=Here's every word of the fifth Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/23/1106700800/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=July 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723215401/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/23/1106700800/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |title=Here's every word of the sixth Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/28/1108396692/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629115935/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/28/1108396692/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |title=Here's every word of the seventh Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/07/12/1111123258/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811223128/https://www.npr.org/2022/07/12/1111123258/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |title=Here's every word of the eighth Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/07/22/1112138665/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824135432/https://www.npr.org/2022/07/22/1112138665/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |title=Here's every word from the 9th Jan. 6 committee hearing on its investigation |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/10/13/1125331584/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410021328/https://www.npr.org/2022/10/13/1125331584/jan-6-committee-hearing-transcript |url-status=live}}</ref> voted to [[subpoena]] Trump,<ref>{{cite news |last=Chamblee |first=Virginia |work=People |date=October 13, 2022 |url=https://people.com/politics/jan-6-committee-votes-to-subpoena-donald-trump-we-need-to-hear-from-him/ |title=Jan. 6 Committee Votes to Subpoena Donald Trump: 'We Need to Hear From Him' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019033327/https://people.com/politics/jan-6-committee-votes-to-subpoena-donald-trump-we-need-to-hear-from-him/ |url-status=live |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |access-date=October 18, 2022}}</ref> and recommended that the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] (DOJ) prosecute Trump. On August 1, 2023, following [[Smith special counsel investigation|a special counsel investigation]], Trump was [[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)|indicted on four charges]].<ref>{{cite court |litigants=<nowiki>United States of America v. Donald J. Trump</nowiki><!--nowiki so a disambiguation link won't be created--> |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/662462402/Trump-Indictment |date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802025113/https://www.scribd.com/document/662462402/Trump-Indictment |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jan6th Indictment">{{cite web |last1=U.S. Department of Justice |title=United States of America v. Donald J. Trump |url=https://www.justice.gov/storage/US_v_Trump_23_cr_257.pdf |website=U.S. Department of Justice |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802051433/https://www.justice.gov/storage/US_v_Trump_23_cr_257.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
+As of May 6, 2024, 1,424 people have been charged with federal crimes relating to the event.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-07 |title=District of Columbia {{!}} 40 Months Since the Jan. 6 Attack on the Capitol |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/39-months-since-the-jan-6-attack-on-the-capitol |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514182411/https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/39-months-since-the-jan-6-attack-on-the-capitol |url-status=live }}</ref> As of May 6, 2024, 820 defendants had pleaded guilty; 255 people have pleaded guilty to felonies, while 565 have pleaded guilty to misdemeanors.<ref name=":0" />   As of the same date, 884 defendants have been sentenced, with 541 people receiving a jail sentence as a penalty.<ref name=":0" />
-Trump resisted sending the [[D.C. National Guard|National Guard]] to quell the mob.<ref name="XuzKR">{{Cite news|last1=Collins|first1=Kaitlan|last2=Cohen|first2=Zachary|last3=Starr|first3=Barbara|last4=Hansler|first4=Jennifer|date=January 6, 2021|title=Pence took lead as Trump initially resisted sending National Guard to Capitol|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/pence-national-guard/index.html|access-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> Later that afternoon, in a [[Twitter]] video, he reasserted that the election was "fraudulent", but told his supporters to "go home in peace".<ref name="Hill Trump video">{{Cite web|last=Zilbermints|first=Regina|date=January 6, 2021|title=Trump tells rioters 'go home,' repeats claims that election 'fraudulent'|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/532976-trump-tells-rioters-go-home-we-love-you|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106214240/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/532976-trump-tells-rioters-go-home-we-love-you|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=The Hill}}</ref><ref name="Durkee">{{Cite news|last=Durkee|first=Alison|date=January 6, 2021|title=Trump Justifies Supporters Storming Capitol: 'These Are The Things And Events That Happen'|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2021/01/06/trump-says-he-loves-supporters-storming-capitol-but-tells-them-to-leave/ |url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107115405/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2021/01/06/trump-says-he-loves-supporters-storming-capitol-but-tells-them-to-leave/|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> The Capitol was clear of rioters by mid-evening,<ref name="DoD-Timeline"/> and the counting of the electoral votes resumed and completed in the early morning hours of January 7. Pence declared President-elect Biden and Vice-President-elect [[Kamala Harris]] victorious. Pressured by his administration, the threat of removal, and many resignations, Trump later committed to an [[orderly transition of power]] in a televised statement.<ref name="IsolatedTrumpPledges">{{Cite news|last1=Liptak|first1=Kevin|last2=Stracqualursi|first2=Veronica|last3=Malloy|first3=Allie|date=January 7, 2021|title=Isolated Trump reluctantly pledges 'orderly' transition after inciting mob|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/politics/trump-biden-us-capitol-electoral-college-insurrection/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107095401/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/politics/trump-biden-us-capitol-electoral-college-insurrection/index.html|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name="zlOJt">{{Cite web|last=Fordham|first=Evie|date=January 7, 2021|title=Trump promises 'orderly transition' on Jan. 20 after Electoral College results certified|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-orderly-transition-jan-20-electoral-college|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020709/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-orderly-transition-jan-20-electoral-college|archive-date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=Fox News}}</ref> A week after the riot, the House of Representatives [[second impeachment of Donald Trump|impeached Trump]] for [[incitement of insurrection]], making him the only U.S. president to have been impeached twice.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Fandos|first=Nicholas|date=January 13, 2021|title=The House impeaches Trump for 'incitement of insurrection,' setting up a Senate trial|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/incitement-of-insurrection.html|access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> In February, after Trump had left office, the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]-controlled Senate acquitted him in a 57-to-43 vote in favor of conviction, which fell short of a two-thirds majority (requiring 67 votes).<ref name="acquitted">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/trump-impeachment-trial-live-updates/2021/02/13/967098840/senate-acquits-trump-in-impeachment-trial-again|title=Senate Acquits Trump In Impeachment Trial — Again|last=Montanaro|first=Domenico|date=February 13, 2021|work=NPR|access-date=August 27, 2021}}</ref> The House passed a bill to create a bipartisan [[January 6, 2021 Commission|independent commission]] modeled after the [[9/11 Commission]] to investigate the attack,<ref name="mFGP2">{{cite news|title=Pelosi announces independent 9/11-style commission on deadly Capitol riot|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/15/bipartisan-support-grows-for-9/11-style-inquiry-into-deadly-capitol-riot.html|work=CNBC|access-date=February 15, 2021}}</ref> but it was blocked by Republicans in the Senate.<ref name="AP_BlockCommission" /> Pelosi then proposed, and the House approved, [[United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack|a House select committee]] to investigate the attack.<ref name="selectcom">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/30/politics/house-vote-january-6-select-committee/index.html|title=House votes to create select committee to investigate January 6 insurrection|date=June 30, 2021|work=CNN|access-date=July 3, 2021}}</ref>
+Some participants in the attack were linked to [[far-right]] extremist groups or [[Conspiracy theories in United States politics|conspiratorial movements]], including the Oath Keepers, Proud Boys, and [[Three Percenters]].<ref name="UMD article">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/06/17/january-6-hearings-extremists-proud-boys/ |first=Michael |last=Jensen |title=It wasn't just Proud Boys. Interconnected extremists converged on Jan. 6. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 17, 2022 |access-date=June 23, 2022 |archive-date=June 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622003634/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/06/17/january-6-hearings-extremists-proud-boys/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||first1=David|last1=Shortell|first2=Katelyn|last2=Polantz|first3=Evan|last3=Perez|first4=Zachary|last4=Cohen|date=January 20, 2021|title=Members of extremist Oath Keepers group planned attack on US Capitol, prosecutors say|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/19/politics/oath-keepers-capitol-riot-charges/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120150049/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/19/politics/oath-keepers-capitol-riot-charges/index.html|archive-date=January 20, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Numerous plotters were convicted of [[seditious conspiracy]], including Oath Keepers and Proud Boys members;<ref name="NPRTracker">{{cite news |date=December 29, 2023 |orig-date=February 9, 2021 |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/09/965472049/the-capitol-siege-the-arrested-and-their-stories |title=The Capitol siege: The cases behind the biggest criminal investigation in U.S. history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102225052/https://www.npr.org/2021/02/09/965472049/the-capitol-siege-the-arrested-and-their-stories |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |publisher=NPR |work=All Things Considered}}</ref> the longest sentence to date was given to then-Proud Boy chairman [[Enrique Tarrio]], who was sentenced to 22 years in prison.<ref name="Kunzelman">{{cite news |first1=Michael |last1=Kunzelman |first2=Lindsay |last2=Whitehurst |first3=Alanna Durkin |last3=Richer |url=https://apnews.com/article/enrique-tarrio-capitol-riot-seditious-conspiracy-sentencing-da60222b3e1e54902db2bbbb219dc3fb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123130107/https://apnews.com/article/enrique-tarrio-capitol-riot-seditious-conspiracy-sentencing-da60222b3e1e54902db2bbbb219dc3fb |archive-date=November 23, 2023 |title=Proud Boys' Enrique Tarrio gets record 22 years in prison for Jan. 6 seditious conspiracy |work=Associated Press |date=September 5, 2023}}</ref>
-Dozens of people present in Washington, D.C. on the day, including some who took part in the riot, were found to be listed in the FBI's [[Terrorist Screening Database]], most as suspected [[white supremacist]]s.<ref name="Watchlist"/> Members of anti-government groups, including the [[Oath Keepers]], [[Proud Boys]], and [[Three Percenters]], were charged with conspiracy for allegedly staging planned missions at the Capitol.<ref name="planned attack" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-capitol-arrests-idUSKBN2BB1RL|title=U.S. charges Proud Boys with conspiracy in Capitol assault that turned deadly|first=Sarah N.|last=Lynch|date=March 19, 2021|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/capitol-riot-three-percenters-militia-conspiracy-indictment/|title=Alleged "Three Percenters" militia members indicted in new Capitol riot conspiracy case|website=www.cbsnews.com}}</ref> By early October, 684 people had been charged with federal crimes relating to the attack.<ref name="Capitol arrests" />
 {{TOC limit|4}}
 == Background ==
+{{For timeline}}
-{{For|a detailed timeline of the events in Washington, D.C., and their aftermath|Timeline of the 2021 United States Capitol attack}}
-=== Attempt to overturn the presidential election ===
+=== Attempts to overturn the presidential election ===
 {{main|Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election}}
-[[File:Donald Trump (50548277763).jpg|thumb|President [[Donald Trump]] speaking at a campaign rally in 2020]]
+[[File:Donald Trump (50548277763).jpg|thumb|President [[Donald Trump]] speaking at a campaign rally in [[Goodyear, Arizona]], in October 2020|alt=Donald Trump speaking at a podium. Behind him is a crowd.]]
-In the [[2020 United States presidential election]], [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Joe Biden]] defeated incumbent [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Donald Trump]].<ref>Multiple sources:
+[[Joe Biden]], of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], defeated incumbent [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] president [[Donald Trump]] in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{cite news|title=Presidential Election Results|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-president.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 11, 2020|access-date=December 11, 2020|url-access=limited}}
+* {{cite news |title=Presidential Election Results |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-president.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 11, 2020 |access-date=December 11, 2020 |url-access=limited |archive-date=June 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612100157/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-president.html |url-status=live}}
-* {{cite news|title=2020 US Presidential Election Results: Live Map|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Elections/2020-us-presidential-election-results-live-map|work=[[ABC News]]|date=December 10, 2020|access-date=December 11, 2020}}
+* {{cite news |title=2020 US Presidential Election Results: Live Map |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Elections/2020-us-presidential-election-results-live-map |work=[[ABC News]] |date=December 10, 2020 |access-date=December 11, 2020 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106172614/https://abcnews.go.com/Elections/2020-us-presidential-election-results-live-map |url-status=dead}}
-* {{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 14, 2020|first1=Josh|last1=Holder|first2=Trip|last2=Gabriel|author2link=Trip Gabriel|first3=Isabella Grullón|last3=Paz|title=Biden's 306 Electoral College Votes Make His Victory Official|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/14/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html|url-access=limited}}
+* {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 14, 2020 |first1=Josh |last1=Holder |first2=Trip |last2=Gabriel |author2link=Trip Gabriel |first3=Isabella Grullón |last3=Paz |title=Biden's 306 Electoral College Votes Make His Victory Official |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/14/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-date=June 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605032059/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/14/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html |url-status=live}}
-* {{Cite web|last1=Blod|first1=Michael R.|last2=Riccardi|first2=Nicholas|date=December 5, 2020|title=Biden officially secures enough electors to become president|url=https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-elections-electoral-college-3e0b852c3cfadf853b08aecbfc3569fa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208201209/https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-elections-electoral-college-3e0b852c3cfadf853b08aecbfc3569fa|archive-date=December 8, 2020|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> Trump and other Republicans attempted to overturn the election, falsely claiming of widespread [[Electoral fraud|voter fraud]].<ref name="trumpfraudclaims">Multiple sources:
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last1=Blod |first1=Michael R. |last2=Riccardi |first2=Nicholas |date=December 5, 2020 |title=Biden officially secures enough electors to become president |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-elections-electoral-college-3e0b852c3cfadf853b08aecbfc3569fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208201209/https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-elections-electoral-college-3e0b852c3cfadf853b08aecbfc3569fa |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Trump and other Republicans attempted to overturn the election, falsely claiming widespread [[Electoral fraud|voter fraud]].<ref name="trumpfraudclaims">Multiple sources:
-* {{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-local-elections-arizona-7174555c2545f8afb69f0ce2ac0b2156|first1=Zeke|last1=Miller|first2=Colleen|last2=Long|first3=David|last3=Eggert|title=Trump tries to leverage power of office to subvert Biden win|date=November 20, 2020|work=Associated Press|access-date=December 8, 2020|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128185032/https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-local-elections-arizona-7174555c2545f8afb69f0ce2ac0b2156|url-status=live|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-local-elections-arizona-7174555c2545f8afb69f0ce2ac0b2156 |first1=Zeke |last1=Miller |first2=Colleen |last2=Long |first3=David |last3=Eggert |title=Trump tries to leverage power of office to subvert Biden win |date=November 20, 2020 |work=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128185032/https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-local-elections-arizona-7174555c2545f8afb69f0ce2ac0b2156 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/us/politics/trump-michigan-election.html|title=Trump Targets Michigan in His Ploy to Subvert the Election|first1=Maggie|last1=Haberman|first2=Jim|last2=Rutenberg|first3=Nick|last3=Corasaniti|first4=Reid J.|last4=Epstein|date=November 20, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=December 8, 2020|archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202011626/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/us/politics/trump-michigan-election.html|url-status=live|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/us/politics/trump-michigan-election.html |title=Trump Targets Michigan in His Ploy to Subvert the Election |first1=Maggie |last1=Haberman |first2=Jim |last2=Rutenberg |first3=Nick |last3=Corasaniti |first4=Reid J. |last4=Epstein |date=November 20, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-date=December 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202011626/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/us/politics/trump-michigan-election.html |url-status=live |ref=none}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/trump-presses-georgia-governor-to-help-subvert-election-11607207645|title=Trump presses Georgia governor to help subvert election|agency=Associated Press|website=MarketWatch|date=December 5, 2020|access-date=December 8, 2020|archive-date=December 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208201032/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/trump-presses-georgia-governor-to-help-subvert-election-11607207645|url-status=live|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/trump-presses-georgia-governor-to-help-subvert-election-11607207645 |title=Trump presses Georgia governor to help subvert election |agency=[[Associated Press]] |website=[[MarketWatch]] |date=December 5, 2020 |access-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208201032/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/trump-presses-georgia-governor-to-help-subvert-election-11607207645 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
-* {{Cite web|last1=Gardner|first1=Amy|last2=Dawsey|first2=Josh|last3=Bade|first3=Rachael|date=December 8, 2020|title=Trump asks Pennsylvania House speaker for help overturning election results, personally intervening in a third state|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-pennsylvania-speaker-call/2020/12/07/d65fe8c4-38bf-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208020244/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-pennsylvania-speaker-call/2020/12/07/d65fe8c4-38bf-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html|archive-date=December 8, 2020|access-date=December 8, 2020|website=[[The Washington Post]]|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Gardner |first1=Amy |last2=Dawsey |first2=Josh |last3=Bade |first3=Rachael |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Trump asks Pennsylvania House speaker for help overturning election results, personally intervening in a third state |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-pennsylvania-speaker-call/2020/12/07/d65fe8c4-38bf-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208020244/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-pennsylvania-speaker-call/2020/12/07/d65fe8c4-38bf-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |access-date=December 8, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |ref=none}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/16/935465631/the-growing-backlash-against-trumps-efforts-to-subvert-the-election|date=November 20, 2020|title=The Growing Backlash Against Trump's Efforts To Subvert The Election : Consider This from NPR|last1=Hale|first1=Lee|display-authors=et al|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=December 8, 2020|archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202024601/https://www.npr.org/2020/11/16/935465631/the-growing-backlash-against-trumps-efforts-to-subvert-the-election|url-status=live|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/16/935465631/the-growing-backlash-against-trumps-efforts-to-subvert-the-election |date=November 20, 2020 |title=The Growing Backlash Against Trump's Efforts To Subvert The Election : Consider This from NPR |last1=Hale |first1=Lee |display-authors=et al |work=[[NPR]] |access-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-date=December 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202024601/https://www.npr.org/2020/11/16/935465631/the-growing-backlash-against-trumps-efforts-to-subvert-the-election |url-status=live |ref=none}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/07/politics/house-republicans-trump-biden/index.html|title=House conservatives urge Trump not to concede and press for floor fight over election loss|first1=Manu|last1=Raju|first2=Jeremy|last2=Herb|date=December 7, 2020|website=CNN|access-date=December 8, 2020|archive-date=December 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208201025/https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/07/politics/house-republicans-trump-biden/index.html|url-status=live|ref=none}}</ref>
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/07/politics/house-republicans-trump-biden/index.html |title=House conservatives urge Trump not to concede and press for floor fight over election loss |first1=Manu |last1=Raju |first2=Jeremy |last2=Herb |date=December 7, 2020 |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208201025/https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/07/politics/house-republicans-trump-biden/index.html |url-status=live |ref=none}}</ref>
+[[File:Trump tweet - I won this election.png|thumb|Trump's tweet shortly after polls had closed|alt=A screenshot of Donald Trump's personal verified Twitter account (@realDonaldTrump). The tweet reads, in all caps, "I Won This Election, by a Lot!". Below the text, Twitter added a label saying, "Official sources may not have called the race when this was Tweeted". The tweet was timestamped at 10:36&nbsp;p.m. on November 7, 2020. The source of the tweet says "Twitter for iPhone".]]
-Mere hours after the polls had closed, with votes still being counted, Trump declared victory and demanded that the counting be stopped.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burns |first=Alexander |last2=Martin |first2=Jonathan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/04/us/politics/election-trump-biden-recap.html |title=As America Awaits a Winner, Trump Falsely Claims He Prevailed |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 4, 2021 |access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref> He began a campaign to subvert the election, through [[Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election|legal challenges]] and an extralegal effort.<ref name="Rutenberg" /> Although Trump's lawyers concluded within ten days after the election that legal challenges to the election results had no factual basis or legal merit,<ref name="Rutenberg" /> Trump sought to overturn the results by [[Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election|filing at least sixty lawsuits]], including two brought to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]], that sought to nullify election certifications and void votes cast for Biden; these challenges were all rejected by the courts for lack of evidence or [[Standing (law)|standing]].<ref name="trumpfraudclaims" />
+Within hours after the closing of the polls, while votes were still being tabulated, Trump declared victory, demanding that further counting be halted.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burns |first1=Alexander |last2=Martin |first2=Jonathan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/04/us/politics/election-trump-biden-recap.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104063229/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/04/us/politics/election-trump-biden-recap.html |archive-date=November 4, 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=As America Awaits a Winner, Trump Falsely Claims He Prevailed |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 4, 2021 |access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref> He began a campaign to subvert the election, through [[Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election|legal challenges]] and an extralegal effort. Ten days after the election, Trump's attorneys came to the conclusion that there was neither a factual foundation nor a valid legal argument for challenging the election results.<ref name="Rutenberg" /> Despite those analyses, Trump sought to overturn the results by filing at least sixty lawsuits, including two that came before the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]. Those actions sought to nullify election certifications and to [[void vote]]s that had been cast for Biden. Those challenges were all rejected by the courts, for lack of evidence or the absence of [[Standing (law)|legal standing]].<ref name="trumpfraudclaims" /> Trump's legal team, led by [[Sidney Powell]], filed those lawsuits while knowing they had no factual basis or legal merit.<ref name="Rutenberg" /> In August 2021, Powell and other Trump attorneys were formally sanctioned for participating in "a historic and profound abuse of the judicial process... by filing baseless and [[frivolous lawsuits]] in order to undermine public confidence in the democratic process".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||first=Linda V. |last=Parker |author-link=Linda Vivienne Parker |date=August 25, 2021 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mied.350905/gov.uscourts.mied.350905.172.0_10.pdf |title=Timothy King v. Gretchen Whitmer, Civil Case No. 20-13134 |access-date=October 20, 2023 |archive-date=October 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024154006/https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mied.350905/gov.uscourts.mied.350905.172.0_10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Trump then mounted a campaign to pressure Republican governors, secretaries of state, and state legislatures to nullify results by replacing slates of Biden electors with those declared to Trump, or by manufacturing evidence of fraud; and further demanded lawmakers to investigate supposed election "irregularities", such as by conducting signature matches of [[Postal voting|mail-in ballots]] (regardless of efforts already undertaken). Trump also personally inquired about invoking [[martial law]] to "re-run" or reverse the election<ref name="trumpfraudclaims" /><ref name="i3rSs">{{Cite web|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Claire O.|last2=Painter|first2=Richard|url=https://www.justsecurity.org/73986/invoking-martial-law-to-reverse-the-2020-election-could-be-criminal-sedition|title=Invoking Martial Law to Reverse the 2020 Election Could be Criminal Sedition|date=December 22, 2020|work=Just Security}}</ref> and appointing a [[special counsel]] to find incidences of fraud (even though federal and state officials had concluded that such cases were very isolated or non-existent); Trump ultimately undertook neither step.<ref name="trumpfraudclaims" /> Trump repeatedly urged [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Mike Pence]] to change the results and stop Biden from being inaugurated, which was not within Pence's constitutional powers as vice president and [[Presiding Officer of the United States Senate|president of the Senate]]; Trump repeated this call in his rally speech on the morning of January 6.<ref name=":0" />
+Trump then mounted a campaign to pressure Republican governors, secretaries of state, and state legislatures to nullify results by replacing slates of Biden electors with slates pledged to Trump, or by manufacturing evidence of fraud; Trump's role in the [[Trump fake electors plot|plot to use fake electors]] led to his being prosecuted [[Michigan prosecution of fake electors|in Michigan]], [[Georgia election racketeering prosecution|Georgia]], and in [[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)|federal court]]. He further demanded that lawmakers investigate ostensible election "irregularities", such as by conducting signature matches of [[Postal voting|mailed-in ballots]], disregarding any prior analytic efforts. Trump also personally made inquiries regarding the possibility of invoking [[martial law]] to "re-run" or reverse the election<ref name="trumpfraudclaims" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Finkelstein|first1=Claire O.|last2=Painter|first2=Richard|url=https://www.justsecurity.org/73986/invoking-martial-law-to-reverse-the-2020-election-could-be-criminal-sedition|title=Invoking Martial Law to Reverse the 2020 Election Could be Criminal Sedition|date=December 22, 2020|work=Just Security|access-date=February 3, 2021|archive-date=January 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128102855/https://www.justsecurity.org/73986/invoking-martial-law-to-reverse-the-2020-election-could-be-criminal-sedition/|url-status=live}}</ref> and appointing a [[special counsel]] to find instances of fraud, despite conclusions by federal and state officials that such cases were few and isolated or non-existent. Trump ultimately undertook neither step.<ref name="trumpfraudclaims" /> Trump repeatedly urged Vice President [[Mike Pence]] to alter the results and to stop Biden from taking office. None of those actions would have been within Pence's constitutional powers as vice president and [[Presiding Officer of the United States Senate|president of the Senate]]. Trump repeated this call in his rally speech on the morning of January 6.<ref name="CNN 2021-01-06" />
-Some have characterized these attempts to overturn the election as an attempted [[Self-coup|coup d'état]],<ref name="B0mgr">Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite web|last=Graham|first=David A.|date=January 6, 2021|title=This Is a Coup|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=The Atlantic|language=en|ref=none}}
-* {{Cite web|last=Musgrave|first=Paul|title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/|date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US|archive-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/|url-status=live|ref=none}}
-* {{Cite web|last=Solnit|first=Rebecca|title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt|date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en-UK|archive-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt|url-status=live|ref=none}}
-* {{Cite web|last=Coleman|first=Justine|date=January 6, 2021|title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt'|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=TheHill|language=en|archive-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt|url-status=live|ref=none}}
-* {{Cite web|last=Jacobson|first=Louis|date=January 6, 2021|title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide|url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=PolitiFact|quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered precisely when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.|ref=none}}</ref> and an implementation of the "[[big lie]]".<ref name="bigliemulti">Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite web|last=Snyder|first=Timothy|date=January 9, 2021|title=The American Abyss|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/magazine/trump-coup.html|website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 22, 2021 |ref=none}}
-* {{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/25/opinions/big-lie-ben-ghiat/index.html|date=January 26, 2021|title=Opinion: Trump's big lie wouldn't have worked without his thousands of little lies|first=Ruth|last=Ben-Ghiat|website=CNN|access-date=February 18, 2021|ref=none}}
-* {{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-election-dominion-idUKKBN29U206|title=Trump lawyer Giuliani faces $1.3 billion lawsuit over 'big lie' election fraud claims|first=Jan Wolfe, Susan|last=Heavey|date=January 25, 2021|access-date=February 18, 2021|work=[[Reuters]]|ref=none}}
-* {{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/16/957291939/can-the-forces-unleashed-by-trumps-big-election-lie-be-undone|first=Melissa|last=Block|date=January 16, 2021|title=Can The Forces Unleashed By Trump's Big Election Lie Be Undone?|website=[[NPR]]|access-date=February 18, 2021|ref=none}}
-* {{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/24/donald-trump-big-lie-american-democracy|first=Ed|last=Pilkington|access-date=February 18, 2021|title=Donald Trump is gone but his big lie is a rallying call for rightwing extremists|date=January 24, 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|ref=none}}</ref> On October 31, 2021, a comprehensive and detailed account of the events before, during and after the attack have been reported by ''[[The Washington Post]]''.<ref name="WP-20211101">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Before, During and After THE ATTACK - The Jan. 6 siege of the U.S. Capitol was neither a spontaneous act nor an isolated event.  |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/jan-6-insurrection-capitol/?itid=hp-top-table-main |date=October 31, 2021 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=November 1, 2021 }}</ref>
+Numerous scholars, historians, political scientists, and journalists have characterized these efforts to overturn the election as an attempted [[self-coup]] by Trump and an implementation of the "[[big lie]]".<ref>Multiple sources:
-=== Planning ===
+* {{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |pages=1–10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1003110361 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote=As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. (p3) |access-date=November 21, 2022 |archive-date=June 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615185508/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |url-status=live}}
-[[117th United States Congress|Congress]] was scheduled to [[joint session of the United States Congress|meet jointly]] on January 6 to [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|certify the winner of the Electoral College vote]], typically a ceremonial affair.<ref name="ZDspT">{{usc|3|15}}</ref><ref name="vctfj">{{Cite news|title=Congress' Electoral Count To Resume After Violent Protests Halt Process|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/06/953443833/congress-electoral-college-tally-promises-more-acrimony-than-ceremony|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111102802/https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/06/953443833/congress-electoral-college-tally-promises-more-acrimony-than-ceremony|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 14, 2021|newspaper=NPR|date=January 6, 2021|language=en|last1=Walsh|first1=Deirdre}}</ref> In December, Congressman [[Mo Brooks]] (R-[[Alabama|AL]]) organized three [[White House]] meetings between Trump, Republican lawmakers, and others. Attendees included Trump, Vice President Pence, representatives [[Jody Hice]] (R-GA), [[Jim Jordan (American politician)|Jim Jordan]] (R-OH), and [[Andy Biggs]] (R-AZ), representative-elect [[Marjorie Taylor Greene]] (R-GA), and members of the Trump legal team.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|date=January 6, 2021|title=Mo Brooks: Today patriots start 'kicking ass' in fighting vote results|url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/01/mo-brooks-today-patriots-start-kicking-ass-in-fighting-vote-results.html |first=Paul |last=Gattis |access-date=January 7, 2021|website=al|language=en}}</ref> The purpose of the meetings was to strategize about how Congress could overturn the election results on January 6.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/21/trump-house-overturn-election-449787|title=House Republicans meet with Trump to discuss overturning election results|last=Zanona|first=Melanie|date=December 21, 2021|work=Politico|access-date=July 29, 2021}}</ref>
+* {{Cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=The Trump Self-Coup Attempt: Comparisons and Civil–Military Relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=4 |language=en |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |issn=0017-257X |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free}}
+* {{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}'overturn' the election outcome. Among the results of this 'Big Lie' campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=November 21, 2022 |archive-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609214107/https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last=Graham|first=David A.|date=January 6, 2021|title=This Is a Coup|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en|ref=none}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last=Musgrave|first=Paul|title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/|date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US|archive-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/|url-status=live|ref=none}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last=Solnit|first=Rebecca|title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt|date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-UK|archive-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt|url-status=live|ref=none}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last=Coleman|first=Justine|date=January 6, 2021|title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt'|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en|archive-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt|url-status=live|ref=none}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last=Jacobson|first=Louis|date=January 6, 2021|title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide|url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=[[PolitiFact]]|quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered precisely when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.|ref=none|archive-date=May 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510120244/https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/|url-status=live}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. |title=The Trump Self-Coup Attempt: Comparisons and Civil–Military Relations |journal=Government and Opposition |date=2022 |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |language=en |issn=0017-257X |doi-access=free}}</ref> On July 16, 2023, Donald Trump was notified that he was officially a target in the [[Smith special counsel investigation]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Shabad |first1=Rebecca |last2=Reilly |first2=Ryan J. |date=July 18, 2023 |title=Trump says he's received target letter from special counsel Jack Smith in Jan. 6 probe |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-says-s-received-target-letter-special-counsel-jack-smith-rcna92691 |access-date=July 18, 2023 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en |archive-date=July 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718150213/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-says-s-received-target-letter-special-counsel-jack-smith-rcna92691 |url-status=live }}</ref> Trump attorney Sidney Powell would later plead guilty to conspiring to interfere with the election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump's ex-lawyer Sidney Powell pleads guilty in Georgia election case |first=Hugo |last=Lowell |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/oct/19/sidney-powell-guilty-plea-trump-georgia-elections |work=The Guardian |date=October 19, 2023 |access-date=October 20, 2023 |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020063659/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/oct/19/sidney-powell-guilty-plea-trump-georgia-elections |url-status=live}}</ref>
+===Planning of January 6 events===
-On December 18, four days after the Electoral College voted, Trump called for supporters to attend a rally before the January{{nbs}}6 Congressional vote count to continue his challenge to the validity of several states' election results. Trump tweeted, "Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!"<ref name="agitation01">{{cite web|last=Carless|first=Will|date=January 4, 2021|title=Nation's capital braces for violence as extremist groups converge to protest Trump's election loss|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/04/january-6-dc-protests-against-election-certification-could-violent/4132441001/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105213603/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/04/january-6-dc-protests-against-election-certification-could-violent/4132441001/|archive-date=January 5, 2021|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=USA Today}}</ref><ref>Multiple sources:
+<!--[[117th United States Congress|Congress]] was scheduled to [[joint session of the United States Congress|meet jointly]] on January 6 to [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|certify the winner of the Electoral College vote]], typically a ceremonial affair.<ref>This process is described in {{usc|3|15}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Congress' Electoral Count To Resume After Violent Protests Halt Process |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/06/953443833/congress-electoral-college-tally-promises-more-acrimony-than-ceremony |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111102802/https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/06/953443833/congress-electoral-college-tally-promises-more-acrimony-than-ceremony |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=January 14, 2021 |newspaper=[[NPR]] |date=January 6, 2021 |language=en |last1=Walsh |first1=Deirdre}}</ref> In December, Congressman [[Mo Brooks]] (R-[[Alabama|AL]]) organized three [[White House]] meetings between Trump, Republican lawmakers, and others. Attendees included Trump, Vice President Pence, representatives [[Jody Hice]] (R-GA), [[Jim Jordan (American politician)|Jim Jordan]] (R-OH), and [[Andy Biggs]] (R-AZ), representative-elect [[Marjorie Taylor Greene]] (R-GA), and members of the Trump legal team.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gattis |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Mo Brooks: Today patriots start 'kicking ass' in fighting vote results |work=al.com |url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/01/mo-brooks-today-patriots-start-kicking-ass-in-fighting-vote-results.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106150339/https://www.al.com/news/2021/01/mo-brooks-today-patriots-start-kicking-ass-in-fighting-vote-results.html |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> The purpose of the meetings was to strategize about how Congress could overturn the election results on January 6.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zanona |first=Melanie |date=December 21, 2021 |title=House Republicans meet with Trump to discuss overturning election results |work=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/21/trump-house-overturn-election-449787 |url-status=live |access-date=June 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222031402/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/21/trump-house-overturn-election-449787 |archive-date=December 22, 2020}}</ref>-->
-* {{cite news|last=Timberg|first=Craig|date=April 15, 2021|accessdate=May 15, 2021|title=Gallows or guillotines? The chilling debate on TheDonald.win before the Capitol siege.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/04/15/thedonald-capitol-attack-advance-democracy/|newspaper=Washington Post|issn=0190-8286 }}
-* {{cite web|first1=Logan |last1=Jaffe |first2=Lydia |last2=DePillis |first3=Isaac |last3=Arnsdorf |first4=J. David |last4=McSwane|accessdate=May 15, 2021|title=Trump tweeted "Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!" and thousands of insurrectionists heeded the call|url=https://www.orlandoweekly.com/orlando/president-trump-tweeted-big-protest-in-dc-on-january-6th-be-there-will-be-wild-and-thousands-of-insurrectionists-heeded-the-call/Content?oid=28622391 |date=January 13, 2021 |website=Orlando Weekly}}
-* {{Cite tweet |number=1340185773220515840 |user=realdonaldtrump |title=Peter Navarro releases 36-page report alleging election fraud 'more than sufficient' to swing victory to Trump washex.am/3nwaBCe. A great report by Peter. Statistically impossible to have lost the 2020 Election. Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild! |author=[[Donald Trump]] |date=December 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219064257/https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1340185773220515840 |archive-date=December 19, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The "March to Save America" and rally that preceded the riots at the Capitol were initially organized by Women for America First, a [[501(c)(4) organization]] chaired by [[Amy Kremer]], co-founder of [[Women for Trump]].<ref name="cnbcjan9">{{cite web|last=Schwartz, Brian|date=January 9, 2021|title=Pro-Trump dark money groups organized the rally that led to deadly Capitol Hill riot|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/09/pro-trump-dark-money-groups-organized-the-rally-that-led-to-deadly-capitol-hill-riot.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109160237/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/09/pro-trump-dark-money-groups-organized-the-rally-that-led-to-deadly-capitol-hill-riot.html|archive-date=January 9, 2021|access-date=January 9, 2021|website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> On January 1, 2021, they obtained a permit with an estimated attendance of 5,000 for a first amendment rally "March for Trump".<ref name="permits" /> In late 2020 and early 2021, Kremer organized and spoke at a series of events across the country as part of a bus tour to encourage attendance at the January{{nbs}}6 rally and support Trump's efforts to overturn the election result.<ref name="tanfani">{{cite news|last1=Tanfani|first1=Joseph|last2=Berens|first2=Michael|last3=Parker|first3=Ned|date=January 11, 2021|title=How Trump's pied pipers rallied a faithful mob to the Capitol|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-protest-organizers-insight/how-trumps-pied-pipers-rallied-a-faithful-mob-to-the-capitol-idUSKBN29G2UP|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115231555/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-protest-organizers-insight/how-trumps-pied-pipers-rallied-a-faithful-mob-to-the-capitol-idUSKBN29G2UP|archive-date=January 15, 2021|access-date=January 17, 2021|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Women for America First invited its supporters to join a [[caravan (travellers)|caravan]] of vehicles traveling to the event. [[Event management]] was carried out by Event Strategies, a company founded by Tim Unes, who worked for [[2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign|Trump's 2016 presidential campaign]].<ref name="cnbcjan9" />
+On December 18, four days after the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] voted, Trump called for supporters to attend a rally before the January{{spaces}}6 Congressional vote count, writing on [[Twitter]], "Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!".<ref name="agitation01" /><ref>Multiple sources:
-On January 2, Trump retweeted a post by Kremer promoting the January{{nbs}}6 rally, adding that he would be there. From that point, although Kremer still held the permit, planning essentially passed to the White House.<ref name="tanfani" /> Trump discussed the speaking lineup and the music to be played at the event. Although the initial plan for the rally called for people to remain at [[the Ellipse]] until the counting of electoral slates was complete, the White House said they should march to the Capitol, as Trump repeatedly urged during his speech.<ref name="Rutenberg" />
+* {{cite news |last=Timberg |first=Craig |date=April 15, 2021 |title=Gallows or guillotines? The chilling debate on TheDonald.win before the Capitol siege. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/04/15/thedonald-capitol-attack-advance-democracy/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=June 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417103739/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/04/15/thedonald-capitol-attack-advance-democracy/ |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=2269358}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last1=Jaffe |first1=Logan |last2=DePillis |first2=Lydia |last3=Arnsdorf |first3=Isaac |last4=McSwane |first4=J. David |date=January 13, 2021 |title=Trump tweeted 'Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!' and thousands of insurrectionists heeded the call |url=https://www.orlandoweekly.com/news/president-trump-tweeted-big-protest-in-dc-on-january-6th-be-there-will-be-wild-and-thousands-of-insurrectionists-heeded-the-call-28622391 |website=Orlando Weekly |access-date=May 15, 2021 |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404075358/https://www.orlandoweekly.com/orlando/president-trump-tweeted-big-protest-in-dc-on-january-6th-be-there-will-be-wild-and-thousands-of-insurrectionists-heeded-the-call/Content?oid=28622391 |url-status=live }}
+* {{Cite tweet |number=1340185773220515840 |user=realdonaldtrump |title=Peter Navarro releases 36-page report alleging election fraud 'more than sufficient' to swing victory to Trump washex.am/3nwaBCe. A great report by Peter. Statistically impossible to have lost the 2020 Election. Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild! |first=Donald |last=Trump |author-link=Donald Trump |date=December 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219064257/https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1340185773220515840 |archive-date=December 19, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On December 28, far-right activist [[Ali Alexander]] described collaboration with the Proud Boys and explained that the purpose of the January 6 event would be "to build momentum and pressure, and then on the day change hearts and minds of Congresspeoples {{sic}} who weren't yet decided or saw everyone outside and said, 'I can't be on the other side of that mob{{' "}}.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/22/politics/ali-alexander-january-6-extremists-kfile/index.html |title=Videos show 'Stop the Steal' rally organizer saying he would work with extremist groups |first1=Andrew |last1=Kaczynski |first2=Em |last2=Steck |website=[[CNN]] |date=January 22, 2022 |access-date=August 29, 2023 |archive-date=August 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829023847/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/22/politics/ali-alexander-january-6-extremists-kfile/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Alexander named three Republican members of the House as allies who were planning "something big": [[Paul Gosar]], [[Andy Biggs]] and [[Mo Brooks]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Montini |first=EJ |date=January 10, 2021|title=Arizona Reps. Andy Biggs and Paul Gosar implicated by activist in Capitol insurrection|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/ej-montini/2021/01/10/reps-andy-biggs-paul-gosar-implicated-capitol-insurrection/6614177002/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210110212135/https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/ej-montini/2021/01/10/reps-andy-biggs-paul-gosar-implicated-capitol-insurrection/6614177002/|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021|website=[[The Arizona Republic]]}}</ref> "We're the four guys who came up with a January{{spaces}}6 event", he said.<ref>Multiple sources:
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last1=Grim|first1=Ryan|last2=Chávez|first2=Aída|date=January 11, 2021|title=Freedom Caucus Chair Andy Biggs Helped Plan January 6 Event, Lead Organizer Says|url=https://theintercept.com/2021/01/11/capitol-plot-andy-biggs-paul-gosar/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111234259/https://theintercept.com/2021/01/11/capitol-plot-andy-biggs-paul-gosar/|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2021|website=[[The Intercept]]}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Kuznia |first1=Rob |last2=Devine |first2=Curt |last3=Bronstein |first3=Scott |last4=Ortega |first4=Bob |date=January 9, 2021 |title=Extremists intensify calls for violence ahead of Inauguration Day |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/us/online-extremism-inauguration-capitol-invs/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111171231/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/us/online-extremism-inauguration-capitol-invs/index.html |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Sommer |first=Will |date=January 11, 2021 |title='Stop the Steal' Organizer in Hiding After Denying Blame for Riot |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/stop-the-steal-organizer-in-hiding-after-denying-blame-for-riot |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111045255/https://www.thedailybeast.com/stop-the-steal-organizer-in-hiding-after-denying-blame-for-riot |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Daily Beast]]}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last1=Anglen|first1=Robert|last2=Hansen|first2=Ronald J.|date=January 10, 2021|title=Reps. Paul Gosar, Andy Biggs credited in video with organizing Trump crowd in DC on day of riot|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2021/01/10/paul-gosar-andy-biggs-credited-video-organizing-trump-crowd-dc/6603721002/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210317202318/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2021/01/10/paul-gosar-andy-biggs-credited-video-organizing-trump-crowd-dc/6603721002/|archive-date=March 17, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref><!--Alexander said in April 2022 that he would cooperate with the Justice Department investigation into the attack, after receiving a subpoena from a federal grand jury that was investigating broad categories of people involved in Trump rallies prior to the attack. Alexander was close to longtime Trump associate Roger Stone, with whom he spoke about "logistics" and the "warring factions" of rally organizers in the run up to January 6. Alexander gave the [[January 6 committee]] all of his communications with Stone from the day of the attack.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Feuer |first1=Alan |date=April 8, 2022 |title=Pro-Trump Rally Planner Is Cooperating in Justice Dept.'s Jan. 6 Inquiry |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/08/us/politics/january-6-investigation-ali-alexander.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=May 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408225738/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/08/us/politics/january-6-investigation-ali-alexander.html |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |issn=1553-8095 |oclc=1645522}}</ref>-->
-[[Ali Alexander]], a right-wing political activist who took part in organizing the rally and expressed support for the storming as "completely peaceful", was reported as saying in December that Representatives [[Paul Gosar]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]–[[Arizona|AZ]]), Andy Biggs (R–AZ), and Mo Brooks (R–[[Alabama|AL]]) were involved in the planning of "something big".<ref name="a418G">{{Cite web|last=Montini, EJ|date=January 10, 2021|title=Arizona Reps. Andy Biggs and Paul Gosar implicated by activist in Capitol insurrection|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/ej-montini/2021/01/10/reps-andy-biggs-paul-gosar-implicated-capitol-insurrection/6614177002/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210110212135/https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/ej-montini/2021/01/10/reps-andy-biggs-paul-gosar-implicated-capitol-insurrection/6614177002/|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021|website=[[The Arizona Republic]]}}</ref> "We're the four guys who came up with a January{{nbs}}6 event", he said.<ref name="0KfM9">{{Cite web|last1=Grim|first1=Ryan|last2=Chávez|first2=Aída|date=January 11, 2021|title=Freedom Caucus Chair Andy Biggs Helped Plan January 6 Event, Lead Organizer Says|url=https://theintercept.com/2021/01/11/capitol-plot-andy-biggs-paul-gosar/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111234259/https://theintercept.com/2021/01/11/capitol-plot-andy-biggs-paul-gosar/|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2021|website=The Intercept}}</ref> According to Alexander, "It was to build momentum and pressure and then on the day change hearts and minds of Congress peoples who weren't yet decided or who saw everyone outside and said, 'I can't be on the other side of that mob.{{' "}} His remarks received more scrutiny after the events of January 6, causing Biggs to respond with a statement denying any relationship with Alexander.<ref>Multiple sources:
+On December 23, 2020, [[Roger Stone]]'s group [[Stop the Steal]] posted plans to "occupy just outside" the Capitol with promises to "escalate" if opposed by police.<ref name="planned openly">{{#invoke:cite web||last=McEvoy|first=Jemima|date=January 7, 2021|title=Capitol Attack Was Planned Openly Online For Weeks – Police Still Weren't Ready|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2021/01/07/capitol-attack-was-planned-openly-online-for-weeks-police-still-werent-ready/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111045903/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2021/01/07/capitol-attack-was-planned-openly-online-for-weeks-police-still-werent-ready/|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> By January 1, Stone recorded a video for his "Stop The Steal Security Project" to raise funds "for the staging, the transportation and most importantly the security" of the event.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Stop The Steal Security Project|url=https://stopthesteal.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101185316/https://donorbox.org/stop-the-steal-3|archive-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref>
-* {{Cite news|last1=Kuznia|first1=Rob|last2=Devine|first2=Curt|last3=Bronstein|first3=Scott|last4=Ortega|first4=Bob|date=January 9, 2021|title=Extremists intensify calls for violence ahead of Inauguration Day|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/us/online-extremism-inauguration-capitol-invs/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111171231/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/us/online-extremism-inauguration-capitol-invs/index.html|archive-date=January 11, 2021}}
-* {{Cite news|last=Sommer|first=Will|date=January 11, 2021|title='Stop the Steal' Organizer in Hiding After Denying Blame for Riot|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/stop-the-steal-organizer-in-hiding-after-denying-blame-for-riot|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111045255/https://www.thedailybeast.com/stop-the-steal-organizer-in-hiding-after-denying-blame-for-riot|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|newspaper=The Daily Beast}}
-* {{Cite web|last1=Anglen|first1=Robert|last2=Hansen|first2=Ronald J.|date=January 10, 2021|title=Reps. Paul Gosar, Andy Biggs credited in video with organizing Trump crowd in DC on day of riot|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2021/01/10/paul-gosar-andy-biggs-credited-video-organizing-trump-crowd-dc/6603721002/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210317202318/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2021/01/10/paul-gosar-andy-biggs-credited-video-organizing-trump-crowd-dc/6603721002/|archive-date=March 17, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' wrote that videos and posts revealed earlier connections between Alexander and the three members of Congress.<ref name="dtVPJ">{{Cite web|title=GOP Reps. Deny Giving 'Reconnaissance Tours' to Capitol Rioters|url=https://news.yahoo.com/gop-reps-deny-giving-reconnaissance-160235263.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114162012/https://news.yahoo.com/gop-reps-deny-giving-reconnaissance-160235263.html |first=Brittany |last=Bernstein |date=January 13, 2021 |archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=January 14, 2021|website=news.yahoo.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
+The event was largely funded by Trump donor [[Julie Fancelli|Julie Jenkins Fancelli]], the 72-year-old heiress to the [[Publix]] supermarket fortune, who budgeted $3&nbsp;million for the event and spent at least $650,000.<ref>Multiple sources:
-For several weeks before the event, there was planning on social media, including calls for violence against Congress, Pence, and police. Plans were coordinated on "[[alt-tech]]" platforms distinct from larger social media platforms such as [[Reddit]] or [[Twitter]], which had implemented bans to censor violent language and images. Websites such as [[TheDonald.win]] (a successor to the Reddit forum r/The_Donald), social networking service [[Parler]], chat app [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]], [[Gab (social network)|Gab]], and others, were used to discuss previous Trump rallies and made plans for storming the Capitol.<ref name="Lytvyenko210106">{{Cite web|last1=Lytvyenko|first1=Jane|last2=Hensley-Clancy|first2=Molly|date=January 6, 2021|title=The Rioters Who Took Over The Capitol Have Been Planning Online In The Open For Weeks|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/janelytvynenko/trump-rioters-planned-online|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235519/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/janelytvynenko/trump-rioters-planned-online|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=BuzzFeed News}}</ref><ref name="frenkeljan6">{{Cite news|last=Frenkel|first=Sheera|date=January 6, 2021|title=The storming of Capitol Hill was organized on social media|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/protesters-storm-capitol-hill-building.html|url-status=live|url-access=registration|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106220539/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/protesters-storm-capitol-hill-building.html|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> There were also calls for violence mentioning January{{nbs}}6 on mainstream social media platforms, such as Twitter and [[TikTok]], although the majority of posts on these platforms did not explicitly call for violence.<ref name="Lytvyenko210106" />
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/12/22/publix-heiress-jan-6-financing/ |title=Publix heiress was willing to spend $3 million on Jan. 6 rally, documents show |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |last1=Stanley-Becker |first1=Isaac |last2=Reinhard |first2=Beth |date=December 22, 2022 |access-date=August 29, 2023 |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401040154/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/12/22/publix-heiress-jan-6-financing/ |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Shalini |last2=Berzon |first2=Alexandra |last3=Ballhaus |first3=Rebecca |date=February 1, 2021 |title=Jan. 6 Rally Funded by Top Trump Donor, Helped by Alex Jones, Organizers Say |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/jan-6-rally-funded-by-top-trump-donor-helped-by-alex-jones-organizers-say-11612012063 |access-date=November 10, 2022 |archive-date=January 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130162400/https://www.wsj.com/articles/jan-6-rally-funded-by-top-trump-donor-helped-by-alex-jones-organizers-say-11612012063 |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |first1=Beth |last1=Reinhard |first2=Jacqueline |last2=Alemany |first3=Josh |last3=Dawsey |first4=Alice |last4=Crites |first5=Andrew Ba |last5=Tran |date=December 8, 2021 |title=Low-profile heiress who 'played a strong role' in financing Jan. 6 rally is thrust into spotlight |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/publix-heiress-capitol-insurrection-fancelli/2021/12/08/5144fe1c-5219-11ec-8ad5-b5c50c1fb4d9_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210020324/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/publix-heiress-capitol-insurrection-fancelli/2021/12/08/5144fe1c-5219-11ec-8ad5-b5c50c1fb4d9_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Fancelli's funding, via conspiracy theorist [[Alex Jones]], was used to reserve the Ellipse. With Fancelli's funding, a [[robocall]] campaign was initiated, urging people to "march to the Capitol building and call on Congress to stop the steal".<ref>{{cite web |last=Corey, Jamie / |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Republican Attorneys General Dark Money Group Organized Protest Preceding Capitol Mob Attack |url=https://documented.net/2021/01/republican-attorneys-general-dark-money-group-organized-protest-preceding-capitol-mob-attack/ |access-date=January 24, 2021 |website=[[Documented]] |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127222102/https://documented.net/2021/01/republican-attorneys-general-dark-money-group-organized-protest-preceding-capitol-mob-attack/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Charlie Kirk]], another Fancelli-funded activist, stated that his group had sent over eighty buses to the Capitol.<ref>{{cite web |last=Palmer |first=Ewan |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Charlie Kirk Says Not Everyone in Capitol Mob Was an Insurrectionist |url=https://www.newsweek.com/charlie-kirk-insurrection-buses-washington-tweet-1560727 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |website=[[Newsweek]] |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112150142/https://www.newsweek.com/charlie-kirk-insurrection-buses-washington-tweet-1560727 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jones claimed that the Trump White House asked him to lead the march to the Capitol.<ref>{{cite news |last=Graziosi |first=Graig |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Alex Jones says he paid $500,000 for rally that led to Capitol riot |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/alex-jones-paid-rally-capitol-riot-b1784603.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114161541/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/alex-jones-paid-rally-capitol-riot-b1784603.html |archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>
+On January 2, Trump announced plans to speak at the "March to Save America" rally on January{{spaces}}6.{{efn|Multiple notes:
-Many of the posters planned for violence before the event; some discussed how to avoid police on the streets, which tools to bring to help pry open doors, and how to smuggle weapons into the city.<ref name="frenkeljan6" /> They discussed their perceived need to attack the police.<ref name="Lytvyenko210106" /><ref>{{cite web|first1=Celine|last1=Castronuovo|accessdate=May 15, 2021|title=Officials determined troubling posts did not indicate threat ahead of Capitol riot: report|url=https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/550633-officials-determined-troubling-posts-did-not-indicate-threat-ahead|date=April 28, 2021|website=TheHill}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 15, 2021|title=Feds aren't using posts about plans to attack the Capitol as evidence|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/we-found-hundreds-posts-about-plans-attack-capitol-why-aren-n1264291 |first1=Ken |last1=Dilanian |first2=Ben |last2=Collins |website=NBC News}}</ref> Following clashes with Washington, D.C. police during protests on [[2020–21 United States election protests#December 2020|December 12, 2020]], the [[Proud Boys]] and other [[far-right]] groups turned against supporting law enforcement.<ref>Multiple sources:
+* [[Amy Kremer]] of [[Women for Trump]] had been granted a permit the day prior.
-* {{cite web|first1=Grace|last1=Panetta|accessdate=May 15, 2021|title=Proud Boys may have deliberately planned the Capitol siege as revenge against law enforcement, FBI says|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/proud-boys-planned-capitol-siege-as-revenge-against-police-fbi-2021-2|website=Business Insider}}
+* Other organizations taking part in the event included: Black Conservatives Fund, Eighty Percent Coalition, Moms For America, Peaceably Gather, Phyllis Schlafly Eagles, Rule of Law Defense Fund, Stop The Steal, [[Turning Point Action]], [[Tea Party Patriots]], Women For America First, and Wildprotest.com.}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mihalopoulos |first1=Dan |title=Chicago-Area Billionaire Gave Millions To 'Patriots' Group That Backed Pro-Trump Rally |url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/chicago-area-billionaire-gave-millions-to-patriots-group-that-backed-pro-trump-rally/a5ea9afa-e58f-4987-a698-7d847c244189 |website=WBEZ Chicago |access-date=February 12, 2021 |language=en |date=January 12, 2021 |quote=The funding sources for last Wednesday's rally against President Donald Trump's reelection loss are not publicly documented ... On the website for the rally ... 11 groups listed as 'participating in the March to Save America' as part of the '#StopTheSteal coalition'. |archive-date=February 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212061242/https://www.wbez.org/stories/chicago-area-billionaire-gave-millions-to-patriots-group-that-backed-pro-trump-rally/a5ea9afa-e58f-4987-a698-7d847c244189 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=March to Save America |url=https://marchtosaveamerica.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106065452/https://marchtosaveamerica.com/ |title=Join President Donald J. Trump outside the White House on January 6 |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="tanfani">{{cite news |last1=Tanfani |first1=Joseph |last2=Berens |first2=Michael |last3=Parker |first3=Ned |date=January 11, 2021 |title=How Trump's pied pipers rallied a faithful mob to the Capitol |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-protest-organizers-insight/how-trumps-pied-pipers-rallied-a-faithful-mob-to-the-capitol-idUSKBN29G2UP |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115231555/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-protest-organizers-insight/how-trumps-pied-pipers-rallied-a-faithful-mob-to-the-capitol-idUSKBN29G2UP |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=January 17, 2021 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On January 4, [[Steve Bannon]] described himself being part of "the bloodless coup".<ref name="CNN_7/15/2022">{{#invoke:cite web|| title=CNN Transcripts | website=[[CNN]] | date=July 15, 2022 | url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/nday/date/2022-07-15/segment/05 | access-date=July 20, 2022 | archive-date=July 25, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725194322/https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/nday/date/2022-07-15/segment/05 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Peltz_10/29/2021">{{cite web |last=Peltz |first=Madeline |title=Leading up to January 6, Steve Bannon publicly bragged about his behind-the-scene role fomenting the insurrection |website=[[Media Matters for America]] |date=October 29, 2021 |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/steve-bannon/leading-january-6-steve-bannon-publicly-bragged-about-his-behind-scene-role-fomenting |access-date=July 20, 2022 |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718045513/https://www.mediamatters.org/steve-bannon/leading-january-6-steve-bannon-publicly-bragged-about-his-behind-scene-role-fomenting |url-status=live}}</ref>
-* {{cite news|first1=David D.|last1=Kirkpatrick|first2=Alan|last2=Feuer|accessdate=May 15, 2021|title=Police Shrugged Off the Proud Boys, Until They Attacked the Capitol|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/14/us/proud-boys-law-enforcement.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 14, 2021|issn=0362-4331 }}
-* {{cite news|accessdate=May 15, 2021|title=Proud Boys may have planned Capitol breach to retaliate against police for member stabbed at earlier march, FBI alleges|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/proud-boy-capitol-riot-stabbing/2021/02/03/85900842-666a-11eb-8c64-9595888caa15_story.html |first=Spencer S. |last=Hsu |date=February 3, 2021 |newspaper=Washington Post|issn=0190-8286 }}</ref> At least one group, [[Stop the Steal]], posted on December 23, 2020, its plans to occupy the Capitol with promises to "escalate" if opposed by police.<ref name="HlgD3">{{Cite web|last=McEvoy|first=Jemima|date=January 7, 2021|title=Capitol Attack Was Planned Openly Online For Weeks – Police Still Weren't Ready|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2021/01/07/capitol-attack-was-planned-openly-online-for-weeks-police-still-werent-ready/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111045903/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2021/01/07/capitol-attack-was-planned-openly-online-for-weeks-police-still-werent-ready/|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=Forbes}}</ref> Multiple sites graphically and explicitly discussed "war", physically taking charge at the event, and killing politicians, even soliciting opinions about which politician should be hanged first, with a [[GIF]] of a noose.<ref name="Lytvyenko210106" />
+====Seditious conspiracy by Oath Keepers and Proud Boys====
-One comment−cited in the FBI memo−advocated for Trump supporters going to Washington and getting "violent". "Stop calling this a march, or rally, or a protest. Go there, ready for war. We get our President or we die.{{nbs}}... It is our duty as Americans to fight, kill and die for our rights."<ref name="Barrett_Hsu_Davis_1/30/2021">{{cite web|last1=Barrett|first1=Devlin|last2=Hsu|first2=Spencer|last3=Davis|first3=Aaron|title='Be ready to fight': FBI probe of U.S. Capitol riot finds evidence detailing coordination of an assault|website=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 30, 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/fbi-capitol-riot-coordination-planning/2021/01/30/c5ef346e-6258-11eb-9430-e7c77b5b0297_story.html|access-date=January 30, 2021}}</ref> On December 26, a leader of the [[Oath Keepers]] allegedly messaged instructions to "wait for the 6th when we are all in D.C. to insurrection". According to prosecutors, that leader also authored a message in December reporting "I organized an alliance between Oath Keepers, Florida 3%ers, and Proud Boys".<ref name="usacoord">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2021/03/24/capitol-attack-oath-keepers-proud-boys-three-percenters-coordinated/6980128002/ |date=March 24, 2021 |title=Oath Keeper planned with Proud Boys, Three Percenters before Capitol attack, prosecutors say|first1=Katie |last1=Wedell |first2=Kevin |last2=Johnson |website=USA TODAY}}</ref>
+{{main|Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack}}
+On November 5, 2020, two days after the presidential election, leaders of the Oath Keepers began communicating about a "civil war". On November 9, the leaders held an online members-only video conference in which leader Stewart Rhodes outlined a plan to stop the transfer of power, including preparations for using force. The Oath Keepers planned to store "an arsenal" with a "Quick Reaction Force" (QRF) in nearby Alexandria, Virginia. The leaders planned to procure boat transportation so that bridge closures could not prevent their entry into D.C.<ref name="OathKeeperIndictment">{{cite press release |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/member-oath-keepers-indicted-conspiracy-and-other-offenses-related-us-capitol-breach |title=Member of Oath Keepers Indicted for Conspiracy and Other Offenses Related to U.S. Capitol Breach |date=June 24, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]] |access-date=August 26, 2023 |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825033935/https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/member-oath-keepers-indicted-conspiracy-and-other-offenses-related-us-capitol-breach |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Oath Keepers indictment |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/press-release/file/1514871/download |date=June 22, 2022 |website=[[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]] |access-date=August 26, 2023 |archive-date=July 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722170607/https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/press-release/file/1514871/download |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Sarah N. |last=Lynch |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/a-bloody-desperate-fight-us-prosecutors-release-oath-keepers-communications-2022-01-13/ |title='A bloody and desperate fight:' U.S. Prosecutors release Oath Keepers' communications |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=January 13, 2022 |access-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-date=September 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907055914/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/a-bloody-desperate-fight-us-prosecutors-release-oath-keepers-communications-2022-01-13/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/03/us/politics/jan-6-oath-keepers-trial.html |title=Prosecution Says Oath Keepers 'Concocted a Plan for Armed Rebellion' |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 3, 2022 |last1=Feuer |first1=Alan |access-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118113500/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/03/us/politics/jan-6-oath-keepers-trial.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
-On January 5, the Norfolk field office of the FBI reported plans of violence: "An online thread discussed specific calls for violence to include stating 'Be ready to fight. Congress needs to hear glass breaking, doors being kicked in, and blood from their BLM and Pantifa {{sic}} slave soldiers being spilled. Get violent. Stop calling this a march, or rally, or a protest. Go there ready for war. We get our President or we die. NOTHING else will achieve this goal.'" The Norfolk report noted that planners shared a map of the tunnels underneath the Capitol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pilotonline.com/government/nation/vp-nw-fbi-norfolk-warning-20210112-or2kkxpnxbeoln7ysza4z3ac6a-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114163545/https://www.pilotonline.com/government/nation/vp-nw-fbi-norfolk-warning-20210112-or2kkxpnxbeoln7ysza4z3ac6a-story.html |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |date=January 12, 2021 |title='Go there ready for war': FBI's Norfolk office sent warning ahead of Capitol violence, report says|first=Katherine|last=Hafner|website=pilotonline.com}}</ref>
+On December 12, about 200 members of the Proud Boys joined a march near [[Freedom Plaza]] and the [[Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.)#Trump International Hotel Washington, D.C.|Trump International Hotel]] while dressed in combat fatigues and ballistic vests and reportedly carrying helmets.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Jonathan |last1=Landay |first2=Timothy |last2=Gardner |first3=David |last3=Lawder |date=December 13, 2020 |title=Pro-Trump protests decry president's election loss, opposing groups clash in Washington |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/13/pro-trump-protests-decry-election-loss-violence-in-washington.html |access-date=December 13, 2020 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109153141/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/13/pro-trump-protests-decry-election-loss-violence-in-washington.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In scuffles between protesters and counter-protesters, four people were stabbed and at least 23 were arrested.<ref name=Khalil>{{cite news |url=https://time.com/5921156/stabbing-trump-rally-washington/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213170242/https://time.com/5921156/stabbing-trump-rally-washington/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 13, 2020 |title=Four People Stabbed and At Least 23 Arrested at Pro-Trump Rally in D.C. |last=Khalil |first=Ashraf |date=December 13, 2020 |magazine=Time |access-date=December 13, 2020}}</ref>
-NBC News reported in June 2021 that the FBI had been asking at least one person charged with involvement in the attack about his possible connections to members of Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msnbc.com/all-in/watch/fbi-asks-jan-6-suspect-about-ties-to-congress-extremists-groups-115092549943 |title=FBI asks Jan. 6 suspect about ties to Congress, extremists groups |website=MSNBC |date=June 18, 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Proud Boys wearing shirt with Neo-Nazi slogan 6 Million Wasn't Enough - Dec 2020.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|On December 15, 2020, a photograph spread online of a Proud Boy wearing a variety of antisemitic, neo-fascist verbiage and imagery.]]
-[[Joan Donovan]], research director at [[Harvard University|Harvard]]'s [[Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy]], said that key figures in the [[Unite the Right rally]] and the [[Gamergate (harassment campaign)|Gamergate]] online harassment campaign worked to raise online fury ahead of the attack.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Eliott C. |last1=McLaughlin |date=January 19, 2021 |title=Violence at Capitol and beyond reignites debate over America's defense of extremist speech|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/19/us/capitol-riots-speech-hate-extremist-first-amendment/index.html|access-date=March 16, 2021|website=CNN|quote=As an expert in online extremism and disinformation campaigns, she watched as{{nbsp}}... key figures in Gamergate and Charlottesville stoked online fury ahead of the attempted coup.}}</ref>
+By December 15, Proud Boy members were being photographed wearing apparel featuring the antisemitic, Neo-Nazi slogan "6MWE".<ref name="Snopes6MWE"/> The acronym stands for "6{{spaces}}million wasn't enough", referring to the number of Jewish [[Holocaust victims]]. The slogan was accompanied by an Eagle and [[fasces]] symbol used by the [[Italian Social Republic|Italian Fascists]].<ref name="Snopes6MWE">{{#invoke:cite web||title=Is 6MWE an Anti-Semitic Proud Boys Slogan? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/proud-boy-6mwe/|access-date=January 10, 2021 |website=[[Snopes]] |first=Alex |last=Kasprak |date=December 18, 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=December 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201226170235/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/proud-boy-6mwe/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The image, which spread on Twitter, prompted the [[Anti-Defamation League]] to declare that the "Proud Boys's Bigotry is on Full Display."<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/proud-boys-bigotry-full-display |url-status=live |title=Proud Boys' Bigotry is on Full Display |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212210759/https://www.adl.org/blog/proud-boys-bigotry-is-on-full-display |archive-date=February 12, 2021 |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |date=December 24, 2020 }}</ref>
-==== Funding ====
-Organizations taking part in the event included: Black Conservatives Fund, Eighty Percent Coalition, Moms For America, Peaceably Gather, Phyllis Schlafly Eagles, Rule of Law Defense Fund, Stop The Steal, [[Turning Point Action]], [[Tea Party Patriots]], Women For America First, and Wildprotest.com.<ref name="5tIrl">{{cite web|last1=Mihalopoulos|first1=Dan|title=Chicago-Area Billionaire Gave Millions To 'Patriots' Group That Backed Pro-Trump Rally|url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/chicago-area-billionaire-gave-millions-to-patriots-group-that-backed-pro-trump-rally/a5ea9afa-e58f-4987-a698-7d847c244189|website=WBEZ Chicago|access-date=February 12, 2021|language=en|date=January 12, 2021|quote=The funding sources for last Wednesday's rally against President Donald Trump's reelection loss are not publicly documented{{nbs}}... On the website for the rally{{nbs}}... 11 groups listed as "participating in the March to Save America" as part of the "#StopTheSteal coalition".}}</ref><ref name="PqDF4">{{Cite web|title=March to Save America|url=https://marchtosaveamerica.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106065452/https://marchtosaveamerica.com/|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> Rule of Law Defense Fund, which is a 501(c)(4) arm of the Republican Attorneys General Association, also paid for [[robocalls]] to invite people to "march to the Capitol building and call on Congress to stop the steal".<ref name="GPFqt">{{Cite web|last=Corey, Jamie /|date=January 7, 2021|title=Republican Attorneys General Dark Money Group Organized Protest Preceding Capitol Mob Attack|url=https://documented.net/2021/01/republican-attorneys-general-dark-money-group-organized-protest-preceding-capitol-mob-attack/|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=[[Documented]]}}</ref> Conspiracy theorist [[Alex Jones]]'s media company paid $500,000 to book the Ellipse for the event,<ref name="AlexJonesClaim" /><ref name="WSJPublix" /> of which $300,000 was donated by [[Publix]] heiress and prominent Trump donor Julie Jenkins Fancelli.<ref name="WSJPublix">{{cite news|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Shalini|last2=Berzon|first2=Alexandra|last3=Ballhaus|first3=Rebecca|date=February 1, 2021|title=Jan. 6 Rally Funded by Top Trump Donor, Helped by Alex Jones, Organizers Say|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/jan-6-rally-funded-by-top-trump-donor-helped-by-alex-jones-organizers-say-11612012063}}</ref> Jones claimed that the Trump White House asked him to lead the march to the Capitol.<ref name="AlexJonesClaim">{{Cite news|last=Graziosi|first=Graig|date=January 8, 2021|title=Alex Jones says he paid $500,000 for rally that led to Capitol riot|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/alex-jones-paid-rally-capitol-riot-b1784603.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114161541/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/alex-jones-paid-rally-capitol-riot-b1784603.html|archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> [[Charlie Kirk (activist)|Charlie Kirk]] tweeted that Turning Point Action and [[Students for Trump]] had sent over eighty buses to the Capitol.<ref name="fwIEJ">{{Cite web|last=Palmer|first=Ewan|date=January 12, 2021|title=Charlie Kirk Says Not Everyone in Capitol Mob Was an Insurrectionist|url=https://www.newsweek.com/charlie-kirk-insurrection-buses-washington-tweet-1560727|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=Newsweek}}</ref> [[Roger Stone]] recorded a video for Stop The Steal Security Project to raise funds "for the staging, the transportation and most importantly the security" of the event.<ref name="9lilm">{{Cite web|title=Stop The Steal Security Project|url=https://stopthesteal.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101185316/https://donorbox.org/stop-the-steal-3|archive-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref> Other people attempted to raise funds in December via [[GoFundMe]] to help pay for transportation to the rally, with limited success.<ref name="NYTrioteranalysis">{{Cite news|last1=Barry|first1=Dan|last2=McIntire|first2=Mike|last3=Rosenberg|first3=Matthew|date=January 9, 2021|title='Our President Wants Us Here': The Mob That Stormed the Capitol|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/us/capitol-rioters.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109232819/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/us/capitol-rioters.html|archive-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref> An investigation by ''[[BuzzFeed News]]'' identified more than a dozen fundraisers to pay for travel to the planned rally. GoFundMe subsequently deactivated several of the campaigns after the riot, but some campaigns had already raised part or all of their fundraising goals before deactivation.<ref name="wh87p">{{Cite web|last=Wong|first=Venessa|date=January 8, 2021|title=Trump Supporters Used GoFundMe To "Build An Army" In DC|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/venessawong/trump-gofundme-dc-january-6|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235458/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/venessawong/trump-gofundme-dc-january-6|archive-date=January 9, 2021|access-date=January 10, 2021|website=BuzzFeed News}}</ref>
+On December 19, Oath Keepers leader [[Kelly Meggs]] placed a call to Proud Boys leader [[Enrique Tarrio]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnyGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |title=The January 6th Report: Findings from the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol |date=January 10, 2023 |publisher=Random House Publishing |isbn=9780593597286 |access-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906094139/https://books.google.com/books?id=dnyGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |url-status=live}}</ref> On December 20, the Proud Boys leadership handpicked members to form a new chapter called the "Ministry of Self Defense", which would be in charge of "national rally planning".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/proud-boys-formed-smaller-group-jan-6-prosecutors-say-n1267464 |first=Pete |last=Williams |title=Proud Boys formed smaller group for Jan. 6, prosecutors say |website=[[NBC News]] |date=May 14, 2021 |access-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-date=October 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002174532/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/proud-boys-formed-smaller-group-jan-6-prosecutors-say-n1267464 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TarrioIndict">{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/22053672/jan-6-tarrio-et-al-superseding-indictment.pdf|title=Indictment of Proud Boys leaders |date=June 6, 2022 |website=justice.gov|access-date=September 20, 2023|archive-date=June 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606212226/https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/22053672/jan-6-tarrio-et-al-superseding-indictment.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/four-oath-keepers-found-guilty-seditious-conspiracy-related-us-capitol-breach|title=Office of Public Affairs &#124; Four Oath Keepers Found Guilty of Seditious Conspiracy Related to U.S. Capitol Breach &#124; United States Department of Justice|date=January 23, 2023|website=justice.gov|access-date=August 26, 2023|archive-date=May 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524014659/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/four-oath-keepers-found-guilty-seditious-conspiracy-related-us-capitol-breach|url-status=live}}</ref> That day, one leader posted a message saying, "I am assuming most of the protest will be at the capital{{sic}} building given what's going on inside."<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/proud-boys-leader-arrested-capitol-riot-conspiracy-rcna19164 | title=New charges say Proud Boys discussed plan to attack U.S. Capitol | website=[[NBC News]] | date=March 9, 2022 | access-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-date=July 24, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724002856/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/proud-boys-leader-arrested-capitol-riot-conspiracy-rcna19164 | url-status=live }}</ref> The Proud Boys leadership began encouraging members to attend the January 6 event. Leaders used a crowdfunding website to raise money and purchase paramilitary equipment such as concealed tactical vests and radio equipment in preparation for the attack. Chapter leadership spent the days prior to, and the morning of, January 6 planning the attack.<ref name="TarrioIndict"/> On December 29, leaders announced plans to be "incognito" on January 6, by not wearing their traditional black and yellow garb.<ref name="TarrioIndict"/><ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2023/01/31/proud-boys-trial-parler-messages-path-jan-6/11153687002/ |first=Ella |last=Lee |title='New Years Revolution': What the Proud Boys said on Parler ahead of the Jan. 6 Capitol riot |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-date=September 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907055919/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2023/01/31/proud-boys-trial-parler-messages-path-jan-6/11153687002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On December 30, the leadership received a document titled "[[1776 Returns]]", which called for the occupation of "crucial buildings" on January 6 and argued for supporters to "Storm [[the Winter Palace]]" in an apparent reference to an attack on the Capitol.<ref name=Carless>{{cite news |first=Will |last=Carless |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/06/15/1776-returns-proud-boys-enrique-tarrio-zachary-rehl/7640565001/ |title='Devastating piece of evidence': Filing reveals a Proud Boys plan to storm buildings Jan. 6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829140412/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/06/15/1776-returns-proud-boys-enrique-tarrio-zachary-rehl/7640565001/ |archive-date=August 29, 2023 |work=USA Today |date=June 15, 2022}}</ref> On January 3 and 4, Proud Boys leadership explicitly discussed "storming" the Capitol.<ref name="TarrioIndict"/>
-==== January 5 meeting ====
-Trump's closest allies met at the Trump International Hotel in Washington, D.C., on the evening of January 5.<ref name="Pierce_1/28/2021" /><ref name="COEY5">{{Cite web|url=https://sethabramson.substack.com/p/january-5-meeting-at-trump-international|title=January 5 Meeting at Trump International Hotel Could Hold the Key to the January 6 Insurrection|first=Seth|last=Abramson|website=sethabramson.substack.com|date=January 26, 2021|access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref> Attendees included [[Donald Trump Jr.]], [[Eric Trump]], [[Michael Flynn]], [[Corey Lewandowski]], and Alabama Senator [[Tommy Tuberville]]. Tuberville has since stated that he did not attend the meeting,<ref name="kkEiV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alreporter.com/2021/01/26/trump-appointee-says-tuberville-raga-director-met-with-trump-family-top-advisors-on-eve-of-capitol-attack/|title=Trump appointee says Tuberville met with Trump family, advisers on eve of Capitol attack|first=Eddie|last=Burkhalter|date=January 27, 2021|access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref> but the evidence suggests otherwise.<ref name="Pierce_1/28/2021">{{cite web|last=Pierce|first=Charles P.|title=Tommy Tuberville Denied Insurrection Eve Meeting at Trump Hotel Despite Photos|website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=January 28, 2021|url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/a35355342/tommy-tuberville-january-6-insurrection-trump/|access-date=April 29, 2021}}</ref><ref name="87bF1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alreporter.com/2021/01/27/photos-posts-put-tuberville-in-trumps-hotel-on-jan-5-despite-him-denying-meeting/|title=Photos put Tuberville in Trump's hotel on Jan. 5 despite denying meeting|first=Eddie|last=Burkhalter|date=January 27, 2021|access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref> According to [[Charles Herbster]], who said he attended the meeting, other attendees included Adam Piper and [[Peter Navarro]]. Daniel Beck wrote that "Fifteen of us spent the evening with Donald Trump Jr., [[Kimberly Guilfoyle]], Tommy Tuberville, [[Michael J. Lindell]], Peter Navarro, and [[Rudy Giuliani]]".<ref name="Whitmire_1/28/2021">{{cite web|last=Whitmire|first=Kyle|title=What have you done now, Tommy Tuberville?|publisher=[[Al.com]]|date=January 28, 2021|url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/01/what-have-you-done-now-tommy-tuberville.html|access-date=April 29, 2021}}</ref> Herbster claimed to be standing "in the private residence of the President at Trump International with the following patriots who are joining me in a battle for justice and truth". He added [[David Bossie]] to the list of attendees.<ref name="Pierce_1/28/2021" /> After January 6, members of the anti-government paramilitary group Oath Keepers were indicted on conspiracy charges for allegedly staging a planned mission in the Capitol.<ref name="planned attack">{{Cite web|first1=David|last1=Shortell|first2=Katelyn|last2=Polantz|first3=Evan|last3=Perez|first4=Zachary|last4=Cohen|date=January 20, 2021|title=Members of extremist Oath Keepers group planned attack on US Capitol, prosecutors say|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/19/politics/oath-keepers-capitol-riot-charges/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120150049/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/19/politics/oath-keepers-capitol-riot-charges/index.html|archive-date=January 20, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name="NhznI">{{Cite web|date=January 19, 2021|title=United States v. Caldwell, Crowl and Watkins|url=https://context-cdn.washingtonpost.com/notes/prod/default/documents/0e776605-deb4-47b2-a775-bd10034c1cb9/note/5aac20c9-826b-4b89-b96a-7e2010015ef9. <!--Not a typo: URL has a "." at the end-->|publisher=United States District Court for the District Of Columbia}}</ref>
+On January 3, Rhodes departed his home in Texas, having spent $6,000 on a rifle and other firearms equipment in Texas, and spending an additional $4,500 in Mississippi, enroute to D.C. On January 5, leaders began unloading weapons for the "QRF" in Alexandria. Leaders drove into D.C. on a "reconnaissance mission" before returning to their hotel in Virginia.<ref name="OathKeeperIndictment"/> On January 4, Tarrio was arrested by D.C. police in connection with a prior destruction-of-property charge. Fearing that the police would access Tarrio's messaging apps, leadership deleted the old group chat and created a new one, with one leader opining, "Well at least they won't get our boots on ground plans because we are one step ahead of them." Tarrio was released on January 5 and ordered to leave the city. Rather than immediately comply, he traveled to an underground parking garage to meet with Oath Keepers leader Stewart Rhodes.<ref name="TarrioIndict"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jan/14/oath-keepers-leader-charges-armed-plot-us-capitol-attack |title=Guns, ammo ... even a boat: How Oath Keepers plotted an armed coup |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 14, 2022 |last1=Olmos |first1=Sergio |access-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929164739/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jan/14/oath-keepers-leader-charges-armed-plot-us-capitol-attack |url-status=live}}</ref>
-=== Public predictions of violence ===
-[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09426-2 (50813677883) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Signs reading "Stop the Steal" and "Off with their heads", taken on the day of the attack]]
+[[File:January 6 Committee exhibit - Still of January 5, 2021 meeting between Oath Keepers and Proud Boys.jpg|thumb|Enrique Tarrio (center) and Stewart Rhodes (far right) participated in a January 5 meeting between the leaders of the Oath Keepers and the Proud Boys, held in an underground parking garage.]]
-In 2019, [[Kara Swisher]], a columnist for ''[[The New York Times]]'', envisioned what would happen "if Mr. Trump loses the 2020 election and tweets inaccurately the next day that there had been widespread fraud and, moreover, that people should rise up in armed insurrection to keep him in office".<ref name="wapojan28predict" /> In early September 2020, [[Citizen journalism|citizen journalist]] [[Tim Pool]] said in a recorded conversation that "I've had messages from people saying that they've already got plans to rush to D.C. as soon as Nov. 3 goes chaotic", and that, "The right-wing militias, the Oath Keepers, the Three Percenters, and just the Proud Boys and Trump supporters, they are going to rush full-speed to D.C. They are going to take the White House and do whatever they can and paramilitary."<ref name=":32">{{Cite news|last=Silverman|first=Robert|date=August 1, 2021|title=How 'Coward and Phony' Tim Pool Became One of the Biggest Political YouTubers on the Planet|language=en|work=The Daily Beast|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-coward-and-phony-tim-pool-became-one-of-the-biggest-political-youtubers-on-the-planet|access-date=August 1, 2021}}</ref> On December 1, 2020, a Georgia election official publicly warned, "Stop inspiring people to commit potential acts of violence. Someone's going to get hurt. Someone's going to get shot. Someone's going to get killed".<ref name="wapojan28predict" />
+The night of January 5, Proud Boys leaders divided members into teams, passed out radios, and programmed the radios to specific channels in preparation. Orders were issued to assemble at 10&nbsp;a.m. at the [[Washington Monument]]. Leadership warned members to avoid police and not to drink in public.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/03/01/proud-boys-capitol-472012 | title=Prosecutors fill in details of Proud Boys assault on Capitol | website=[[Politico]] | date=March 2021 | access-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-date=May 28, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528025735/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/03/01/proud-boys-capitol-472012 | url-status=live }}</ref> On January 6, about 100 plainclothes members assembled at the Washington Monument and were led to the Capitol to participate in the attack.<ref name="TarrioIndict"/>
-On December 21, 2020, a viral tweet predicted "On January 6, armed Trumpist militias will be rallying in D.C., at Trump's orders. It's highly likely that they'll try to storm the Capitol after it certifies Joe Biden's win".<ref name="wapojan28predict" /> On December 29, 2020, D.C.'s Hotel Harrington, a past gathering spot for Proud Boys, announced closure from January 4–6, citing public safety. Harry's Pub, another Proud Boys hotspot, similarly announced a temporary closure.<ref name="wtop">{{cite news|last=Vitka|first=Will|date=December 29, 2020|title=2 downtown DC Trump supporter hangouts to be closed for Jan. 6 rally|url=https://wtop.com/dc/2020/12/2-downtown-dc-trump-supporter-hangouts-to-be-closed-for-jan-6-rally/|url-status=live|work=WTOP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229142136/https://wtop.com/dc/2020/12/2-downtown-dc-trump-supporter-hangouts-to-be-closed-for-jan-6-rally/|archive-date=December 29, 2020}}</ref> On December 30, 2020, former Pence aide Olivia Troye publicly expressed fears "that violence could erupt in Washington, D.C., on January 6".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ex-pence-aide-olivia-troye-fears-violence-january-trump-rally-2020-12 |date=December 30, 2020 |url-status=live|title=Pence's former top aide said Trump is 'encouraging' violence on the day Congress votes to seal the 2020 election result|first=Sophia|last=Ankel|website=Business Insider|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230144004/https://www.businessinsider.com/ex-pence-aide-olivia-troye-fears-violence-january-trump-rally-2020-12?r=US&IR=T|archive-date=December 30, 2020}}</ref>
+=== Predictions of violence ===
-A January 2 article by ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' reported protesters were discussing bringing guns to the District, breaking into federal buildings, and attacking law enforcement.<ref name="wapojan28predict" /> The article quoted one popular comment "I'm thinking it will be literal war on that day. Where we'll storm offices and physically remove and even kill all the D.C. traitors and reclaim the country".<ref name="wapojan28predict">{{cite news|last=Blake|first=Aaron|date=January 28, 2021|title=Who could have predicted the Capitol riot? Plenty of people — including Trump allies.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/28/who-could-have-predicted-capitol-siege-plenty-people/|work=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sommer|first1=Will|last2=Suebsaeng|first2=Asawin|date=January 2, 2021|title=Trump Plans to Fight the Election Even After 'Stop the Steal' Rally Ends|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-plans-to-fight-the-election-even-after-stop-the-steal-rally-ends|url-status=live|work=The Daily Beast|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102041424/https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-plans-to-fight-the-election-even-after-stop-the-steal-rally-ends|archive-date=January 2, 2021}}</ref><!--DailyBeast is quoted in WaPo of 1/28-->
+{{main|Predictions of violence ahead of the January 6 United States Capitol attack}}
+The weeks preceding January 6 were filled with predictions of upcoming violence by Trump's supporters. The attack was later said to be "planned in plain sight", with extensive postings on social media calling for and even planning for violence on January 6. In response to widespread predictions of possible violence, D.C. food and lodging establishments with a history of being patronized by the Proud Boys announced temporary closures in an attempt to protect public safety, and the mayor advised residents to stay away from areas near the Mall that might see violence. Members of Congress interfaced with law enforcement to ensure preparations were being made for any upcoming violence.
-=== Official predictions and warnings ===
-{{further|Law enforcement response to the 2021 United States Capitol attack#Intelligence predicting an attack on the Capitol|l1=Intelligence predicting an attack on the Capitol}}
+Commentators had long feared that Trump might provoke violence after an electoral loss.{{efn|In 2019, [[Kara Swisher]] speculated Trump might encourage supporters to "rise up in armed insurrection to keep him in office".}}<ref name="wapojan28predict" /> For several weeks before January 6, there were over one million mentions of storming the Capitol on social media, including calls for violence against Congress, Pence, and the police.<ref name="Lytvyenko210106">{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Lytvyenko|first1=Jane|last2=Hensley-Clancy|first2=Molly|date=January 6, 2021|title=The Rioters Who Took Over The Capitol Have Been Planning Online In The Open For Weeks|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/janelytvynenko/trump-rioters-planned-online|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235519/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/janelytvynenko/trump-rioters-planned-online|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=[[BuzzFeed News]]}}</ref><ref name="frenkeljan6">{{cite news |last=Frenkel |first=Sheera |date=January 6, 2021 |title=The storming of Capitol Hill was organized on social media |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/protesters-storm-capitol-hill-building.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106220539/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/protesters-storm-capitol-hill-building.html |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="planned openly" /> Many of the posters planned for violence before the event: some discussed how to avoid police on the streets, which tools to bring to help pry open doors, and how to smuggle weapons into the city.<ref name="frenkeljan6" /> They discussed their perceived need to attack the police.<ref name="Lytvyenko210106" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||first1=Celine |last1=Castronuovo |access-date=May 15, 2021 |title=Officials determined troubling posts did not indicate threat ahead of Capitol riot: report |url=https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/550633-officials-determined-troubling-posts-did-not-indicate-threat-ahead |date=April 28, 2021 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512091458/https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/550633-officials-determined-troubling-posts-did-not-indicate-threat-ahead|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nbcnews.com">{{cite web |access-date=May 15, 2021 |title=Feds aren't using posts about plans to attack the Capitol as evidence |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/we-found-hundreds-posts-about-plans-attack-capitol-why-aren-n1264291 |date=April 20, 2021 |first1=Ken |last1=Dilanian |first2=Ben |last2=Collins |website=[[NBC News]] |archive-date=May 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514175711/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/we-found-hundreds-posts-about-plans-attack-capitol-why-aren-n1264291 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-In the days leading up to the attack, several organizations that monitored online extremism had been issuing warnings about the event.<ref name="CNN.Extremists">{{Cite news|last1=Kuznia|first1=Rob|last2=Devine|first2=Curt|last3=Bronstein|first3=Scott|last4=Ortega|first4=Bob|date=January 8, 2021|title=Extremists intensify calls for violence ahead of Inauguration Day|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/us/online-extremism-inauguration-capitol-invs/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111171231/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/us/online-extremism-inauguration-capitol-invs/index.html|archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> In an internal report dated December 29, 2020, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'s (FBI) Minneapolis field office warned of armed protests at every state capitol, orchestrated by the far-right boogaloo movement, before Biden's inauguration.<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Zachary|last2=Wild|first2=Whitney|date=January 12, 2021|title=FBI warns 'armed protests' being planned at all 50 state capitols and in Washington DC|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/11/politics/fbi-bulletin-armed-protests-state-us-capitol/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112211419/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/11/politics/fbi-bulletin-armed-protests-state-us-capitol/index.html|archive-date=January 12, 2021}}
-* {{Cite web|last=Dickson|first=Caitlin|date=January 11, 2021|title=Exclusive: FBI warns of potential boogaloo violence during Jan. 17 rallies|url=https://news.yahoo.com/exclusive-fbi-warns-of-potential-boogaloo-violence-during-jan-17-rallies-170801569.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112004610/https://news.yahoo.com/exclusive-fbi-warns-of-potential-boogaloo-violence-during-jan-17-rallies-170801569.html|archive-date=January 12, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2021|website=news.yahoo.com}}
-* {{Cite news|last1=Long|first1=Colleen|last2=Balsamo|first2=Michael|last3=Kunzelman|first3=Michael|date=January 11, 2021|title=FBI warns of plans for nationwide armed protests next week|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-politics-inaugurations-capitol-siege-ec75b26289166b4afd30c15b0dd2ded5|url-status=live|access-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111195351/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-politics-inaugurations-capitol-siege-ec75b26289166b4afd30c15b0dd2ded5|archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> Prior to January 6, 2021, the FBI notified the local [[Joint Terrorism Task Force]] of possible impending violence at the Capitol.<ref name="nbc-2021-01-12-jttf">{{Cite web|last=Dilanian|first=Ken|date=January 12, 2021|title=FBI has opened 160 case files for crimes committed during Capitol riot|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/mind-blowing-number-crimes-committed-during-capitol-riot-160-case-n1253961|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113054004/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/mind-blowing-number-crimes-committed-during-capitol-riot-160-case-n1253961|archive-date=January 13, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2021|website=NBC News}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported an internal FBI document on January{{nbs}}5 warned of rioters preparing to travel to Washington and setting up [[staging area|staging areas]] in various regional states.<ref name="4Ghev">{{Cite web|last1=Barrett|first1=Devlin|last2=Zapotosky|first2=Matt|date=January 12, 2021|title=FBI report warned of 'war' at Capitol, contradicting claims there was no indication of looming violence|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/capitol-riot-fbi-intelligence/2021/01/12/30d12748-546b-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113235301/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/capitol-riot-fbi-intelligence/2021/01/12/30d12748-546b-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html|archive-date=January 13, 2021|access-date=January 14, 2021|website=The Washington Post}}</ref> However, the FBI decided not to distribute a formal intelligence bulletin.<ref name="nbc-2021-01-12-jttf" /><ref name="nbc-2021-01-13-bulletin">{{Cite web|last1=Dilanian|first1=Ken|last2=Ainsley|first2=Julia|date=January 13, 2021|title=Worried about free speech, FBI never sent bulletin on Capitol threats|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/part-due-free-speech-worries-fbi-never-issued-intel-bulletin-n1253951|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113101137/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/part-due-free-speech-worries-fbi-never-issued-intel-bulletin-n1253951|archive-date=January 13, 2021|access-date=January 13, 2021|website=NBC News}}</ref> Some security specialists later reported they had been surprised that they had not received information from the FBI and DHS before the event.<ref name="DinaTR210113">{{Cite news|last=Temple-Raston|first=Dina|date=January 13, 2021|title=Why Didn't The FBI And DHS Produce A Threat Report Ahead of The Capitol Insurrection?|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/13/956359496/why-didnt-the-fbi-and-dhs-produce-a-threat-report-ahead-of-the-capitol-insurrect|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119085501/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/13/956359496/why-didnt-the-fbi-and-dhs-produce-a-threat-report-ahead-of-the-capitol-insurrect|archive-date=January 19, 2021|access-date=January 18, 2021|newspaper=NPR.org|publisher=National Public Radio}}</ref>
+{{external media|image1=[https://ia903407.us.archive.org/32/items/thedonald.winselectposts/11RO2jsYsq_map.png Preliminary plan of the January 6 Capitol attack posted on December 28, 2020]<br /><br />A map of the Capitol complex and its underground tunnels was posted to TheDonald.win on December 28, 2020, and widely shared.<ref name="nbcnews.com"/> The image came to the attention of the Norfolk field office of the FBI, which alerted higher authorities to the possibility of organized violence on January 6.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/planned-plain-sight-senate-report-finds-intel-agencies-failed-lead-jan-rcna91166 |first1=Ryan |last1=Nobles |first2=Ryan J. |last2=Reilly |title='Planned in plain sight': Senate report finds intel agencies failed in the lead-up to Jan. 6 |website=[[NBC News]] |date=June 27, 2023 |access-date=September 2, 2023 |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901131724/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/planned-plain-sight-senate-report-finds-intel-agencies-failed-lead-jan-rcna91166 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="InPlainSightPDF">{{cite report |url=https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/23861777/hsgac-majority-report_jan-6-intel.pdf |work=[[United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs]] |title=Planned in Plain Sight: Review of the Intelligence Failures in Advance of January 6th, 2021 |date=June 2023 |access-date=September 2, 2023 |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627153013/https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/23861777/hsgac-majority-report_jan-6-intel.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, Congress would discuss the image in its report "Planned in Plain Sight" about the failures to adequately prepare for the attack despite extensive predictions of violence.<ref name="InPlainSightPDF"/>}}
-[[Robert Contee]], the acting [[Chief of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia]], said after the event that his department had possessed no intelligence indicating the Capitol would be breached. Capitol Police chief [[Steven Sund]] said his department had developed a plan to respond to "[[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] activities" but had not planned for the "criminal riotous behavior" they encountered.<ref name="politico-bertrand-2021" /> However, on January 3, three days before the Capitol attack, the Capitol Police intelligence unit had circulated an internal memo warning that Trump supporters "see January 6, 2021, as the last opportunity to overturn the results of the presidential election" and could use violence against "Congress itself" on that date.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Leonnig|first=Carol D.|title=Capitol Police intelligence report warned three days before attack that 'Congress itself' could be targeted|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/capitol-police-intelligence-warning/2021/01/15/c8b50744-5742-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html |date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=March 17, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Sund said he directed the department to be placed on "all hands on deck" status (contrary to early reports<ref name="nakedpolice">{{Cite news|last1=Long|first1=Colleen|last2=Balsamo|first2=Michael|last3=Mascaro|first3=Lisa|date=January 10, 2021|title=Capitol police were overrun, 'left naked' against rioters|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/politics-police-riots-michael-pence-capitol-siege-c3a5973a68c699ff6a57cdd76d675e29 |access-date=October 28, 2021 }}</ref>), which meant every sworn officer would be working. He also said he activated seven Civil Disturbance Unit platoons, approximately 250 officers, with four of those platoons equipped in helmets, protective clothing and shields.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Capitol Police Chief Steven Sund says entire intelligence community missed signs of riot|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/capitol-police-chief-steven-sund-entire-intelligence-community/story?id=75729882 |date=February 7, 2021 |first=Jack |last=Date |access-date=March 16, 2021|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> [[U.S. Secretary of the Army]] [[Ryan D. McCarthy]] said law enforcement agencies' estimates of the potential size of the crowd, calculated in advance of the event, varied between 2,000 and 80,000.<ref name="longjan7">{{Cite news|last1=Long|first1=Colleen|last2=Baldor|first2=Lolita|last3=Balsamo|first3=Michael|last4=Merchant|first4=Nomaan|date=January 7, 2021|title=Capitol Police rejected offers of federal help to quell mob|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/capitol-police-reject-federal-help-9c39a4ddef0ab60a48828a07e4d03380|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113193518/https://apnews.com/article/capitol-police-reject-federal-help-9c39a4ddef0ab60a48828a07e4d03380|archive-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> On January 5, the [[National Park Service]] estimated that thirty thousand people would attend the "Save America" rally, based on people already in the area.<ref name="22zXU">{{Cite web|last=Shabad|first=Rebecca|date=January 6, 2021|title=Trump to address D.C. rally where as many as 30,000 people are expected|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/blog/electoral-college-certification-updates-n1252864|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110083001/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/blog/electoral-college-certification-updates-n1252864|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021|website=NBC News}}</ref>
+On December 28, 2020, a map was posted showing entrances and exits to the Capitol and the tunnels that connect it to nearby House and Senate office buildings. Perimeters were drawn in red, orange, and yellow designed to reflect their relative importance while black X's represented forces that would be "ready for action" if Congress tried to certify the 2020 presidential election.<ref name="nbcnews.com"/> On January 1, the operator of an obscure website about tunnels under the Capitol noticed a huge spike in traffic to the site, prompting him to notify the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] of a likely upcoming attack on the building.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Scott |last1=MacFarlane |first2=Rick |last2=Yarborough |first3=Steve |last3=Jones |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/investigations/dc-tunnel-history-site-flagged-suspicious-activity-before-capitol-insurrection/2775341/ |title=DC Tunnel History Site Flagged Suspicious Activity Before Capitol Insurrection |date=August 17, 2021 |access-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-date=August 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826121148/https://www.nbcwashington.com/investigations/dc-tunnel-history-site-flagged-suspicious-activity-before-capitol-insurrection/2775341/ |work=NBC Washington |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Other organizations, such as the [[Anti-Defamation League]], British security firm [[G4S]], and nonpartisan governance watchdog Advance Democracy, Inc., studied [[QAnon]] posts and made various warnings of the potential of violence on January{{nbs}}6.<ref name="CNN.Extremists" /><ref name="C35yt">{{Cite news|date=January 4, 2021|title=Extremists and Mainstream Trump Supporters Plan to Protest Congressional Certification of Biden's Victory|work=[[Anti-Defamation League]]|url=https://www.adl.org/blog/extremists-and-mainstream-trump-supporters-plan-to-protest-congressional-certification-of|url-status=live|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111045853/https://www.adl.org/blog/extremists-and-mainstream-trump-supporters-plan-to-protest-congressional-certification-of|archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref><ref name="0W5TK">{{Cite web|date=January 4, 2021|title=January 2021 Washington, D.C., Security Outlook: Intelligence Report, Part Three|url=https://www.g4s.com/en-us/-/media/g4s/usa/files/whitepapers/1_-_g4s_crs_-_intelligence_assessment_jan_2021_washington_dc_-_210104.ashx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115172718/https://www.g4s.com/en-us/-/media/g4s/usa/files/whitepapers/1_-_g4s_crs_-_intelligence_assessment_jan_2021_washington_dc_-_210104.ashx|archive-date=January 15, 2021|access-date=January 9, 2021|website=G4S}}</ref>
+From December 29 to January 5, the FBI and its field offices warned of armed protests at every state capitol and reported plans by Trump supporters that included violence.<ref>Multiple sources:
-=== Law enforcement preparations ===
+* {{cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Zachary |last2=Wild |first2=Whitney |date=January 12, 2021 |title=FBI warns 'armed protests' being planned at all 50 state capitols and in Washington DC |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/11/politics/fbi-bulletin-armed-protests-state-us-capitol/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112211419/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/11/politics/fbi-bulletin-armed-protests-state-us-capitol/index.html |archive-date=January 12, 2021}}
-[[File:39a.SupremeCourt.WDC.6January2021 (50811385013).jpg|thumb|Police officers at the Supreme Court on the morning of January 6]]
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last=Dickson|first=Caitlin|date=January 11, 2021|title=Exclusive: FBI warns of potential boogaloo violence during Jan. 17 rallies|url=https://news.yahoo.com/exclusive-fbi-warns-of-potential-boogaloo-violence-during-jan-17-rallies-170801569.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112004610/https://news.yahoo.com/exclusive-fbi-warns-of-potential-boogaloo-violence-during-jan-17-rallies-170801569.html|archive-date=January 12, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2021|website=news.yahoo.com}}
-{{excerpt|Law enforcement response to the 2021 United States Capitol attack#Preparations for January 6|subsections=yes|only=paragraphs}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Long |first1=Colleen |last2=Balsamo |first2=Michael |last3=Kunzelman |first3=Michael |date=January 11, 2021 |title=FBI warns of plans for nationwide armed protests next week |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-politics-inaugurations-capitol-siege-ec75b26289166b4afd30c15b0dd2ded5 |url-status=live |access-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111195351/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-politics-inaugurations-capitol-siege-ec75b26289166b4afd30c15b0dd2ded5 |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.pilotonline.com/government/nation/vp-nw-fbi-norfolk-warning-20210112-or2kkxpnxbeoln7ysza4z3ac6a-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114163545/https://www.pilotonline.com/government/nation/vp-nw-fbi-norfolk-warning-20210112-or2kkxpnxbeoln7ysza4z3ac6a-story.html |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |date=January 12, 2021 |title='Go there ready for war': FBI's Norfolk office sent warning ahead of Capitol violence, report says |first=Katherine |last=Hafner |website=pilotonline.com }}
+* {{cite news |last1=Barrett |first1=Devlin |last2=Hsu |first2=Spencer |last3=Davis |first3=Aaron |title='Be ready to fight': FBI probe of U.S. Capitol riot finds evidence detailing coordination of an assault |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 30, 2021 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/fbi-capitol-riot-coordination-planning/2021/01/30/c5ef346e-6258-11eb-9430-e7c77b5b0297_story.html |access-date=January 30, 2021 |archive-date=January 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130165136/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/fbi-capitol-riot-coordination-planning/2021/01/30/c5ef346e-6258-11eb-9430-e7c77b5b0297_story.html |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Barrett |first1=Devlin |last2=Zapotosky |first2=Matt |date=January 12, 2021 |title=FBI report warned of 'war' at Capitol, contradicting claims there was no indication of looming violence |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/capitol-riot-fbi-intelligence/2021/01/12/30d12748-546b-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113235301/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/capitol-riot-fbi-intelligence/2021/01/12/30d12748-546b-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=January 14, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last=Dilanian|first=Ken|date=January 12, 2021|title=FBI has opened 160 case files for crimes committed during Capitol riot|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/mind-blowing-number-crimes-committed-during-capitol-riot-160-case-n1253961|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113054004/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/mind-blowing-number-crimes-committed-during-capitol-riot-160-case-n1253961|archive-date=January 13, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2021|website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> On December 30, 2020, one popular comment was posted, saying, "I'm thinking it will be literal war on that day. Where we'll storm offices and physically remove and even kill all the D.C. traitors and reclaim the country."<ref name="wapojan28predict">{{cite news |last=Blake |first=Aaron |date=January 28, 2021 |title=Who could have predicted the Capitol riot? Plenty of people – including Trump allies. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/28/who-could-have-predicted-capitol-siege-plenty-people/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=November 10, 2022 |archive-date=February 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212032218/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/28/who-could-have-predicted-capitol-siege-plenty-people/ |url-status=live}}</ref> That comment was highlighted in a January 2 article by ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' which reported protesters were discussing bringing guns to the District, breaking into federal buildings, and attacking law enforcement.<ref name="wapojan28predict" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sommer |first1=Will |last2=Suebsaeng |first2=Asawin |date=January 2, 2021 |title=Trump Plans to Fight the Election Even After 'Stop the Steal' Rally Ends |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-plans-to-fight-the-election-even-after-stop-the-steal-rally-ends |url-status=live |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102041424/https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-plans-to-fight-the-election-even-after-stop-the-steal-rally-ends |archive-date=January 2, 2021}}</ref><!--DailyBeast is quoted in WaPo of 1/28--> In the days leading up to the attack, several organizations, including ones that monitor [[Online youth radicalization|online extremism]], issued warnings about the event.<ref>Multiple sources:
+* {{cite news |last1=Kuznia |first1=Rob |last2=Devine |first2=Curt |last3=Bronstein |first3=Scott |last4=Ortega |first4=Bob |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Extremists intensify calls for violence ahead of Inauguration Day |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/us/online-extremism-inauguration-capitol-invs/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111171231/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/us/online-extremism-inauguration-capitol-invs/index.html |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}
+* {{cite news |date=January 4, 2021 |title=Extremists and Mainstream Trump Supporters Plan to Protest Congressional Certification of Biden's Victory |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/extremists-and-mainstream-trump-supporters-plan-to-protest-congressional-certification-of |url-status=live |access-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111045853/https://www.adl.org/blog/extremists-and-mainstream-trump-supporters-plan-to-protest-congressional-certification-of |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||date=January 4, 2021|title=January 2021 Washington, D.C., Security Outlook: Intelligence Report, Part Three|url=https://www.g4s.com/en-us/-/media/g4s/usa/files/whitepapers/1_-_g4s_crs_-_intelligence_assessment_jan_2021_washington_dc_-_210104.ashx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115172718/https://www.g4s.com/en-us/-/media/g4s/usa/files/whitepapers/1_-_g4s_crs_-_intelligence_assessment_jan_2021_washington_dc_-_210104.ashx|archive-date=January 15, 2021|access-date=January 9, 2021|website=G4S}}</ref>
+On January 5, the media published stories about widespread predictions of violence, and D.C. mayor Bowser called for residents to avoid the downtown area where protesters would march.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/violent-threats-ripple-through-far-right-internet-forums-ahead-protest-n1252923 |first1=Brandy |last1=Zadrozny |first2=Ben |last2=Collins |title=Violent threats ripple through far-right internet forums ahead of protest |website=[[NBC News]] |date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110233442/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/violent-threats-ripple-through-far-right-internet-forums-ahead-protest-n1252923 |url-status=live }}</ref> That day, members of Congress reached out to law enforcement charged with protecting the Capitol against possible upcoming violence and were assured that Capitol Police were prepared.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Demirjian |first1=Karoun |last2=Leonnig |first2=Carol D. |last3=Kane |first3=Paul |last4=Davis |first4=Aaron C. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 9, 2021 |title=Inside the Capitol siege: How barricaded lawmakers and aides sounded urgent pleas for help as police lost control |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-capitol-siege/2021/01/09/e3ad3274-5283-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110032733/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-capitol-siege/2021/01/09/e3ad3274-5283-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+Three days before the Capitol attack, the [[United States Capitol Police|Capitol Police]] intelligence unit circulated a 12-page internal memo warning that Trump supporters see the day of the Electoral College vote count "as the last opportunity to overturn the results of the presidential election" and could use violence against "Congress itself" on that date.<ref>{{cite news |last=Leonnig |first=Carol |date=January 15, 2021 |title=Capitol Police intelligence report warned three days before attack that 'Congress itself' could be targeted |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/capitol-police-intelligence-warning/2021/01/15/c8b50744-5742-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116004540/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/capitol-police-intelligence-warning/2021/01/15/c8b50744-5742-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |access-date=January 16, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
+=== Law enforcement and National Guard preparations ===
+{{main|Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack#Preparations for January 6}}
+{{Multiple images
+| perrow            = 2
+| total_width       = 230px
+| image1            = Donald Trump official portrait (cropped wide).jpg
+| image2            = Christopher C. Miller official portrait (cropped wide).jpg
+| image3            = Ryan McCarthy-Acting Secretary of the Army (cropped wide).jpg
+| image4            = Mag. Gen. William J. Walker, commander, District of Columbia National Guard.png
+| footer            = In January 2021, the Chain of Command to the D.C. National Guard led from Commander-in-Chief Donald Trump to the recently appointed Acting-Secretary of Defense Christopher Miller, to Acting-Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy to General William Walker the commander of the District of Columbia National Guard.
+}}
+On November 9, Trump fired [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Mark Esper]] and replaced him with [[Christopher C. Miller]] as acting secretary.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Helene |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |title=Trump Fires Mark Esper, His Defense Secretary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/us/politics/esper-defense-secretary.html |access-date=November 9, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109181103/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/us/politics/esper-defense-secretary.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.dni.gov/index.php/nctc-who-we-are/director-nctc |title=Director NCTC|website=[[Director of National Intelligence]] |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109190023/https://www.dni.gov/index.php/nctc-who-we-are/director-nctc |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/Biographies/Biography/Article/2111192/christopher-c-miller/|title=Christopher C. Miller|website=defense.gov|access-date=November 9, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109183146/https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/Biographies/Biography/Article/2111192/christopher-c-miller/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Trump |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1325859406349799424 |date=November 9, 2020 |title=I am pleased to announce that Christopher C. Miller, the highly respected Director of the National Counterterrorism Center (unanimously confirmed by the Senate), will be Acting Secretary of Defense, effective immediately. |language=en |access-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901022618/https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1325859406349799424 |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> In response to the firing, [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) director [[Gina Haspel]] privately told Chairman of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] [[Mark Milley]] that "we are on the way to a right-wing coup".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.businessinsider.com/haspel-said-trump-was-like-six-year-old-tantrum-book-2021-9 |first=Grace |last=Panetta |date=September 16, 2021 |title=Then-CIA Director Gina Haspel said Trump's post-election behavior was 'insanity' and he was 'acting out like a 6-year-old with a tantrum,' book says |website=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=September 2, 2023 |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006183849/https://www.businessinsider.com/haspel-said-trump-was-like-six-year-old-tantrum-book-2021-9 |url-status=live }}</ref> On December 18, Miller unilaterally terminated the Department of Defense's transition to the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|incoming administration]], falsely claiming it was a mutually-agreed pause for the holidays.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/biden-trump-transition-pentagon-dispute/2020/12/18/d8142d94-415f-11eb-a402-fba110db3b42_story.html |title=Trump administration and Biden team at odds about presidential transition in the Pentagon |first=Dan |last=Lamothe |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224314/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/biden-trump-transition-pentagon-dispute/2020/12/18/d8142d94-415f-11eb-a402-fba110db3b42_story.html |date=December 18, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||first1=Mike |last1=Allen |first2=Jonathan |last2=Swan |title=Acting Pentagon chief halts Biden transition briefings |url=https://www.axios.com/pentagon-biden-transition-briefings-123a9658-4af1-4632-a6e6-770117784d60.html |date=December 18, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2020 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |language=en |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224313/https://www.axios.com/pentagon-biden-transition-briefings-123a9658-4af1-4632-a6e6-770117784d60.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
+On January 2, Senator Mitt Romney contacted Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell, predicting that reinforcements would be denied. Wrote Romney: "... a senior official at the Pentagon... reports that they are seeing very disturbing social media traffic regarding the protests planned on the 6th. There are calls to burn down your home, Mitch; to smuggle guns into DC, and to storm the Capitol. I hope that sufficient security plans are in place, but I am concerned that the instigator—the President—is the one who commands the reinforcements the DC and Capitol police might require."<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Robertson |first=Nick |date=September 13, 2023 |title=McConnell didn't reply to Romney's text warning about Jan. 6: book |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4202800-mcconnell-didnt-reply-to-romneys-text-warning-about-jan-6-book/ |access-date=September 15, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |language=en-US |archive-date=September 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914040326/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4202800-mcconnell-didnt-reply-to-romneys-text-warning-about-jan-6-book/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+On January 3, all ten living former defense secretaries released an open letter in which they expressed concerns about a potential military coup to overturn the election results, mentioning the recently-appointed acting secretary of defense Christopher Miller by name.<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Ashton |last1=Carter |first2=Dick |last2=Cheney |first3=William |last3=Cohen |first4=Mark |last4=Esper |first5=Robert |last5=Gates |first6=Chuck |last6=Hagel |first7=James |last7=Mattis |first8=Leon |last8=Panetta |first9=William |last9=Perry |first10=Donald |last10=Rumsfeld |title=All 10 living former defense secretaries: Involving the military in election disputes would cross into dangerous territory |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/10-former-defense-secretaries-military-peaceful-transfer-of-power/2021/01/03/2a23d52e-4c4d-11eb-a9f4-0e668b9772ba_story.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |date=January 3, 2021 |author-link=Ashton Carter |author-link2=Dick Cheney |author-link3=William Cohen |author-link4=Mark Esper |author-link5=Robert Gates |author-link6=Chuck Hagel |author-link7=James Mattis |author-link8=Leon Panetta |author-link9=William J. Perry |author-link10=Donald Rumsfeld |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106223350/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/10-former-defense-secretaries-military-peaceful-transfer-of-power/2021/01/03/2a23d52e-4c4d-11eb-a9f4-0e668b9772ba_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> That day, Trump ordered Miller to "do whatever was necessary to protect the demonstrators" on January 6. The next day, Miller signed [[:File:Christopher Miller memo of Jan 4 2021.jpg|a memo]] severely limiting the ability of the D.C. National Guard to deploy without his personal permission.<ref name="protect demonstrators">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Fink|first=Jenni|url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-told-christopher-miller-do-whatever-necessary-protect-demonstrators-ahead-capitol-riot-1590993|url-status=live|title=Trump told Christopher Miller: Do 'whatever is necessary' to protect demonstrators ahead of Capitol riot|work=[[Newsweek]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512215739/https://www.newsweek.com/trump-told-christopher-miller-do-whatever-necessary-protect-demonstrators-ahead-capitol-riot-1590993|archive-date=May 12, 2021|date=May 12, 2021}}</ref> Since his appointment in March 2018, D.C. National Guard commanding major general [[William J. Walker]] had standing orders to respond to civil disturbances in the district, but on January 5, Walker received new orders from Secretary of the Army [[Ryan D. McCarthy|Ryan McCarthy]] forbidding him to respond to a civil disturbance without explicit prior approval from McCarthy and Miller.<ref name="CohenKaufmanLiebermann20210303" /> Previously, he had authority to respond without first seeking permission.<ref name=CohenKaufmanLiebermann20210303 /><ref name="PentRest">{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Sonne |date=January 26, 2021 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/dc-guard-capitol-riots-william-walker-pentagon/2021/01/26/98879f44-5f69-11eb-ac8f-4ae05557196e_story.html |title=Pentagon restricted commander of D.C. Guard ahead of Capitol riot |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204180637/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/dc-guard-capitol-riots-william-walker-pentagon/2021/01/26/98879f44-5f69-11eb-ac8f-4ae05557196e_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> After the attack, Walter described the order as "unusual", noting "It required me to seek authorization from the secretary of the Army and the secretary of defense to essentially protect my guardsmen."<ref name=CohenKaufmanLiebermann20210303 />
+On January{{spaces}}4, D.C. mayor Bowser announced that the [[Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia]] (MPD) would lead law enforcement in the district, and would coordinate with the Capitol Police, the [[U.S. Park Police]], and the [[U.S. Secret Service|Secret Service]].<ref name="MyreWhereWere2021">{{cite news |last=Myre |first=Greg |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Where Was Security When A Pro-Trump Mob Stormed The Capitol? |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/07/954349992/where-was-the-security-when-a-mob-stormed-the-capitol |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110113309/https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/07/954349992/where-was-the-security-when-a-mob-stormed-the-capitol |archive-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref> Jurisdictionally, the Metropolitan Police Department is responsible for city streets of the National Mall and Capitol area, whereas the Park Police are responsible for the Ellipse (the site of Trump's speech and rally that day), the Secret Service is responsible for the vicinity of the [[White House]], and the Capitol Police is responsible for the Capitol complex itself.<ref name="MyreWhereWere2021" /> During a meeting with a representative of the Capitol Police, the Mayor asked "[W]here does your perimeter start?". At that point the individual left the room, and stopped participating in the conference. The mayor later recalled "[T]hat should have been like a trigger to me. Like these people, they don't want to answer questions about their preparation."<ref name="final report">{{cite report |title=Final Report |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/pdf/GPO-J6-REPORT.pdf |date=December 22, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729165626/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/pdf/GPO-J6-REPORT.pdf |archive-date=July 29, 2023 |page=732 |work=[[United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack]] |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref>
+On January 6, under "orders from leadership", the Capitol Police deployed without "less lethal" arms such as [[Grenade#Sting|sting grenades]]. The Capitol Police armory was not properly maintained. Department riot shields had been improperly stored at the wrong temperature, rendering them ineffective, while ammunition stores were expired.<ref name="slams" />
 ==Trump supporters gather in D.C.==
+{{multiple images|perrow=2|total_width=230px
-On January 5, several events related to [[attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|overturning the election]] took place in or around the [[National Mall]] in Washington, D.C. The founder of the Eighty Percent Coalition, organized the "Rally to Revival",<ref name="permits">{{Cite web|last=Beaujon|first=Andrew|date=January 5, 2021|title=Here's What We Know About the Pro-Trump Rallies That Have Permits|url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2021/01/05/heres-what-we-know-about-the-pro-trump-rallies-that-have-permits/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114031533/https://www.washingtonian.com/2021/01/05/heres-what-we-know-about-the-pro-trump-rallies-that-have-permits/|archive-date=January 14, 2021|access-date=January 13, 2021|website=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]]|quote=Rally to Revival}}</ref> which was permitted to take place at [[Freedom Plaza]] including a "Rally to Save America".<ref name="XScbi">{{Cite web|title=Eight Percent Coalition|url=https://eightypercentcoalition.com/|access-date=January 5, 2021|website=Eight Percent Coalition|quote=Fight To Save America}}</ref> On the same day, the "Save the Republic Rally" was organized by Moms for America in the early afternoon at Area{{nbs}}9 across from the [[Russell Senate Office Building]];<ref name="AwUDO">{{Cite web|title=Save The Republic Rally|url=https://www.momsforamerica.us/save-the-republic-rally/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110012524/https://www.momsforamerica.us/save-the-republic-rally/|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 13, 2021|website=Moms For America}}</ref> and the "One Nation Under God" rally, organized by [[Virginia Women for Trump]], Stop the Steal, American Phoenix Project, and [[Jericho March]], took place near the United States Supreme Court.<ref name="iMebD">{{Cite web|last=O'Gorek, Elizabeth|date=January 6, 2021|title=Where Are Wednesday's Pro-Trump Protests?|url=https://www.hillrag.com/2021/01/06/where-are-wednesdays-pro-trump-protests/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122021841/https://www.hillrag.com/2021/01/06/where-are-wednesdays-pro-trump-protests/|archive-date=January 22, 2021|access-date=January 15, 2021|website=[[Hill Rag]]}}</ref>
+|image1=Michael T Flynn.jpg
+|image2=Roger Stone by Gage Skidmore.jpg
+|footer=On January 5, [[Michael Flynn]] (''left'') and [[Roger Stone]] (''right'') spoke at a Trump rally near the Capitol. Both had received presidential pardons in the past month.}}
+On January 5, several events related to [[attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|overturning the election]] occurred on or near the [[National Mall]] in Washington, D.C., at places such as [[Freedom Plaza]], the North Inner Gravel Walkway between 13th and 14th Streets, Area{{spaces}}9 across from the [[Russell Senate Office Building]], and near the United States Supreme Court.<ref name="permits"/><ref>Multiple sources:
+* {{#invoke:cite web||title=Eight Percent Coalition|url=https://eightypercentcoalition.com/|access-date=January 5, 2021|website=Eight Percent Coalition|quote=Fight To Save America|archive-date=January 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105014117/https://eightypercentcoalition.com/|url-status=dead}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||title=Save The Republic Rally|url=https://www.momsforamerica.us/save-the-republic-rally/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110012524/https://www.momsforamerica.us/save-the-republic-rally/|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 13, 2021|website=Moms For America|date=January 5, 2021}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last=O'Gorek, Elizabeth|date=January 6, 2021|title=Where Are Wednesday's Pro-Trump Protests?|url=https://www.hillrag.com/2021/01/06/where-are-wednesdays-pro-trump-protests/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122021841/https://www.hillrag.com/2021/01/06/where-are-wednesdays-pro-trump-protests/|archive-date=January 22, 2021|access-date=January 15, 2021|website=[[Hill Rag]]}}
+* {{cite news |work=foxcarolina.com |date=April 18, 2018 |title=James Epley (R) |url=https://www.foxcarolina.com/news/james-epley-r/article_011d2d33-802f-5a84-98c5-c8c572301c9a.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311193752/https://www.foxcarolina.com/news/james-epley-r/article_011d2d33-802f-5a84-98c5-c8c572301c9a.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 11, 2021}}
+* {{cite news |publisher=13newsnow.com |date=January 7, 2021 |title=This man erected a 15-foot Constitution on the National Mall the same day rioters stormed the Capitol |first=Eliana |last=Block |url=https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/local/15-foot-constitution-on-the-national-mall-same-day-rioters-stormed-the-capitol/65-43b9f8e1-bb22-4947-b222-1d9346ab3f62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016030921/https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/local/15-foot-constitution-on-the-national-mall-same-day-rioters-stormed-the-capitol/65-43b9f8e1-bb22-4947-b222-1d9346ab3f62 |url-status=live |archive-date=October 16, 2021}}</ref> On the night of January{{spaces}}5 and into the morning of January 6, at least ten people were arrested, several on weapons charges.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramirez |first=Stephanie |date=January 5, 2021 |title=Several arrested on gun charges as pro-Trump rallies begin in DC |url=https://www.fox5dc.com/news/several-arrested-on-gun-charges-as-pro-trump-rallies-begin-in-dc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107005621/https://www.fox5dc.com/news/several-arrested-on-gun-charges-as-pro-trump-rallies-begin-in-dc |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=FOX 5 DC}}</ref>
+On January 5, [[Ray Epps (military veteran)|Ray Epps]], an individual with a history in the Arizona Oath Keepers, was filmed during two street gatherings urging people to go into the Capitol the next day, "peacefully", he said at one of the gatherings.<ref name="Putterman">{{#invoke:cite web||first=Samantha |last=Putterman |title=There's still no evidence the FBI incited the Jan. 6 riot, despite claims otherwise |date=November 18, 2021 |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/nation-world/2021/11/18/theres-still-no-evidence-the-fbi-incited-the-jan-6-riot-despite-claims-otherwise/ |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221041534/https://www.tampabay.com/news/nation-world/2021/11/18/theres-still-no-evidence-the-fbi-incited-the-jan-6-riot-despite-claims-otherwise/|archive-date=December 21, 2021|access-date=December 21, 2021|website=Tampa Bay Times}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/us/jan-6-ray-epps-evidence.html|title=New Evidence Undercuts Jan. 6 Instigator Conspiracy Theory|date=May 5, 2022|access-date=May 13, 2022|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Alan|last=Feuer|quote=Aside from the clip with Mr. Samsel, Mr. Epps was caught on video standing in a crowd of Trump supporters on the night of Jan. 5, 2021, urging his compatriots to 'go into the Capitol' the next day.|archive-date=June 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616081637/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/us/jan-6-ray-epps-evidence.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Epps was filmed on January 6 telling people to "go to the Capitol".<ref name=Putterman/> Epps had texted his nephew that he was "orchestrating" the flow into the Capitol building.<ref>{{cite web |first=Alan |last=Feuer |title=There's still no evidence the FBI incited the Jan. 6 riot, despite claims otherwise |date=July 13, 2022 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/13/us/politics/jan-6-conspiracy-theory-ray-epps.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713145025/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/13/us/politics/jan-6-conspiracy-theory-ray-epps.html |archive-date=July 13, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Epps later claimed that he had been boasting about "directing" people towards the Capitol.<ref>{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Whitaker |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ray-epps-jan-6-capitol-protest-60-minutes-transcript-2023-04-23/ |title=Ray Epps, a Jan. 6 protester now at the center of a far-right conspiracy, says he relives the Capitol riot every day |website=[[CBS News]] |date=April 23, 2023 |access-date=April 24, 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620040042/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ray-epps-jan-6-capitol-protest-60-minutes-transcript-2023-04-23/ |url-status=live}}</ref><!--There are conspiracy theories that Epps instigated the attacks as an "undercover government agent". In July 2023, Epps sued [[Fox News]], alleging that the network (and one of its on-air personalities, [[Tucker Carlson]]) had [[defamation|defamed]] him by spreading such conspiracy theories about him.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/12/business/ray-epps-fox-tucker-carlson-lawsuit.html |title=Arizona Man Cited in Conspiracy Theories Sues Fox News for Defamation |first1=Alan |last1=Feuer |first2=Jeremy W. |last2=Peters |date=July 12, 2023 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> -->
+From 1:00 to 5:00&nbsp;p.m. on January 5, a series of Trump rallies were held at Freedom Plaza.<ref name="permits">Multiple sources:
-=== The Silent Majority rally ===
+* {{cite magazine |magazine=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]] |date=January 5, 2021 |title=Here's What We Know About the Pro-Trump Rallies That Have Permits |first=Andrew |last=Beaujon |url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2021/01/05/heres-what-we-know-about-the-pro-trump-rallies-that-have-permits/ |access-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114031533/https://www.washingtonian.com/2021/01/05/heres-what-we-know-about-the-pro-trump-rallies-that-have-permits/ |url-status=live}}
-A rally was organized by a recently defeated Republican congressional candidate from [[South Carolina]]. It was scheduled for 250 people and permitted in the North Inner Gravel Walkway between 13th and 14th Streets within the National Mall and featured a {{convert|15|ft|m|adj=mid|spell=in|-high}} replica of the US Constitution.<ref name="permits" /><ref name="9e8Yj">{{cite news|publisher=foxcarolina.com|date=April 18, 2018|title=James Epley (R)|author=FOX Carolina (Meredith Corporation)|url=https://www.foxcarolina.com/news/james-epley-r/article_011d2d33-802f-5a84-98c5-c8c572301c9a.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311193752/https://www.foxcarolina.com/news/james-epley-r/article_011d2d33-802f-5a84-98c5-c8c572301c9a.html |url-status=live |archive-date=March 11, 2021 }}</ref><ref name="5piPR">{{cite news|publisher=13newsnow.com|date=January 7, 2021|title=This man erected a 15-foot Constitution on the National Mall the same day rioters stormed the Capitol|author=Eliana Block|url=https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/local/15-foot-constitution-on-the-national-mall-same-day-rioters-stormed-the-capitol/65-43b9f8e1-bb22-4947-b222-1d9346ab3f62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016030921/https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/local/15-foot-constitution-on-the-national-mall-same-day-rioters-stormed-the-capitol/65-43b9f8e1-bb22-4947-b222-1d9346ab3f62 |url-status=live |archive-date=October 16, 2021 }}</ref>
+* {{#invoke:cite web||website=scribd.com|date=January 6, 2021|title=Public Gathering Permit 21-0278|publisher=National Capitol Region, National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/489866008/21-0278-Women-for-America-First-Ellispse-Amendment-A2-Redacted|access-date=March 11, 2021|archive-date=March 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311193720/https://www.scribd.com/document/489866008/21-0278-Women-for-America-First-Ellispse-Amendment-A2-Redacted|url-status=live}}
-These events took place on January{{nbs}}5 and{{nbs}}6. At least ten people were arrested, several on weapons charges, on the night of January{{nbs}}5 and into the morning of January 6.<ref name="FreedomPlaza5564">{{Cite web|last=Ramirez|first=Stephanie|date=January 5, 2021|title=Several arrested on gun charges as pro-Trump rallies begin in DC|url=https://www.fox5dc.com/news/several-arrested-on-gun-charges-as-pro-trump-rallies-begin-in-dc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107005621/https://www.fox5dc.com/news/several-arrested-on-gun-charges-as-pro-trump-rallies-begin-in-dc|archive-date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=FOX 5 DC}}</ref> On January 6, the "Wild Protest" was organized by Stop The Steal and took place in Area{{nbs}}8, across from the Russell Senate Office Building.<ref name="7ePfz">{{Cite web|title=WildProtest.com|url=https://wildprotest.com/#about|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106005050/https://wildprotest.com/#about|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> On the same day, the "Freedom Rally" was organized by Virginia Freedom Keepers, [[Latinos for Trump]], and United Medical Freedom Super PAC at 300 First Street NE, across from the [[Russell Senate Office Building]].<ref name="bha4T">{{Cite web|title=Freedom Rally 2021|url=https://freedomrally2021.com/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111143722/https://freedomrally2021.com/|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 23, 2021|website=Freedom Rally 2021}}</ref>
+* {{#invoke:cite web||date=January 4, 2021|title=Public Gathering Permit 21-0274|publisher=National Park Service|url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/foia/upload/21-0274-Rally-to-Revival-Freedom-Plaza-permit_Redacted.pdf|access-date=March 11, 2021|archive-date=February 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210215609/https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/foia/upload/21-0274-Rally-to-Revival-Freedom-Plaza-permit_Redacted.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Notable speakers included Alex Jones, [[Michael Flynn]], [[George Papadopoulos]], and Roger Stone.<ref>Multiple sources:
+* {{cite news |work=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |date=January 12, 2021 |title=What Conspiracy Theorist Alex Jones Said in the Lead Up to the Capitol Riot |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/what-conspiracy-theorist-alex-jones-said-in-the-lead-up-to-the-capitol-riot/ |access-date=June 20, 2022 |archive-date=September 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907195914/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/what-conspiracy-theorist-alex-jones-said-in-the-lead-up-to-the-capitol-riot/ |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 7, 2021 |title=US Capitol breach |first=Rory |last=Carroll |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/07/baked-alaska-the-qanon-shaman-who-led-the-storming-of-the-capitol |access-date=June 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111045854/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/07/baked-alaska-the-qanon-shaman-who-led-the-storming-of-the-capitol |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |work=[[ABC News]] |date=January 15, 2021 |title=Longtime Trump advisers connected to groups behind rally that led to Capitol attack |first1=Will |last1=Steakin |first2=Matthew |last2=Mosk |first3=James Gordon |last3=Meek |first4=Ali |last4=Dukakis |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/longtime-trump-advisers-connected-groups-rally-led-capitol/story?id=75261028 |access-date=March 11, 2021 |archive-date=March 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311160326/https://abcnews.go.com/US/longtime-trump-advisers-connected-groups-rally-led-capitol/story?id=75261028 |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite AV media |date=January 11, 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lu5BJY-tG-c |title=Flynn, Papadopoulos address pro-Trump rally in DC |publisher=[[AP Archive]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=January 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123063943/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lu5BJY-tG-c |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |newspaper=Ekathimerini |date=January 19, 2021 |title=Trump was not responsible for Jan 6 violence, ex-campaign aide tells Kathimerini |first=Marianna |last=Kakaounaki |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/261292/article/ekathimerini/community/trump-was-not-responsible-for-jan-6-violence-ex-campaign-aide-tells-kathimerini |access-date=March 11, 2021 |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204071510/https://www.ekathimerini.com/261292/article/ekathimerini/community/trump-was-not-responsible-for-jan-6-violence-ex-campaign-aide-tells-kathimerini |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite magazine |magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |date=January 27, 2021 |title=Roger Stone Did Something Wrong |first=Dan |last=Friedman |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/01/roger-stone-did-something-wrong/ |access-date=October 27, 2021 |archive-date=March 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311224537/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/01/roger-stone-did-something-wrong/ |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |date=January 5, 2021 |title=Roger Stone Addresses Pro-Trump Rally in Washington, D.C. |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqhSx3qpxws |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119213159/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqhSx3qpxws |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+Both Flynn and Stone had received presidential pardons in prior weeks. On December 8, Trump pardoned retired U. S. Army lieutenant general Michael Flynn, who had pleaded guilty to "willfully and knowingly" making false statements to the FBI about communications with the Russian ambassador. Flynn, a prominent [[QAnon]] proponent, participated in the D.C. events on January 5, while his brother, U.S. Army general [[Charles A. Flynn|Charles Flynn]], would participate in a conference call on January 6 when he would refuse permission to deploy the [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]] after the breach of the Capitol.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inquirer.com/opinion/commentary/roger-stone-michael-flynn-trump-january-6-capitol-insurrection-20210207.html |title=Roger Stone, Michael Flynn, and the criminal conspiracy case of U.S. v. Donald Trump |first=Will |last=Bunch |website=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |date=February 7, 2021 |access-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-date=August 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826063052/https://www.inquirer.com/opinion/commentary/roger-stone-michael-flynn-trump-january-6-capitol-insurrection-20210207.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On December 23, Trump pardoned Roger Stone, who had been found guilty at trial of [[witness tampering]], making false statements to Congress, and obstruction. Stone, who had longtime ties to both the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers, employed Oath Keepers as security on January 5.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/mar/22/roger-stone-capitol-attack-investigation-far-right |title=Roger Stone faces fresh scrutiny as Capitol attack investigation expands |date=March 22, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513142024/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/mar/22/roger-stone-capitol-attack-investigation-far-right |first=Peter |last=Stone |url-status=live}}</ref> Stone's Oath-Keeper driver was later convicted of seditious conspiracy for his role in plotting and executing the following day's attack.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/capitol-riot-oath-keepers-seditious-conspiracy-sentencings-7a826241ad3a667cfec9a8c4538c36b2 |title=Oath Keeper who guarded Roger Stone before Jan. 6 attack gets more than 4 years in prison |date=June 1, 2023 |website=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Michael |last1=Kunzelman |first2=Alanna Durkin |last2=Richer |access-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-date=August 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826001538/https://apnews.com/article/capitol-riot-oath-keepers-seditious-conspiracy-sentencings-7a826241ad3a667cfec9a8c4538c36b2 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-=== Freedom Plaza rallies ===
-The Freedom Plaza rallies were held at the northwest corner of 14th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, just west of the White House. A series of three consecutive events was planned, first a "March to Save America" rally from 1:00 to 2:00{{nbs}}p.m., followed by a "[[Stop the Steal]]" rally from 3:30 to 5:00 and an "Eighty Percent Coalition" rally from 5:00 to 8:30.<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{cite magazine|magazine=Washingtonian|date=January 5, 2021|title=Here's What We Know About the Pro-Trump Rallies That Have Permits|first=Andrew |last=Beaujon |url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2021/01/05/heres-what-we-know-about-the-pro-trump-rallies-that-have-permits/}}
-* {{cite web|website=scribd.com|date=January 6, 2021|title=Public Gathering Permit 21-0278|publisher=National Capitol Region, National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/489866008/21-0278-Women-for-America-First-Ellispse-Amendment-A2-Redacted }}
-* {{cite web|date=January 4, 2021|title=Public Gathering Permit 21-0274|publisher=National Park Service|url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/foia/upload/21-0274-Rally-to-Revival-Freedom-Plaza-permit_Redacted.pdf}}</ref> A number of speakers were presented, notably including:
+=== January 5 meetings ===
-# [[Matt Maddock]] (R), MI State Representative from Milford<ref name="15VxU">{{cite news|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|date=January 12, 2021|title=Rep. Matt Maddock, wife join conservative Facebook group discussing possibility of civil war|first=Clara |last=Hendrickson |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2021/01/12/meshawn-matt-maddock-facebook-group-civil-war/6624802002/}}</ref>
+In the evening of January 5, Trump's closest allies, including Michael Flynn, [[Corey Lewandowski]], Alabama senator [[Tommy Tuberville]], and Trump's sons [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald{{nbsp}}Jr.]] and [[Eric Trump|Eric]], met at the [[Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.)|Trump International Hotel]] in Washington, D.C.<ref name="Pierce_1/28/2021" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://sethabramson.substack.com/p/january-5-meeting-at-trump-international|title=January 5 Meeting at Trump International Hotel Could Hold the Key to the January 6 Insurrection|first=Seth|last=Abramson|website=sethabramson.substack.com|date=January 26, 2021|access-date=February 5, 2021|archive-date=February 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205065356/https://sethabramson.substack.com/p/january-5-meeting-at-trump-international|url-status=live}}</ref> Tuberville has since said that he did not attend the meeting,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.alreporter.com/2021/01/26/trump-appointee-says-tuberville-raga-director-met-with-trump-family-top-advisors-on-eve-of-capitol-attack/|title=Trump appointee says Tuberville met with Trump family, advisers on eve of Capitol attack|first=Eddie|last=Burkhalter|date=January 27, 2021|access-date=February 5, 2021|archive-date=February 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205065349/https://www.alreporter.com/2021/01/26/trump-appointee-says-tuberville-raga-director-met-with-trump-family-top-advisors-on-eve-of-capitol-attack/|url-status=live}}</ref> despite having been photographed in the hotel's lobby.<ref name="Pierce_1/28/2021">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Pierce|first=Charles P.|title=Tommy Tuberville Denied Insurrection Eve Meeting at Trump Hotel Despite Photos|website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=January 28, 2021|url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/a35355342/tommy-tuberville-january-6-insurrection-trump/|access-date=April 29, 2021|archive-date=January 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130174046/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/a35355342/tommy-tuberville-january-6-insurrection-trump/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.alreporter.com/2021/01/27/photos-posts-put-tuberville-in-trumps-hotel-on-jan-5-despite-him-denying-meeting/|title=Photos put Tuberville in Trump's hotel on Jan. 5 despite denying meeting|first=Eddie|last=Burkhalter|date=January 27, 2021|access-date=February 5, 2021|archive-date=February 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205065411/https://www.alreporter.com/2021/01/27/photos-posts-put-tuberville-in-trumps-hotel-on-jan-5-despite-him-denying-meeting/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Charles Herbster]], who said he attended the meeting himself, attendees included Tuberville, Adam Piper, and [[Peter Navarro]]. Daniel Beck wrote that "Fifteen of us spent the evening with Donald Trump Jr., [[Kimberly Guilfoyle]], Tommy Tuberville, [[Mike Lindell]], Peter Navarro, and [[Rudy Giuliani]]".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last=Whitmire |first=Kyle |title=What have you done now, Tommy Tuberville? |work=[[Al.com]] |date=January 28, 2021 |url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/01/what-have-you-done-now-tommy-tuberville.html |access-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429153517/https://www.al.com/news/2021/01/what-have-you-done-now-tommy-tuberville.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Herbster claimed to be standing "in the private residence of the President at Trump International with the following patriots who are joining me in a battle for justice and truth". He added [[David Bossie]] to the list of attendees.<ref name="Pierce_1/28/2021" />
-# [[Vernon Jones]] (D/R), former GA State Representative<ref name="QHgrf">{{cite news|work=CBS 46|date=January 7, 2021|title=Georgia Democrat fired up Trump crowd before protest turned violent|first=Rebekka |last=Schramm|url=https://www.cbs46.com/news/georgia-democrat-fired-up-trump-crowd-before-protest-turned-violent/article_df066bc2-5117-11eb-8292-df28e33bfeae.html}}</ref>
-# [[Alex Jones]], conservative radio host and conspiracy theorist<ref name="yjjem">{{cite news|work=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |date=January 12, 2021|title=What Conspiracy Theorist Alex Jones Said in the Lead Up to the Capitol Riot|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/what-conspiracy-theorist-alex-jones-said-in-the-lead-up-to-the-capitol-riot/}}</ref><ref name="2TNz3">{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|date=January 7, 2021|title=US Capitol breach|first=Rory |last=Carroll|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/07/baked-alaska-the-qanon-shaman-who-led-the-storming-of-the-capitol}}</ref>
-# [[Michael Flynn]], former National Security Advisor to President Trump<ref name="auto3">{{cite news|work=ABC news|date=January 15, 2021|title=Longtime Trump advisers connected to groups behind rally that led to Capitol attack|first=Will |last=Steakin|author2=Matthew Mosk|author3=James Gordon Meek|author4=Ali Dukakis|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/longtime-trump-advisers-connected-groups-rally-led-capitol/story?id=75261028}}</ref><ref name="8xnWJ">{{cite news|work=Associated Press<!--not agency-->|date=January 10, 2021|title=Flynn, Papadopoulos address pro-Trump rally in DC|via=youtube.com<!--not website-->|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lu5BJY-tG-c}}</ref>
-# [[George Papadopoulos]] (R), Trump Campaign Advisor<ref name="eWWFO">{{cite news|newspaper=Ekathimerini|date=January 19, 2021|title=Trump was not responsible for Jan 6 violence, ex-campaign aide tells Kathimerini|first=Marianna |last=Kakaounaki |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/261292/article/ekathimerini/community/trump-was-not-responsible-for-jan-6-violence-ex-campaign-aide-tells-kathimerini}}</ref><ref name="uVgwq">{{cite news|publisher=youtube.com|date=January 10, 2021|title=Flynn, Papadopoulos address pro-Trump rally in DC|author=AP|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lu5BJY-tG-c}}</ref>
-# [[Roger Stone]], advisor to President Trump<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="MmLyw">{{cite magazine|magazine=Mother Jones|date=January 27, 2021|title=Roger Stone Did Something Wrong|author=Dan Friedman, Reporter|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/01/roger-stone-did-something-wrong/ |access-date=October 27, 2021 }}</ref><ref name="VOErf">{{cite news|work=Bloomberg|date=January 5, 2021|title=Roger Stone Addresses Pro-Trump Rally in Washington, D.C.|author=|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqhSx3qpxws| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106062835/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqhSx3qpxws| archive-date=2021-01-06 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ===Bombs placed===
 {{external media|image1=[https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/seeking-info/suspected-pipe-bombs-in-washington-dc FBI images of bomb suspect]}}
-[[File:Seeking Information Pipe Bombs in Washington D.C. wfo-poi-010521.webm|thumb|right|200px|FBI compilation of bombs being placed<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seeking Information: Pipe Bombs in Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.fbi.gov/video-repository/wfo-poi-010521.mp4/view|access-date=October 20, 2021|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|language=en-us}}</ref>]]
+[[File:Seeking Information Pipe Bombs in Washington D.C. wfo-poi-010521.webm|thumb|FBI compilation of bombs being placed<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Seeking Information: Pipe Bombs in Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.fbi.gov/video-repository/wfo-poi-010521.mp4/view|access-date=October 20, 2021|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|language=en-us|archive-date=October 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021143643/https://www.fbi.gov/video-repository/wfo-poi-010521.mp4/view|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
-At 7:40{{nbs}}p.m. on January 5, someone wearing a gray hooded sweatshirt, a [[COVID-19]] mask, and Nike Air Max Speed Turf sneakers was filmed carrying a bag through a residential neighborhood on South Capitol Street. At 7:52{{nbs}}p.m., he or she was recorded sitting on a bench outside the DNC—the next day, a pipe bomb was discovered there, placed under a bush. In the footage, the suspect appears to zip a bag, stand and walk away. At 8:14, they were filmed in an alley near the RNC, where a second pipe bomb was found the following day.<ref name="abcfbi">{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/fbi-releases-images-dc-pipe-bomb-suspect/story?id=76341036 |first=Jack |last=Date |date=March 9, 2021 |title=New images released of suspect in pipe bombs found at RNC, DNC before Capitol riot|website=ABC News}}</ref> They placed both bombs within a few blocks of the Capitol.<ref name="ZIRN3">{{Cite news|last1=Benner|first1=Katie|last2=Haberman|first2=Maggie|last3=Schmidt|first3=Michael S.|date=January 6, 2021|title=An explosive device is found at the R.N.C., and the D.N.C. is evacuated.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/electoral-vote#pipe-bomb-rnc|url-status=live|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106201215/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/electoral-vote#pipe-bomb-rnc|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="mW0Pl">{{Cite news|last1=McDonald|first1=Cassidy|last2=Triay|first2=Andres|last3=Herridge|first3=Catherine|date=March 9, 2021|title=FBI releases new video of suspected pipe bomber walking near RNC and DNC headquarters|work=CBS news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fbi-new-video-pipe-bombs-outside-rnc-dnc-headquarters/|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref>
+At 7:40{{spaces}}p.m. on January 5, someone wearing a gray hooded sweatshirt, a [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]], and [[Nike Air Max]] Speed Turf sneakers was filmed carrying a bag through a residential neighborhood on South Capitol Street. At 7:52{{spaces}}p.m., the individual was recorded sitting on a bench outside the DNC; the next day, a pipe bomb was discovered there, placed under a bush. In the footage, the suspect appears to zip a bag, stand and walk away. At 8:14, the suspect was filmed in an alley near the RNC, where a second pipe bomb was found the following day.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/fbi-releases-images-dc-pipe-bomb-suspect/story?id=76341036 |access-date=June 20, 2021 |first=Jack |last=Date |date=March 9, 2021 |title=New images released of suspect in pipe bombs found at RNC, DNC before Capitol riot |website=[[ABC News]] |archive-date=July 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716155629/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/fbi-releases-images-dc-pipe-bomb-suspect/story?id=76341036 |url-status=live }}</ref> Both bombs were placed within a few blocks of the Capitol.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Benner |first1=Katie |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie |last3=Schmidt |first3=Michael S. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=An explosive device is found at the R.N.C., and the D.N.C. is evacuated. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/electoral-vote#pipe-bomb-rnc |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106201215/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/electoral-vote#pipe-bomb-rnc |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McDonald |first1=Cassidy |last2=Triay |first2=Andres |last3=Herridge |first3=Catherine |date=March 9, 2021 |title=FBI releases new video of suspected pipe bomber walking near RNC and DNC headquarters |work=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fbi-new-video-pipe-bombs-outside-rnc-dnc-headquarters/ |access-date=March 11, 2021 |archive-date=March 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311031619/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fbi-new-video-pipe-bombs-outside-rnc-dnc-headquarters/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Nearing the second anniversary of the incident, a reward of $500,000 was being offered,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Rabinowitz |first1=Hannah |last2=Cole |first2=Devan |last3=Lybrand |first3=Holmes |title=FBI, ATF and DC police increase reward for information on pipe bombs found near RNC and DNC headquarters to $500,000 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/04/politics/fbi-pipe-bombs-suspect-reward-rnc-dnc/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |date=January 4, 2023 |access-date=January 7, 2023 |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106232213/https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/04/politics/fbi-pipe-bombs-suspect-reward-rnc-dnc/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but as of the third anniversary, no suspects have been named.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Richer |first1=Alanna Durkin |last2=Kunzelman |first2=Michael |date=2024-01-06 |title=Major Jan. 6 Mystery Still Unsolved As Hundreds Of Rioters Convicted |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/major-jan-6-mystery-still-unsolved-as-hundreds-of-rioters-convicted_n_659975d3e4b0f9f6621cde0f |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=January 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107120409/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/major-jan-6-mystery-still-unsolved-as-hundreds-of-rioters-convicted_n_659975d3e4b0f9f6621cde0f |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Barr |first1=Luke |title=2 years later, Jan. 6 pipe bomber remains a mystery |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/reward-climbs-500k-information-suspect-pipe-bombs-day/story?id=96184838 |date=4 January 2023 |website=[[ABC News]] |publisher=[[ABC News]] Internet Ventures |access-date=January 7, 2023 |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106210501/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/reward-climbs-500k-information-suspect-pipe-bombs-day/story?id=96184838 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.insider.com/capitol-riot-hearings-fbi-pipe-bombs-investigation-mystery-2022-6 |title=As the January 6 hearings focus attention on the Capitol riot, one huge mystery remains |last=Press-Reynolds |first=Kieran |website=[[Insider.com]] |date=June 16, 2022 |access-date=June 17, 2022 |language=en| archive-date=June 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622003624/https://www.insider.com/capitol-riot-hearings-fbi-pipe-bombs-investigation-mystery-2022-6 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-The FBI distributed photos and video of the person who they believe planted the devices and offered an initial reward of up to $50,000 for information;<ref name="ABC.Posts">{{Cite news|last=Sanchez|first=Rosa|date=January 7, 2021|title=FBI posts photo of person who placed suspected pipe bombs outside DNC, RNC|work=ABC news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/fbi-posts-photo-person-suspected-pipe-bombs-dnc/story?id=75126041|url-status=live|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108070426/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/fbi-posts-photo-person-suspected-pipe-bombs-dnc/story?id=75126041|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> by the end of the month, the FBI raised it to $75,000.<ref name="PyOmZ">{{Cite web|last=Shortell|first=David|date=January 29, 2021|title=Pipe bombs found near Capitol on January 6 were placed the night before, FBI says|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/29/politics/washington-pipe-bombs-dnc-rnc/index.html|access-date=January 29, 2021|website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="8Kcco">{{Cite news|last=Fitzsimons|first=Tim|date=January 21, 2021|title=FBI ups reward to $75,000 for suspect who placed pipe bombs during Capitol riot|work=NBC news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/fbi-ups-reward-75-000-suspect-who-placed-pipe-bombs-n1255162|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122062622/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/fbi-ups-reward-75-000-suspect-who-placed-pipe-bombs-n1255162|archive-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref>
 === January 6 Trump rally {{anchor|March to Save America}} ===
+On January{{spaces}}6, the "Save America" rally (or "March to Save America", promoted as a "Save America March")<ref name="Save America March">{{#invoke:cite web||title='Save America' Rally: Pro-Trump protesters march in Washington, DC|website=San Mateo Daily Journal|date=January 6, 2021|url=https://www.smdailyjournal.com/save-america-rally-pro-trump-protesters-march-in-washington-dc-live/video_bdcdaf80-5052-11eb-8b02-2f6c1ea64b7d.html|access-date=February 22, 2021|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204050511/https://www.smdailyjournal.com/save-america-rally-pro-trump-protesters-march-in-washington-dc-live/video_bdcdaf80-5052-11eb-8b02-2f6c1ea64b7d.html|url-status=live}}<br />{{#invoke:cite web||title=Trump supporters gather in DC for peaceful Save America March before some storm Capitol|website=The Christian Post|date=January 6, 2021|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/trump-supporters-gather-in-dc-for-peaceful-save-america-march-before-some-storm-capitol.html|first=Ryan|last=Foley|access-date=February 22, 2021|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224090608/https://www.christianpost.com/news/trump-supporters-gather-in-dc-for-peaceful-save-america-march-before-some-storm-capitol.html|url-status=live}}</ref> took place on [[the Ellipse]] within the National Mall just south of the White House. The permit granted to [[Amy Kremer#Women for Trump, Women for America First and Women Vote Smart|Women for America First]] scheduled a first amendment rally "March for Trump", with speeches running from 9:00{{spaces}}a.m. to 3:30{{spaces}}p.m., with an additional hour for the conclusion of the rally and dispersal of participants.<ref name="permits" />
-[[File:Before.SenatePark.WDC.6January2021 (50808731733) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Protesters at [[Washington Union Station]] on the morning of January{{nbs}}6]]
+{{Multiple images|align=left|perrow=1|image1=Rudy Giuliani (49279860108).jpg|image2=John C. Eastman 2013.jpg|footer=Speakers included [[Rudy Giuliani]] (''top'') and [[John Eastman]] (''bottom'').}}
-The "Save America" rally (or "March to Save America", promoted as a "Save America March")<ref name="Save America March">{{cite web|title="Save America" Rally: Pro-Trump protesters march in Washington, DC|website=San Mateo Daily Journal|date=January 6, 2010|url=https://www.smdailyjournal.com/save-america-rally-pro-trump-protesters-march-in-washington-dc-live/video_bdcdaf80-5052-11eb-8b02-2f6c1ea64b7d.html|access-date=February 22, 2021}}<br />{{cite web|title=Trump supporters gather in DC for peaceful Save America March before some storm Capitol|website=The Christian Post|date=January 6, 2021|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/trump-supporters-gather-in-dc-for-peaceful-save-america-march-before-some-storm-capitol.html |first=Ryan |last=Foley |access-date=February 22, 2021}}</ref> took place on January{{nbs}}6 in the Ellipse within the National Mall just south of the White House. The permit granted to [[Amy Kremer#Women for Trump and Women for America First|Women for America First]] showed their first amendment rally "March for Trump" with speeches running from 9:00{{nbs}}a.m. to 3:30{{nbs}}p.m., and an additional hour for the conclusion of rally and dispersal of participants.<ref name="permits" />
-Trump supporters gathered there to hear speeches from Trump, [[Rudy Giuliani]], and others, such as [[Chapman University School of Law]] professor [[John C. Eastman]], who spoke, at least in part, on the basis of [[Eastman memorandums|his memorandums]], which have been described as an instruction manual for a [[self-coup|coup d'état]].<ref name="WP20210930">{{cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Margaret |title=A Trump lawyer wrote an instruction manual for a coup. Why haven’t you seen it on the news? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/sullivan-eastman-memo/2021/09/29/68d93000-211f-11ec-9309-b743b79abc59_story.html?itid=hp-more-top-stories |date=September 30, 2021 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=September 30, 2021 }}</ref><ref name="M5Etd">{{Cite web|last=Hayes|first=Rob|date=January 11, 2021|title=Faculty call for firing of Chapman University professor who spoke at pro-Trump rally|url=https://abc7.com/9568820/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115172716/https://abc7.com/9568820/|archive-date=January 15, 2021|access-date=January 13, 2021|website=ABC7 Los Angeles}}</ref> In a court filing in February,  a member of the Oath Keepers claimed she had acted as "security" at the rally, and was provided with a "VIP pass to the rally where she met with Secret Service agents". The U.S. Secret Service denied that any private citizens had coordinated with it to provide security on January 6.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Polantz|first=Katelyn|date=February 22, 2021|title=Oath Keeper claims she was VIP security at Trump rally before riot and says she met with Secret Service agents|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/21/politics/oath-keepers-vip-security-capitol-riot/index.html|access-date=February 22, 2021|website=CNN}}</ref> On February 22, she changed her story and said she interacted with the Secret Service only as she passed through the security check before the rally.<ref name="0Fq4A">{{Cite web|last=Polantz|first=Katelyn|date=February 23, 2021|title=Oath Keeper now says she didn't meet with Secret Service around the January 6 rally|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/22/politics/oath-keepers-watkins-changed-story/index.html|access-date=February 23, 2021|website=CNN}}</ref>
+Trump supporters gathered on the Ellipse to hear speeches from Trump, Rudy Giuliani, and others, such as [[Chapman University School of Law]] professor [[John Eastman]], who spoke, at least in part, based on [[Eastman memorandums|his memorandums]], which have been described as an instruction manual for a coup d'état.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Margaret |title=A Trump lawyer wrote an instruction manual for a coup. Why haven't you seen it on the news? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/sullivan-eastman-memo/2021/09/29/68d93000-211f-11ec-9309-b743b79abc59_story.html |date=September 30, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=September 30, 2021 |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331004049/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/sullivan-eastman-memo/2021/09/29/68d93000-211f-11ec-9309-b743b79abc59_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Hayes|first=Rob|date=January 11, 2021|title=Faculty call for firing of Chapman University professor who spoke at pro-Trump rally|url=https://abc7.com/9568820/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115172716/https://abc7.com/9568820/|archive-date=January 15, 2021|access-date=January 13, 2021|website=ABC7 Los Angeles}}</ref> In a court filing in February, a member of the Oath Keepers claimed she had acted as "security" at the rally, and was provided with a "VIP pass to the rally where she met with Secret Service agents". The U.S. Secret Service denied that any private citizens had coordinated with it to provide security on January 6.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Polantz|first=Katelyn|date=February 22, 2021|title=Oath Keeper claims she was VIP security at Trump rally before riot and says she met with Secret Service agents|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/21/politics/oath-keepers-vip-security-capitol-riot/index.html|access-date=February 22, 2021|website=[[CNN]]|archive-date=February 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228092034/https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/21/politics/oath-keepers-vip-security-capitol-riot/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On February 22, she changed her story and said that she interacted with the Secret Service only as she passed through the security check before the rally.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Polantz|first=Katelyn|date=February 23, 2021|title=Oath Keeper now says she didn't meet with Secret Service around the January 6 rally|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/22/politics/oath-keepers-watkins-changed-story/index.html|access-date=February 23, 2021|website=[[CNN]]|archive-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301133420/https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/22/politics/oath-keepers-watkins-changed-story/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[Mo Brooks]] (R-AL) was a featured speaker at the rally and spoke around 9 a.m, where he said, "Today is the day American patriots start taking down names and kicking ass". And later, "Are you willing to do what it takes to fight for America? Louder! Will you fight for America?"<ref name="Wcv2j">{{Cite news|last=Gattis|first=Paul|date=January 6, 2021|title=Mo Brooks: Today patriots start 'kicking ass' in fighting vote results|work=[[AL.com]]|url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/01/mo-brooks-today-patriots-start-kicking-ass-in-fighting-vote-results.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107164211/https://www.al.com/news/2021/01/mo-brooks-today-patriots-start-kicking-ass-in-fighting-vote-results.html|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name="xefux">{{cite news|work=nytimes.com|date=January 13, 2021|title=Before Capitol Riot, Republican Lawmakers Fanned the Flames|author=Catie Edmondson and Luke Broadwater|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/us/politics/republicans-capitol-riot.html}}</ref>
+Mo Brooks was a featured speaker at the rally and spoke around 9&nbsp;a.m., where he said, "Today is the day American patriots start taking down names and kicking ass". And later, "Are you willing to do what it takes to fight for America? Louder! Will you fight for America?"<ref>{{cite news |last=Gattis |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Mo Brooks: Today patriots start 'kicking ass' in fighting vote results |work=[[AL.com]] |url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/01/mo-brooks-today-patriots-start-kicking-ass-in-fighting-vote-results.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107164211/https://www.al.com/news/2021/01/mo-brooks-today-patriots-start-kicking-ass-in-fighting-vote-results.html |archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 13, 2021 |title=Before Capitol Riot, Republican Lawmakers Fanned the Flames |first1=Catie |last1=Edmondson |first2=Luke |last2=Broadwater |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/us/politics/republicans-capitol-riot.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112010206/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/us/politics/republicans-capitol-riot.html |url-status=live |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
-Representative [[Madison Cawthorn]] (R–[[North Carolina|NC]]) said, "This crowd has some fight".<ref name="XFUAF">{{Cite news|last=Pellicer|first=Lauren|date=January 6, 2021|title=NC Congressional Delegates React To Violence As Pro-Trump Mob Storms US Capitol|work=[[Blue Ridge Public Radio]]|url=https://www.bpr.org/post/nc-congressional-delegates-react-violence-pro-trump-mob-storms-us-capitol#stream/0}}</ref> Amy Kremer told attendees, "it is up to you and I to save this Republic" and called on them to "keep up the fight".<ref name="tanfani" />
+Representative [[Madison Cawthorn]] said, "This crowd has some fight".<ref>{{cite news |last=Pellicer |first=Lauren |date=January 6, 2021 |title=NC Congressional Delegates React To Violence As Pro-Trump Mob Storms US Capitol |work=[[Blue Ridge Public Radio]] |url=https://www.bpr.org/post/nc-congressional-delegates-react-violence-pro-trump-mob-storms-us-capitol#stream/0 |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107230941/https://www.bpr.org/post/nc-congressional-delegates-react-violence-pro-trump-mob-storms-us-capitol#stream/0 |url-status=live}}</ref> Women for America First founder Amy Kremer told attendees, "it is up to you and I to save this Republic" and called on them to "keep up the fight".<ref name="tanfani" />
-Trump's sons, Donald Jr. and Eric, along with Eric's wife [[Lara Trump]], also spoke, naming and verbally attacking Republican congressmen and senators who were not supporting the effort to challenge the Electoral College vote, and promising to campaign against them in future primary elections.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite news|last=Graziosi|first=Graig|date=January 6, 2021|title=Trump's sons declare war on GOP|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-eric-trump-election-protest-b1783318.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212530/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-eric-trump-election-protest-b1783318.html|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> Donald Jr. said of Republican lawmakers, "If you're gonna be the zero and not the hero, we're coming for you".<ref name="54qV6">{{cite news |work=[[The Independent]] |date=November 6, 2020|title='Reckless' and 'stupid': Trump Jr calls for 'total war' over election results|first=Chantal |last=da Silva|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-election-results-war-b1634841.html |access-date=October 27, 2021}}</ref><ref name="qOfbU">{{cite news |work=[[Politico]] |date=January 6, 2021|title='I'm going to be in your backyard': Trump sons threaten primaries for GOP lawmakers|first=Quint |last=Forgey|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/06/trump-threat-primaries-gop-lawmakers-455366}}</ref>
+Trump's sons, Donald Jr. and Eric, along with Eric's wife [[Lara Trump]], also spoke, naming and verbally attacking Republican congressmen and senators who were not supporting the effort to challenge the Electoral College vote, and promising to campaign against them in future primary elections.<ref>{{cite news |last=Graziosi |first=Graig |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Trump's sons declare war on GOP |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-eric-trump-election-protest-b1783318.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212530/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-eric-trump-election-protest-b1783318.html |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> Donald Jr. said of Republican lawmakers, "If you're gonna be the zero and not the hero, we're coming for you".<ref>{{cite news |last=da Silva |first=Chantal |author-link=Chantal Da Silva |date=November 6, 2020 |title='Reckless' and 'stupid': Trump Jr calls for 'total war' over election results |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-election-results-war-b1634841.html |access-date=October 27, 2021 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193722/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-election-results-war-b1634841.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[Politico]] |date=January 6, 2021 |title='I'm going to be in your backyard': Trump sons threaten primaries for GOP lawmakers |first=Quint |last=Forgey |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/06/trump-threat-primaries-gop-lawmakers-455366 |access-date=June 20, 2022 |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208132138/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/06/trump-threat-primaries-gop-lawmakers-455366 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Rudy Giuliani repeated conspiracy theories that voting machines used in the election were "crooked" and at 10:50 called for "[[trial by combat]]".<ref name="n3Wdw">{{Cite news|last=Palma|first=Bethania|date=January 6, 2021|title=Did Rudy Giuliani Call for 'Trial By Combat' Before Trump Mob Broke Into Capitol?|work=Snopes|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/giuliani-rally-speech/|url-status=live|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210109191543/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/giuliani-rally-speech/|archive-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Lvjrc">{{Cite web|last=Flaherty|first=Colleen|date=January 11, 2021|title=Chapman Faces Pressure to Fire Professor Who Spoke at Trump Rally|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2021/01/11/chapman-faces-pressure-fire-professor-who-spoke-trump-rally|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111095329/https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2021/01/11/chapman-faces-pressure-fire-professor-who-spoke-trump-rally|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021|website=Inside Higher Ed}}</ref> Eastman asserted that balloting machines contained "secret folders" that altered voting results.<ref name="t5Ffn">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-01-13/chapman-university-will-not-fire-john-eastman|first=Nina|last=Agrawal|title=Chapman University will not fire law professor who spoke at pro-Trump Capitol rally|date=January 13, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|A week later, he retired.<ref name="LA Times 2021-01-13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-01-13/chapman-professor-spoke-pre-riot-trump-rally-retire |access-date=October 27, 2021 |title=Chapman professor will retire after uproar over his speaking at Trump rally|date=January 14, 2021|first1=Nina|last1=Agrawal|first2=Matthew|last2=Ormseth|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>}} At 10:58, a Proud Boys contingent left the rally and marched toward the Capitol Building.<ref name="Zurcher BBC">Video "How the Proud Boys led the assault – and who was in the pro-Trump mob", in: {{cite web|last=Zurcher|first=Anthony|title=Trump impeachment trial: What verdict means for Trump, Biden and America|website=BBC news|date=February 13, 2021|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56057849|access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref>
+Rudy Giuliani repeated conspiracy theories that voting machines used in the election were "crooked" and at 10:50 called for "[[trial by combat]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Palma |first=Bethania |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Did Rudy Giuliani Call for 'Trial By Combat' Before Trump Mob Broke Into Capitol? |work=[[Snopes]] |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/giuliani-rally-speech/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210109191543/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/giuliani-rally-speech/ |archive-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Flaherty|first=Colleen|date=January 11, 2021|title=Chapman Faces Pressure to Fire Professor Who Spoke at Trump Rally|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2021/01/11/chapman-faces-pressure-fire-professor-who-spoke-trump-rally|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111095329/https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2021/01/11/chapman-faces-pressure-fire-professor-who-spoke-trump-rally|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021|website=Inside Higher Ed}}</ref> Eastman asserted that balloting machines contained "secret folders" that altered voting results.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-01-13/chapman-university-will-not-fire-john-eastman |access-date=June 20, 2022 |first=Nina |last=Agrawal |title=Chapman University will not fire law professor who spoke at pro-Trump Capitol rally |date=January 13, 2021 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |archive-date=June 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615044758/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-01-13/chapman-university-will-not-fire-john-eastman |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|A week later, he retired.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-01-13/chapman-professor-spoke-pre-riot-trump-rally-retire |access-date=October 27, 2021 |title=Chapman professor will retire after uproar over his speaking at Trump rally |date=January 14, 2021 |first1=Nina |last1=Agrawal |first2=Matthew |last2=Ormseth |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |archive-date=February 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219150921/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-01-13/chapman-professor-spoke-pre-riot-trump-rally-retire |url-status=live}}</ref>}} At 10:58, a Proud Boys contingent left the rally and marched toward the Capitol Building.<ref name="Zurcher BBC">Video "How the Proud Boys led the assault – and who was in the pro-Trump mob", in: {{#invoke:cite web||last=Zurcher |first=Anthony |date=February 13, 2021 |title=Trump impeachment trial: What verdict means for Trump, Biden and America |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56057849 |access-date=February 17, 2021 |website=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=February 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217032721/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56057849 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+On January 6, the "Wild Protest" was organized by Stop The Steal and took place in Area{{spaces}}8, across from the Russell Senate Office Building.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=WildProtest.com|url=https://wildprotest.com/#about|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106005050/https://wildprotest.com/#about|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> On January 6, the "Freedom Rally" was organized by Virginia Freedom Keepers, [[Latinos for Trump]], and United Medical Freedom Super PAC at 300 First Street NE, across from the Russell Senate Office Building.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Freedom Rally 2021|url=https://freedomrally2021.com/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111143722/https://freedomrally2021.com/|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 23, 2021|website=Freedom Rally 2021}}</ref>
-==== Donald Trump's speech ====
-[[File:2021 United States Capitol VOA 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|An image of Trump delivering his rally speech from behind a bulletproof shield was projected onto this screen at the rally]]
+==== Trump's speech ====
-Starting at 11:58, from behind a bulletproof shield, [[s:Donald Trump's Save America Rally Speech|President Trump gave a speech]], declaring that he would "never concede" the election, criticized the media, and called for Pence to overturn the election results, something outside Pence's constitutional power.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nickeas|first=Peter|date=January 6, 2021|title=Pro-Trump supporters have flooded DC to protest president's election loss|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/pro-trump-supporters-dc-protest/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106202325/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/pro-trump-supporters-dc-protest/index.html|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="xn2SB">{{Cite news|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|date=January 6, 2021|title=Trump, speaking to protesters, declares 'we will never concede.'|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/electoral-vote|url-status=live|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106201215/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/electoral-vote|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> His speech contained many falsehoods and misrepresentations that inflamed the crowd.<ref name="z6FIx">Multiple sources:
+[[File:2021 United States Capitol VOA 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|An image of Trump delivering his rally speech from behind a bulletproof shield was projected onto this screen at the rally.|alt=People holding their phones up to take photos and videos of Donald Trump delivering a speech. Trump is not directly visible, but rather a large screen behind the stage shows him.]]
-* {{Cite news|last1=Liptak|first1=Kevin|last2=Stracqualursi|first2=Veronica|last3=Malloy|first3=Allie|date=January 7, 2021|title=Trump publicly acknowledges he won't serve a second term a day after inciting mob|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/politics/trump-biden-us-capitol-electoral-college-insurrection/|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109065602/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/politics/trump-biden-us-capitol-electoral-college-insurrection/|archive-date=January 9, 2021|ref=none}}
-* {{Cite news|first=David Z.|last=Morris|url=https://fortune.com/2021/01/07/trump-speech-capitol-attack-riots-pence-we-will-never-concede-maga-rally/|title='We will never concede': How Donald Trump incited an attack on America|work=Fortune|date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111202133/https://fortune.com/2021/01/07/trump-speech-capitol-attack-riots-pence-we-will-never-concede-maga-rally/|url-status=live|ref=none}}
-* {{Cite news|first=Philip|last=Rucker|date=January 6, 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-rioters-incite/2021/01/06/0acfc778-5035-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html|title=Trump's presidency finishes in 'American carnage' as rioters storm the Capitol|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109151645/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-rioters-incite/2021/01/06/0acfc778-5035-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html|url-status=live|ref=none}}
-* {{Cite news|title=Trump's Falsehood-Filled 'Save America' Rally|first1=Eugene|last1=Kiely|first2=Robert|last2=Farley|first3=D'Angelo|last3=Gore|first4=Lori|last4=Robertson|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2021/01/trumps-falsehood-filled-save-america-rally/|work=FactCheck.org|publisher=Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania|date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111033555/https://www.factcheck.org/2021/01/trumps-falsehood-filled-save-america-rally/|url-status=live|ref=none}}
-* {{Cite news|first1=Shelly|last1=Tan|first2=Youjin|last2=Shin|first3=Danielle|last3=Rindler|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/capitol-insurrection-visual-timeline/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=January 9, 2021|title=How one of America's ugliest days unraveled inside and outside the Capitol|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111195537/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/capitol-insurrection-visual-timeline/|url-status=live|ref=none}}</ref> Trump did not overtly call on his supporters to use violence or enter the Capitol,<ref name="Blake">{{Cite news|last=Blake|first=Aaron|date=January 11, 2021|title=What Trump said before his supporters stormed the Capitol, annotated|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/annotated-trump-speech-jan-6-capitol/|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114075737/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/annotated-trump-speech-jan-6-capitol/|archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> but his speech was filled with violent imagery<ref name="SavageWhatTrumpTold">{{Cite news|last=Savage|first=Charlie|date=January 10, 2021|title=Incitement to Riot? What Trump Told Supporters Before Mob Stormed Capitol|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/10/us/trump-speech-riot.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113220220/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/10/us/trump-speech-riot.html|archive-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> and Trump suggested that his supporters had the power to prevent Biden from taking office.<ref name="Blake" /> The same afternoon, Pence released a letter to Congress in which he said he could not challenge Biden's victory.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="d9nTH">{{Cite news|last1=Glantz, Aaron|last2=The Center for Investigative Reporting|date=January 6, 2021|title=Read Pence's full letter saying he can't claim "unilateral authority" to reject electoral votes|work=PBS News Hour|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/read-pences-full-letter-saying-he-cant-claim-unilateral-authority-to-reject-electoral-votes|url-status=live|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106190245/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/read-pences-full-letter-saying-he-cant-claim-unilateral-authority-to-reject-electoral-votes|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref>
+Starting at 11:58, from behind a bulletproof shield, [[s:Donald Trump's Save America Rally Speech|President Trump gave a speech]], declaring that he would "never concede" the election, criticizing the media, and calling for Pence to overturn the election results.<ref name="CNN 2021-01-06">{{cite news |last=Nickeas |first=Peter |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Pro-Trump supporters have flooded DC to protest president's election loss |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/pro-trump-supporters-dc-protest/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106202325/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/pro-trump-supporters-dc-protest/index.html |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Trump, speaking to protesters, declares 'we will never concede.' |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/electoral-vote |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106201215/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/electoral-vote |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> His speech contained many falsehoods and misrepresentations that inflamed the crowd.<ref>Multiple sources:
-Trump called for his supporters to "walk down to the Capitol" to "cheer on our brave senators and congressmen and women and we're probably not going to be cheering so much for some of them." He told the crowd that he would be with them, but he ultimately did not go to the Capitol. As to counting Biden's electoral votes, Trump said, "We can't let that happen" and suggested Biden would be an "illegitimate president."<ref name="Blake" /><ref name="SavageWhatTrumpTold" /> Referring to the day of the elections, Trump said, "most people would stand there at 9:00 in the evening and say, 'I want to thank you very much,' and they go off to some other life, but I said, 'Something's wrong here. Something's really wrong. [It] can't have happened.' And we fight. We fight like Hell and if you don't fight like Hell, you're not going to have a country anymore".<ref name="TrumpsSpeech">{{Cite web|date=January 6, 2021|title=Trump's 1/6/2021 Speech|url=https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trump-speech-save-america-rally-transcript-january-6|via=[[Rev (company)|rev.com]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115200039/https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trump-speech-save-america-rally-transcript-january-6|archive-date=January 15, 2021|access-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref>{{rp|01:11:44}} He said the protesters would be "going to the Capitol and we're going to try and give [Republicans] the kind of pride and boldness that they need to take back our country."<ref name="BG">{{Cite web|last=Andersen|first=Travis|date=January 6, 2021|title=Before mob stormed US Capitol, Trump told them to 'fight like hell'|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/06/metro/heres-what-trump-told-his-supporters-before-many-them-stormed-capitol-wednesday/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210107014042/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/06/metro/heres-what-trump-told-his-supporters-before-many-them-stormed-capitol-wednesday/|archive-date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> Trump also said, "you'll never take back our country with weakness. You have to show strength and you have to be strong. We have come to demand that Congress do the right thing and only count the electors who have been lawfully slated".<ref name="Blake" /><ref name="SavageWhatTrumpTold" />
+* {{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Kevin |last2=Stracqualursi |first2=Veronica |last3=Malloy |first3=Allie |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Trump publicly acknowledges he won't serve a second term a day after inciting mob |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/politics/trump-biden-us-capitol-electoral-college-insurrection/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109065602/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/politics/trump-biden-us-capitol-electoral-college-insurrection/ |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |first=David Z. |last=Morris |url=https://fortune.com/2021/01/07/trump-speech-capitol-attack-riots-pence-we-will-never-concede-maga-rally/ |title='We will never concede': How Donald Trump incited an attack on America |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111202133/https://fortune.com/2021/01/07/trump-speech-capitol-attack-riots-pence-we-will-never-concede-maga-rally/ |url-status=live |ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |first=Philip |last=Rucker |date=January 6, 2021 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-rioters-incite/2021/01/06/0acfc778-5035-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html |title=Trump's presidency finishes in 'American carnage' as rioters storm the Capitol |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109151645/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-rioters-incite/2021/01/06/0acfc778-5035-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html |url-status=live |ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |title=Trump's Falsehood-Filled 'Save America' Rally |first1=Eugene |last1=Kiely |first2=Robert |last2=Farley |first3=D'Angelo |last3=Gore |first4=Lori |last4=Robertson |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2021/01/trumps-falsehood-filled-save-america-rally/ |work=FactCheck.org |publisher=Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania |date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111033555/https://www.factcheck.org/2021/01/trumps-falsehood-filled-save-america-rally/ |url-status=live |ref=none}}
+* {{cite news |first1=Shelly |last1=Tan |first2=Youjin |last2=Shin |first3=Danielle |last3=Rindler |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/capitol-insurrection-visual-timeline/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 9, 2021 |title=How one of America's ugliest days unraveled inside and outside the Capitol |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111195537/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/capitol-insurrection-visual-timeline/ |url-status=live |ref=none}}</ref> Trump did not call on his supporters to use violence or enter the Capitol,<ref name="Blake">{{cite news |last=Blake |first=Aaron |date=January 11, 2021 |title=What Trump said before his supporters stormed the Capitol, annotated |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/annotated-trump-speech-jan-6-capitol/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114075737/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/annotated-trump-speech-jan-6-capitol/ |archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> but his speech was filled with violent imagery.<ref name="SavageWhatTrumpTold">{{cite news |last=Savage |first=Charlie |date=January 10, 2021 |title=Incitement to Riot? What Trump Told Supporters Before Mob Stormed Capitol |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/10/us/trump-speech-riot.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113220220/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/10/us/trump-speech-riot.html |archive-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> On social media, Trump was suggesting that his supporters had the power to prevent Biden from taking office.<ref name="Blake" /> One of his tweets, posted on January 6, 2021, at 5:43&nbsp;a.m., was "Get smart Republicans. FIGHT."<ref name="ABC News 2021-01-07"/> The same afternoon, Pence released a letter to Congress, in which he said he could not challenge Biden's victory.<ref name="CNN 2021-01-06" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Glantz, Aaron |last2=The Center for Investigative Reporting |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Read Pence's full letter saying he can't claim 'unilateral authority' to reject electoral votes |work=[[PBS NewsHour]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/read-pences-full-letter-saying-he-cant-claim-unilateral-authority-to-reject-electoral-votes |url-status=live |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106190245/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/read-pences-full-letter-saying-he-cant-claim-unilateral-authority-to-reject-electoral-votes |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref>
+Although the initial plan for the rally called for people to remain at the Ellipse until the counting of electoral slates was complete, the White House said they should march to the Capitol, as Trump repeatedly urged during his speech.<ref name="Rutenberg" /> Trump called for his supporters to "walk down to the Capitol" to "cheer on our brave senators and congressmen and women and we're probably not going to be cheering so much for some of them." He told the crowd that he would be with them, but he ultimately did not go to the Capitol. As to counting Biden's electoral votes, Trump said, "We can't let that happen" and suggested Biden would be an "illegitimate president".<ref name="Blake" /><ref name="SavageWhatTrumpTold" /> Referring to the day of the elections, Trump said, "most people would stand there at 9:00 in the evening and say, 'I want to thank you very much,' and they go off to some other life, but I said, 'Something's wrong here. Something's really wrong. [It] can't have happened.' And we fight. We fight like Hell and if you don't fight like Hell, you're not going to have a country anymore".<ref name="TrumpsSpeech">{{#invoke:cite web||date=January 6, 2021|title=Trump's 1/6/2021 Speech|url=https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trump-speech-save-america-rally-transcript-january-6|via=[[Rev (company)|rev.com]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115200039/https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trump-speech-save-america-rally-transcript-january-6|archive-date=January 15, 2021|access-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref>{{rp|01:11:44}} He said the protesters would be "going to the Capitol and we're going to try and give [Republicans] the kind of pride and boldness that they need to take back our country".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Andersen|first=Travis|date=January 6, 2021|title=Before mob stormed US Capitol, Trump told them to 'fight like hell'|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/06/metro/heres-what-trump-told-his-supporters-before-many-them-stormed-capitol-wednesday/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210107014042/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/06/metro/heres-what-trump-told-his-supporters-before-many-them-stormed-capitol-wednesday/|archive-date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> Trump also said, "you'll never take back our country with weakness. You have to show strength and you have to be strong. We have come to demand that Congress do the right thing and only count the electors who have been lawfully slated".<ref name="Blake" /><ref name="SavageWhatTrumpTold" />
-[[File:BBN films unidentfied agitator for march on -USCapitol prior to Donald Trump speech -MarchForTrump.webm|thumb|right|thumbtime=00:05|A Trump supporter directing attendees of the "Save America" rally to the Capitol]]
-Trump denounced Representative [[Liz Cheney]] (R-WY), saying, "We've got to get rid of the weak Congresspeople, the ones that aren't any good, the Liz Cheneys of the world".<ref name="TDbFD">{{Cite news|last=Kranish|first=Michael|date=January 13, 2021|title=Before riot, Trump said 'we got to get rid' of Rep. Liz Cheney|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/cheney-trump-house-impeach/2021/01/12/648c677a-54d2-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113082812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/cheney-trump-house-impeach/2021/01/12/648c677a-54d2-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html|archive-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> He called upon his supporters to "fight much harder" against "bad people"; told the crowd that "you are allowed to go by very different rules," said that his supporters were "not going to take it any longer"; framed the moment as the [[last stand]], suggested that Pence and other Republican officials put themselves in danger by accepting Biden's victory; and told the crowd he would march with them to the Capitol (although he did not do so).<ref name="Blake" /><ref name="SavageWhatTrumpTold" /> In addition to the twenty times he used the term "fight," Trump once used the term "peacefully," saying, "I know that everyone here will soon be marching over to the Capitol building to peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard".<ref name="SavageWhatTrumpTold" />
+Trump denounced Representative [[Liz Cheney]], saying, "We've got to get rid of the weak Congresspeople, the ones that aren't any good, the Liz Cheneys of the world".<ref>{{cite news |last=Kranish |first=Michael |date=January 13, 2021 |title=Before riot, Trump said 'we got to get rid' of Rep. Liz Cheney |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/cheney-trump-house-impeach/2021/01/12/648c677a-54d2-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113082812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/cheney-trump-house-impeach/2021/01/12/648c677a-54d2-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html |archive-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> He called upon his supporters to "fight much harder" against "bad people"; told the crowd that "you are allowed to go by very different rules"; said that his supporters were "not going to take it any longer"; framed the moment as the [[last stand]]; suggested that Pence and other Republican officials put themselves in danger by accepting Biden's victory; and told the crowd he would march with them to the Capitol (but was prevented from doing so by his security detail).<ref name="Blake" /><ref name="SavageWhatTrumpTold" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Bustillo |first=Ximena |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/28/1108301900/witness-recalls-trump-lunging-for-the-wheel-when-told-he-couldnt-go-to-the-capit |url-status=live |title=Witness recalls being told Trump grabbed the wheel when he couldn't go to the Capitol |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902094858/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/28/1108301900/witness-recalls-trump-lunging-for-the-wheel-when-told-he-couldnt-go-to-the-capit |archive-date=September 2, 2022 |work=NPR |date=June 22, 2021 |access-date=December 18, 2022}}</ref> In addition to the twenty times he used the term "fight", Trump once used the term "peacefully", saying, "I know that everyone here will soon be marching over to the Capitol building to peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard".<ref name="SavageWhatTrumpTold" />
-During Trump's speech, his supporters chanted "Take the Capitol," "Taking the Capitol right now," "Invade the Capitol," "Storm the Capitol" and "Fight for Trump".<ref name="SenateTrialFeb10">{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2021/2/10/senate-section/article/s615-4|title=Trial of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States|work=Congressional Record|volume=167|number=25|date=February 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="hZnRd">{{cite news|first1=Ryan|last1=Goodman|first2=Justin|last2=Hendrix|url=https://www.justsecurity.org/74335/fight-for-trump-video-evidence-of-incitement-at-the-capitol/|title="Fight for Trump": Video Evidence of Incitement at the Capitol|work=Just Security|date=January 25, 2021}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' places the fall of the first barriers at 1:03{{nbs}}p.m.<ref name="vfKSZ">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 12, 2021|title=How a Presidential Rally Turned Into a Capitol Rampage|first1=Lauren |last1=Leatherby|first2=Arielle |last2=Ray |first3=Anjali |last3=Singhvi|first4=Christiaan |last4=Triebert|first5=Derek |last5=Watkins |first6=Haley |last6=Willis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/12/us/capitol-mob-timeline.html|url-access=registration}}</ref> Before Trump had finished speaking at 1:12{{nbs}}p.m., an estimated eight thousand supporters had already begun moving up the National Mall, with some shouting that they were storming the Capitol.<ref name="ARM5E">{{Cite news|last=Mogelson|first=Luke|title=Among the Insurrectionists|work=The New Yorker|issue=January 15, 2021|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/01/25/among-the-insurrectionists|url-status=live|access-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118180312/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/01/25/among-the-insurrectionists|archive-date=January 18, 2021}}</ref> After completing his speech, Trump went back to the White House on the [[Presidential state car (United States)|presidential motorcade]], arriving at 1:19 p.m.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last1=Haberman|first1=Maggie|last2=Martin|first2=Jonathan|date=February 14, 2021|title=After the Speech: What Trump Did as the Capitol Was Attacked|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/13/us/politics/trump-capitol-riot.html|access-date=August 12, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At some point afterward, Trump went to the [[Oval Office]] and started watching news coverage of the attack.<ref name=":1" />
+During Trump's speech, his supporters chanted "Take the Capitol", "Taking the Capitol right now", "Invade the Capitol", "Storm the Capitol" and "Fight for Trump".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2021/2/10/senate-section/article/s615-4 |access-date=June 20, 2022 |title=Trial of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States |work=Congressional Record |volume=167 |number=25 |date=February 10, 2021 |archive-date=March 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303190904/https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2021/2/10/senate-section/article/s615-4 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Ryan |last1=Goodman |first2=Justin |last2=Hendrix |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/74335/fight-for-trump-video-evidence-of-incitement-at-the-capitol/ |title='Fight for Trump': Video Evidence of Incitement at the Capitol |work=Just Security |date=January 25, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212031455/https://www.justsecurity.org/74335/fight-for-trump-video-evidence-of-incitement-at-the-capitol/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Before Trump had finished speaking at 1:12{{spaces}}p.m., the Proud Boys had begun their attack on the Capitol and breached the outer perimeter of the Capitol grounds; the two pipe bombs had been discovered nearby.<ref name="Among the Insurrectionists">{{cite news |last=Mogelson |first=Luke |title=Among the Insurrectionists |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |issue=January 15, 2021 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/01/25/among-the-insurrectionists |url-status=live |access-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118180312/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/01/25/among-the-insurrectionists |date=January 25, 2021 |archive-date=January 18, 2021}}</ref>
-==Attack on the Capitol==
-During his January 6 speech, President Trump called upon supporters to walk to the Capitol. Just before the attack, [[pipe bombs]] were discovered near the complex.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/15/957371206/planned-coordinated-attack-former-capitol-police-chief-on-the-insurrection|title='Planned, Coordinated Attack': Former Capitol Police Chief On The Insurrection|website=NPR.org}}</ref> Attackers besieged and ultimately breached the Capitol. Members of the Congress barricaded themselves in the chamber, and one attacker was fatally shot by police while attempting to breach a barricade.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Wu|first1=Nicholas|last2=Tully-McManus|first2=Katherine|date=August 26, 2021|title=Capitol Police Lt. Michael Byrd speaks out on fatal shooting of Ashli Babbitt|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/08/26/capitol-police-officer-byrd-ashli-babbitt-506971|url-status=live|access-date=August 30, 2021|website=POLITICO|language=en}}</ref>
+== Attack on the Capitol ==
-After officials at the Pentagon delayed deployment of the National Guard citing concerns about optics, D.C. Mayor Bowser requested assistance from the [[Ralph Northam|Governor of Virginia]]. By 3:15, Virginia state assets began arriving in D.C.<ref name="NorthamRecount">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/07/capitol-protests-dc-live-updates/|title=Northam recounts call for help from Speaker Pelosi during Capitol siege|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020747/https://www. .washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/07/capitol-protests-dc-live-updates/|url-status=live}}</ref> After Vice President Pence and the Congress were evacuated to secure locations, law enforcement cleared and secured the Capitol.
+Just before the Proud Boys attacked the Capitol, [[pipe bombs]] were discovered near the complex.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/15/957371206/planned-coordinated-attack-former-capitol-police-chief-on-the-insurrection |date=January 15, 2021 |first=Claudia |last=Grisales |title='Planned, Coordinated Attack': Former Capitol Police Chief On The Insurrection |publisher=[[NPR]] |work=[[All Things Considered]] |access-date=May 17, 2021 |archive-date=April 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427052127/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/15/957371206/planned-coordinated-attack-former-capitol-police-chief-on-the-insurrection |url-status=live}}</ref> Proud Boys, Oath Keepers, and other attackers besieged and ultimately breached the Capitol. Members of the Congress barricaded themselves in the chamber, and one attacker was fatally shot by police while attempting to breach a barricade.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Wu|first1=Nicholas|last2=Tully-McManus|first2=Katherine|date=August 26, 2021|title=Capitol Police Lt. Michael Byrd speaks out on fatal shooting of Ashli Babbitt|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/08/26/capitol-police-officer-byrd-ashli-babbitt-506971|access-date=August 30, 2021|website=[[Politico]]|language=en|archive-date=November 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106015641/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/08/26/capitol-police-officer-byrd-ashli-babbitt-506971|url-status=live}}</ref>
+After officials at the Pentagon delayed deployment of the National Guard, citing concerns about optics, D.C. mayor [[Muriel Bowser]] requested assistance from the [[Ralph Northam|governor of Virginia]]. By 3:15, [[Virginia State Police]] began arriving in D.C.<ref name="NorthamRecount" /> After Vice President Pence and the Congress were evacuated to secure locations, law enforcement cleared and secured the Capitol.
-=== March to the Capitol ===
+<!--
+On January 3, 2022, ''[[Newsweek]]'' reported, for the first time, the deployment of undercover commandos at the Capitol on January 6, 2021, to manage the "most extreme possibilities", including an attack on President Donald Trump or Vice President Mike Pence.<ref>{{cite news |last=Arkin |first=William M. |title=Exclusive: Secret Commandos with Shoot-to-Kill Authority Were at the Capitol |url=https://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-secret-commandos-shoot-kill-authority-were-capitol-1661330 |date=January 3, 2022 |work=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=January 3, 2022}}</ref>{{cn|reason=''[[Newsweek]]'' *may* not be reliable post-2013, per [[WP:RSP]]|date=January 2022}}-->
+[[File:January 6 attack map.png|thumb|upright=1.5|(1) Beginning at 9&nbsp;a.m., a rally was held at the [[The Ellipse|White House Ellipse]].<br />(2) Proud Boys assembled at the [[Washington Monument]] at 10&nbsp;a.m. and departed for the Capitol around 10:30.<br />(3) About 12:40&nbsp;p.m., a bomb was discovered outside the RNC.<br />(4) Minutes later, at 12:53&nbsp;p.m., Proud Boys near the Freedom Memorial breached a barricade on the outer perimeter, gaining entry to Capitol grounds.<br />(5) At 1:07&nbsp;p.m., a second bomb was discovered outside the DNC.<br />(6) At 2:10&nbsp;p.m., the Proud Boys breached the Capitol by breaking a window on the west terrace with a stolen police riot shield.<br />(7) Oath Keepers marched up Capitol steps in a stack formation; at 2:39&nbsp;p.m., they breached the Capitol through a door to the Rotunda.
-[[File:DC Capitol Storming IMG 7957.jpg|thumb|Protestors approaching the Capital Complex]]
+]]
-[[File:22.ProudBoys.USSC.WDC.6January2021 (50810571356).jpg|thumb|[[Proud Boys]] in front of the [[U.S. Supreme Court Building]]]]
-On January 6, Trump supporters filled The Ellipse, about 1.6 miles (2.6 km) from the Capitol, just south of the White House grounds.<ref name="timeline" /> Signs around the stage carried the slogan "Save America March". Speeches began at 9:00. While they continued, a Proud Boys contingent left the rally at 10:58 to march toward the Capitol Building. As they set off, [[Ethan Nordean]] used a [[megaphone]] to issue instructions and said: "if you're not a Proud Boy, please get out of the way". Another leader, [[Joe Biggs]], used a walkie-talkie for communications.<ref name="Zurcher BBC" /> President Trump arrived and began speaking about noon. Throughout his speech, he encouraged the crowd to walk down [[Pennsylvania Avenue]] to the Capitol. Before he had finished speaking, members of the crowd began walking toward the Capitol "in a steady stream".<ref name="timeline" />
+===Proud Boys march to Capitol as mob assembles===
-Around 12:30, a "fairly calm" crowd of about 300 built up east of the Capitol. Senator [[Josh Hawley]] (R-[[Missouri|MO]]), a leader of the group of lawmakers who vowed to challenge the Electoral College vote, greeted these protesters with a [[raised fist]] as he passed by on his way to the Congress joint session in the early afternoon.<ref name="IGYIU">{{Cite web|last=Bernard|first=Katie|date=January 7, 2021|title=A photographer and a fist pump. The story behind the image that will haunt Josh Hawley|url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article248354085.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108023024/https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article248354085.html|archive-date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=[[The Kansas City Star]]}}</ref><ref name="9bjTn">{{Cite web|last=Regnier|first=Chris|date=January 7, 2021|title=Senator Hawley criticized for acknowledging Capitol protesters with fist pump|url=https://fox2now.com/news/senator-hawley-criticized-for-acknowledging-capitol-protesters-with-fist-pump/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108191337/https://fox2now.com/news/senator-hawley-criticized-for-acknowledging-capitol-protesters-with-fist-pump/|archive-date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=[[KTVI]]}}</ref>
+At 10:30, over a hundred Proud Boys left the Washington Monument, led by [[Ethan Nordean]] and [[Joe Biggs]]. By 11:52, the group had reached the Capitol and proceeded to walk around the building before doubling back to the west side, which allowed them to assess building defenses and to look for weaknesses.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/jan-6-committees-evidence-spoke-justice-department-listening-rcna32906 |first=Jonanthan |last=Allen |title=Analysis: The Jan. 6 committee's evidence spoke for itself. Is the Justice Department listening? |website=[[NBC News]] |date=June 10, 2022 |access-date=September 4, 2023 |archive-date=September 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904003413/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/jan-6-committees-evidence-spoke-justice-department-listening-rcna32906 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NPR Transcript"/><ref>{{YouTube|id=AAYUj3iwqLY|time=3h4m3s|title=Jan. 6 committee holds first public hearing in series of eight – 6/9 (Full Live Stream) }}</ref>
+Enroute, comments from one of the Proud Boys served as an early indicator of a plan to attack the Capitol, according to a documentary filmmaker who was on scene:
+{{Blockquote|text=There's only one moment where that{{snd}}the sort of facade of marching and protesting might have fallen, which is there was a{{snd}}one of the Proud Boys called Milkshake and Eddie Block on his livestream catches Milkshake saying, well, let's go storm the Capitol with Nordean{{snd}}Rufio{{snd}}one of the leaders of the Proud Boys saying, you could keep that quiet, please, Milkshake. And then we continued on marching.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/10/1104291172/documentary-footage-from-filmmaker-shows-evidence-that-jan-6-was-a-planned-attac |first=Lauren |last=Hodges |title=Documentary footage from filmmaker shows evidence that Jan. 6 was a planned attack |work=[[NPR]] |date=June 10, 2021 |access-date=August 22, 2022 |archive-date=August 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823022015/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/10/1104291172/documentary-footage-from-filmmaker-shows-evidence-that-jan-6-was-a-planned-attac |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
+Around 12:30, a crowd of about 300 assembled east of the Capitol. Senator [[Josh Hawley]] (R-[[Missouri|MO]]), a leader of the group of lawmakers who vowed to challenge the Electoral College vote, greeted these protesters with a [[raised fist]] as he passed by on his way to Congress's joint session in the early afternoon.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bernard|first=Katie|date=January 7, 2021|title=A photographer and a fist pump. The story behind the image that will haunt Josh Hawley|url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article248354085.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108023024/https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article248354085.html|archive-date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=[[The Kansas City Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Regnier|first=Chris|date=January 7, 2021|title=Senator Hawley criticized for acknowledging Capitol protesters with fist pump|url=https://fox2now.com/news/senator-hawley-criticized-for-acknowledging-capitol-protesters-with-fist-pump/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108191337/https://fox2now.com/news/senator-hawley-criticized-for-acknowledging-capitol-protesters-with-fist-pump/|archive-date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=[[KTVI]]}}</ref> At 12:52, a group of Oath Keepers, wearing black [[hoodie]]s with prominent logos, left the rally at the Ellipse and changed into [[Army Combat Uniform]]s, with helmets, on their way to the Capitol.<ref name="Zurcher BBC" />
+Shortly before 12:53, Nordean and Biggs marched the group of 200–300 Proud Boys to a barricade on the west side of the Capitol grounds near the [[Peace Monument]]. Biggs used a megaphone to lead the crowd in chants.<ref name="TarrioIndict"/>
 === Bombs discovered near Capitol Complex ===
-{{excerpt|Law enforcement response to the 2021 United States Capitol attack#Bombs discovered near Capitol Complex}}
+{{excerpt|Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack#Bombs discovered near Capitol Complex}}
+=== Attack begins near Peace Monument, led by Proud Boys ===
-=== Siege ===
+{{external media
-[[File:Bodycam video taken at US Capitol, January 6, 2021.webm|thumb|320px|thumbtime=03:31|Bodycam video taken at US Capitol, January 6, 2021]]
+| float = right
-The Proud Boys contingent reached the west perimeter of the Capitol grounds, protected only by a sparse line of police in front of a temporary fence. Other Trump supporters arrived, forming a growing crowd. The mob, headed by Proud Boy [[Joe Biggs]], rushed the fences and clashed with the police. At 12:53, rioters stormed through the barriers and onto the Capitol grounds for the first time, as police struggled to contain them. Meanwhile, at The Ellipse, Oath Keepers wearing black [[hoodie]]s with prominent logos left the rally at 12:52 and changed into [[Army Combat Uniform]]s, with helmets, on their way to the Capitol.<ref name="Zurcher BBC" />
+|headerimage=[[File:DOJ exhibit of Ryan Samsel breaching Capitol Grounds on January 6.png|250px|center]]
+|caption= At 12:54, just after interacting with Proud Boy leader Joe Biggs, a man later identified as Ryan Samsel (boxed in red) was the first to breach the restricted Capitol grounds.
+| video1 = [https://www.nytimes.com/video/us/politics/100000008392796/rile-up-the-normies-how-proud-boys-breached-the-capitol.html "Proud Boys Led Major Breaches of Capitol on Jan. 6, Video Investigation Finds"]. ''The New York Times'', June 17, 2022.
+}}
+The Proud Boys contingent reached the west perimeter of the Capitol grounds, which was protected only by a sparse line of police in front of a temporary fence. Other Trump supporters arrived, adding to a growing crowd. The Proud Boys tactically coordinated their attacks "from the first moment of violence to multiple breaches of the Capitol while leaving the impression that it was just ordinary protesters leading the charge".<ref name="NYT PB video">{{YouTube|id=-DfLbrUa5Ng |title=How the Proud Boys Breached the Capitol {{!}} Visual Investigations }}</ref> Proud Boys targeted an access point and began to rile up the previously-peaceful crowd.<ref name="NYT PB video"/> In a "tipping point" moment, a man later identified as [[Ryan Samsel]] approached Joe Biggs and talked with him, even embracing him. Samsel later told the FBI that Biggs "encouraged him to push at the barricades and that when he hesitated, the Proud Boys leader flashed a gun, questioned his manhood and repeated his demand to move upfront and challenge the police", according to ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Feuer |first=Alan |date=2021-10-07 |title=Dispute Over Claim That Proud Boys Leader Urged Attack at Capitol |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/07/us/politics/proud-boys-capitol-riot.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030134906/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/07/us/politics/proud-boys-capitol-riot.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Proud Boy Dominic Pezzola recalled seeing Biggs flash a handgun and goading Samsel, telling him to "defend his manhood" by attacking the police line, but later tried to retract this statement.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Cheney |first=Kyle |date=2023-04-20 |title=Pezzola testimony sheds light on a lingering Jan. 6 mystery — and a critical lie |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/20/pezzola-jan-6-trial-testimony-00093176 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en |archive-date=October 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030134901/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/20/pezzola-jan-6-trial-testimony-00093176 |url-status=live }}</ref> As soon as that exchange ended, Samsel became the first to violently attack Capitol Police. Capitol police officer Caroline Edwards described the attack:
-Around 1:00, hundreds of Trump supporters clashed with a second thin line of officers and pushed through barriers erected along the perimeter of the Capitol.<ref name="BarrettEtAl" /><ref name="V6olT">{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Jessica|date=January 8, 2021|title=Did Trump Watch Capitol Riots From a Private Party Nearby?|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/capitol-riots-private-party/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210110040907/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/capitol-riots-private-party/|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 9, 2021|website=Snopes}}</ref> The crowd swept past barriers and officers, with some members of the mob spraying officers with [[chemical agent]]s or hitting them with lead pipes.<ref name="2021-01-11-ap-sinister"/><ref name="Stunning" /><ref name="DCq2L">{{Cite news|last1=Greenberg|first1=Jon|last2=Kim|first2=Noah Y.|date=January 8, 2021|title=Black Lives Matter protests and the Capitol assault: Comparing the police response|work=PolitiFact|url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/08/black-lives-matter-protests-and-capitol-assault-co/|url-status=live|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109014952/https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/08/black-lives-matter-protests-and-capitol-assault-co/|archive-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref> Many rioters walked up the external stairways, while some resorted to ropes and makeshift ladders.<ref name="udgao">{{Cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Harrison|last2=Olivo|first2=Antonio|date=January 6, 2021|title=Rioters use ropes, makeshift ladders to invade Capitol|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/#link-FPWYI3GZLFFBFORZYPBSQ7B76M|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106194011/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/#link-FPWYI3GZLFFBFORZYPBSQ7B76M|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> To gain access, several scaled the west wall.<ref>{{cite news|title=Scenes From an American Insurrection|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/01/photos-trump-supporters-storm-capitol/617577/|work=The Atlantic|date=January 6, 2021|access-date=May 6, 2021}}</ref> Representative [[Zoe Lofgren]] (D–[[California|CA]]), aware that rioters had reached the Capitol steps, could not reach Steven Sund by phone; House Sergeant-at-Arms [[Paul D. Irving]] told Lofgren the doors to the Capitol were locked and "nobody can get in."<ref name="wp-inside-siege-demirjian" />
+{{Blockquote
-Telephone logs released by USCP show that Sund had been coordinating additional resources from various agencies. Sund's first call was to the D.C. Metropolitan Police, who arrived within 15 minutes.<ref name="Hermann210114">{{Cite web|last=Hermann|first=Peter|date=January 14, 2021|title='We got to hold this door'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/14/dc-police-capitol-riot/|access-date=January 16, 2021|website=The Washington Post}}</ref> Sund called Irving and Stenger at 12:58 and asked them for an emergency declaration required to call in the National Guard; they both told Sund they would "run it up the chain." More than an hour later, Irving called back with formal approval.<ref name="wp-ldhd-hamstrung">{{Cite news|last1=Leonnig|first1=Carol D.|last2=Davis|first2=Aaron C.|last3=Hermann|first3=Peter|last4=Demirjian|first4=Karoun|date=January 10, 2021|title=Outgoing Capitol Police chief: House, Senate security officials hamstrung efforts to call in National Guard|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sund-riot-national-guard/2021/01/10/fc2ce7d4-5384-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113193359/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sund-riot-national-guard/2021/01/10/fc2ce7d4-5384-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html|archive-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref>
+|text=Ms. Edwards described how a Proud Boys leader named [[Joseph Biggs]] encouraged another man to approach the bike rack barricade where she was posted. That man, Ryan Samsel, she said, pushed the bike rack over, causing her to hit her head and lose consciousness.
-After Trump had finished his speech, around 1:12, he returned to the White House despite promising to march with protectors to the Capital. <ref name="timeline">{{Cite news|date=January 12, 2021|title=How a Presidential Rally Turned Into a Capitol Rampage|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/12/us/capitol-mob-timeline.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112112452/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/12/us/capitol-mob-timeline.html|archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref>
+But before she blacked out, Ms. Edwards recalled seeing "a war scene" playing out in front of her. Police officers were bleeding and throwing up, she recalled. "It was carnage," she said. "It was chaos."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/09/us/politics/jan-6-proud-boys-capitol-police.html |first=Alan |last=Feuer |title=Three Characters at the Heart of an Unsettling Jan. 6 Narrative |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 9, 2022 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=June 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612202946/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/09/us/politics/jan-6-proud-boys-capitol-police.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
+}}
+Video showed Officer Edwards being pushed back behind a bicycle rack as Proud Boys pushed barricades towards her, knocking her off her feet and causing her to hit her head on the concrete steps.<ref>{{YouTube|id=AAYUj3iwqLY|time=3h6m58s|title=Jan. 6 committee holds first public hearing in series of eight – 6/9 (Full Live Stream) }}</ref>
-A reliable estimate of the total size of the crowd cannot be ascertained, as aerial photos are not permitted in Washington, D.C., for reasons of security, but the crowd was estimated to be in the thousands.<ref name="doig">{{Cite web|last=Doig|first=Steve|date=January 8, 2021|title=It is difficult, if not impossible, to estimate the size of the crowd that stormed Capitol Hill|url=https://theconversation.com/it-is-difficult-if-not-impossible-to-estimate-the-size-of-the-crowd-that-stormed-capitol-hill-152889 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110082826/https://theconversation.com/it-is-difficult-if-not-impossible-to-estimate-the-size-of-the-crowd-that-stormed-capitol-hill-152889|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 10, 2021|website=The Conversation}}</ref>
+[[File:Bodycam video taken at US Capitol, January 6, 2021.webm|thumb|thumbtime=03:31|Bodycam video taken at U.S. Capitol, January 6, 2021]]
-At 1:50{{nbs}}p.m., the on-scene MPD incident commander declared a riot.<ref name="Hermann210114" />
-At 1:58, Capitol Police officers removed a barricade on the northeast side of the Capitol allowing hundreds of protestors to stream onto the grounds.<ref name="H5FbP">{{Cite news|last1=Leatherby|first1=Lauren|last2=Ray|first2=Arielle|last3=Singhvi|first3=Anjali|last4=Triebert|first4=Christiaan|last5=Watkins|first5=Derek|last6=Willis|first6=Haley|date=January 12, 2021|title=How a Presidential Rally Turned Into a Capitol Rampage|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/12/us/capitol-mob-timeline.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112112452/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/12/us/capitol-mob-timeline.html|archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref>
+The Proud Boys led the charge toward the Capitol, to the next police line,<ref name="NYT PB video"/> repeating the same set of tactics: identifying building access points, riling up other protesters, and sometimes directly joining in the violence. When met with resistance, leaders of the group reassessed, and teams of Proud Boys targeted new entry points to the Capitol.<ref name="NYT PB article"/>
-=== Capitol breach ===
-[[File:DC Capitol Storming IMG 7965.jpg|thumb|left|Trump supporters crowding the steps of the Capitol]]
+Around 1:00{{nbsp}}p.m., hundreds of Trump supporters clashed with a second thin line of officers and pushed through barriers erected along the perimeter of the Capitol.<ref name="BarrettEtAl" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Lee|first=Jessica|date=January 8, 2021|title=Did Trump Watch Capitol Riots From a Private Party Nearby?|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/capitol-riots-private-party/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210110040907/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/capitol-riots-private-party/|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 9, 2021|website=[[Snopes]]}}</ref> The crowd swept past barriers and officers, with some members of the mob spraying officers with [[chemical agent]]s or hitting them with lead pipes.<ref name="2021-01-11-ap-sinister" /><ref name="Stunning" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Greenberg |first1=Jon |last2=Kim |first2=Noah Y. |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Black Lives Matter protests and the Capitol assault: Comparing the police response |work=[[PolitiFact]] |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/08/black-lives-matter-protests-and-capitol-assault-co/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109014952/https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/08/black-lives-matter-protests-and-capitol-assault-co/ |archive-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref> Many rioters walked up the external stairways, while some resorted to ropes and makeshift ladders.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Harrison |last2=Olivo |first2=Antonio |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Rioters use ropes, makeshift ladders to invade Capitol |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/#link-FPWYI3GZLFFBFORZYPBSQ7B76M |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106194011/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/#link-FPWYI3GZLFFBFORZYPBSQ7B76M |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=8 January 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> Police blocked the entrance to a tunnel at the lower west terrace, where rioters waged a three-hour fight to enter.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schneider |first=Jessica |title=New Jan. 6 tape shows 3-hour battle in Capitol tunnel |date=December 24, 2021 |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2021/12/24/january-6-video-capitol-riot-schneider-ath-vpx.cnn |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227041101/https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2021/12/24/january-6-video-capitol-riot-schneider-ath-vpx.cnn |url-status=live}}</ref> To gain access to the Capitol, several rioters scaled the west wall.<ref>{{cite news |title=Scenes From an American Insurrection |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/01/photos-trump-supporters-storm-capitol/617577/ |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-date=August 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802202229/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/01/photos-trump-supporters-storm-capitol/617577/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Representative [[Zoe Lofgren]] (D–[[California|CA]]), aware that rioters had reached the Capitol steps, could not reach Capitol police chief [[Steven Sund]] by phone; House sergeant-at-arms [[Paul D. Irving]] told Lofgren the doors to the Capitol were locked and "nobody can get in".<ref name="wp-inside-siege-demirjian" />
-Just before 2:00{{nbs}}p.m., numerous rioters reached the doors and windows of the Capitol and began attempts to break in. Around 2:11, a group of rioters used a piece of [[lumber]] to break through a window, and began climbing into the building moments later.<ref name="WaPo close to Pence" /> At 2:12, a Proud Boy seized a Capitol Police plastic shield and used it to smash through another window; by 2:13, the Capitol was officially breached, and the growing mob streamed into the [[National Statuary Hall]].<ref name="Zurcher BBC" /><ref name="Stunning" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Cooper|first1=Stella|last2=Engelbrecht|first2=Cora|last3=Hill|first3=Evan|last4=Triebert|first4=Christiaan|last5=Willis|first5=Haley|title=Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol &#124; Visual Investigations|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWJVMoe7OY0&t=1097s| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/jWJVMoe7OY0| archive-date=2021-11-04 | url-status=live|access-date=August 19, 2021|work=[[The New York Times]], via [[YouTube]]|date=July 2, 2021|time=18:17}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite web|last1=Lang|first1=Brent|last2=Littleton|first2=Cynthia|date=January 6, 2021|title=U.S. Capitol on Lockdown, Pro-Trump Protestors Breach Police Lines|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/election-certification-pence-trump-biden-election-1234879411/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106134043/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/election-certification-pence-trump-biden-election-1234879411/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}
-* {{Cite news|last1=Balsamo|first1=Michael|last2=Long|first2=Colleen|date=January 6, 2021|title=The Latest: Schumer says Jan. 6, 2021, will live in infamy|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/ap-electoral-college-congress-7af85d3c702e070464d7713c42cf254a|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107023031/https://apnews.com/article/ap-electoral-college-congress-7af85d3c702e070464d7713c42cf254a|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}
-* {{Cite news|date=January 6, 2021|title=Woman dies after shooting in U.S. Capitol; D.C. National Guard activated after mob breaches building|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106194011/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|quote=A mob was able to breach security and successfully enter the building}}</ref>
+Telephone logs released by Capitol Police show that Sund had been coordinating additional resources from various agencies. Sund's first call was to the D.C. Metropolitan Police, who arrived within 15 minutes.<ref name="Hermann210114">{{cite news |last=Hermann |first=Peter |date=January 14, 2021 |title='We got to hold this door' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/14/dc-police-capitol-riot/ |access-date=January 16, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=February 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220162042/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/14/dc-police-capitol-riot/?arc404=true |url-status=live}}</ref> Sund called Irving and Stenger at 12:58 and asked them for an emergency declaration required to call in the [[District of Columbia National Guard|National Guard]]; they both told Sund they would "run it up the chain", but formal approval to request the Guard was withheld for over an hour.<ref name="WaPo_hamstrung"/>
-As rioters began to invade the Capitol and other nearby buildings, some buildings in the complex were evacuated.<ref name="McEvoy-Forbes" /> Outside, the mob punctured the tires of a police vehicle, and left a note saying "PELOSI IS SATAN" on the windshield.<ref name="Stunning" /> ''[[Politico]]'' reported some rioters briefly showing their police badges or military identification to law enforcement as they approached the Capitol, expecting to be let inside; a Capitol Police officer told ''BuzzFeed News'' that one rioter had told him "[w]e're doing this for you" as he flashed a badge.<ref name="politico-bertrand-2021">{{Cite web|last=Bertrand|first=Natasha|date=January 7, 2021|title=Justice Department warns of national security fallout from Capitol Hill insurrection|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/07/capitol-hill-riots-doj-456178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113193532/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/07/capitol-hill-riots-doj-456178|archive-date=January 13, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=Politico}}</ref>
-[[File:Screenshot of Officer Daniel Hodges crushed during Jan 6 attack.png|thumb|right|Officer Daniel Hodges crushed in doorway]]
-Concerned about the approaching mob, Representative [[Maxine Waters]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[California|CA]]) called Capitol Police Chief Steven Sund, who was not on Capitol grounds but at the police department's headquarters. When asked what the Capitol Police were doing to stop the rioters, Sund told Waters, "We're doing the best we can" before the line went dead.<ref name="wp-inside-siege-demirjian" /> Although Sund's phone logs released by USCP show no such call taking place.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}
+According to testimony from White House staffer [[Cassidy Hutchinson]], shortly after his speech concluded at 1:00{{nbsp}}p.m. Trump ordered his Secret Service detail to drive him to the Capitol. When they refused, Trump reportedly assaulted his Secret Service driver, lunging for the man's throat.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Friedman |first=Dan |date=28 June 2022 |title=Trump allegedly attacked his own Secret Service agent. That's not even the most explosive news from Tuesday's hearing |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2022/06/trump-hutchinson-secret-service-attack-january-6/ |website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |access-date=September 2, 2023 |archive-date=August 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829234428/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2022/06/trump-hutchinson-secret-service-attack-january-6/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Federal officials estimate that about ten thousand rioters entered the Capitol grounds,<ref name="DemirjianEste">{{cite news|author=Karoun Demirjian|title=Acting Capitol Police chief: More than 10,000 rioters came onto Capitol grounds and more than 800 breached the building|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/02/25/joe-biden-live-updates/#link-SASQGWOOPVHTJBSYQPIR2KSASQ|newspaper=Washington Post|date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> and more than 800 breached the building.<ref name="DemirjianEste" /><ref name="NBfxw">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/doj-capitol-rioters-charges-debate/2021/01/23/3b0cf112-5d97-11eb-8bcf-3877871c819d_story.html|title=Justice Department, FBI debate not charging some of the Capitol rioters|last1=Barrett|first1=Devlin|last2=Hsu|first2=Spencer S.|date=January 23, 2021|work=The Washington Post|access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:January 6 Proud-Boys lead tip of the spear to breach Capitol Building.png|thumb|On January 6, Joe Biggs and other Proud Boys led the "tip of the spear" to breach the Capitol Building. The ''LA Times'' noted that "whether by sheer luck, real-time trial and error, or advance knowledge", attackers ran past 15 reinforced windows, "making a beeline" for the recessed area near the Senate where two unreinforced windows and two doors with unreinforced glass were the only protection from attack.<ref name="beeline"/><ref name="NYT PB video"/>]]
-More than 800 video and audio files{{snd}}including D.C. Metropolitan Police radio transmissions, Capitol Police [[body-worn camera]] footage, and Capitol surveillance camera footage{{snd}}were later obtained as evidence in Trump's impeachment trial. The evidence showed that the assailants launched a large and coordinated attack; for example, "Security camera footage near the House chamber shows the rioters waving in reinforcements to come around the corner. Another video shows more than 150 rioters charging through a breached entrance in just a minute-and-a-half".<ref name="CoordinatedAttack">{{cite web|first1=Whitney|last1=Wild|first2=Jeremy|last2=Herb|first3=Tom|last3=Foreman|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/15/politics/video-dispatches-capitol-riots/index.html|title=New radio and video footage from Capitol riot shows a coordinated attack and officers' restraint|work= CNN|date=February 15, 2021}}</ref> While assaulting the Capitol, the crowd chanted "Fight, Fight"; "Stop the steal"; and "Fight for Trump".<ref name="pjxpj">[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2021-02-11/pdf/CREC-2021-02-11-pt1-PgS645-2.pdf Trial of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States], ''Congressional Record-Senate'', Vol. 167, No. 26 (February 11, 2021)</ref> As they were overrun by a violent mob, the police acted with restraint and pleaded for backup.<ref name="CoordinatedAttack" /> Many of the attackers employed tactics, body armor and technology (such as two-way radio headsets) similar to those of the very police they were confronting.<ref name="z4q6h">{{Cite web|last1=Biesecker|first1=Michael|last2=Bleiberg|first2=Jake|last3=Laporta|first3=James|date=January 15, 2021|title=Capitol rioters included highly trained ex-military and cops|url=https://apnews.com/article/ex-military-cops-us-capitol-riot-a1cb17201dfddc98291edead5badc257|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115232707/https://apnews.com/article/ex-military-cops-us-capitol-riot-a1cb17201dfddc98291edead5badc257|archive-date=January 15, 2021|access-date=January 16, 2021|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> Some rioters wore riot gear, including helmets and military-style vests. A pair of rioters carried [[plastic handcuffs]], which they found on a table inside the Capitol.<ref name="kNIOq">{{Cite news|last=Loller|first=Travis|date=January 21, 2021|title=Attorneys: Tennessee man in Capitol riot danger to community|work=[[AP News]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/capitol-siege-tennessee-nashville-7cb13b8eb3ee02436a0df68a59070234|url-status=live|access-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122071410/https://apnews.com/article/capitol-siege-tennessee-nashville-7cb13b8eb3ee02436a0df68a59070234|archive-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref><ref name="cHJEA">{{Cite news|last1=Alund|first1=Natalie Neysa|last2=Timms|first2=Mariah|date=January 22, 2021|title=Authorities found sniper rifle, handcuffs in home of accused 'zip tie guy' in Capitol riot|work=[[USA Today]]|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/22/eric-munchel-court-documents-sniper-rifle-handcuffs-found-home/6668520002/|url-status=live|access-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127213836/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/22/eric-munchel-court-documents-sniper-rifle-handcuffs-found-home/6668520002/|archive-date=January 27, 2021}}</ref>
+Around 1:12{{nbsp}}p.m., reinforcements from the MPD, equipped with crowd control gear, arrived on the lower west terrace.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/press-release/file/1593886/download |title=Case 1:23-mj-00208-MAU: Complaint with Arrest Warrant |access-date=September 12, 2023 |work=[[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]] |archive-date=September 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918005353/https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/press-release/file/1593886/download |url-status=live}}</ref> From 1:25 to 1:28, three different groups of Proud Boys leaders were recorded marching in stack formations away from the newly-reinforced police line.<ref name="NYT PB video"/> After about fifteen minutes of observing, the Proud Boys went back on the attack, targeting two new access points that were poorly defended.<ref name="NYT PB video"/> Ronald Loehrke and other Proud Boys led a contingent to the east side of the Capitol; once there, Proud Boys again used distraction and teamwork to remove barricades, prompting the previously-peaceful crowd on the east side to overrun barriers along the entire police line.<ref name="NYT PB video"/>
-Some of the rioters carried [[American flag]]s, [[Modern display of the Confederate battle flag|Confederate battle flags]],<ref name="Stunning" /><ref name="6 miles" /><ref name="rlfve">{{Cite news|last=Contreras|first=Russell|date=January 8, 2021|title=Descendant of Robert E. Lee says Confederate flag at Capitol was "treasonous"|url=https://www.axios.com/confederate-descendant-denounces-flag-capitol-903aa9d2-e1bc-40b2-92ad-8eeab3aa5756.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112133814/https://www.axios.com/confederate-descendant-denounces-flag-capitol-903aa9d2-e1bc-40b2-92ad-8eeab3aa5756.html|archive-date=January 12, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=Axios}}</ref><ref name="B9enM">{{Cite web|last=Anderson|first=Javonte|date=January 7, 2021|title=Capitol riot images showing Confederate flag a reminder of country's darkest past|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2021/01/07/capitol-riot-images-confederate-flag-terror/6588104002/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111084336/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2021/01/07/capitol-riot-images-confederate-flag-terror/6588104002/|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=USA Today}}</ref> or [[Nazi]] emblems.<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite news|last=Tumlin|first=Remy|date=January 6, 2021|title=Evening Briefing Special Edition: A Pro-Trump Mob Storms the Capitol|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/briefing/pro-trump-mob-storms-the-capitol.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020715/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/briefing/pro-trump-mob-storms-the-capitol.html|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}
-* {{Cite news|last=Eddy|first=Melissa|date=January 8, 2021|title=Amid the Rampage at the U.S. Capitol, a Sweatshirt Stirs Troubling Memories|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/world/europe/us-capitol-rampage-camp-auschwitz.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112230018/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/world/europe/us-capitol-rampage-camp-auschwitz.html|archive-date=January 12, 2021}}
-* {{Cite news|last1=Devine|first1=Curt|last2=Bronstein|first2=Scott|date=January 10, 2021|title=Man in 'Camp Auschwitz' sweatshirt during Capitol riot identified|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/10/politics/man-camp-auschwitz-sweatshirt-capitol-riot-identified/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112211611/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/10/politics/man-camp-auschwitz-sweatshirt-capitol-riot-identified/index.html|archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref> For the first time in U.S. history, a Confederate battle flag was displayed inside the Capitol.<ref name="6 miles">{{Cite news|last=McLaughlin|first=Eliott C.|date=January 7, 2021|title=Before Wednesday, insurgents waving Confederate flags hadn't been within 6 miles of the US Capitol|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/us/capitol-confederate-flag-fort-stevens/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020738/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/us/capitol-confederate-flag-fort-stevens/index.html|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite news|last=Cramer|first=Maria|date=January 9, 2021|title=Confederate Battle Flag in the Capitol: A 'Jarring' First in U.S. History|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/us/politics/confederate-flag-capitol.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109120449/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/us/politics/confederate-flag-capitol.html|archive-date=January 9, 2021}}
-* {{Cite web|last=Blumenthal|first=Sidney|author-link=Sidney Blumenthal|date=January 9, 2021|title=Trump's Maga insurrectionists were perverse US civil war re-enactors|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/09/trump-maga-us-american-civil-war|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110232229/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/09/trump-maga-us-american-civil-war|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]}}
-* {{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Clint|date=January 8, 2021|title=The Whole Story in a Single Photo|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/confederates-in-the-capitol/617594/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111170141/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/confederates-in-the-capitol/617594/|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 13, 2021|website=The Atlantic|quote=During the Civil War, the Confederate Army never reached the Capitol. The rebel flag, to my knowledge, had never been flown inside the halls of Congress until Wednesday. Two days ago, a man walked through the halls of government bearing the flag of a group of people who had seceded from the United States and gone to war against it.}}</ref> Christian imagery and rhetoric was prevalent. Rioters carried crosses and signs saying, "Jesus Saves", and "Jesus 2020". On the National Mall, rioters chanted, "Christ is king". One rioter carried a [[Christian flag]]. Rioters referred to the neo-fascist Proud Boys as "God's warriors".<ref name="OlmsteadJan7" /><ref name="ZXd8H">{{Cite news|last=Jenkins|first=Jack|date=January 6, 2021|title=As chaos hits Capitol, two forms of faith on display|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|agency=Religion News Service|url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2021/01/06/chaos-hits-capitol-two/|url-status=live|access-date=January 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107100002/https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2021/01/06/chaos-hits-capitol-two/|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> These were mainly neo-[[Charismatic Christianity|charismatic]], prophetic Christians who believed that Trump was prophesied to remain in power and anointed by God to save Christian Americans from [[religious persecution]].<ref name="ObRZr">{{Cite news|last=Boorstein|first=Michelle|date=January 14, 2021|title=For some Christians, the Capitol riot doesn't change the prophecy: Trump will be president|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2021/01/14/prophets-apostles-christian-prophesy-trump-won-biden-capitol/|url-status=live|access-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114185350/https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2021/01/14/prophets-apostles-christian-prophesy-trump-won-biden-capitol/|archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>
+Meanwhile, on the west side, Joe Biggs led a team of Proud Boys that targeted the stairs covered by a temporary scaffolding.<ref name="NYT PB video"/> Within two minutes of Bigg's arrival, a team of over a dozen Proud Boys approached the entrance to the scaffolding and attacked police.<ref name="NYT PB video"/> Proud Boy Daniel "Milkshake" Scott led the charge, and a 20-minute battle for the scaffolding ensued.<ref name="final report"/><ref name="NYT PB video"/>
-Although a few evangelical leaders supported the riots,<ref name="OlmsteadJan7">{{Cite news|last=Olmstead|first=Molly|date=January 7, 2021|title=How Prominent Evangelicals Reacted to the Capitol Riot|work=Slate Magazine|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2021/01/trump-capitol-riot-evangelical-leaders-reactions.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111135734/https://slate.com/human-interest/2021/01/trump-capitol-riot-evangelical-leaders-reactions.html|archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> most condemned the violence and criticized Trump for inciting the crowd.<ref name="McCarthyJan8">{{Cite news|last=McCarthy|first=Bryn|date=January 8, 2021|title=Capitol riots: Religious leaders condemn violence, urge peace even in political disagreement|work=Fox news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/religious-leaders-violence-capitol-peace-political|url-status=live|access-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117193410/https://www.foxnews.com/us/religious-leaders-violence-capitol-peace-political|archive-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref> This criticism came from liberal Christian groups such as the [[Red-Letter Christians]], as well as evangelical groups who were generally supportive of Trump.<ref name="OlmsteadJan7" /><ref name="RedLetter-1">{{Cite news|last=Watts|first=Craig M.|date=January 11, 2021|title=The Cost of Believing Liars|work=Red Letter Christians|url=https://www.redletterchristians.org/the-cost-of-believing-liars/|url-status=live|access-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112180808/https://www.redletterchristians.org/the-cost-of-believing-liars/|archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref> This criticism did not affect evangelical support for Trump; investigative journalist [[Sarah Posner]], author of ''Unholy: Why White Evangelicals Worship at the Altar of Donald Trump'', argued that many white evangelical Christians in the U.S. create an [[echo chamber]] whereby Trump's missteps are blamed on the Democratic Party, leftists, or the [[mainstream media]], the last of which [[lying press|being viewed as especially untrustworthy]].<ref name="FaithMedia-1">{{Cite news|last1=Jervis|first1=Rick|last2=Ramirez|first2=Marc|last3=Ruiz-Goiriena|first3=Romina|date=January 12, 2021|title='No regrets': Evangelicals and other faith leaders still support Trump after deadly US Capitol attack|work=USA Today|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/12/evangelicals-donald-trump-capitol-riot-voter-fraud/6644005002/|url-status=live|access-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114041532/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/12/evangelicals-donald-trump-capitol-riot-voter-fraud/6644005002/|archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>
+At 1:50{{nbsp}}p.m., the on-scene MPD incident commander declared a riot.<ref name="Hermann210114" /> At 1:58, Capitol Police officers removed a barricade on the northeast side of the Capitol, allowing hundreds of protestors to stream onto the grounds.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Leatherby |first1=Lauren |last2=Ray |first2=Arielle |last3=Singhvi |first3=Anjali |last4=Triebert |first4=Christiaan |last5=Watkins |first5=Derek |last6=Willis |first6=Haley |date=January 12, 2021 |title=How a Presidential Rally Turned Into a Capitol Rampage |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/12/us/capitol-mob-timeline.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112112452/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/12/us/capitol-mob-timeline.html |archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref>
-=== Senate adjourned ===
+=== Attackers on west terrace breach Senate Wing hallway ===
+{{multiple images|perrow=1|total_width=230px
+|image1=FBI exhibit Jan 6 attack - Proud Boy Dominic Pezzola smashes a Capitol window with a police riot shield.png
+|image2=Initial breach of the Capitol during January 6 attack as recorded by security camera.png
+|image3=Capitol_Police_Office_Eugene_Goodman_saves_Senate_by_lightly_shoving_attacker_Doug_Jensen.png
+|footer=Proud Boy leader Dominic Pezzola (''top'') using a stolen police riot shield to breach the Capitol at 2:11, allowing attackers including Pezzola, Doug Jensen, Joe Biggs and others to stream into the building (''middle'').
+A lone Capitol Police officer (''bottom''), [[Eugene Goodman (police officer)|Eugene Goodman]], realizing he was steps away from the still-unsealed Senate chamber doors, shoved attacker Doug Jensen, leading the mob away from the Senate and towards a line of waiting Capitol Police reinforcements.}}
+Just before 2:00{{spaces}}p.m., attackers reached the doors and windows of the Capitol and began attempts to break in. The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' observed that "whether by sheer luck, real-time trial and error, or advance knowledge", the first attackers to break through the police line onto the upper west terrace ran past 15 reinforced windows, "making a beeline" for the recessed area near the Senate where two unreinforced windows and two doors with unreinforced glass were the only protection from attack.<ref name="beeline"/> At 2:11, Proud Boy leader Dominic Pezzola used a stolen police riot shield to smash one of those un-reinforced windows on the west side of the Capitol, breaching the building itself. By 2:13, the Capitol was officially breached.<ref name="Zurcher BBC" /><ref name="Stunning" /><ref name="day of rage">{{cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Stella |last2=Engelbrecht |first2=Cora |last3=Hill |first3=Evan |last4=Triebert |first4=Christiaan |last5=Willis |first5=Haley |title=Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol &#124; Visual Investigations |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWJVMoe7OY0&t=1097s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819040609/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWJVMoe7OY0&t=1097s |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=August 19, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |via=YouTube |date=July 2, 2021 |time=18:17}}</ref><ref>Multiple sources:
+* {{cite web |last1=Lang |first1=Brent |last2=Littleton |first2=Cynthia |date=January 6, 2021 |title=U.S. Capitol on Lockdown, Pro-Trump Protestors Breach Police Lines |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/election-certification-pence-trump-biden-election-1234879411/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106134043/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/election-certification-pence-trump-biden-election-1234879411/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Balsamo |first1=Michael |last2=Long |first2=Colleen |date=January 6, 2021 |title=The Latest: Schumer says Jan. 6, 2021, will live in infamy |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/ap-electoral-college-congress-7af85d3c702e070464d7713c42cf254a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107023031/https://apnews.com/article/ap-electoral-college-congress-7af85d3c702e070464d7713c42cf254a |archive-date=January 7, 2021}}
+* {{cite news |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Woman dies after shooting in U.S. Capitol; D.C. National Guard activated after mob breaches building |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106194011/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |url-status=live |quote=A mob was able to breach security and successfully enter the building}}</ref> Although most of the Capitol's windows had been reinforced, attackers targeted those that remained as single-pane glass and could be broken easily.<ref name="beeline">{{cite news |last=Wire |first=Sarah D. |date=October 4, 2021 |title=Jan. 6 rioters exploited little-known Capitol weak spots: A handful of unreinforced windows |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-10-04/jan-6-rioters-exploited-little-known-capitol-weak-spots-a-handful-of-unreinforced-windows |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004090558/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-10-04/jan-6-rioters-exploited-little-known-capitol-weak-spots-a-handful-of-unreinforced-windows |archive-date=October 4, 2021}}</ref> Joe Biggs and other Proud Boy leaders had entered the Capitol by 2:14.<ref name="TarrioIndict"/> A [[news crew]] from British broadcaster [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] followed the rioters into the Capitol, the only broadcaster to do so.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Watch ITV News report from inside US Capitol as Trump supporters storm building |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2021-01-06/watch-itv-news-eyewitness-report-from-inside-the-us-capitol-as-protesters-storm-building |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=[[ITV News]] |language=en |quote= |archive-date=November 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114115919/https://www.itv.com/news/2021-01-06/watch-itv-news-eyewitness-report-from-inside-the-us-capitol-as-protesters-storm-building |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Kanter |first=Jake |date=January 7, 2021 |title=ITV News Journalist Goes Viral, Wins Praise After Extraordinary Report Following Trump Mob Into Capitol |url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/robert-moore-report-itv-news-capitol-donald-trump-1234666355/ |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en-US |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115203417/https://deadline.com/2021/01/robert-moore-report-itv-news-capitol-donald-trump-1234666355/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+At 2:13, Vice President Pence was removed from the Senate chamber by his lead Secret Service agent, Tim Giebels, who brought him to a nearby office about {{convert|100|ft|m}} from the landing.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} Pence's wife [[Karen Pence]], daughter [[Charlotte Pence Bond]], and brother, Representative [[Greg Pence]], were in the Capitol at the time it was attacked.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acosta |first1=Jim |last2=Brown |first2=Pamela |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Trump pressured Pence to engineer a coup, then put the VP in danger, source says |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/politics/trump-pence-riot/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010531/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/politics/trump-pence-riot/index.html |archive-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref> As Pence and his family were being escorted from the Senate chamber to a nearby hideaway, they came within a minute of being visible to rioters on a staircase {{convert|100|ft|m}} away.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Ashley |last2=Leonnig |first2=Carol D. |last3=Kane |first3=Paul |last4=Brown |first4=Emma |date=January 15, 2021 |title=How the rioters who stormed the Capitol came dangerously close to Pence |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/pence-rioters-capitol-attack/2021/01/15/ab62e434-567c-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115151454/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/pence-rioters-capitol-attack/2021/01/15/ab62e434-567c-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html |archive-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref>
+Unaccompanied by other officers, Capitol Police officer [[Eugene Goodman]] confronted the mob. He has been cited for heroism in baiting and diverting the rioters away from the Senate chamber in the minutes before the chamber could be safely evacuated. As the crowd of rioters reached a landing from which there was an unimpeded path to the chamber, Goodman pushed the lead attacker, Doug Jensen, and then deliberately retreated away from the chamber, enticing the crowd to chase him in another direction.<ref>Multiple sources:
+* {{cite news |title=How a lone Capitol Police officer lured rioters away from the Senate chambers |first=Scottie |last=Andrew |work=[[CNN]] |date=January 12, 2021 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/12/us/capitol-police-eugene-goodman-riots-senate-chambers-trnd/index.html |access-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113062137/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/12/us/capitol-police-eugene-goodman-riots-senate-chambers-trnd/index.html |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |title=Black officer seen risking his life to lead Capitol mob away from Senate chamber hailed as a hero |work=[[CBS News]] |first=Caitlin |last=O'Kane |date=January 12, 2021 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/eugene-goodman-us-capitol-riots-police-officer-senate-chamber/ |access-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114205921/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/eugene-goodman-us-capitol-riots-police-officer-senate-chamber/ |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |title=Capitol police officer Eugene Goodman hailed as 'a hero' |work=[[BBC News]] |date=January 13, 2021 |first=Holly |last=Honderich |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55623752 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112000235/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55623752 |url-status=live}}</ref> One media report described his actions as follows:
+<blockquote>In short, he tricked them, willingly becoming the rabbit to their wolf pack, pulling them away from the chambers where armed officers were waiting, avoiding tragedy and saving lives. Lives which include their own.<ref>{{cite news |title=A lone Black officer faced down violent US Capitol mob, fooled them to save lives {{!}} Reese's Final Thought|publisher=WUSA9|first=Randolph Terrance|last=Sturdivant |date=January 11, 2021|url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/entertainment/television/programs/get-up-dc/eugene-goodman-capitol-police-reese-waters-final-thought/65-47d56320-126f-46ed-a348-4fe7a2b64bc4|access-date=January 15, 2021|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114020301/https://www.wusa9.com/article/entertainment/television/programs/get-up-dc/eugene-goodman-capitol-police-reese-waters-final-thought/65-47d56320-126f-46ed-a348-4fe7a2b64bc4|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>
+Those present at the time of the event, including Democratic and Republican legislators and members of the press, praised Goodman for his quick thinking and brave actions.<ref>Multiple sources:
+* {{cite news |title=Congressional lawmakers share 'frightening' insight into Capitol riot, how a police officer saved lives |publisher=WFAA |first1=Adam |last1=Longo |first2=Nick |last2=Boykin |date=January 11, 2021 |url=https://www.wfaa.com/article/news/local/timeline-capitol-riot-capitol-police-officer-saves-lives-gallego-sinema/65-9dd12212-4b66-4a8c-98ad-d1ab851a2b04 |access-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112124149/https://www.wfaa.com/article/news/local/timeline-capitol-riot-capitol-police-officer-saves-lives-gallego-sinema/65-9dd12212-4b66-4a8c-98ad-d1ab851a2b04 |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |title='He's a Hero!': Capitol Officer Could Receive Congressional Gold Medal |publisher=NBC Washington |date=January 14, 2021 |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/eugene-goodman-capitol-police-officer-could-receive-congressional-gold-medal/2541844/ |access-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115001029/https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/eugene-goodman-capitol-police-officer-could-receive-congressional-gold-medal/2541844/ |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |title=Capitol officer Eugene Goodman must not fade into history — it's happened before |work=TheGrio |first=Jason |last=Johnson |author-link=Jason Johnson (professor) |date=January 15, 2021 |url=https://thegrio.com/2021/01/15/capitol-officer-eugene-goodman-black-heroes-history/ |access-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175641/https://thegrio.com/2021/01/15/capitol-officer-eugene-goodman-black-heroes-history/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="QAnon">{{cite news |last=Sasse |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Sasse |title=QAnon Is Destroying the GOP From Within |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=January 16, 2021 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/conspiracy-theories-will-doom-republican-party/617707/ |access-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117000855/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/conspiracy-theories-will-doom-republican-party/617707/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Republican senator [[Ben Sasse]] credited Goodman with having "single-handedly prevented untold bloodshed".<ref name="QAnon"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Capitol Police officer being hailed as a hero for drawing angry mob away from Senate floor |work=[[USA Today]] |first=John |last=Bacon |date=January 11, 2021 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/11/capitol-police-officer-praised-drawing-angry-mob-away-senate/6619883002/ |access-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113202158/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/11/capitol-police-officer-praised-drawing-angry-mob-away-senate/6619883002/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Goodman's actions were captured in video footage taken by ''[[HuffPost]]'' reporter Igor Bobic.<ref>{{cite news |title=Capitol Police Officer Eugene Goodman is being hailed as a hero for facing down an angry mob of Trump supporters and drawing them away from the Senate chamber |first=Kelly |last=McLaughlin |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=January 11, 2021 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/capitol-police-officer-eugene-goodman-hailed-hero-riot-2021-1 |access-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111205125/https://www.businessinsider.com/capitol-police-officer-eugene-goodman-hailed-hero-riot-2021-1 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bobic's footage of Goodman went [[Viral video|viral]] on the internet, receiving more than 10&nbsp;million views.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=He went viral for saving the Senate, but Army vet Eugene Goodman 'was a hero long before'|website=Daily Kos|first=Aysha|last=Qamar|date=January 14, 2021|url=https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2021/1/14/2009189/-He-went-viral-for-saving-the-Senate-but-Army-vet-Eugene-Goodman-was-a-hero-long-before|access-date=January 14, 2021|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114234611/https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2021/1/14/2009189/-He-went-viral-for-saving-the-Senate-but-Army-vet-Eugene-Goodman-was-a-hero-long-before|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ProPub/> A second video of Goodman's confrontation with the crowd was published by [[ProPublica]] on January 15.<ref name=ProPub>{{#invoke:cite web||title='Where They Countin' the Votes?!': New Video Details Tense Moments as Capitol Mob Sought Out Lawmakers |website=[[ProPublica]] |first=Jack |last=Gillum |date=January 15, 2021 |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/capitol-eugene-goodman|access-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116161701/https://www.propublica.org/article/capitol-eugene-goodman |url-status=live }}</ref> Goodman was later awarded the [[Presidential Citizens Medal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Rachel and Alexandra Hutzler |date=January 6, 2023 |title=Biden, lawmakers honor officers who defended Capitol on Jan. 6 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/lawmakers-biden-honoring-officers-defended-capitol-jan-6/story?id=96237709 |access-date=January 7, 2024 |website=ABC News |archive-date=January 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107091214/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/lawmakers-biden-honoring-officers-defended-capitol-jan-6/story?id=96237709 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+=== Evacuation of leadership amid Capitol lockdown ===
 {{multiple image
-|align=right
+| align     = right
-|direction=vertical
+| direction = vertical
-|width=220
+| width     = 220
-|image1=US Senate goes into recess after protestors breach the Capitol.webm
+| image1    = US Senate goes into recess after protestors breach the Capitol.webm
-|caption1=C-SPAN broadcast of the Senate going into recess after protesters infiltrate the Capitol
+| caption1  = C-SPAN broadcast of the Senate going into recess after Capitol is breached
+| image2    = Mike Pence being evacuated from U.S. Capitol.webm
-|image2=2020 presidential election US electoral college certificates.jpg
-|caption2=Congressional staffers removed the Electoral College certificates from the Senate floor as it was evacuated.
+| caption2  = Surveillance video of [[Mike Pence]] being evacuated from the Capitol
+| image3    = 2020 presidential election US electoral college certificates.jpg
+| caption3  = Congressional staffers removed the Electoral College certificates from the Senate floor as it was evacuated.
+| alt3      = A table with brown boxes.
 }}
+At 2:15, the Senate was gaveled into recess, and the doors were locked. A minute later, the rioters reached the doors to the gallery above the chamber.<ref name="wp-inside-siege-demirjian">{{cite news |last1=Demirjian |first1=Karoun |last2=Leonnig |first2=Carol D. |last3=Kane |first3=Paul |last4=Davis |first4=Aaron C. |date=January 9, 2021 |title=Inside the Capitol siege: How barricaded lawmakers and aides sounded urgent pleas for help as police lost control |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-capitol-siege/2021/01/09/e3ad3274-5283-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110032733/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-capitol-siege/2021/01/09/e3ad3274-5283-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html |archive-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Sen. Lankford interrupted while speaking before Senate as rioters enter Capitol |work=Tulsa World |url=https://tulsaworld.com/video/news/sen-lankford-interrupted-while-speaking-before-senate-as-protesters-enter-capitol/video_46aad766-0726-5c89-92af-1a56739bfba5.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112043043/https://tulsaworld.com/video/news/sen-lankford-interrupted-while-speaking-before-senate-as-protesters-enter-capitol/video_46aad766-0726-5c89-92af-1a56739bfba5.html |archive-date=2021-01-12}}</ref> Banging could be heard from outside as rioters attempted to break through the doors. Meanwhile, in the House chamber, [[Nancy Pelosi|Speaker Pelosi]] was escorted out of the chamber. The House was gaveled into recess, but would resume a few minutes later.<ref name="Reporter inside Capitol describes" /><ref>{{cite news |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Watch the moment House floor forced into recess as protesters enter Capitol |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/politics/watch-the-moment-house-floor-forced-into-recess-as-protesters-enter-capitol/2021/01/06/5bc75687-a0e8-4954-9b50-28065f67dc59_video.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119205214/https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/politics/watch-the-moment-house-floor-forced-into-recess-as-protesters-enter-capitol/2021/01/06/5bc75687-a0e8-4954-9b50-28065f67dc59_video.html |archive-date=January 19, 2021}}</ref>
-At the time, the joint session of Congress{{snd}}which had already voted to accept the nine electoral votes from [[Alabama]] and three from [[Alaska]] without objection{{snd}}was split so that each chamber could separately consider an objection to accepting Arizona's electoral votes that had been raised by Representative [[Paul Gosar]] (R-AZ) and endorsed by Senator [[Ted Cruz]] (R-[[Texas|TX]]). Both chambers were roughly halfway through their two-hour debate on the motion.<ref name="fFv11">{{Cite news|date=January 6, 2021|title=Senate rejects challenge to Biden Arizona win|work=PBS|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/senate-rejects-challenge-to-biden-arizona-win|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107141716/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/senate-rejects-challenge-to-biden-arizona-win|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Hill">{{Cite web|date=January 6, 2021|title=LIVE COVERAGE: Congress certifies Biden win after Pennsylvania, Arizona challenges fail|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532850-live-coverage-joint-session-set-to-debate-electoral-college-challenges|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107141713/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532850-live-coverage-joint-session-set-to-debate-electoral-college-challenges|archive-date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=The Hill|publisher=Capitol Hill Publishing Corp}}</ref>
-While debate over the Arizona electoral college votes continued, an armed police officer entered the Senate chamber, positioned facing the back entrance of the chamber. Pence handed the floor from Senator [[Kyrsten Sinema]] (D-AZ) to Senator [[James Lankford]] (R-[[Oklahoma|OK]]). Moments later, Pence and his family were escorted out by [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] members. As  rioters began to climb the stairs toward the Senate chamber, a lone Capitol Police officer, [[Eugene Goodman (police officer)|Eugene Goodman]], worked to slow the mob down as he radioed that they had reached the second floor. Realizing he was steps away from the still-unsealed Senate chamber doors, Goodman then shoved a rioter, leading the mob as he ran into a line of reinforcements. Banging could be heard from outside as rioters attempted to breach the doors. As Lankford was speaking, the Senate was gaveled into recess, and the doors were locked at 2:15. A minute later, the rioters reached the gallery outside the chamber.<ref name="wp-inside-siege-demirjian">{{Cite news|last1=Demirjian|first1=Karoun|last2=Leonnig|first2=Carol D.|last3=Kane|first3=Paul|last4=Davis|first4=Aaron C.|date=January 9, 2021|title=Inside the Capitol siege: How barricaded lawmakers and aides sounded urgent pleas for help as police lost control|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-capitol-siege/2021/01/09/e3ad3274-5283-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110032733/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-capitol-siege/2021/01/09/e3ad3274-5283-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html|archive-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="FMB0p">{{Cite news|date=January 6, 2021|title=Sen. Lankford interrupted while speaking before Senate as rioters enter Capitol|work=Tulsa World|url=https://tulsaworld.com/video/news/sen-lankford-interrupted-while-speaking-before-senate-as-protesters-enter-capitol/video_46aad766-0726-5c89-92af-1a56739bfba5.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112043043/https://tulsaworld.com/video/news/sen-lankford-interrupted-while-speaking-before-senate-as-protesters-enter-capitol/video_46aad766-0726-5c89-92af-1a56739bfba5.html|archive-date=January 2021}}</ref> A police officer carrying a [[Semi-automatic firearm|semi-automatic weapon]] appeared on the floor and stood between then Senate Majority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] and then Senate Minority Leader [[Chuck Schumer]] (D-[[New York (state)|NY]]).<ref name="rbPJ8">{{Cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Michael|last2=Mishanec|first2=Nora|last3=Li|first3=Roland|last4=Fracassa|first4=Dominic|date=January 6, 2021|title=Live updates: Twitter says users discussing second attack on U.S. Capitol on Jan. 17|work=Laredo Morning Times|url=https://www.lmtonline.com/politics/article/Live-updates-U-S-Capitol-on-lockdown-as-Trump-15850771.php|url-status=live|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108185502/https://www.lmtonline.com/politics/article/Live-updates-U-S-Capitol-on-lockdown-as-Trump-15850771.php|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> Senator [[Mitt Romney]] (R-[[Utah|UT]]) exasperatedly threw up his hands and directly criticized several fellow Republicans who were challenging President-elect Biden's electoral votes, yelling to them, "This is what you've gotten, guys".<ref name="nyt-insidethecapitol">{{Cite news|last1=Fandos|first1=Nicholas|last2=Schaff|first2=Erin|last3=Cochrane|first3=Emily|date=January 7, 2021|title='Senate Being Locked Down': Inside a Harrowing Day at the Capitol|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/us/politics/capitol-lockdown.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112113553/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/us/politics/capitol-lockdown.html|archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref> Several members of [[Parliamentarian of the United States Senate|Senate parliamentarian]] [[Elizabeth MacDonough]]'s staff carried the boxes of Electoral College votes and documentation out of the chamber to hidden safe rooms within the building.<ref name="t1Qhy">{{Cite web|last=Harvey|first=Olivia|date=January 7, 2021|title=The Photos of These Women Saving the Ballot Boxes Belong in History Books|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/finance/news/photos-women-saving-ballot-boxes-152742454.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112130221/https://finance.yahoo.com/finance/news/photos-women-saving-ballot-boxes-152742454.html|archive-date=January 12, 2021|access-date=January 10, 2021|website=Yahoo Finance}}</ref><ref name="Pramuk">{{Cite web|last=Pramuk|first=Jacob|date=January 6, 2021|title=Senate salvages Electoral College ballots before rioters break into the chamber|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/electoral-college-ballots-saved-during-capitol-riots.html|access-date=January 13, 2021|website=[[CNBC]]|quote=Electoral college ballots rescued from the Senate floor. If our capable floor staff hadn't grabbed them, they would have been burned by the mob.}}</ref>
+A police officer carrying a [[Semi-automatic firearm|semi-automatic weapon]] appeared on the floor and stood between then–Senate majority leader [[Mitch McConnell]] and then–Senate minority leader [[Chuck Schumer]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Michael |last2=Mishanec |first2=Nora |last3=Li |first3=Roland |last4=Fracassa |first4=Dominic |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Live updates: Twitter says users discussing second attack on U.S. Capitol on Jan. 17 |work=Laredo Morning Times |url=https://www.lmtonline.com/politics/article/Live-updates-U-S-Capitol-on-lockdown-as-Trump-15850771.php |url-status=live |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108185502/https://www.lmtonline.com/politics/article/Live-updates-U-S-Capitol-on-lockdown-as-Trump-15850771.php |archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> Senator [[Mitt Romney]] exasperatedly threw up his hands and directly criticized several fellow Republicans who were challenging President-elect Biden's electoral votes, yelling to them, "This is what you've gotten, guys".<ref name="nyt-insidethecapitol">{{cite news |last1=Fandos |first1=Nicholas |last2=Schaff |first2=Erin |last3=Cochrane |first3=Emily |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Senate Being Locked Down': Inside a Harrowing Day at the Capitol |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/us/politics/capitol-lockdown.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112113553/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/us/politics/capitol-lockdown.html |archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref> Several members of [[Parliamentarian of the United States Senate|Senate parliamentarian]] [[Elizabeth MacDonough]]'s staff carried the boxes of Electoral College votes and documentation out of the chamber to hidden safe rooms within the building.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Harvey|first=Olivia|date=January 7, 2021|title=The Photos of These Women Saving the Ballot Boxes Belong in History Books|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/finance/news/photos-women-saving-ballot-boxes-152742454.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112130221/https://finance.yahoo.com/finance/news/photos-women-saving-ballot-boxes-152742454.html|archive-date=January 12, 2021|access-date=January 10, 2021|website=Yahoo Finance}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Pramuk|first=Jacob|date=January 6, 2021|title=Senate salvages Electoral College ballots before rioters break into the chamber|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/electoral-college-ballots-saved-during-capitol-riots.html|access-date=January 13, 2021|website=[[CNBC]]|quote=Electoral college ballots rescued from the Senate floor. If our capable floor staff hadn't grabbed them, they would have been burned by the mob.|archive-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112064822/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/electoral-college-ballots-saved-during-capitol-riots.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
+{{quote box
-{{quote box|align=left|width=20em|quote=Due to security threat inside: immediately, move inside your office, take emergency equipment, lock the doors, take shelter.|source=—Capitol Police alert<ref name="wp-inside-siege-demirjian" /> }}
+| align = right
+| width = 20em
+| quote = Due to security threat inside: immediately, move inside your office, take emergency equipment, lock the doors, take shelter.
+| source = —Capitol Police alert<ref name="wp-inside-siege-demirjian" />
+}}
+At 2:26, Pence's Secret Service detail evacuated him and his family from their hideaway near the Senate downstairs towards a more secure location. After his evacuation, Pence's detail wanted to move him away from the Capitol building, but Pence refused to get in the car. Addressing the agent in charge of his detail, Tim Giebels, Pence said, "I trust you, Tim, but you're not driving the car. If I get in that vehicle, you guys are taking off. I'm not getting in the car."<ref>{{cite web |last=Blake |first=Aaron |title=Analysis – A top Democrat ties Pence's 'I'm not getting in the car' to Jan. 6 'coup' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 26, 2022 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/04/26/pence-car-raskin-comments/ |access-date=October 16, 2022 |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013224115/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/04/26/pence-car-raskin-comments/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=Esquire |first=Charles P. |last=Pierce |url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/a39814795/mike-pence-january-6-jamie-raskin-secret-service/ |title=Who Was Mike Pence's Secret Service Detail Working for on January 6? |date=April 25, 2022 |access-date=September 3, 2023 |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831024806/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/a39814795/mike-pence-january-6-jamie-raskin-secret-service/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Trump had made repeated false claims that the vice president had "unilateral authority" to reject electoral college votes and had pressured Pence to overturn the election results, but that morning Pence told Trump he refused to do so, after taking legal advice confirming that there was no such constitutional authority. At 2:24, Trump tweeted that Pence "didn't have the courage to do what should have been done".<ref name="Ky5pK" /><ref name="ABCColvin" /> Afterwards, Trump followers on far-right social media called for Pence to be hunted down, and the mob began chanting, "Where is Pence?" and "Find Mike Pence!"<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite news|last=Frenkel|first=Sheera|date=January 8, 2021|title=The storming of Capitol Hill was organized on social media.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/protesters-storm-capitol-hill-building.html|url-status=live|url-access=registration|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106220539/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/protesters-storm-capitol-hill-building.html|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}
-* {{Cite news|last1=Fisher|first1=Marc|last2=Flynn|first2=Meagan|last3=Contrera|first3=Jessica|last4=Leonnig|first4=Carol D.|date=January 8, 2021|title=The four-hour insurrection|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2021/politics/trump-insurrection-capitol/|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113010357/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2021/politics/trump-insurrection-capitol/|archive-date=January 13, 2021}}
-* {{Cite news|last=Barbaro|first=Michael|date=January 8, 2021|title=How They Stormed Congress|work=The Daily (New York Times podcast)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/podcasts/the-daily/capitol-mob-police-social-media.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109162325/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/podcasts/the-daily/capitol-mob-police-social-media.html|archive-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref> Outside, the mob chanted, "Hang Mike Pence!", which some crowds continued to chant as they stormed the Capitol;<ref name="ABCColvin">{{Cite news|last=Colvin|first=Jill|date=January 8, 2021|title=Hurt feelings, anger linger after Pence, Trump clash|work=ABC news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/hurt-feelings-anger-linger-pence-trump-clash-75127167|url-status=live|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108174022/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/hurt-feelings-anger-linger-pence-trump-clash-75127167|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> at least three rioters were overheard by a reporter saying they wanted to find Pence and execute him as a "traitor" by [[hanging]] him from a tree outside the building.<ref name="overheard">{{Cite news|last=Sheth|first=Sonam|date=January 8, 2021|title=A Reuters photographer says he overheard pro-Trump insurrectionists saying they wanted to hang Mike Pence at the Capitol|work=Business Insider|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/reuters-photographer-says-pro-trump-rioters-wanted-to-hang-pence-2021-1|url-status=live|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108204207/https://www.businessinsider.com/reuters-photographer-says-pro-trump-rioters-wanted-to-hang-pence-2021-1|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> All buildings in the complex were subsequently locked down, with no entry or exit from the buildings allowed. Capitol staff were asked to [[shelter in place]]; those outside were advised to "seek cover".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=January 6, 2021|title=Watch Live: Protesters Swarm US Capitol Steps as Congress Counts Electoral Votes|url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/president-trumps-supporters-to-protest-in-dc-as-congress-certifies-electoral-college-vote/2530914/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212606/https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/president-trumps-supporters-to-protest-in-dc-as-congress-certifies-electoral-college-vote/2530914/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=[[WRC-TV|NBC4 Washington]]}}</ref>
-As the mob roamed the Capitol, lawmakers, aides, and staff took shelter in offices and closets. Aides to Mitch McConnell, barricaded in a room just off a hallway, heard a rioter outside the door "praying loudly", asking for "the evil of Congress [to] be brought to an end".<ref name="wp-inside-siege-demirjian" /> The rioters entered and ransacked the office of the Senate Parliamentarian.<ref name="Newsweek">{{Cite news|last=Morris|first=Seren|date=January 7, 2021|title=Video of Senate Office Ransacked in Capitol Chaos Viewed Over 5 Million Times|work=Newsweek|url=https://www.newsweek.com/video-senate-office-ransacked-capitol-chaos-viewed-5million-times-1559688|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020716/https://www.newsweek.com/video-senate-office-ransacked-capitol-chaos-viewed-5million-times-1559688|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref>
+All buildings in the complex were subsequently locked down, with no entry or exit allowed. Capitol staff were asked to [[shelter in place]]; those outside were advised to "seek cover".<ref name="NBC Wash 2021-01-06">{{#invoke:cite web||date=January 6, 2021|title= Protesters Swarm US Capitol Steps as Congress Counts Electoral Votes|url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/president-trumps-supporters-to-protest-in-dc-as-congress-certifies-electoral-college-vote/2530914/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212606/https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/president-trumps-supporters-to-protest-in-dc-as-congress-certifies-electoral-college-vote/2530914/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=[[WRC-TV|NBC4 Washington]]}}</ref> As the mob roamed the Capitol, lawmakers, aides, and staff took shelter in offices and closets. Aides to Mitch McConnell, barricaded in a room just off a hallway, heard a rioter outside the door "praying loudly", asking for "the evil of Congress [to] be brought to an end".<ref name="wp-inside-siege-demirjian" /> The rioters entered and ransacked the office of the Senate Parliamentarian.<ref name="Office Ransacked">{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Seren |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Video of Senate Office Ransacked in Capitol Chaos Viewed Over 5 Million Times |work=[[Newsweek]] |url=https://www.newsweek.com/video-senate-office-ransacked-capitol-chaos-viewed-5million-times-1559688 |url-status=live |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020716/https://www.newsweek.com/video-senate-office-ransacked-capitol-chaos-viewed-5million-times-1559688 |archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref>
-With senators still in the chamber, Trump called Senator [[Tommy Tuberville]] (R-AL) and told him to do more to block the counting of Biden's electoral votes, but the call had to be cut off when the Senate chamber was evacuated at 2:30.<ref name="uC0aM">{{Cite news|last=Romboy|first=Dennis|date=January 7, 2021|title=How President Trump misdialed Utah Sen. Mike Lee while the Capitol was under siege|work=Deseret news|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/7/22218897/donald-trump-mike-lee-misdial-capitol-siege-congress-electoral-insurrection-moore-curtis-stewart|url-status=live|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010521/https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/7/22218897/donald-trump-mike-lee-misdial-capitol-siege-congress-electoral-insurrection-moore-curtis-stewart|archive-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="AsRiotRaged">{{Cite news|last1=Serfaty|first1=Sunlen|last2=Cole|first2=Devan|last3=Rogers|first3=Alex|date=January 8, 2021|title=As riot raged at Capitol, Trump tried to call senators to overturn election|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/politics/mike-lee-tommy-tuberville-trump-misdialed-capitol-riot/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110051520/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/politics/mike-lee-tommy-tuberville-trump-misdialed-capitol-riot/index.html|archive-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="WaPo senate evacuation timeline">{{Cite news|last=Kane|first=Paul|date=January 6, 2021|title=Inside the assault on the Capitol: Evacuating the Senate|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/reporter-senate-evacuated/2021/01/06/3e7d5456-5061-11eb-83e3-322644d82356_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107021023/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/reporter-senate-evacuated/2021/01/06/3e7d5456-5061-11eb-83e3-322644d82356_story.html|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Associated Press Timeline">{{Cite news|title=Associated Press Timeline of events at the Capitol, 4 dead|work=My Sun Coast|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.mysuncoast.com/2021/01/06/associated-press-timeline-events-capitol/|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020626/https://www.mysuncoast.com/2021/01/06/associated-press-timeline-events-capitol/|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> After evacuation, the mob briefly took control of the chamber, with some armed men carrying plastic handcuffs and others posing with raised fists on the Senate [[dais]] Pence had left minutes earlier.<ref name="Stunning" /><ref name="6382L">{{Cite news|last=Kois|first=Dan|date=January 8, 2021|title=They Were Out for Blood|work=Slate|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/01/was-there-a-plan-for-hostages-or-killings-at-the-capitol.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108170349/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/01/was-there-a-plan-for-hostages-or-killings-at-the-capitol.html|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> Pence's wife [[Karen Pence]], daughter [[Charlotte Pence Bond]], and brother [[Greg Pence]] (a member of the House; R–[[Indiana|IN]]) were in the Capitol at the time it was attacked.<ref name="CNNAcostaBrown">{{Cite news|last1=Acosta|first1=Jim|last2=Brown|first2=Pamela|date=January 7, 2021|title=Trump pressured Pence to engineer a coup, then put the VP in danger, source says|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/politics/trump-pence-riot/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010531/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/politics/trump-pence-riot/index.html|archive-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref> As Pence and his family were being escorted from the Senate chamber to a nearby hideaway, they came within a minute of being visible to rioters on a staircase only {{convert|100|ft|m}} away.<ref name="WaPo close to Pence">{{Cite news|last1=Parker|first1=Ashley|last2=Leonnig|first2=Carol D.|last3=Kane|first3=Paul|last4=Brown|first4=Emma|date=January 15, 2021|title=How the rioters who stormed the Capitol came dangerously close to Pence|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/pence-rioters-capitol-attack/2021/01/15/ab62e434-567c-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115151454/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/pence-rioters-capitol-attack/2021/01/15/ab62e434-567c-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html|archive-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref> It was reportedly intended for Pence to be evacuated from the Capitol Complex entirely, but he refused to do so, saying that seeing his "20-car motorcade fleeing ... would only vindicate their insurrection".<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hall|first1=Louise|date=July 16, 2021|title=Mike Pence refused to get in car amid 6 January riots fearing Secret Service 'conspiracy', reports claim|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/mike-pence-coup-book-claims-b1885449.html|access-date=July 17, 2021}}</ref>
+With senators still in the chamber, Trump called Senator Tommy Tuberville and told him to do more to block the counting of Biden's electoral votes, but the call had to be cut off when the Senate chamber was evacuated at 2:30.<ref>{{cite news |last=Romboy |first=Dennis |date=January 7, 2021 |title=How President Trump misdialed Utah Sen. Mike Lee while the Capitol was under siege |work=Deseret News |url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/7/22218897/donald-trump-mike-lee-misdial-capitol-siege-congress-electoral-insurrection-moore-curtis-stewart |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010521/https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/7/22218897/donald-trump-mike-lee-misdial-capitol-siege-congress-electoral-insurrection-moore-curtis-stewart |archive-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="AsRiotRaged">{{cite news |last1=Serfaty |first1=Sunlen |last2=Cole |first2=Devan |last3=Rogers |first3=Alex |date=January 8, 2021 |title=As riot raged at Capitol, Trump tried to call senators to overturn election |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/politics/mike-lee-tommy-tuberville-trump-misdialed-capitol-riot/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110051520/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/politics/mike-lee-tommy-tuberville-trump-misdialed-capitol-riot/index.html |archive-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="WaPo senate evacuation timeline">{{cite news |last=Kane |first=Paul |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Inside the assault on the Capitol: Evacuating the Senate |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/reporter-senate-evacuated/2021/01/06/3e7d5456-5061-11eb-83e3-322644d82356_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107021023/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/reporter-senate-evacuated/2021/01/06/3e7d5456-5061-11eb-83e3-322644d82356_story.html |archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name="APTimeline" /> After evacuation, the mob briefly took control of the chamber, with some armed men carrying plastic handcuffs and others posing with raised fists on the Senate dais Pence had left minutes earlier.<ref name="Stunning" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Kois |first=Dan |date=January 8, 2021 |title=They Were Out for Blood |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/01/was-there-a-plan-for-hostages-or-killings-at-the-capitol.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108170349/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/01/was-there-a-plan-for-hostages-or-killings-at-the-capitol.html |archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> Staff and reporters inside the building were taken by secure elevators to the basement and then to an underground bunker constructed following the [[United Airlines Flight 93|attempted attack on the Capitol]] in 2001. Evacuees were redirected while en route after the bunker was also infiltrated by the mob.<ref name="WaPo senate evacuation timeline" />
+The Sergeant-at-Arms of the Senate, [[Michael C. Stenger]], accompanied a group of senators, including [[Lindsey Graham]] and [[Joe Manchin]], to a secure location in a Senate office building. Once safe, the lawmakers were "furious" with Stenger; Graham asked him, "How does this happen? How does this happen?" and added that they "[are] not going to be run out by a mob".<ref name="wp-inside-siege-demirjian" />
-Staff and reporters inside the building were taken by secure elevators to the basement and then to an underground bunker constructed following the [[United Airlines Flight 93|attempted attack on the Capitol]] in 2001. Evacuees were redirected while en route after the bunker was also infiltrated by the mob.<ref name="WaPo senate evacuation timeline" />
+[[File:US v Marroquin - Capitol police officer on the floor points gun during January 6 attack.png|thumb|right|upright=0.7|A Capitol police officer on the House floor points his sidearm towards an attacker.]]
-Sergeant-at-Arms of the Senate [[Michael C. Stenger]] accompanied a group of senators including [[Lindsey Graham]] (R-SC) and [[Joe Manchin]] (D-WV) to a secure location in a Senate office building. Once safe, the lawmakers were "furious" with Stenger; Graham asked him, "How does this happen? How does this happen?" and added that they "[are] not going to be run out by a mob".<ref name="wp-inside-siege-demirjian" />
+Meanwhile, the House was gaveled into recess at 2:18. Amid the security concerns, Representative [[Dean Phillips]] yelled, "This is because of you!" at his Republican colleagues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hensley-Clancy |first1=Molly |last2=Nashrulla |first2=Tasneem |last3=Baird |first3=Addy |last4=Jamieson |first4=Amber |last5=Namako |first5=Tom |last6=Hall |first6=Ellie |last7=McLeod |first7=Paul |last8=Baer |first8=Stephanie K. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Trump Launched A Deadly Attempted Coup, Encouraging A Mob To Breach The US Capitol Building Because He Lost The Presidential Election |work=[[BuzzFeed News]] |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mollyhensleyclancy/trump-dc-maga-election-protests-capitol |url-status=live |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107211007/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mollyhensleyclancy/trump-dc-maga-election-protests-capitol |archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> At this same time, according to her book, ''[[Oath and Honor]]'', "[t]he [[C-SPAN]] cameras captured [Representative Cheney] as [she] pointed at [Representative [[Jason Smith (American politician)|Jason Smith]]] and said 'You did this.' [She] was angry. 'You did this.'"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cheney |first=Liz |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1377423118 |title=Oath and honor: a memoir and a warning |date=2023 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |isbn=978-0-316-57206-4 |edition=First |location=New York |oclc=on1377423118}}</ref> The House resumed debate around 2:25. After Gosar finished speaking at 2:30, the House again went into recess after rioters entered the House wing and were attempting to enter the Speaker's Lobby just outside the chamber. Lawmakers were still inside and being evacuated, with Pelosi, [[Kevin McCarthy]], and a few others taken to a secure location.<ref name="VideoShows" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Caygle |first1=Heather |last2=Ferris |first2=Sarah |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Inside Pelosi's push to impeach Trump: This time it's personal |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/12/nancy-pelosi-trump-impeachment-personal-riots-457779 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112105912/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/12/nancy-pelosi-trump-impeachment-personal-riots-457779 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |access-date=January 12, 2021 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> With violence breaking out, Capitol security advised members of Congress to take cover.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fandos |first1=Nicholas |last2=Cochrane |first2=Emily |last3=Sullivan |first3=Eileen |last4=Thrush |first4=Glenn |last5=Kanno-Youngs |first5=Zolan |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Pence and lawmakers evacuated as protesters storm the Capitol, halting Congress's counting of electoral votes. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/electoral-vote |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106201215/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/electoral-vote |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> Members of Congress inside the House chamber were told to don [[gas mask]]s as law enforcement began using [[tear gas]] within the building.<ref name="Reporter inside Capitol describes" /><ref name=":9">{{cite news |last1=Kanno-Youngs |first1=Zolan |last2=Tavernise |first2=Sabrina |last3=Cochrane |first3=Emily |date=January 7, 2021 |title=As House Was Breached, a Fear 'We'd Have to Fight' to Get Out |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-breach-trump-protests.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107065257/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-breach-trump-protests.html |archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name="WQOW 2021-01-06" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Violent pro-Trump mob storms US Capitol |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/election-us-2020-55558355 |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106232353/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/election-us-2020-55558355 |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Maureen |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Lawmaker says staff were able to remove electoral ballots before rioters breached Senate floor |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/congress-electoral-college-vote-count-2021/h_54d83f1c965ed437e20ebda36839bd14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106230313/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/congress-electoral-college-vote-count-2021/h_54d83f1c965ed437e20ebda36839bd14 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2024 }}</ref>
-=== House recessed ===
-Meanwhile, in the House chamber around 2:15 while Gosar was speaking, [[Nancy Pelosi|Speaker Pelosi]] was escorted out of the chamber. The House was gaveled into recess, but would resume a few minutes later.<ref name="Reporter inside Capitol describes">{{Cite news|last=Wire|first=Sarah D.|date=January 6, 2021|title=Reporter inside Capitol describes being in a roomful of people 'panicked that I might inadvertently give away their location'|work=The Seattle Times|agency=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation-politics/reporter-inside-capitol-describes-being-in-a-roomful-of-people-panicked-that-i-might-inadvertently-give-away-their-location/|url-status=live|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110134313/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation-politics/reporter-inside-capitol-describes-being-in-a-roomful-of-people-panicked-that-i-might-inadvertently-give-away-their-location/|archive-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="yW54g">{{Cite news|date=January 6, 2021|title=Watch the moment House floor forced into recess as protesters enter Capitol|work=MSN|agency=The Washington Post|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/watch-the-moment-house-floor-forced-into-recess-as-protesters-enter-capitol/vp-BB1cwGFz|url-status=live|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111041332/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/watch-the-moment-house-floor-forced-into-recess-as-protesters-enter-capitol/vp-BB1cwGFz|archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> Amid the security concerns, Representative [[Dean Phillips]] (D–[[Minnesota|MN]]) yelled, "This is because of you!" at his Republican colleagues.<ref name="Trump Launched A Deadly Attempted Coup">{{Cite news|last1=Hensley-Clancy|first1=Molly|last2=Nashrulla|first2=Tasneem|last3=Baird|first3=Addy|last4=Jamieson|first4=Amber|last5=Namako|first5=Tom|last6=Hall|first6=Ellie|last7=McLeod|first7=Paul|last8=Baer|first8=Stephanie K.|date=January 6, 2021|title=Trump Launched A Deadly Attempted Coup, Encouraging A Mob To Breach The US Capitol Building Because He Lost The Presidential Election|work=BuzzFeed news|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mollyhensleyclancy/trump-dc-maga-election-protests-capitol|url-status=live|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107211007/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mollyhensleyclancy/trump-dc-maga-election-protests-capitol|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> The House resumed debate around 2:25. After Gosar finished speaking at 2:30, the House went into recess again after rioters had entered the House wing and were attempting to enter the Speaker's Lobby just outside the chamber. Lawmakers were still inside and being evacuated, with Pelosi, [[Kevin McCarthy (California politician)|Kevin McCarthy]] and a few others taken to a secure location.<ref name="VideoShows">{{Cite news|last1=Swaine|first1=Jon|last2=Bennett|first2=Dalton|last3=Sohyun Lee|first3=Joyce|last4=Kelly|first4=Meg|date=January 8, 2021|title=Video shows fatal shooting of Ashli Babbitt in the Capitol|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2021/01/08/ashli-babbitt-shooting-video-capitol/|url-status=live|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108180214/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2021/01/08/ashli-babbitt-shooting-video-capitol/|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref><ref name="BlrTz">{{Cite web|last1=Caygle|first1=Heather|last2=Ferris|first2=Sarah|date=January 12, 2021|title=Inside Pelosi's push to impeach Trump: This time it's personal|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/12/nancy-pelosi-trump-impeachment-personal-riots-457779|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112105912/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/12/nancy-pelosi-trump-impeachment-personal-riots-457779|archive-date=January 12, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2021|website=Politico}}</ref> With violence breaking out, Capitol security advised members of Congress to take cover.<ref name="kHALO">{{Cite news|last1=Fandos|first1=Nicholas|last2=Cochrane|first2=Emily|last3=Sullivan|first3=Eileen|last4=Thrush|first4=Glenn|last5=Kanno-Youngs|first5=Zolan|date=January 6, 2021|title=Pence and lawmakers evacuated as protesters storm the Capitol, halting Congress's counting of electoral votes.|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/electoral-vote|url-status=live|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106201215/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/electoral-vote|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> Members of Congress inside the House chamber were told to don [[gas mask]]s as law enforcement began using [[tear gas]] within the building.<ref name="Reporter inside Capitol describes" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last1=Kanno-Youngs|first1=Zolan|last2=Tavernise|first2=Sabrina|last3=Cochrane|first3=Emily|date=January 7, 2021|title=As House Was Breached, a Fear 'We'd Have to Fight' to Get Out|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-breach-trump-protests.html|url-status=live|url-access=registration|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107065257/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-breach-trump-protests.html|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name="BBC-live">{{Cite news|title=Violent pro-Trump mob storms US Capitol|work=BBC news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/election-us-2020-55558355|url-status=live|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106232353/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/election-us-2020-55558355|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="rcIoD">{{Cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Maureen|date=January 6, 2021|title=Lawmaker says staff were able to remove electoral ballots before rioters breached Senate floor|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/congress-electoral-college-vote-count-2021/h_54d83f1c965ed437e20ebda36839bd14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106230313/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/congress-electoral-college-vote-count-2021/h_54d83f1c965ed437e20ebda36839bd14|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref>
+[[ABC News]] reported that shots were fired within the Capitol.<ref name="WQOW 2021-01-06">{{#invoke:cite web ||last=Berge |first=Clint |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Armed standoff inside US Capitol, shots fired|url=https://wqow.com/2021/01/06/happening-now-armed-standoff-inside-us-capitol-shots-fired/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212531/https://wqow.com/2021/01/06/happening-now-armed-standoff-inside-us-capitol-shots-fired/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=[[WQOW]]}}</ref><ref name="ABC News 2021-01-07">{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Winsor |first1=Morgan |last2=Pereira |first2=Ivan |last3=Mansell |first3=William |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Updates: Capitol breached by protesters, shots reported fired inside |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/capitol-breached-protesters/story?id=75081629 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212039/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/capitol-breached-protesters/story?id=75081629 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[ABC News]]}}</ref> An armed standoff took place at the front door of the chamber of the House of Representatives: as the mob attempted to break in, federal law enforcement officers inside drew their guns<ref name="Stunning" /> and pointed them toward the chamber doors, which were barricaded with furniture.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Police draw guns inside the Capitol. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/washington-dc-protests#police-draw-guns-inside-the-capitol |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106222936/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/washington-dc-protests/police-draw-guns-inside-the-capitol |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> In a stairway, one officer fired a shot at a man coming toward him.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Trump supporters storm U.S. Capitol, with one woman killed and tear gas fired |first1=Rebecca |last1=Tan |first2=Peter |last2=Jamison |first3=Carol D. |last3=Leonnig |first4=Meagan |last4=Flynn |first5=John Woodrow |last5=Cox |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trump-supporters-storm-capitol-dc/2021/01/06/58afc0b8-504b-11eb-83e3-322644d82356_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106232624/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trump-supporters-storm-capitol-dc/2021/01/06/58afc0b8-504b-11eb-83e3-322644d82356_story.html |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Photographer [[Erin Schaff]] said that, from the [[Capitol Rotunda]], she ran upstairs, where rioters grabbed her press badge. Police found her, and because her press pass had been stolen, held her at gunpoint before colleagues intervened.<ref name="nyt-insidethecapitol" />
-[[File:Video shot by Congressman Dan Kildee D-Flint - via Michael Moore on Facebook Watch.webm|thumb|upright=0.75|thumbtime=00:01|Video shot inside the House of Representatives chamber showing armed security blocking the doors]]
-[[ABC News]] reported that shots were fired within the Capitol.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Berge|first=Clint|date=January 6, 2021|title=HAPPENING NOW: Armed standoff inside US Capitol, shots fired|url=https://wqow.com/2021/01/06/happening-now-armed-standoff-inside-us-capitol-shots-fired/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212531/https://wqow.com/2021/01/06/happening-now-armed-standoff-inside-us-capitol-shots-fired/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=[[WQOW]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last1=Winsor|first1=Morgan|last2=Pereira|first2=Ivan|last3=Mansell|first3=William|date=January 7, 2021|title=Updates: Capitol breached by protesters, shots reported fired inside|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/capitol-breached-protesters/story?id=75081629|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212039/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/capitol-breached-protesters/story?id=75081629|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=[[ABC News]]}}</ref> An armed standoff took place at the front door of the chamber of the House of Representatives: as the mob attempted to break in, federal law enforcement officers drew their guns inside<ref name="Stunning">{{Cite news|last1=Paybarah|first1=Azi|last2=Lewis|first2=Brent|date=January 7, 2021|title=Stunning Images as a Mob Storms the U.S. Capitol|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/trump-riot-dc-capitol-photos.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020712/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/trump-riot-dc-capitol-photos.html|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> and pointed them toward the chamber doors, which were barricaded with furniture.<ref name="ETuAi">{{Cite news|date=January 6, 2021|title=Police draw guns inside the Capitol.|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/washington-dc-protests/police-draw-guns-inside-the-capitol|url-status=live|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106222936/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/washington-dc-protests/police-draw-guns-inside-the-capitol|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> In a stairway, one officer fired a shot at a man coming toward him.<ref name="wapojan6">{{Cite web|date=January 6, 2021|title=Trump supporters storm U.S. Capitol, with one woman killed and tear gas fired|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trump-supporters-storm-capitol-dc/2021/01/06/58afc0b8-504b-11eb-83e3-322644d82356_story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106232624/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trump-supporters-storm-capitol-dc/2021/01/06/58afc0b8-504b-11eb-83e3-322644d82356_story.html|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Photographer [[Erin Schaff]] said that, from the [[Capitol Rotunda]], she ran upstairs, where rioters grabbed her press badge. Police found her, and because her press pass had been stolen, held her at gunpoint before other colleagues intervened.<ref name="nyt-insidethecapitol" />
-The chief of staff for Representative [[Ayanna Pressley]] (D–MA) claimed that when the congresswoman and staff barricaded themselves in her office and attempted to call for help with [[panic button|duress buttons]] that they had previously used during safety drills, "[e]very panic button in my office had been torn out{{snd}}the whole unit".<ref name="bg-ua-looking-at-evil">{{Cite news|last1=Ulloa|first1=Jasmine|last2=Annear|first2=Steve|date=January 12, 2021|title='It was like looking at evil': The Capitol attack through the eyes of the Massachusetts delegation|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/13/nation/it-was-like-looking-evil-capitol-attack-through-eyes-massachusetts-delegation/|url-status=live|access-date=January 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115173614/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/13/nation/it-was-like-looking-evil-capitol-attack-through-eyes-massachusetts-delegation/|archive-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref> Subsequently, a [[United States House Committee on House Administration|House Administration Committee]] emailed Greg Sargent of ''The Washington Post'' claiming the missing buttons were likely due to a "clerical screw-up" resulting from Pressley's swapping offices.<ref name="X87f3">{{Cite news|last=Sargent|first=Greg|date=February 8, 2021|title=One mystery involving the insurrection may be close to getting solved|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/02/08/one-mystery-involving-insurrection-may-be-close-getting-solved/|access-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref> Representative [[Jamaal Bowman]] (D-NY) tweeted that there were no duress buttons in his office, but acknowledged he was only three days into his term and they were installed a week later.<ref name="Kavi2101113">{{Cite news|last=Kavi|first=Aishvarya|date=January 13, 2021|title=Lawmakers recount feeling unsafe because of colleagues' behavior during Capitol siege|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/lawmakers-capitol-aoc-boebert.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115135313/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/lawmakers-capitol-aoc-boebert.html|archive-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref>
+The chief of staff for Representative [[Ayanna Pressley]] claimed that when the congresswoman and staff barricaded themselves in her office and attempted to call for help with [[panic button|duress buttons]] that they had previously used during safety drills, "[e]very panic button in my office had been torn out{{snd}}the whole unit".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ulloa |first1=Jasmine |last2=Annear |first2=Steve |date=January 12, 2021 |title='It was like looking at evil': The Capitol attack through the eyes of the Massachusetts delegation |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/13/nation/it-was-like-looking-evil-capitol-attack-through-eyes-massachusetts-delegation/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115173614/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/13/nation/it-was-like-looking-evil-capitol-attack-through-eyes-massachusetts-delegation/ |archive-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref> Subsequently, a [[United States House Committee on House Administration|House Administration Committee]] emailed Greg Sargent of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' claiming the missing buttons were likely due to a "clerical screw-up" resulting from Pressley's swapping offices.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sargent |first=Greg |date=February 8, 2021 |title=One mystery involving the insurrection may be close to getting solved |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/02/08/one-mystery-involving-insurrection-may-be-close-getting-solved/ |access-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-date=February 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212124322/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/02/08/one-mystery-involving-insurrection-may-be-close-getting-solved/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Representative [[Jamaal Bowman]] tweeted that there were no duress buttons in his office, but acknowledged he was only three days into his term and that the buttons were installed a week later.<ref name="Kavi2101113">{{cite news |last=Kavi |first=Aishvarya |date=January 13, 2021 |title=Lawmakers recount feeling unsafe because of colleagues' behavior during Capitol siege |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/lawmakers-capitol-aoc-boebert.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115135313/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/lawmakers-capitol-aoc-boebert.html |archive-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref>
 Multiple rioters, using the cameras on their cell phones, documented themselves occupying the Capitol and the offices of various representatives,<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite web|last=Chung|first=Gabrielle|date=January 6, 2021|title=Nancy Pelosi's Office Occupied by Pro-Trump Rioters amid Chaos at U.S. Capitol|url=https://people.com/politics/nancy-pelosi-office-occupied-by-pro-trump-rioters-amid-chaos-at-us-capitol/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107212531/https://people.com/politics/nancy-pelosi-office-occupied-by-pro-trump-rioters-amid-chaos-at-us-capitol/|archive-date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=People}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web ||last=Chung |first=Gabrielle |date=January 6, 2021|title=Nancy Pelosi's Office Occupied by Pro-Trump Rioters amid Chaos at U.S. Capitol|url=https://people.com/politics/nancy-pelosi-office-occupied-by-pro-trump-rioters-amid-chaos-at-us-capitol/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107212531/https://people.com/politics/nancy-pelosi-office-occupied-by-pro-trump-rioters-amid-chaos-at-us-capitol/|archive-date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}
-* {{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Timothy B.|date=January 6, 2021|title=Pro-Trump reporter gloats over access to fleeing Hill staffer's computer|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/01/pro-trump-reporter-gloats-over-access-to-fleeing-hill-staffers-computer/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108005509/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/01/pro-trump-reporter-gloats-over-access-to-fleeing-hill-staffers-computer/|archive-date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=Ars Technica}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web ||last=Lee|first=Timothy B.|date=January 6, 2021|title=Pro-Trump reporter gloats over access to fleeing Hill staffer's computer|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/01/pro-trump-reporter-gloats-over-access-to-fleeing-hill-staffers-computer/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108005509/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/01/pro-trump-reporter-gloats-over-access-to-fleeing-hill-staffers-computer/ |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021 |website=Ars Technica}}
-* {{Cite web|title=Arkansas man admits to storming Capitol, sitting at Nancy Pelosi's desk|url=https://www.thv11.com/article/news/local/arkansas-man-storms-capitol-pelosi/91-41abde60-a390-4a9e-b5f3-d80b0b96141e|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107023041/https://www.thv11.com/article/news/local/arkansas-man-storms-capitol-pelosi/91-41abde60-a390-4a9e-b5f3-d80b0b96141e|archive-date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=thv11.com|date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> vandalizing the offices of Speaker Pelosi,<ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|last1=Benner|first1=Katie|last2=Haberman|first2=Maggie|last3=Schmidt|first3=Michael S.|date=January 6, 2021|title=Live Updates: Pro-Trump Mob Breaches Capitol, Halting Vote Certification|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/washington-dc-protests|url-status=live|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106202204/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/washington-dc-protests|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news|last1=Schaff|first1=Erin|last2=Tavernise|first2=Sabrina|date=January 6, 2021|title=Marauding protesters vandalize Speaker Pelosi's office.|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/marauding-protesters-vandalize-speaker-pelosis-office.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106210311/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/marauding-protesters-vandalize-speaker-pelosis-office.html|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> [[#Technology theft and cybersecurity concerns|accessing secure computers]], and stealing a laptop.<ref name="2hGFw">{{Cite web|last=Brewster|first=Thomas|title=Capitol Hill Mob Accessed Congressional Computers – 'Consider Them All Compromised'|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2021/01/07/capitol-hill-mob-accessed-congressional-computers---consider-them-all-compromised/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111130146/https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2021/01/07/capitol-hill-mob-accessed-congressional-computers---consider-them-all-compromised/|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 14, 2021|website=Forbes}}</ref>
+* {{#invoke:cite web ||title=Arkansas man admits to storming Capitol, sitting at Nancy Pelosi's desk |url=https://www.thv11.com/article/news/local/arkansas-man-storms-capitol-pelosi/91-41abde60-a390-4a9e-b5f3-d80b0b96141e|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107023041/https://www.thv11.com/article/news/local/arkansas-man-storms-capitol-pelosi/91-41abde60-a390-4a9e-b5f3-d80b0b96141e |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021 |website=thv11.com |date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> vandalizing the offices of Speaker Pelosi,<ref name="Mob Breaches Capitol">{{cite news |last1=Benner |first1=Katie |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie |last3=Schmidt |first3=Michael S. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Live Updates: Pro-Trump Mob Breaches Capitol, Halting Vote Certification |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/washington-dc-protests |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106202204/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/06/us/washington-dc-protests |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Marauding protesters">{{cite news |last1=Schaff |first1=Erin |last2=Tavernise |first2=Sabrina |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Marauding protesters vandalize Speaker Pelosi's office. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/marauding-protesters-vandalize-speaker-pelosis-office.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106210311/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/marauding-protesters-vandalize-speaker-pelosis-office.html |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> [[#Laptop theft and cybersecurity concerns|accessing secure computers]], and stealing a laptop.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Brewster |first=Thomas |title=Capitol Hill Mob Accessed Congressional Computers – 'Consider Them All Compromised' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2021/01/07/capitol-hill-mob-accessed-congressional-computers---consider-them-all-compromised/ |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111130146/https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2021/01/07/capitol-hill-mob-accessed-congressional-computers---consider-them-all-compromised/ |date=January 7, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=January 14, 2021 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>
+=== Oath Keepers arrive and breach Rotunda ===
-===Congress reconvened===
+[[File:Oath Keepers Stack Formation during January 6 attack.png|thumb|right|Oath Keepers march in stack formation up the east steps of the Capitol on their way to breaching the Rotunda]]
-[[File: 2021 storming of the United States Capitol 16.jpg|thumb|left|Reinforcements guard the Capital after rioters were pushed out of the building]]
-By 6 p.m., the building was cleared of rioters, and bomb squads swept the Capitol. At 7:15 p.m., Defense Secretary Miller told the leaders of Congress that they were cleared to return to the Capitol. At 8:06 p.m., Pence called the Senate back into session, and at 9 p.m., Pelosi did the same in the House. After debating and voting down two objections, Congress voted to confirm Biden's electoral college win at 3:24 a.m.<ref>Leonnig, Carol; Rucker, Philip: ''[[I Alone Can Fix It|I Alone Can Fix It: Donald J. Trump's Catastrophic Final Year]]'', page 481-484. Penguin Press 2021, {{ISBN|978-0593300626}}</ref>
+Shortly after 2:00, Oath Keepers leader Stewart Rhodes arrived on the restricted Capitol grounds. At 2:30, a team of Oath Keepers ("Stack One", which included Meggs, Harrelson, Watkins, Hackett, and Moerschel), clad in paramilitary clothing, marched in a stack formation up the east steps of the Capitol to join the mob already besieging the Capitol. At 2:38, those doors to the Capitol Rotunda were breached, and "Stack One" entered the building alongside other attackers. A second group ("Stack Two") entered the Capitol through those same doors at 3:15.<ref name="OathKeeperIndictment"/> Throughout the attack, Oath Keepers maintained a "Quick reaction Force" ready to deliver an arsenal to the group if called upon.<ref name="OathKeeperIndictment"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/01/15/oath-keepers-stewart-rhodes-sedition/ |date=15 January 2022 |title=We're training our own insurrectionists: Extremists like the Oath Keepers use their military skills to advance their plots |first=Clint |last=Watts |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=September 4, 2023 |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226192723/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/01/15/oath-keepers-stewart-rhodes-sedition/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/nation/2022/01/13/founder-oath-keepers-charged-seditious-conspiracy/6514514001/ |title=Seditious conspiracy: 11 Oath Keepers charged in Jan. 6 riot |access-date=September 4, 2023 |archive-date=September 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904232953/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/nation/2022/01/13/founder-oath-keepers-charged-seditious-conspiracy/6514514001/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
-== Participants and response ==
-=== Groups ===
-{{Further|Oath Keepers#Participation|Proud Boys#Participation|Three Percenters#Participation}}
-[[File:DC Capitol Storming IMG 7942.jpg|thumb|left|Among the many flags flown by participants were the [[Gadsden flag]], [[American flag]], and [[Women for Trump]]]]
-The attackers included some of Trump's longtime and most fervent supporters from across the United States.<ref name="ap-records-show-bkfm">{{Cite news|last1=Biesecker|first1=Michael|last2=Kunzelman|first2=Michael|last3=Flaccus|first3=Gillian|last4=Mustian|first4=Jim|date=January 10, 2021|title=Records show fervent Trump fans fueled US Capitol takeover|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/us-capitol-trump-supporters-1806ea8dc15a2c04f2a68acd6b55cace|url-status=live|access-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111143844/https://apnews.com/article/us-capitol-trump-supporters-1806ea8dc15a2c04f2a68acd6b55cace|archive-date=January 11, 2021|quote=The insurrectionist mob that showed up at the president's behest and stormed the U.S. Capitol was overwhelmingly made up of longtime Trump supporters, including Republican Party officials, GOP political donors, far-right militants, white supremacists, members of the military and adherents of the QAnon myth that the government is secretly controlled by a cabal of Satan-worshiping pedophile cannibals. Records show that some were heavily armed and included convicted criminals, such as a Florida man recently released from prison for attempted murder.}}</ref> The mob included Republican Party officials, current and former state legislators and political donors, [[far-right]] militants, [[white supremacists]],<ref name="ap-records-show-bkfm" /> conservative [[evangelical Christians]] and participants of the "Save America" Rally.<ref name="MilitantChristian">{{cite news|last1=Jelten|first1=Tom|title=Militant Christian Nationalists Remain A Potent Force, Even After The Capitol Riot|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/19/958159202/militant-christian-nationalists-remain-a-potent-force|newspaper=NPR.org|access-date=February 7, 2021}}</ref> According to the FBI, the majority of participants in the attack who appeared on its [[Terrorist Screening Database|terrorist watchlist]] "are suspected white supremacists".<ref name="Watchlist">{{Cite news|last1=Barrett|first1=Devlin|last2=Hsu|first2=Spencer S.|last3=Lang|first3=Marissa J.|title=Dozens of people on FBI terrorist watch list came to D.C. the day of Capitol riot|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/terror-watchlist-capitol-riot-fbi/2021/01/14/07412814-55f7-11eb-a931-5b162d0d033d_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115065511/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/terror-watchlist-capitol-riot-fbi/2021/01/14/07412814-55f7-11eb-a931-5b162d0d033d_story.html|archive-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref> Some came heavily armed and some were convicted criminals, including a man who had been released from a Florida prison after serving a sentence for [[attempted murder]].<ref name="ap-records-show-bkfm" /> Although the anti-government [[Boogaloo movement]] mostly were opposing Donald Trump, a Boogaloo follower said several groups under his command helped storm the Capitol, taking the opportunity to strike against the federal government.<ref name="BoogalooReuters">{{cite news|last1=Hesson|first1=Ted|last2=Parker|first2=Ned|last3=Harte|first3=Julia|date=January 8, 2021|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-election-extremists/us-capitol-siege-emboldens-motley-crew-of-extremists-idUSL1N2JJ0A0|title=U.S. Capitol siege emboldens motley crew of extremists|publisher=[[Reuters]]|access-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref> Supporters of the [[Three Percenters]], the [[Black Hebrew Israelites]], the [[America First Political Action Conference|America First Movement]], the Stop the Steal movement, the [[Patriot Movement]], [[Blue Lives Matter]], the Proud Boys, Tea Party movement, the Oath Keepers,{{refn|group=note|Court charges filed by federal prosecutors against members of the Oath Keepers militia who stormed the Capitol indicated that the militiamen were updated via [[Facebook]] messages on the location of lawmakers as they were evacuated, and relayed communications such as "We have about 30–40 of us. We are sticking together and sticking to the plan" and "All members are in the tunnels under capital{{sic}} seal them in. Turn on gas".<ref name="planned attack" /><ref name="gyvWv">{{Cite web|title=U.S. v Thomas Edward Caldwell, Donovan Ray Crowl and Jessica Marie Watkins|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/u-s-v-thomas-edward-caldwell-donovan-ray-crowl-and-jessica-marie-watkins/d3e8cbfe-dad5-4286-91f6-6461638e1fc9/?tid=ss_tw|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120031741/https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/u-s-v-thomas-edward-caldwell-donovan-ray-crowl-and-jessica-marie-watkins/d3e8cbfe-dad5-4286-91f6-6461638e1fc9/?tid=ss_tw|archive-date=January 20, 2021|access-date=January 20, 2021|website=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref name="7BVNS">{{Cite web|date=January 6, 2021|title=Paramilitary group was intent on capturing Capitol, bragged about operation|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/2021/01/19/paramilitary-group-intent-capturing-capitol-bragged-operation/4221925001/|access-date=January 20, 2021|publisher=Azcentral.com}}</ref>}} [[Traditionalist Worker Party]], QAnon, the [[Groyper Army]], and [[national-anarchism]], as well as [[neo-Confederate]]s, [[Christian nationalism|Christian nationalists]] and [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]], among other far-right organizations and groups, were present during the riot.
+Meanwhile, also at 2:38, Proud Boy founder Enrique Tarrio made a public social media post writing, "Don't fucking leave." In response to a member who asked "Are we a militia yet?", Tarrio replied, "Yep... Make no mistake... We did this..."<ref name="TarrioIndict"/>
-Far-right emblematic gear was worn by some participants, including [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazi]] and [[Völkisch movement#Influence on Nazism|Völkisch]]-inspired [[Modern Paganism|neopagan]] apparel, as well as a shirt emblazoned with references to the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz–Birkenau concentration camp]] and its motto, ''[[Arbeit macht frei]]''.<ref name="6MWA"/><ref name="IsraeliJournalist"/><ref name="Watchlist"/><ref name="List1">Multiple sources:
-* {{cite news|last1=Yousef|first1=Odette|date=January 9, 2021|url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/the-bizarre-outfits-at-the-capitol-werent-just-costumes-they-were-a-message/0ac8c1d1-fcba-441f-81af-0fd34dd53383|title=The Bizarre Outfits At The Capitol Weren't Just Costumes. They Were A Message.|work=[[WBEZ]]|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111204341/https://www.wbez.org/stories/the-bizarre-outfits-at-the-capitol-werent-just-costumes-they-were-a-message/0ac8c1d1-fcba-441f-81af-0fd34dd53383|url-status=live|ref=none}}
+===QAnon follower killed by police while attempting to breach Speaker's Lobby===
-* {{Cite web|last1=Neilson|first1=Susie|last2=McFall-Johnsen|first2=Morgan|date=January 6, 2021|title=Several groups of extremists stormed the Capitol on Wednesday. Here are some of the most notable individuals, symbols, and groups.|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/hate-symbols-and-extremist-groups-at-the-us-capitol-siege-2021-1#national-anarchist-movement-n-am-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107223216/https://www.businessinsider.com/hate-symbols-and-extremist-groups-at-the-us-capitol-siege-2021-1#national-anarchist-movement-n-am-11|archive-date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=[[The Business Insider]]|ref=none}}
+{{main|Killing of Ashli Babbitt}}
-* {{cite news|last1=Adkins|first1=Laura E.|last2=Burack|first2=Emily|title=Hate on display: A guide to the symbols and signs on display at the Capitol insurrection|url=https://www.jweekly.com/2021/01/07/hate-on-display-a-guide-to-the-symbols-and-signs-on-display-at-the-capitol-insurrection/|access-date=January 8, 2021|work=[[J. The Jewish News of Northern California]]|publisher=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]|date=January 7, 2021|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108000802/https://www.jweekly.com/2021/01/07/hate-on-display-a-guide-to-the-symbols-and-signs-on-display-at-the-capitol-insurrection/|url-status=live|ref=none}}
+{{External media
-* {{cite web|title='Second revolution begins': Armed right-wing groups celebrate Capitol attack|url=https://news.yahoo.com/second-revolution-begins-armed-wing-053014168.html|date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 7, 2021|work=Yahoo! News|archive-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107183012/https://news.yahoo.com/second-revolution-begins-armed-wing-053014168.html|url-status=live|ref=none}}
+|headerimage=[[File:DOJ filing showing Ashli Babbitt and Zachary Jordan Alam in Speakers Lobby on Jan 6.jpg|200px]]
-* {{cite news|last1=Read|first1=Richard|last2=Hennessy-Fisk|first2=Molly|last3=Chabria|first3=Anita|title=Far-right extremists want to attack more capitols, but are divided after D.C. riot|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/far-right-extremists-want-to-attack-more-capitols-but-are-divided-after-dc-riot/ar-BB1cA4Q9|access-date=January 8, 2021|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 8, 2021|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108142036/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/far-right-extremists-want-to-attack-more-capitols-but-are-divided-after-dc-riot/ar-BB1cA4Q9|url-status=live|ref=none}}
+|caption=After Zachary Jordan Alam (circled in red, bottom right) smashed the window with his helmet, Ashli Babbitt (circled in red, top left) attempted to breach the Speaker's Lobby by climbing through a window toward the fleeing congress.
-* {{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/06/dc-protests-live-updates-trump-supporters-electoral-college-proud-boys/4126018001/|title=Pro-Trump rioters breach Capitol, forcing lockdown; one person shot; Pence evacuated, Senate chamber cleared out|first1=N'dea|last1=Yancey-Bragg|first2=John|last2=Bacon|first3=Will|last3=Carless|first4=Ryan W.|last4=Miller|website=USA Today|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106211223/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/06/dc-protests-live-updates-trump-supporters-electoral-college-proud-boys/4126018001/|date=January 6, 2021|url-status=live|ref=none}}
+|video1=[https://archive.org/details/nYiFQbNc65jwFYCWY?start=1993 Footage] of attempted breach of the Speaker's Lobby and subsequent shooting of Babbitt.
-* {{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/fears-as-trump-supporters-including-anti-semitic-groups-rally-in-washington/|date=January 6, 2021|title=Fears as Trump supporters, including anti-Semitic groups, rally in Washington|first=Ben|last=Sales|website=www.timesofisrael.com|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106214230/https://www.timesofisrael.com/fears-as-trump-supporters-including-anti-semitic-groups-rally-in-washington/|url-status=live|ref=none}}
-* {{cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/confederate-flag-capitol-dc/|first=Nur|last=Ibrahim|date=January 6, 2021|title=Was the Confederate Flag Raised at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.?|website=Snopes.com|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106215047/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/confederate-flag-capitol-dc/|url-status=live|ref=none}}
-* {{Cite news|last1=Biesecker|first1=Michael|last2=Kunzelman|first2=Michael|last3=Flaccus|first3=Gillian|last4=Mustian|first4=Jim|date=January 10, 2021|title=Records show fervent Trump fans fueled US Capitol takeover|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/us-capitol-trump-supporters-1806ea8dc15a2c04f2a68acd6b55cace|url-status=live|access-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111143844/https://apnews.com/article/us-capitol-trump-supporters-1806ea8dc15a2c04f2a68acd6b55cace|archive-date=January 11, 2021|quote=The insurrectionist mob that showed up at the president's behest and stormed the U.S. Capitol was overwhelmingly made up of longtime Trump supporters, including Republican Party officials, GOP political donors, far-right militants, white supremacists, members of the military and adherents of the QAnon myth that the government is secretly controlled by a cabal of Satan-worshiping pedophile cannibals. Records show that some were heavily armed and included convicted criminals, such as a Florida man recently released from prison for attempted murder.}}
-* {{cite news|last1=Jelten|first1=Tom|title=Militant Christian Nationalists Remain A Potent Force, Even After The Capitol Riot|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/19/958159202/militant-christian-nationalists-remain-a-potent-force|newspaper=NPR.org|access-date=February 7, 2021}}
-* {{Cite web|last=Makuch, Ben|date=January 7, 2021|title=Neo-Nazis Boast About Participation In Capitol Hill Invasion|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/93wnja/neo-nazis-boast-about-participation-in-capitol-hill-invasion|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020725/https://www.vice.com/en/article/93wnja/neo-nazis-boast-about-participation-in-capitol-hill-invasion|archive-date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/04/politics/anti-vaxxers-stop-the-steal-invs/index.html|title=Leaders of the anti-vaccine movement used 'Stop the Steal' crusade to advance their own conspiracy theories|publisher=CNN|last1=Devine|first1=Curt|last2=Griffin|first2=Drew|date=February 4, 2021|access-date=February 5, 2021}}
-* {{Cite news|last=Satija|first=Neena|date=January 12, 2021|title='I do regret being there': Simone Gold, noted hydroxychloroquine advocate, was inside the Capitol during the riot|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/simone-gold-capitol-riot-coronavirus/2021/01/12/d1d39e84-545f-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112184002/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/simone-gold-capitol-riot-coronavirus/2021/01/12/d1d39e84-545f-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html|archive-date=January 12, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}
-* {{Cite web|last=DAZIO|first=STEFANIE|date=January 19, 2021|title=Capitol photos, videos lead to California doctor's arrest|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/capitol-photos-videos-lead-california-doctors-arrest-75351374|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210121224731/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/capitol-photos-videos-lead-california-doctors-arrest-75351374|archive-date=January 21, 2021|access-date=January 21, 2021|website=abcnews.go.com|publisher=ABC News}}
-* {{Cite web|title=Enrique Tarrio, the Cuban-American leader of the far-right 'Proud Boys'|url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20210106-who-exactly-is-enrique-tarrio-leader-of-the-us-s-far-right-proud-boys-organisation|access-date=January 7, 2021|date=January 6, 2021|language=en|archive-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106220822/https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20210106-who-exactly-is-enrique-tarrio-leader-of-the-us-s-far-right-proud-boys-organisation|url-status=live}}
-* {{Cite web|title=Was the Confederate Flag Raised at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.?|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/confederate-flag-capitol-dc/|access-date=January 7, 2021|work=[[Snopes]]|language=en-US|archive-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106215047/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/confederate-flag-capitol-dc/|url-status=live}}
-* {{Cite web|title=Chaos ensues as Trump supporters storm Capitol, thwart Biden confirmation|url=https://news.yahoo.com/trump-supporters-storm-capitol-barricades-185238935.html|access-date=January 7, 2021}}
-* {{Cite web|title=Neo-Nazis among protesters who stormed US Capitol|url=https://nypost.com/2021/01/06/neo-nazis-among-protesters-who-stormed-us-capitol/|access-date=January 7, 2021|date=January 7, 2021|last=Fitz-Gibbon|first=Jorge}}
-* {{cite news|title=Here are the Donors to Tea Party Group that Helped Organize Pre-Riot Rally |url=https://theintercept.com/2021/01/13/capitol-riot-donors-tea-party-patriots/|work=[[The Intercept]]|date=January 13, 2021|access-date=February 19, 2021}}
-* {{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/09/us/capitol-hill-insurrection-extremist-flags-soh/index.html|title=Decoding the extremist symbols and groups at the Capitol Hill insurrection|author=Story by Mallory Simon and Sara Sidner, CNN Photo Illustrations by Priya Krishnakumar|website=CNN|date=January 9, 2021}}
-* {{cite news|title=FBI moves on alleged members of extremist groups Oath Keepers, Three Percenters|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/oath-keeper-three-percenter-arrests/2021/01/17/27e726f2-5847-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html |first1=Devlin |last1=Barrett |first2=Spencer S. |last2=Hsu |work=The Washington Post |date=January 18, 2021|access-date=January 19, 2021}}
-* {{Cite journal|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2021/0114/Capitol-assault-Why-did-police-show-up-on-both-sides-of-thin-blue-line |first=Patrik |last=Jonsson |title=Capitol assault: Why did police show up on both sides of 'thin blue line'?|date=January 14, 2021|journal=Christian Science Monitor}}
-* {{Cite news|last1=Barrett|first1=Malachi|url=https://www.mlive.com/politics/2021/01/far-right-activist-who-encouraged-us-capitol-occupation-also-organized-stop-the-steal-rally-in-michigan.html|title=Far-right activist who encouraged U.S. Capitol occupation also organized 'stop the steal' rally in Michigan|date=January 7, 2021|publisher=[[Booth Newspapers|MLive.com]]|access-date=April 16, 2021}}
-* {{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/white-supremacists-among-those-who-stormed-the-u-s-capitol-live-streamed-inside-1.9431649|title=White Supremacists Among Those Who Stormed the U.S. Capitol, Live Streamed From Inside|date=January 9, 2021|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=April 16, 2021}}</ref> Shirts with references to famous internet meme [[Pepe the Frog]] were also seen, alongside "1776" and "MAGA civil war 2021" shirts, NSC-131 stickers, Qanon and Valknot symbolism aswell as Oath Keepers and proud boys hats.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/far-right-symbols-capitol-riot/ |title=Identifying far-right symbols that appeared at the U.S. Capitol riot |date=January 15, 2021 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=October 27, 2021 }}</ref> Rioters were seen using the "OK" hand sign, a famous alt-right dog whistle. Christian imagery, including a large "Jesus saves" banner, was seen in the crowd of demonstrators.{{refn|group=note|Before the demonstrators entered the building, activist [[Jake Angeli]] called out for them to pause and join him in prayer, saying, "Thank you for allowing the United States to be reborn. We love you and we thank you. In Christ's holy name, we pray". During the prayer, many of those present removed their hats and shouted "amen" when he finished.<ref name="MilitantChristian" />}} Various other iconography was also on display, such as flags of other countries.{{refn|group=note|Witnesses reported seeing the national flags of [[Flag of Cuba|Cuba]], [[Flag of Romania|Romania]], [[Flag of India|India]], [[Flag of Israel|Israel]], [[Flag of South Vietnam|Vietnam]], [[Flag of Australia|Australia]], [[Flag of Japan|Japan]], [[Flag of Iran|Iran]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Flag of South Korea|South Korea]], [[Flag of Tonga|Tonga]], [[Flag of Mexico|Mexico]], [[Flag of Canada|Canada]], and the United States (including an upside-down version); a [[United States Marine Corps|US Marines flag]]; the flag of the fictional country of "[[Kekistan]]"; III Percenters, "Release the [[Kraken]]", Pine tree, Second Amendment, America First, and [[VDARE]] flags; altered versions of confederate, Gadsden, state, national and [[Gays for Trump]] flags; and Campaign and Army flags such as the Betsy Ross flag, Irish Brigade flags, and others.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rose|first=Emma|date=January 15, 2021|title=The Many Flags That Flew During the US Capitol's Storming and What They Represent|url=https://thewire.in/world/us-capitol-storming-flag-india-militia-groups-nationalism|url-status=live|work=The Wire (India)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115083042/https://thewire.in/world/us-capitol-storming-flag-india-militia-groups-nationalism|archive-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref>
 }}
+At 2:44{{nbsp}}p.m., law enforcement near the House Chamber was trying to "defend two fronts", and "a lot of members [of Congress] and staff that were in danger at the time".<ref name="Mullin" /><ref name="clear the capitol">{{cite web |date=April 10, 2021 |title='Clear the Capitol', Pence pleaded, timeline of riot shows |url=https://apnews.com/article/capitol-siege-army-racial-injustice-riots-only-on-ap-480e95d9d075a0a946e837c3156cdcb9 |first1=Lisa |last1=Mascaro |first2=Ben |last2=Fox |first3=Lolita C. |last3=Baldor |access-date=April 10, 2021 |website=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112074813/https://apnews.com/article/capitol-siege-army-racial-injustice-riots-only-on-ap-480e95d9d075a0a946e837c3156cdcb9 |url-status=live}}</ref> While some lawmakers remained trapped in the House gallery,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=January 5, 2022 |first=Connie |last=Schultz |title='We Were Trapped': Trauma of Jan. 6 Lingers for Lawmakers |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2022-01-05/we-were-trapped-trauma-of-jan-6-lingers-for-lawmakers |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=March 20, 2022 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320173207/https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2022-01-05/we-were-trapped-trauma-of-jan-6-lingers-for-lawmakers |url-status=live }}</ref> House members and staff from the floor were being evacuated by Capitol Police, protected from the attackers by a barricaded door with glass windows.<ref name="VideoShows" />
-After the storming, two [[White nationalism|white nationalists]] known for [[racism|racist]] and [[antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] rhetoric streamed to their online followers a video posted on social media showing a man harassing an Israeli journalist seeking to conduct a live report outside the building.<ref name="IsraeliJournalist">{{Cite web|agency=Associated Press|date=January 13, 2021|title=Anti-Semitism seen in Capitol insurrection raises alarms|url=https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20210113/news/301139930|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115173613/https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20210113/news/301139930 |first=Elana |last=Schor |archive-date=January 15, 2021|access-date=January 14, 2021|website=Daily Herald}}</ref> Some participants wore shirts bearing the abbreviation 6MWE, standing for "[[Proud Boys#6MWE|6{{nbs}}Million Wasn't Enough]]", a reference to the number of Jewish people who were murdered in [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="6MWA">{{Cite web|date=January 13, 2021|title=Man in 'Camp Auschwitz' sweatshirt at Capitol riot arrested|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/man-in-camp-auschwitz-sweatshirt-at-capitol-riot-arrested |first=Mike |last=Brest |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115173614/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/man-in-camp-auschwitz-sweatshirt-at-capitol-riot-arrested|archive-date=January 15, 2021|access-date=January 14, 2021|website=Washington Examiner}}</ref> Anti-Semitic, neo-Nazi group NSC-131 (Nationalist Social Club) was at the event, although it is unknown to what extent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=There Are White Supremacist Hate Groups Everywhere. Even In 'Blue' Mass.|url=https://www.wbur.org/cognoscenti/2021/01/13/capitol-attack-massachusetts-right-wing-extremism-janelle-dempsey-erin-fowler-oren-sellstrom |first1=Janelle |last1=Dempsey |first2=Erin |last2=Fowler |first3=Oren |last3=Sellstrom |access-date=September 19, 2021|website=[[WBUR-FM]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nationalist Social Club (NSC)|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/nationalist-social-club-nsc|access-date=September 19, 2021|website=Anti-Defamation League|language=en}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The group is more radical than other patriot groups who attended the rally. "NSC members consider themselves soldiers fighting a war against a hostile, Jewish-controlled system that is deliberately plotting the [[White genocide conspiracy theory|extinction of the white race.]]" states the [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Somos|first=Christy|date=January 8, 2021|title=These are some of the extremist groups responsible for the violence on Capitol Hill|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/these-are-some-of-the-extremist-groups-responsible-for-the-violence-on-capitol-hill-1.5259142|access-date=September 19, 2021|website=CTVNews|language=en}}</ref>}} Following the event, members of the group detailed their actions and claimed they were the "beginning of the start of White Revolution in the United States".<ref name="NationaistSocial-1">{{Cite web|last=Makuch, Ben|date=January 7, 2021|title=Neo-Nazis Boast About Participation In Capitol Hill Invasion|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/93wnja/neo-nazis-boast-about-participation-in-capitol-hill-invasion|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020725/https://www.vice.com/en/article/93wnja/neo-nazis-boast-about-participation-in-capitol-hill-invasion|archive-date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref>
+As lawmakers evacuated, an attacker smashed a glass window beside the barricaded door.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Evan |last1=Perez |first2=Katelyn |last2=Polantz |first3=Paul |last3=LeBlanc |title=Investigators recommend no charges for US Capitol Police officer accused of killing pro-Trump rioter during insurrection, sources say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/01/politics/us-capitol-police-shooting-insurrection/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=February 2, 2021 |access-date=March 19, 2021 |archive-date=November 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113181024/https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/01/politics/us-capitol-police-shooting-insurrection/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Don |last=Parker |url=https://wjla.com/news/local/dc-area-man-indicted-he-was-standing-next-to-ashli-babbitt-when-she-was-shot-in-capitol |title=DC-area man indicted. He was standing next to Ashli Babbitt when she was shot in Capitol. |publisher=WJLA-TV |date=March 11, 2021 |access-date=March 19, 2021 |archive-date=January 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103194543/https://wjla.com/news/local/dc-area-man-indicted-he-was-standing-next-to-ashli-babbitt-when-she-was-shot-in-capitol |url-status=live}}</ref> Lieutenant Michael Byrd aimed his weapon, prompting attackers to repeatedly warn "he's got a gun".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=King |first=Ledyard |title=Harrowing new footage shows how close the mob got to Pence, Congress and staff during Jan. 6 assault |date=February 10, 2021 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/02/10/trump-impeachment-trial-capitol-mob-videos-show-violence-jan-6/6712324002/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=[[USA Today]] |language=en-US |archive-date=September 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925133400/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/02/10/trump-impeachment-trial-capitol-mob-videos-show-violence-jan-6/6712324002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Police and Secret Service warned "Get back! Get down! Get out of the way!".<ref>{{cite AV media |date=January 7, 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCuIxBzylyo |title='It could have been me but she went in first' {{!}} Pro-Trump rioter saw woman shot in Capitol |publisher=[[WUSA9]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208081910/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCuIxBzylyo |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> An attacker, wearing a Trump flag as a cape, began to climb through the shattered window, prompting Lt. Byrd to fire a single shot, hitting the attacker in the shoulder.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Adams |first=Cheryle |date=April 7, 2021 |title=Medical examiner's statement |url=https://www.judicialwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/JW-v-DC-Babbitt-July-2021-records-001710-pgs-667-668.pdf |access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=Judicial Watch |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321153222/https://www.judicialwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/JW-v-DC-Babbitt-July-2021-records-001710-pgs-667-668.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.fox5dc.com/news/report-capitol-police-officer-who-fatally-shot-ashli-babbitt-formally-exonerated|title=Capitol Police officer who fatally shot Ashli Babbitt formally exonerated|date=August 20, 2021|website=FOX 5 DC|access-date=September 5, 2023|archive-date=January 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128082752/https://www.fox5dc.com/news/report-capitol-police-officer-who-fatally-shot-ashli-babbitt-formally-exonerated|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Mob members immediately began to leave the scene, making room for a Capitol Police emergency response team to administer aid. The attacker, later identified as 35-year-old [[Ashli Babbitt]], had entered the Capitol building through the breach on the upper west terrace.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2021/01/08/the-journey-of-ashli-babbitt/ |work=[[Bellingcat]] |title=The Journey of Ashli Babbitt |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108085746/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2021/01/08/the-journey-of-ashli-babbitt/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She was evacuated to [[Washington Hospital Center]] where she later died of her injury.<ref name="VideoShows" /> The shooting was recorded on several cameras, and footage was widely circulated.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wagner |first1=Dennis |last2=Daniels |first2=Melissa |last3=Hauck |first3=Grace |date=January 7, 2021 |title=California woman killed during Capitol riot was a military veteran and staunch Trump supporter |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/07/dc-riots-ashli-babbitt-killed-capitol-attack-military-veteran/6577488002/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115173623/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/07/dc-riots-ashli-babbitt-killed-capitol-attack-military-veteran/6577488002/ |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |quote=Babbitt served in the Air Force under the married name of Ashli Elizabeth McEntee ... she had been a staunch Trump supporter}}</ref>
+===Attack on the Tunnel===
+[[File:Screenshot of Officer Daniel Hodges crushed during Jan 6 attack.png|thumb|right|Officer Daniel Hodges crushed in doorway of the Tunnel circa 3:15.<ref name="fourth superseding">{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/case-multi-defendant/file/1534756/download |title=Case 1:21-cr-00040-TNM: Document 102: Fourth Superseding Indictment |work=[[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]] |access-date=September 3, 2023 |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627085743/https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/case-multi-defendant/file/1534756/download |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
+Around 3:15, MPD officer Daniel Hodges was crushed in a door while defending the Capitol tunnel from attackers. One of his attackers was sentenced to 7.5&nbsp;years in prison.<ref name="fourth superseding"/><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/national/capitol-riots/selfless-connecticut-man-who-crushed-officer-in-doorframe-asks-for-lenient-sentence-patrick-mccaughey-daniel-hodges-ridgefield-capitol-riot-jan-6/65-e8e34355-3b0d-4bea-9ec8-80f5f9042120 |work=[[WUSA (TV)|WUSA9]] |title='Selfless' Connecticut man who crushed officer in doorframe sentenced to 7.5 years in prison |date=April 13, 2023 |access-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |first=Jordan |last=Fischer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906100300/https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/national/capitol-riots/selfless-connecticut-man-who-crushed-officer-in-doorframe-asks-for-lenient-sentence-patrick-mccaughey-daniel-hodges-ridgefield-capitol-riot-jan-6/65-e8e34355-3b0d-4bea-9ec8-80f5f9042120 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC08970 (50827352796).jpg|thumb|A row of flags lining the Capitol grounds]]
-An academic analysis reported in ''[[The Atlantic]]'' found that of the 193 people so far arrested for invading the Capitol, 89 percent had no clear public connection to established far-right [[American militia movement|militias]], known white-nationalist gangs, or any other known militant organizations. "The overwhelming reason for action, cited again and again in court documents, was that arrestees were following Trump's orders to keep Congress from certifying Joe Biden as the presidential-election winner." They were older than participants in previous far-right violent demonstrations and more likely to be employed, with 40% being business owners. The researchers concluded that these "middle-aged, middle-class insurrectionists" represented "a new force in American politics{{snd}}not merely a mix of right-wing organizations, but a broader mass political movement that has violence at its core and draws strength even from places where Trump supporters are in the minority".<ref name="Atlantic">{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/02/the-capitol-rioters-arent-like-other-extremists/617895/|title=The Capitol Rioters Aren't Like Other Extremists|last1=Pape|first1=Robert A.|last2=Ruby|first2=Keven|date=February 2021|work=The Atlantic|access-date=February 3, 2021}}</ref>
+At 3:21, MPD officer [[Michael Fanone]] was pulled into the mob and assaulted—dragged down the Capitol steps, beaten with pipes, stunned with a [[Taser]], sprayed with chemical irritants, and threatened with his own sidearm.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Boboltz |first=Sara |date=2022-10-27 |title=Jan. 6 Rioter Who Grabbed Mike Fanone And Screamed 'I Got One' Gets 7.5 Years |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/albuquerque-head-mike-fanone-sentenced_n_635ace0fe4b04dfacf7dfe1b |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=[[HuffPost]] |language=en |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501081822/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/albuquerque-head-mike-fanone-sentenced_n_635ace0fe4b04dfacf7dfe1b |url-status=live }}</ref> Fanone was carried unconscious back into the tunnel.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=October 14, 2022 |title=Videos show Pelosi's reaction during the January 6 Capitol riot (1:58–2:07) |url=https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/watch/videos-show-pelosi-s-reaction-during-the-january-6-capitol-riot-150584901541 |access-date=October 14, 2022 |website=MSNBC.com |language=en |archive-date=October 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014003143/https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/watch/videos-show-pelosi-s-reaction-during-the-january-6-capitol-riot-150584901541 |url-status=live }}</ref> He suffered burns, a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]], traumatic brain injuries, and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] as a result.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hermann |first=Peter |date=December 20, 2021 |title=Fanone resigns from D.C. police force 11 months after battling rioters at Capitol |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/12/20/fanone-resigns-police-capitol-riot/ |access-date=December 21, 2021 |quote=Michael Fanone, the D.C. police officer who was dragged into a mob and beaten during the Jan. 6 attack at the U.S. Capitol and later publicly excoriated lawmakers and others who downplayed the attack, said he submitted his resignation from the force Monday. |archive-date=December 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220233014/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/12/20/fanone-resigns-police-capitol-riot/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Polantz|first1=Katelyn|last2=Lybrand|first2=Holmes|last3=Rabinowitz|first3=Hannah|date=December 1, 2021|title=Capitol rioter describes his assault of police officer|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/01/politics/capitol-rioter-assault-michael-fanone/index.html|access-date=December 21, 2021|website=[[CNN]]|quote='This is not how we back the blue. And I tased one of them,' Rodriguez said in the interview. When asked what he would tell Fanone now, Rodriguez sobbed, then muttered, with his head down: 'I'm sorry he had to go through that. It's not right that he had to suffer like that. And it puts fear in him and worrying about his life. He was scared for his own life and thought about having to kill us. And he was willing to die because of his beliefs, too.'|archive-date=December 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221160121/https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/01/politics/capitol-rioter-assault-michael-fanone/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="washingtonian" /> One of the men who attacked Fanone with a stun gun was sentenced to 12.5&nbsp;years in prison.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Lybrand |first=Holmes |date=2023-06-21 |title=Man who used a stun gun to attack Michael Fanone on January 6 sentenced to over 12 years in prison |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/21/politics/michael-fanone-daniel-rodriguez-january-6-sentenced/index.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628193252/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/21/politics/michael-fanone-daniel-rodriguez-january-6-sentenced/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The [[Associated Press]] reviewed public and online records of more than 120 participants after the storming and found that many of them shared conspiracy theories about the 2020 presidential election on social media and had also believed other QAnon and "deep state" conspiracy theories. Additionally, several had threatened Democratic and Republican politicians before the storming.<ref name="ap-records-show-bkfm" /> The event was described as "[[Extremely Online]]", with "pro-Trump internet personalities" and fans streaming live footage while taking selfies.<ref name="LiveStream-1">{{Cite web|title=CNN's Elle Reeve: 'Donald Trump plus the Internet brings extremism to the masses'|url=https://www.weny.com/story/43149645/cnns-elle-reeve-donald-trump-plus-the-internet-brings-extremism-to-the-masses|url-status=dead |first=Brian |last=Stelter |date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020731/https://www.weny.com/story/43149645/cnns-elle-reeve-donald-trump-plus-the-internet-brings-extremism-to-the-masses |archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=www.weny.com}}</ref><ref name="hQwDQ">{{Cite web|last=Penzenstadler|first=Nick|title=Internet detectives swarmed the effort to ID Capitol riot mob, with mixed results|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2021/01/14/internet-detectives-swarm-effort-id-capitol-riot-mob/6643515002/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121222221/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2021/01/14/internet-detectives-swarm-effort-id-capitol-riot-mob/6643515002/ |date=January 14, 2021 |archive-date=January 21, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=USA TODAY}}</ref>
+By 3:39{{nbsp}}p.m., fully-equipped riot officers from Virginia had arrived at the Capitol and began{{when|date=September 2023}} defending the tunnel,<ref name="MendozaLinderman20210305" /> using flashbang munitions to clear the area of attackers.
-[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol 2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09265-2 (50821579347).jpg|thumb|left|Rioters outside the Capitol shortly after Congress was evacuated]]
+=== Police clear the Capitol and Congress reconvenes ===
-Some military personnel participated in the riot;<ref name="ap-records-show-bkfm" /> the Department of Defense is investigating members on active and reserve duty who may have been involved in the riot.<ref name="4O1FG">{{Cite news|last1=Myers|first1=Meghann|last2=Shane III|first2=Leo|last3=South|first3=Todd|last4=Rempfer|first4=Kyle|date=January 11, 2021|title=How many troops were involved in the Capitol riot? Figuring that out won't be easy|work=Military Times|url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2021/01/11/how-many-troops-were-involved-in-the-capitol-riot-figuring-that-out-wont-be-easy/|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112135210/https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2021/01/11/how-many-troops-were-involved-in-the-capitol-riot-figuring-that-out-wont-be-easy/|archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name="OvGbX">{{Cite news|last=Vanden Brook|first=Tom|date=January 11, 2021|title=In wake of Capitol riot, active-duty Army officer under investigation|work=USA Today|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/11/capitol-riot-calls-grow-pentagon-probe-troop-participation/6626102002/|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114223510/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/11/capitol-riot-calls-grow-pentagon-probe-troop-participation/6626102002/|archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> An analysis by [[NPR|National Public Radio]] showed that nearly 20% of defendants charged in relation to the attack served in the military; in the general population, 7% of all American adults are veterans.<ref name="pl2PJ">{{Cite news|last1=Driesbach|first1=Tom|last2=Anderson|first2=Meg|date=January 21, 2021|title=Nearly 1 In 5 Defendants In Capitol Riot Cases Served In The Military|language=en|work=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/21/958915267/nearly-one-in-five-defendants-in-capitol-riot-cases-served-in-the-military|url-status=live|access-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121200545/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/21/958915267/nearly-one-in-five-defendants-in-capitol-riot-cases-served-in-the-military|archive-date=January 21, 2021}}</ref> Police officers and a police chief from departments in multiple states are under investigation for their alleged involvement in the riot.<ref name="OAMF2">{{Cite news|last=Bellware|first=Kim|date=January 9, 2021|title=Police departments across the U.S. open probes into whether their own members took part in the Capitol riot|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2021/01/09/investigating-police-rioters/|url-status=live|access-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110033606/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2021/01/09/investigating-police-rioters/|archive-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref> As of January 25, at least 39 law enforcement officers are suspected of participating in Trump's pre-riot rally, or joining the Capitol riots, or both.<ref name="rqSzR">{{cite web|url=https://theappeal.org/the-cops-at-the-capitol/|title=The Cops at the Capitol|date=January 13, 2021|access-date=February 5, 2021|work=The Appeal|first=Jonathan|last=Ben-Menachem}}</ref> Two Capitol Police officers were suspended, one for directing rioters inside the building while wearing a [[Make America Great Again]] hat, and the other for taking a selfie with a rioter.<ref name="6dO1S">{{Cite news|last1=Stelloh|first1=Tim|last2=Moe|first2=Alex|last3=Talbot|first3=Haley|date=January 11, 2021|title=2 Capitol police officers suspended, 1 possibly arrested over pro-Trump riot, congressman says|work=NBC news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/2-capitol-police-officers-suspended-one-possibly-arrested-over-pro-n1253822|url-status=live|access-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111233135/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/2-capitol-police-officers-suspended-one-possibly-arrested-over-pro-n1253822|archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref><ref name="OfficersFired">{{Cite news|last1=Nickeas|first1=Peter|last2=Grayer|first2=Annie|last3=Nobles|first3=Ryan|author-link3=Ryan Nobles|date=January 12, 2021|title=2 Capitol Police officers suspended and at least 10 more under investigation for alleged roles in riot|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/11/politics/capitol-police-officers-suspended-tim-ryan/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113193555/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/11/politics/capitol-police-officers-suspended-tim-ryan/index.html|archive-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol 15.jpg|thumb|Reinforcements guard the Capitol after rioters were pushed out of the building.|alt=A photo taken near dusk of the Capitol building. A large Trump flag is hung on a railing. Protestors are still remain, and a small line of police officers yield shields.]]
+A combined force of Capitol Police and Metropolitan Police began a joint operation to clear the Capitol. By 2:49, the Crypt was cleared, and the mob outside the Speaker's Lobby was cleared by 2:57. At 3:25, law enforcement, including a line of MPD officers in full riot gear, proceeded to clear the Rotunda; and by 3:40, rioters had mostly been pushed out onto West Plaza.<ref name="final report"/>{{rp|ch 8}}
-Anti-vaccine activists and conspiracy theorists were also present at the rally.<ref name="oRufB">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/04/politics/anti-vaxxers-stop-the-steal-invs/index.html|title=Leaders of the anti-vaccine movement used 'Stop the Steal' crusade to advance their own conspiracy theories|publisher=CNN|last1=Devine|first1=Curt|last2=Griffin|first2=Drew|date=February 4, 2021|access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref> Members of the right-wing Tea Party Patriots-backed group [[America's Frontline Doctors]], including founder [[Simone Gold]] and its communications director, were arrested.<ref name="T9uw3">{{Cite news|last=Satija|first=Neena|date=January 12, 2021|title='I do regret being there': Simone Gold, noted hydroxychloroquine advocate, was inside the Capitol during the riot|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/simone-gold-capitol-riot-coronavirus/2021/01/12/d1d39e84-545f-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112184002/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/simone-gold-capitol-riot-coronavirus/2021/01/12/d1d39e84-545f-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html|archive-date=January 12, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="L6gFD">{{Cite web|last=DAZIO|first=STEFANIE|date=January 19, 2021|title=Capitol photos, videos lead to California doctor's arrest|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/capitol-photos-videos-lead-california-doctors-arrest-75351374|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210121224731/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/capitol-photos-videos-lead-california-doctors-arrest-75351374|archive-date=January 21, 2021|access-date=January 21, 2021|website=abcnews.go.com|publisher=ABC News}}</ref>
+At 4:22&nbsp;p.m., Trump issued a video message to supporters on social media, finally telling them to "go home".<ref name="Hill Trump video" /><ref name="APTimeline" /> At 5:08, Army senior leaders relayed to Major General Walker the secretary of defense's permission to deploy the DC National Guard to the Capitol; The first contingent of 155 Guard members, dressed in riot gear, began arriving at the Capitol at 5:20.<ref name="clear the capitol"/><ref name="CohenKaufmanLiebermann20210303" /> By 6&nbsp;p.m., the building was cleared of rioters, and bomb squads swept the Capitol.
-=== State lawmakers ===
-At least nineteen Republican current and former [[State legislature (United States)|state legislators]] were present at the event.{{refn|group=note|These include West Virginia State Senator [[Mike Azinger]], Nevada State Assemblywoman [[Annie Black]], Virginia State Senator [[Amanda Chase]], Maryland Delegate [[Daniel L. Cox]], Alaska State Representative [[David Eastman (politician)|David Eastman]], West Virginia Delegate [[Derrick Evans (politician)|Derrick Evans]], Colorado State Representative-elect [[Ron Hanks]], Missouri State Representative [[Justin Hill (politician)|Justin Hill]], Arizona State Representative [[Mark Finchem]], Virginia State Delegate [[Dave LaRock]], Virginia State Delegate [[John McGuire (Virginia politician)|John McGuire]], Michigan State Representative [[Matt Maddock]], Pennsylvania State Senator [[Doug Mastriano]], Illinois State Representative [[Chris Miller (politician)|Chris Miller]], Rhode Island State Representative [[Justin K. Price]], and Tennessee Representative [[Terri Lynn Weaver]], as well as outgoing Georgia State Representative [[Vernon Jones]] (a former Democrat who announced at the rally that he had joined the Republican Party), outgoing Arizona State Representative [[Anthony Kern]], and former Pennsylvania State Representative [[Rick Saccone]].}} All denied participating in acts of violence.<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/01/a-list-of-the-lawmakers-who-joined-pro-trump-crowds-on-the-day-of-the-capitol-riot/ |date=January 16, 2021 |title=A list of all the lawmakers who joined pro-Trump crowds on the day of the Capitol riot|first=Dan|last=Spinelli|access-date=February 5, 2021}}
-* {{Cite news|last=Dil|first=Cuneyt|date=January 7, 2021|title=Local lawmakers from several states joined, observed riot at US Capitol|work=[[WWL-TV]]|agency=Associated Press|location=Charleston, W.Va.|url=https://www.wwltv.com/article/news/nation-world/west-virginia-lawmaker-among-rioters/507-081d6ef7-3bea-4c1a-97e1-73ff88ae350d|url-status=live|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107185722/https://www.wwltv.com/article/news/nation-world/west-virginia-lawmaker-among-rioters/507-081d6ef7-3bea-4c1a-97e1-73ff88ae350d|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}
-* {{Cite news|last=Haas|first=Greg|date=January 8, 2021|title=Democrats call for Nevada Republican Annie Black to resign Assembly seat|work=[[KLAS-TV|8 News Now]]|url=https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/democrats-call-for-nevada-republican-annie-black-to-resign-assembly-seat/|url-status=live|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110025002/https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/democrats-call-for-nevada-republican-annie-black-to-resign-assembly-seat/|archive-date=January 10, 2021}}
-* {{Cite web|date=January 10, 2021|title=After 'traitor' tweet, Maryland state Del. Cox denounces 'mob violence' at Capitol|url=https://wtop.com/local-politics-elections-news/2021/01/after-traitor-tweet-cox-denounces-mob-violence-at-u-s-capitol/ |first=Hannah |last=Gaskill |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110100123/https://wtop.com/local-politics-elections-news/2021/01/after-traitor-tweet-cox-denounces-mob-violence-at-u-s-capitol/|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021|website=WTOP}}
-* {{Cite web|date=January 11, 2021|title=Over a dozen lawmakers joined crowds on day of Capitol riot|url=https://wtop.com/national/2021/01/over-a-dozen-lawmakers-joined-crowds-on-day-of-capitol-riot/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112043026/https://wtop.com/national/2021/01/over-a-dozen-lawmakers-joined-crowds-on-day-of-capitol-riot/|archive-date=January 12, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2021|website=WTOP}}
-* {{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=Patrick |date=August 19, 2021 |title=Challenger to Goochland lawmaker criticizes his presence outside Capitol at Jan. 6 insurrection |url=https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/challenger-to-goochland-lawmaker-criticizes-his-presence-outside-capitol-at-jan-6-insurrection/article_74e560bc-856f-59fb-9d34-8289733bd2f0.html |url-status=live |work=[[Richmond Times-Dispatch]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820180340/https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/challenger-to-goochland-lawmaker-criticizes-his-presence-outside-capitol-at-jan-6-insurrection/article_74e560bc-856f-59fb-9d34-8289733bd2f0.html |archive-date=August 20, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref>
+At 8:06&nbsp;p.m., Pence called the Senate back into session, and at 9&nbsp;p.m., Pelosi did the same in the House. After debating and voting down two objections, Congress voted to confirm Biden's electoral college win at 3:24&nbsp;a.m.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leonnig |first1=Carol |last2=Rucker |first2=Philip |title-link=I Alone Can Fix It |title=I Alone Can Fix It: Donald J. Trump's Catastrophic Final Year |pages=481–484 |publisher=Penguin Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780593300626 }}</ref>
-West Virginia Delegate [[Derrick Evans (politician)|Derrick Evans]] filmed himself entering the Capitol alongside rioters. On January{{nbs}}8, he was charged by federal authorities with entering a restricted area;<ref name="JYao6">{{Cite news|last=Buchanan|first=Joe|title=W.Va. Delegate Derrick Evans has been federally charged|work=[[WDTV]]|url=https://www.wdtv.com/2021/01/08/wva-delegate-derrick-evans-has-been-federally-charged/ |date=January 8, 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108191131/https://www.wdtv.com/2021/01/08/wva-delegate-derrick-evans-has-been-federally-charged/|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> he resigned from the House of Delegates the next day.<ref name="resigns">{{Cite web|last=McElhinny|first=Brad|date=January 9, 2021|title=Derrick Evans resigns W.Va. House after entering U.S. Capitol with mob|url=https://wvmetronews.com/2021/01/09/derrick-evans-resigns-w-va-house-after-entering-u-s-capitol-with-mob|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109205740/https://wvmetronews.com/2021/01/09/derrick-evans-resigns-w-va-house-after-entering-u-s-capitol-with-mob/|archive-date=January 9, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=[[West Virginia MetroNews]]}}</ref> Amanda Chase was censured by the Virginia State Senate for her actions surrounding the event;<ref name="YUagc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.virginiamercury.com/2021/01/27/a-badge-of-shame-virginia-senate-votes-to-censure-amanda-chase/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129121853/https://www.virginiamercury.com/2021/01/27/a-badge-of-shame-virginia-senate-votes-to-censure-amanda-chase/ |archive-date=January 29, 2021 |url-status=live |work=[[States Newsroom|Virginia Mercury]] |first=Graham |last=Moomaw |title='A badge of shame': Virginia Senate votes to censure Amanda Chase|date=January 27, 2021|access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref> in response she filed a federal lawsuit against that body.<ref name="UizDz">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsls.com/news/2021/02/01/sen-amanda-chase-files-civil-rights-complaint-against-virginia-senate-after-censure/|title=Sen. Amanda Chase files federal lawsuit against Virginia Senate after censure|first=Samantha|last=Smith|date=February 1, 2021|website=WSLS|access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref> In May 2021, months after the riot, [[crowdsourcing|crowdsourced]] video analysis identified Doug Mastriano and his wife passing through a breached Capitol Police barricade, contradicting his previous claims; Mastriano dismissed these accusations as the work of "angry partisans" who were "foot soldiers of the ruling elite".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roebuck|first1=Jeremy|last2=Seidman|first2=Andrew|date=May 25, 2021|title=Pa. GOP lawmaker Doug Mastriano says he left the Capitol area before the riot. New videos say otherwise.|url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/doug-mastriano-capitol-riot-pennslyvania-video-20210525.html|url-status=live|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526131656/https://www.inquirer.com/news/doug-mastriano-capitol-riot-pennslyvania-video-20210525.html|archive-date=May 26, 2021|access-date=May 26, 2021}}</ref>
+==Federal officials' conduct==
-Former United States Representative [[Dana Rohrabacher]] ([[California's 48th congressional district|CA-48]]) was filmed joining a crowd that breached a Capitol Police barricade on January 6; Rohrabacher was not charged with an offense.<ref name=2021Capitol>{{cite news |last=Staggs |first=Brooke |date=June 14, 2021 |title=Dana Rohrabacher breached Capitol police barricades on Jan. 6 |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2021/06/14/dana-rohrabacher-breached-capitol-police-barricades-on-jan-6/ |work=[[Orange County Register]] |access-date=June 15, 2021}}</ref>
 === Trump's conduct ===
-{{further|Domestic reactions to the 2021 United States Capitol attack#President Trump}}
+{{further|Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack#President Trump}}
+{{see also|False or misleading statements by Donald Trump#January 6 attack}}
 [[File:Trump remarks on Capitol storming, January 6 2021 0417PM EST.webm|thumb|Statement by Donald Trump during the conflict, two hours after the building had been breached]]
-Trump was in the [[West Wing]] of the White House at the time of the attack.<ref name="C4PdP">{{Cite news|last1=Parker|first1=Ashley|last2=Dawsey|first2=Josh|last3=Rucker|first3=Philip|date=January 11, 2021|title=Six hours of paralysis: Inside Trump's failure to act after a mob stormed the Capitol|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-mob-failure/2021/01/11/36a46e2e-542e-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112013022/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-mob-failure/2021/01/11/36a46e2e-542e-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html|archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref> He was "initially pleased" when his supporters breached the Capitol and refused to intercede.<ref name="auto14">{{Cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Peter|last2=Haberman|first2=Maggie|date=January 8, 2021|title=Capitol Attack Leads Democrats to Demand That Trump Leave Office|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/us/politics/trump-leave-office-resignation.html|url-status=live|url-access=registration|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108030056/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/us/politics/trump-leave-office-resignation.html|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> Staffers reported that Trump had been "impossible to talk to throughout the day".<ref name="Ti9oX">{{Cite news|last=Acosta|first=Jim|date=January 6, 2021|title=Senior White House Correspondant|work=CNN|agency=Internet Archive|issue=The Presidential Election Congress Counts the Vote|url=https://archive.org/details/CNNW_20210106_200000_The_Presidential_Election_Congress_Counts_the_Vote/start/13560/end/13620|access-date=January 27, 2021}}</ref> Concerned that Trump may have committed treason through his actions, [[White House Counsel]] [[Pat Cipollone]] reportedly advised administration officials to avoid contact with Trump and ignore any illegal orders that could further incite the attack to limit their prosecutorial liability under the [[Sedition Act of 1918]].<ref name="7qqex">{{Cite news|last=Sherman|first=Gabriel|author-link=Gabriel Sherman|date=January 7, 2021|title="They're Being Told to Stay Away from Trump": After a Day of Violence and 25th Amendment Chatter, Trump's Allies are Jumping Ship|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/01/after-a-day-of-violence-and-25th-amendment-chatter-trumps-allies-jumping-ship|url-status=live|access-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109133440/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/01/after-a-day-of-violence-and-25th-amendment-chatter-trumps-allies-jumping-ship|archive-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref>
+Trump was in the [[West Wing]] of the White House at the time of the attack.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Ashley |last2=Dawsey |first2=Josh |last3=Rucker |first3=Philip |date=January 11, 2021 |title=Six hours of paralysis: Inside Trump's failure to act after a mob stormed the Capitol |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-mob-failure/2021/01/11/36a46e2e-542e-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112013022/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-mob-failure/2021/01/11/36a46e2e-542e-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html |archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref> He was "initially pleased" and refused to intercede when his supporters breached the Capitol.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Capitol Attack Leads Democrats to Demand That Trump Leave Office |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/us/politics/trump-leave-office-resignation.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108030056/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/us/politics/trump-leave-office-resignation.html |archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> Staffers reported that Trump had been "impossible to talk to throughout the day".<ref>{{cite news |last=Acosta |first=Jim |author-link=Jim Acosta |date=January 6, 2021 |title=The Presidential Election Congress Counts the Vote |url=https://archive.org/details/CNNW_20210106_200000_The_Presidential_Election_Congress_Counts_the_Vote/start/13560/end/13620 |access-date=January 27, 2021 |work=[[CNN]] |issue= |agency=Internet Archive}}</ref> Concerned that Trump may have committed treason through his actions, [[White House Counsel|White House counsel]] [[Pat Cipollone]] reportedly advised administration officials to avoid contact with Trump and ignore any illegal orders that could further incite the attack, in order to limit their prosecutorial liability under the [[Sedition Act of 1918]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sherman |first=Gabriel |author-link=Gabriel Sherman |date=January 7, 2021 |title='They're Being Told to Stay Away from Trump': After a Day of Violence and 25th Amendment Chatter, Trump's Allies are Jumping Ship |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/01/after-a-day-of-violence-and-25th-amendment-chatter-trumps-allies-jumping-ship |url-status=live |access-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109133440/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/01/after-a-day-of-violence-and-25th-amendment-chatter-trumps-allies-jumping-ship |archive-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref>
-Shortly after 2:00{{nbsp}}p.m. EST, as the riot was ongoing and after Senators had been evacuated, Trump placed calls to Republican Senators (first [[Mike Lee (American politician)|Mike Lee]] of Utah, then Tommy Tuberville of Alabama), asking them to make more objections to the counting of the electoral votes to try to overturn the election.<ref name="AsRiotRaged"/> At 2:47{{nbsp}}p.m., as his supporters violently clashed with police at the Capitol, Trump tweeted, "Please support our Capitol Police and Law Enforcement. They are truly on the side of our Country. Stay peaceful!"<ref name="APTimeline">{{cite news|date=January 6, 2021|title=Associated Press Timeline of events at the Capitol, 4 dead|website=[[WWSB]]|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.mysuncoast.com/2021/01/06/associated-press-timeline-events-capitol/|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020626/https://www.mysuncoast.com/2021/01/06/associated-press-timeline-events-capitol/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' later reported that Trump did not want to include the words "stay peaceful".<ref name="wp-six-hours-paralysis">{{cite news|last1=Parker|first1=Ashley|last2=Dawsey|first2=Josh|last3=Rucker|first3=Philip|date=January 11, 2021|title=Six hours of paralysis: Inside Trump's failure to act after a mob stormed the Capitol|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-mob-failure/2021/01/11/36a46e2e-542e-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112013022/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-mob-failure/2021/01/11/36a46e2e-542e-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Pence was evacuated by the Secret Service from the Senate chamber around 2:13.<ref name="AsRiotRaged" /><ref name="CcxUk">{{Cite tweet |last=Lowell |first=Hugo |author-link=Hugo Lowell |date=February 13, 2021 |title=Sen. Lee call record clearly shows, per source, that Trump called at 2:46p — after Pence had been evacuated at 2:15p — and must have known that his VP was in danger before he tweeted attack at Pence. |user=hugolowell |number=1360652431605039115 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213181010/https://twitter.com/hugolowell/status/1360652431605039115 |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |access-date=|website=Twitter}}</ref>
+Shortly after 2:00&nbsp;p.m. EST, as the attack was ongoing and after Senators had been evacuated, Trump placed calls to Republican senators (first [[Mike Lee]] of Utah, then Tommy Tuberville of Alabama), asking them to make more objections to the counting of the electoral votes.<ref name="AsRiotRaged"/> Pence was evacuated by the Secret Service from the Senate chamber around 2:13.<ref name="AsRiotRaged" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1360652431605039115 |user=hugolowell |title=Sen. Lee call record clearly shows, per source, that Trump called at 2:46p – after Pence had been evacuated at 2:15p – and must have known that his VP was in danger before he tweeted attack at Pence. |author-link=Hugo Lowell |date=February 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213181010/https://twitter.com/hugolowell/status/1360652431605039115 |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |access-date=5 January 2024 |last=Lowell |first=Hugo}}</ref> At 2:47&nbsp;p.m., as Trump's supporters violently clashed with police at the Capitol, Trump's account tweeted, "Please support our Capitol Police and Law Enforcement. They are truly on the side of our Country. Stay peaceful!";<ref name="APTimeline">{{cite news |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Associated Press Timeline of events at the Capitol, 4 dead |website=[[WWSB]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.mysuncoast.com/2021/01/06/associated-press-timeline-events-capitol/ |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020626/https://www.mysuncoast.com/2021/01/06/associated-press-timeline-events-capitol/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' later reported that Trump did not want to include the words "stay peaceful".<ref name="wp-six-hours-paralysis">{{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Ashley |last2=Dawsey |first2=Josh |last3=Rucker |first3=Philip |date=January 11, 2021 |title=Six hours of paralysis: Inside Trump's failure to act after a mob stormed the Capitol |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-mob-failure/2021/01/11/36a46e2e-542e-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112013022/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-mob-failure/2021/01/11/36a46e2e-542e-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It later emerged that this message was sent by Deputy Chief of Staff [[Dan Scavino]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/special-counsel-probe-uncovers-new-details-trumps-inaction/story?id=106131854 |title=Special counsel probe uncovers new details about Trump's inaction on Jan. 6: Sources |website=[[ABC News]] |date=7 January 2024 |first1=Katherine |last1=Faulders |first2=Mike |last2=Levine |first3=Alexander |last3=Mallin |first4=Will |last4=Steakin |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=January 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109062058/https://abcnews.go.com/US/special-counsel-probe-uncovers-new-details-trumps-inaction/story?id=106131854 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-By 3:10, pressure was building on Trump to condemn supporters engaged in the riots. By 3:25, Trump tweeted, "I am asking for everyone at the U.S. Capitol to remain peaceful. No violence! Remember, WE are the Party of Law & Order{{snd}}respect the Law and our great men and women in Blue", but he refused to call upon the crowd to disperse.<ref name="APTimeline" /> By 3:40, several congressional Republicans called upon Trump to more specifically condemn violence and to tell his supporters to end the occupation of the Capitol.<ref name="jZ6dF">{{Cite web|agency=Associated Press|date=January 6, 2021|title=Amid violence, Trump says, 'Remember this day forever!'|url=https://www.kcbd.com/2021/01/06/trump-tells-backers-go-home-after-capitol-stormed/|access-date=February 13, 2021|website=KCBD|language=en-US|archive-date=February 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202162443/https://www.kcbd.com/2021/01/06/trump-tells-backers-go-home-after-capitol-stormed/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="99mOB">{{Cite web|last1=Gangel|first1=Jamie|last2=Liptak|first2=Kevin|last3=Warren|first3=Michael|last4=Cohen|first4=Marshall|date=February 12, 2021|title=New details about Trump-McCarthy shouting match show Trump refused to call off the rioters|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/12/politics/trump-mccarthy-shouting-match-details/index.html|access-date=February 13, 2021|website=CNN}}</ref>
+During the attack, Chief of Staff [[Mark Meadows]] received messages from Donald Trump&nbsp;Jr., as well as Fox News hosts [[Sean Hannity]], [[Laura Ingraham]], and [[Brian Kilmeade]], urging him to tell Trump to condemn the mayhem, or risk destroying his legacy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Breuninger |first=Kevin |date=December 13, 2021 |title=Jan. 6 panel recommends contempt for Meadows, reveals panicked texts from Trump Jr., Fox hosts over riot |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/13/jan-6-panel-votes-for-house-to-hold-trump-aide-mark-meadows-in-contempt.html |access-date=December 14, 2021 |website=[[CNBC]] |language=en |archive-date=December 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214024727/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/13/jan-6-panel-votes-for-house-to-hold-trump-aide-mark-meadows-in-contempt.html |url-status=live}}</ref> By 3:10, pressure was building on Trump to condemn supporters engaged in the attack. By 3:25, Trump tweeted, "I am asking for everyone at the U.S. Capitol to remain peaceful. No violence! Remember, WE are the Party of Law & Order{{snd}}respect the Law and our great men and women in Blue", but he refused to call upon the crowd to disperse.<ref name="APTimeline" /> By 3:40, several congressional Republicans called upon Trump to more specifically condemn violence and to tell his supporters to end the occupation of the Capitol.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Alexandra |last1=Jaffe |first2=Kevin |last2=Freking |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Amid violence, Trump says, 'Remember this day forever!' |url=https://www.kcbd.com/2021/01/06/trump-tells-backers-go-home-after-capitol-stormed/ |access-date=February 13, 2021 |website=KCBD |language=en-US |archive-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202162443/https://www.kcbd.com/2021/01/06/trump-tells-backers-go-home-after-capitol-stormed/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Gangel|first1=Jamie|last2=Liptak|first2=Kevin|last3=Warren|first3=Michael|last4=Cohen|first4=Marshall|date=February 12, 2021|title=New details about Trump-McCarthy shouting match show Trump refused to call off the rioters|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/12/politics/trump-mccarthy-shouting-match-details/index.html|access-date=February 13, 2021|website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>
-By 3:50&nbsp;p.m., White House Press Secretary [[Kayleigh McEnany]] said the National Guard and "other federal protective services" had been deployed.<ref name="APTimeline" /> At 4:06&nbsp;p.m. on national television, President-elect Biden called for President Trump to end the riot. At 4:22&nbsp;p.m., Trump issued a video message on social media that Twitter, Facebook, and [[YouTube]] later took down. In it, he praised his supporters and repeated his claims of electoral fraud.<ref name="Hill Trump video" /><ref name="APTimeline" /> At 6:25&nbsp;p.m., Trump tweeted: "These are the things and events that happen when a sacred landslide election victory is so unceremoniously & viciously stripped away from great patriots who have been badly & unfairly treated for so long" and then issued a call: "Go home with love & in peace. Remember this day forever!"<ref name="Durkee" /><ref name="APTimeline" /><ref name="Gearan">{{Cite news|last1=Gearan|first1=Anne|last2=Dawsey|first2=Josh|date=January 7, 2021|title=Trump issued a call to arms. Then he urged his followers 'to remember this day forever!'|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-election-capitol-building/2021/01/06/3e9af194-5031-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210107015645/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-election-capitol-building/2021/01/06/3e9af194-5031-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> At 7:00, Rudy Giuliani placed a second call to Lee's number and left a voicemail intended for Tuberville urging him to make more objections to the electoral votes as part of a bid "to try to just slow it down".<ref name="AsRiotRaged" />
+At some point on January 6, Trump formally withdrew his nomination of acting DHS secretary [[Chad Wolf]], transmitting his withdrawal to the Senate.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/22|title=PN22 – Chad F. Wolf – Department of Homeland Security|website=U.S. Congress|date=January 6, 2021|access-date=2021-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/three-nominations-one-withdrawal-sent-senate-010721/ |title=Three Nominations and One Withdrawal Sent to the Senate |date=2021-01-07 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date=2021-01-07 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407053022/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/three-nominations-one-withdrawal-sent-senate-010721/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Oma |last=Seddiq |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-election-dhs/white-house-withdraws-nomination-of-wolf-to-head-dhs-idUSKBN29C2EG/ |title=White House withdraws nomination of Wolf to head DHS |date=2021-01-08 |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=2021-01-08 |archive-date=April 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404142756/https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-election-dhs/white-house-withdraws-nomination-of-wolf-to-head-dhs-idUSKBN29C2EG/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.businessinsider.com/acting-dhs-secretary-chad-wolf-urges-trump-to-condemn-violence-2021-1/|title=Trump withdraws nomination for acting DHS secretary Chad Wolf, who had pushed the president to denounce the violence at the Capitol|date=2021-01-08|website=[[Reuters]]|access-date=2021-01-08}}</ref>
+By 3:50&nbsp;p.m., White House press secretary [[Kayleigh McEnany]] said that the National Guard and "other federal protective services" had been deployed.<ref name="APTimeline" /> At 4:06&nbsp;p.m. on national television, President-elect Biden called for President Trump to end the attack. At 4:22&nbsp;p.m., Trump issued a video message on social media that Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube later took down. In it, he repeated his claims of electoral fraud, praised his supporters, and told them to "go home".<ref name="Hill Trump video" /><ref name="APTimeline" /> At 6:25&nbsp;p.m., Trump tweeted: "These are the things and events that happen when a sacred landslide election victory is so unceremoniously & viciously stripped away from great patriots who have been badly & unfairly treated for so long" and then issued a call: "Go home with love & in peace. Remember this day forever!".<ref name="Durkee" /><ref name="APTimeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gearan |first1=Anne |last2=Dawsey |first2=Josh |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Trump issued a call to arms. Then he urged his followers 'to remember this day forever!' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-election-capitol-building/2021/01/06/3e9af194-5031-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210107015645/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-election-capitol-building/2021/01/06/3e9af194-5031-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html |archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> At 7:00, Rudy Giuliani placed a second call to Lee's number and left a voicemail intended for Tuberville, urging him to make more objections to the electoral votes as part of a bid "to try to just slow it down".<ref name="AsRiotRaged" />
+====Inflammatory speech while knowing of weapons====
+During the "Save America" rally, Trump delivered a speech filled with violent imagery, despite knowing that some of his supporters were armed. He demanded that armed supporters be allowed to enter the rally, and later instructed the crowd to march on the US Capitol.<ref name="SavageWhatTrumpTold"/><ref name="Pengelly_6/28/2022" /> In a December 21, 2021, statement, Trump falsely called the attack a "completely unarmed protest". The Department of Justice said in a January 2022 official statement that over 75 people had been charged, in relation to the attack, with entering a restricted area while armed with "a dangerous or deadly weapon", including some armed with guns, stun guns, knives, batons, baseball bats, axes, and chemical sprays.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dale |first1=Daniel |last2=Cohen |first2=Marshall |title=Fact check: Five enduring lies about the Capitol insurrection |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/04/politics/fact-check-capitol-insurrection-january-6-lies/index.html |agency=[[CNN]] |date=January 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622093422/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/04/politics/fact-check-capitol-insurrection-january-6-lies/index.html |archive-date=June 22, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to testimony from Trump White House aide Cassidy Hutchinson, a Secret Service official had warned Trump that protestors were carrying weapons, but Trump wanted the [[magnetometer]]s used to detect metallic weapons removed so armed supporters could enter the rally.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayorquin |first=Orlando |title=What are 'mags,' and why did ex-Meadows aide bring them up at the Jan. 6 hearings? |website=[[USA Today]] |date=June 28, 2022 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/06/28/magnetometer-mags-definition-trump-january-6/7759067001/ |access-date=August 26, 2022 |archive-date=August 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826032606/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/06/28/magnetometer-mags-definition-trump-january-6/7759067001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Hutchinson, when warned, Trump said:
+{{blockquote|I don't fucking care that they have weapons, they're not here to hurt me. They're not here to hurt me. Take the fucking mags away. Let my people in. They can march to the Capitol from here, let the people in and take the mags away.<ref name="Pengelly_6/28/2022">{{cite news |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |title=Trump knew crowd at rally was armed yet demanded they be allowed to march |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 28, 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jun/28/trump-jan-6-rally-guns-capitol-attack |access-date=August 26, 2022 |archive-date=August 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826032606/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jun/28/trump-jan-6-rally-guns-capitol-attack |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
+====Allegation that he assaulted a Secret Service driver====
+In June 2022, Cassidy Hutchinson testified that she was told by then-[[White House deputy chief of staff]] [[Anthony Ornato|Tony Ornato]] that after Trump got into the presidential [[SUV]] following his rally, hoping to drive to the Capitol as his supporters marched there, his lead [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent Robert Engel told him it was too dangerous and informed him they were returning to the White House. Hutchinson said Ornato told her Trump became irate, attempted to grab the steering wheel of the vehicle, and lunged at Engel's [[clavicle]].<ref name="sixth">{{cite news |last1=Vogt |first1=Adrienne |last2=Hammond |first2=Elise |last3=Sangal |first3=Aditi |last4=Macaya |first4=Melissa |last5=Hayes |first5=Mike |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Jan. 6 committee holds sixth hearing |website=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/january-6-hearings-june-28/index.html |access-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810110633/https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/january-6-hearings-june-28/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She testified Engel was present with Ornato as he related the incident but never contradicted the account.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Beitsch |first1=Rebecca |title=Secret Service pledges response to Trump motorcade allegations |url=https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/3541042-secret-service-pledges-response-to-trump-motorcade-allegations/ |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=June 22, 2022 |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=July 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715022217/https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/3541042-secret-service-pledges-response-to-trump-motorcade-allegations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Three days after Hutchinson's testimony, [[CNN]] reported that it had spoken with two Secret Service agents who had heard accounts of the incident from multiple other agents since February 2021, including Trump's driver. Although details differed, agents confirmed there was an angry confrontation, with one agent relating that Trump "tried to lunge over the seat{{snd}}for what reason, nobody had any idea", but no one asserted Trump attacked Engel. A separate Secret Service official told CNN that Engel denied that Trump grabbed at the steering wheel or lunged toward an agent on his detail, and that Ornato denied telling Hutchinson that.<ref>{{cite news |title=Accounts of Trump angrily demanding to go to Capitol on January 6 circulated in Secret Service over past year |url=https://us.cnn.com/2022/07/01/politics/secret-service-lunging-incident/index.html |work=CNN |access-date=5 January 2024 |date=July 1, 2022 |first1=Noah |last1=Gray |first2=Zachary |last2=Cohen |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810101401/https://us.cnn.com/2022/07/01/politics/secret-service-lunging-incident/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The same day, ''Politico'' reported that during an early 2022 deposition Engel told the committee that he had kept his full account of the incident from his Secret Service colleagues for at least fourteen months.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cheney |first1=Kyle |title=The Secret Service agent at the center of that anecdote about a fuming Donald Trump didn't tell colleagues about his Jan. 6 experience for at least 14 months, he's testified |url=https://www.politico.com/minutes/congress/07-1-2022/trump-engel-jan-6-testimony/ |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=[[Politico]] |date=July 1, 2022 |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810101333/https://www.politico.com/minutes/congress/07-1-2022/trump-engel-jan-6-testimony/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 14, 2022, CNN published a corroborating account by a Metropolitan Police officer in the motorcade, who told of the "heated exchange" Trump had with his Secret Service detail when they refused to take him to the Capitol following his rally on January 6.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Jamie |last1=Gangel |first2=Annie |last2=Grayer |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/14/politics/trump-secret-service-january-6-metropolitan-police-officer/index.html |title=DC police officer in Trump Jan. 6 motorcade corroborates details of heated Secret Service exchange to committee |work=CNN |date=July 14, 2022 |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114034/https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/14/politics/trump-secret-service-january-6-metropolitan-police-officer/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+====Endangering Mike Pence====
+On January 5, after Vice President Mike Pence refused to participate in the fake electors plot, Trump warned that he would have to publicly criticize him. This prompted Pence's chief of staff to become concerned for Pence's safety and to alert Pence's Secret Service detail to the perceived threat.<ref name="Jan6th Indictment"/><ref>{{cite news |first=Margaret |last=Brennan |access-date=5 January 2024 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marc-short-alerted-secret-service-pence-risk-before-jan-6/ |title=Pence chief of staff alerted Secret Service of risk to Pence on eve of Jan. 6 |date=June 3, 2022 |website=[[CBS News]] |archive-date=August 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826042335/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marc-short-alerted-secret-service-pence-risk-before-jan-6/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At 3:23{{nbsp}}a.m. on the morning of January 6, QAnon leader [[Ron Watkins]] posted a tweet accusing Pence of orchestrating a coup against Trump and linked to a blog post which called for "the immediate arrest of [Pence], for treason."<ref>{{Cite episode |title=The Storm |series=Q: Into the Storm |series-link=Q Into the Storm |network=[[HBO]] |date=April 4, 2021 |number=6 |last=Hoback |first=Cullen |author-link=Cullen Hoback |time=48:30–50:00}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Gilbert|first=David|date=January 6, 2021|title=QAnon Supporters Are Calling for Violence at Pro-Trump Protests|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkdqq7/qanon-supporters-are-calling-for-violence-at-pro-trump-protests|access-date=April 4, 2021|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |first=Ron |last=Watkins |user=CodeMonkeyZ |number=1346779489645121536 |title='Rosenstein, together with Pence's knowledge and consent, went on to help engineer the entire coup attempt against President Trump [...] and promote Pence to the Presidency, at which point, Pence would turn around and appoint Rod Rosenstein as VP.' |date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107042732/https://twitter.com/CodeMonkeyZ/status/1346779489645121536 |url-status=live |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>
+At 2:24, while Pence was in hiding in the Capitol, Trump tweeted that Pence "didn't have the courage to do what should have been done".<ref name="snopes hang" /><ref name="ABCColvin" /> Trump followers on far-right social media called for Pence to be hunted down, and the mob began chanting, "Where is Pence?" and "Find Mike Pence!"<ref>Multiple sources:
+* {{cite news |last=Frenkel |first=Sheera |date=January 8, 2021 |title=The storming of Capitol Hill was organized on social media. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/protesters-storm-capitol-hill-building.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106220539/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/protesters-storm-capitol-hill-building.html |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Fisher |first1=Marc |last2=Flynn |first2=Meagan |last3=Contrera |first3=Jessica |last4=Leonnig |first4=Carol D. |date=January 8, 2021 |title=The four-hour insurrection |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2021/politics/trump-insurrection-capitol/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113010357/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2021/politics/trump-insurrection-capitol/ |archive-date=January 13, 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Barbaro |first=Michael |date=January 8, 2021 |title=How They Stormed Congress |work=The Daily (New York Times podcast) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/podcasts/the-daily/capitol-mob-police-social-media.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109162325/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/podcasts/the-daily/capitol-mob-police-social-media.html |archive-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref> Outside, the mob chanted, "Hang Mike Pence!", which some crowds continued to chant as they stormed the Capitol;<ref name="ABCColvin">{{cite news |last=Colvin |first=Jill |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Hurt feelings, anger linger after Pence, Trump clash |work=[[ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/hurt-feelings-anger-linger-pence-trump-clash-75127167 |url-status=live |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108174022/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/hurt-feelings-anger-linger-pence-trump-clash-75127167 |archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> at least three rioters were overheard by a reporter as saying that they wanted to find Pence and [[Capital punishment|execute]] him as a "traitor" by [[hanging]] him from a tree outside the building.<ref name="overheard">{{cite news |last=Sheth |first=Sonam |date=January 8, 2021 |title=A Reuters photographer says he overheard pro-Trump insurrectionists saying they wanted to hang Mike Pence at the Capitol |work=[[Business Insider]] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/reuters-photographer-says-pro-trump-rioters-wanted-to-hang-pence-2021-1 |url-status=live |access-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108204207/https://www.businessinsider.com/reuters-photographer-says-pro-trump-rioters-wanted-to-hang-pence-2021-1 |archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> One official recalled that: "The members of the [Vice President's Secret Service detail] at this time were starting to fear for their own lives... they're screaming and saying things like 'say goodbye to the family'."<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Bobic |first=Igor |date=2022-07-22 |title=Mike Pence's Security Detail Feared For Their Lives During January 6 Capitol Riot |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/january-6-mike-pence-secret-service_n_62d9f860e4b03dbb9916f641 |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=[[HuffPost]]|language=en}}</ref> According to witnesses, White House chief of staff Mark Meadows told coworkers that Trump complained about Pence being escorted to safety and then stated something suggesting that Pence should be hanged.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |last2=Broadwater |first2=Luke |date=May 25, 2022 |title=Trump Said to Have Reacted Approvingly to Jan. 6 Chants About Hanging Pence |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/25/us/politics/trump-pence-jan-6.html |url-status=live |access-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525172027/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/25/us/politics/trump-pence-jan-6.html |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=... told colleagues that President Donald J. Trump was complaining that the vice president was being whisked to safety. Mr. Meadows, according to an account provided to the House committee investigating Jan. 6, then told the colleagues that Mr. Trump had said something to the effect of, maybe Mr. Pence should be hanged. ... Another witness, Cassidy Hutchinson, a former aide to Mr. Meadows who was present in his office when he recounted Mr. Trump's remarks, was asked by the committee about the account and confirmed it, according to the people familiar with the panel's work.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Alemany |first1=Jacqueline |last2=Dawsey |first2=Josh |title=Jan. 6 panel is told that Trump indicated support for hanging Pence during insurrection |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/25/jan-6-panel-is-told-that-trump-indicated-support-hanging-pence-during-insurrection/ |date=May 25, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=May 26, 2022}}</ref> Pence later argued that Trump's "reckless words endangered my family and everyone at the Capitol that day."<ref>{{cite news |first=Bethany |last=Dawson |date=March 12, 2023 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/mike-pence-scorches-trump-endangered-my-family-january-6-riots-2023-3 |title=Former VP Mike Pence accuses 'reckless' Donald Trump of endangering his family during the January 6 riots |website=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=8 January 2024 }}</ref>
+====Failure to end the attack====
+In a televised [[United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack public hearings|January 6 Attack congressional hearing]] on June 9, 2022, congresspersons [[Bennie Thompson]] and Liz Cheney stated that Trump did nothing to stop the attack despite numerous urgent requests that he intervene. They described Trump's inaction as a "[[dereliction of duty]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gangel |first=Jamie |title=January 6 committee has 'firsthand' knowledge of Trump's behavior during the riot from multiple sources |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/03/politics/january-6-committee-firsthand-knowledge-trump-actions/index.html |date=January 3, 2022 |work=[[CNN News]] |access-date=January 3, 2022}}</ref> Cheney said that Trump had attempted to overturn a [[Free and fair election|free and fair]] democratic election by promoting a seven-part conspiracy.<ref name="NYT-20220609lb">{{cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |title='Trump Was at the Center': Jan. 6 Hearing Lays Out Case in Vivid Detail |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/09/us/politics/trump-jan-6-hearings.html |date=June 9, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=June 10, 2022}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20220609pb">{{cite news |last=Baker |first=Peter |title=Trump Is Depicted as a Would-Be Autocrat Seeking to Hang Onto Power at All Costs – As the Jan. 6 committee outlined during its prime-time hearing, Donald J. Trump executed a seven-part conspiracy to overturn a free and fair democratic election. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/09/us/politics/trump-jan-6-hearing.html |date=June 9, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=June 10, 2022}}</ref> According to Representative Thompson, "Jan. 6 was the culmination of an attempted coup, a brazen attempt, as one rioter put it shortly after Jan. 6, to overthrow the government... The violence was no accident. It represents Trump's last stand, most desperate chance to halt the transfer of power." Trump, according to the committee, "lied to the American people, ignored all evidence refuting his false fraud claims, pressured state and federal officials to throw out election results favoring his challenger, encouraged a violent mob to storm the Capitol and even signaled support for the execution of his own vice president".<ref name="NYT-20220609lb" /><ref name="NYT-20220609pb" />
+After the June 9 hearing, Congressman [[Tom Rice]] reiterated his long-held view of Trump's conduct, saying, "He watched it happen. He reveled in it. And he took no action to stop it. I think he had a duty to try to stop it, and he failed in that duty."<ref>{{cite news |date=June 11, 2022 |title=Trump 'failed in duty' on Jan. 6, 'reveled in' riot, says GOP Rep. Tom Rice |language=en |url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-failed-duty-jan-6-reveled-riot-says-gop-rep-tom-rice-1714957 |work=Newsweek |first=Natalie |last=Colarossi |access-date=June 12, 2022}}</ref>
+=== Capitol Police leadership's failure to prepare ===
+{{main|Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack}}
+{{multiple images|perrow=2|total_width=230px
+|image1=Michael C. Stenger.jpg
+|image2=Paul D. Irving official photo (cropped).jpg
+|image3=Steven Sund.jpg
+|footer=On January 6, the Capitol police were led by [[Michael C. Stenger]] (''top left'') the [[Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate]], [[Paul D. Irving]] (''top right'') the [[Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives]], and [[Steven Sund]] (''bottom''), the Chief of the Capitol Police. All three resigned in the wake of January 6.}}
+Capitol Police leadership had not planned for a riot or attack,<ref name="politico-bertrand-2021" /> and on January 6, under "orders from leadership", the force deployed without riot gear, shields, batons, or "less lethal" arms such as [[Grenade#Sting|sting grenades]]. Department riot shields had been improperly stored, causing them to shatter upon impact.<ref name="slams" /> Hundreds more Capitol Police could have been used, but they were not.<ref name="day of rage"/>
+Concerned about the approaching mob, Representative [[Maxine Waters]] called Capitol Police Chief Steven Sund, who was not on the Capitol grounds but at the police department's headquarters. When asked what the Capitol Police were doing to stop the rioters, Sund told Waters, "We're doing the best we can" and then hung up on her.<ref name="wp-inside-siege-demirjian" /><ref name="under fire"/> It was not until 2:10{{nbsp}}p.m. that the Capitol Police board granted Chief Sund permission to formally request deployment of the Guard.<ref name="final report"/>{{rp|737}}
+In a February 2021 [[confidence vote]] organized by the U.S. Capitol Police Labor Committee, the union representing Capitol Police officers, 92 percent voted that they had no confidence in leadership, writing: "Our leaders did not properly plan for the protest nor prepare officers for what they were about to face. This despite the fact they knew days before that the protest had the potential to turn violent. We still have no answers why leadership failed to inform or equip us for what was coming on January 6th."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/capitol-police-officers-give-vote-of-no-confidence-in-leaders/ |url-status=live |title=Capitol Police officers give vote of no confidence in leaders |date=February 16, 2021 |access-date=March 12, 2021 |work=[[CBS News]] |first=Kathryn |last=Watson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216052037/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/capitol-police-officers-give-vote-of-no-confidence-in-leaders/ |archive-date=2021-02-16}}</ref>
+===Department of Defense leadership's refusal to send Guard===
+{{multiple images|perrow=2|total_width=230px
+|image1=Christopher C. Miller official portrait.jpg
+|image2=Lt. Gen. Walter E. Piatt (3).jpg
+|image3=Gen. Charles A. Flynn (2).jpg
+|image4=GEN Daniel R. Hokanson.jpg
+|footer=Acting-Secretary Christopher Miller (''top left''), whose appointment had prompted concerns of a right-wing military coup, failed to authorize the National Guard to deploy until after the Capitol had been secured and Trump had called for supporters to "go home". Walter E. Piatt (''top right'') and Charles Flynn (''bottom left'') participated in a 2:26&nbsp;p.m. call denying deployment of the guard, though the military did not admit Flynn's role for several weeks after the attack. Daniel R. Hokanson (''bottom right'') placed calls to ensure the Virginia and Maryland National Guard would not move until given explicit permission by the Pentagon.
+}}
+On January 3, acting defense secretary Miller had been ordered by Trump to "do whatever was necessary to protect the demonstrators" on January 6.<ref name="protect demonstrators"/> The following day, Miller issued orders which prohibited deploying D.C. Guard members with weapons, helmets, body armor, or riot control agents without his personal approval.<ref name="PentRest" /> Prior to the attack Trump had floated the idea with his staff of deploying 10,000 National Guardsmen, though not to protect the Capitol, but rather "to protect him and his supporters from any supposed threats by left-wing counterprotesters".<ref>Multiple sources:
+* {{cite news |last1=Kelety |first1=Josh |title=Trump did not sign an order to deploy 20,000 troops on Jan. 6 |url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-trump-order-national-guard-156055113284 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=October 18, 2022 |access-date=5 January 2024}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Lajka |first1=Arijeta |title=Pelosi did not block the National Guard from the Capitol on Jan. 6 |url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-235651652542 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=July 23, 2021 |access-date=5 January 2024}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Paybarah |first1=Azi |title=Jan. 6 video undermines Trump's repeated efforts to blame Pelosi for Capitol security |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/10/14/trump-jan-6-pelosi-video/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 14, 2022 |access-date=5 January 2024}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Blake |first1=Aaron |title=The new Jan. 6 video, and the other baseless GOP claim about Pelosi |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 14, 2022 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/10/14/republicans-pelosi-jordan-banks/ |access-date=5 January 2024}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Kessler |first1=Glenn |title=Jan. 6 committee yet again debunks Trump claim of 10,000 troops |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/01/04/jan-6-committee-yet-again-debunks-trump-claim-10000-troops/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 4, 2023 |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>
+At 1:34&nbsp;p.m., D.C. mayor Muriel Bowser had a telephone call with army secretary Ryan McCarthy in which she requested they deploy the Guard. At 2:10{{nbsp}}p.m., the Capitol Police board granted chief Sund permission to formally request deployment of the Guard.<ref name="final report"/>{{rp|737}}
+At 2:26{{nbsp}}p.m., D.C.'s [[homeland security]] director Chris Rodriguez coordinated a conference call with Mayor Bowser, the chiefs of the Capitol Police (Sund) and Metropolitan Police (Contee), and D.C. National Guard (DCNG) commander Walker. As the DCNG does not report to a governor, but to the president, Walker patched in the Office of the Secretary of the Army, noting that he would need Pentagon authorization to deploy. Lt. Gen. [[Walter E. Piatt]], director of the Army Staff, noted that the Pentagon needed Capitol Police authorization to step onto Capitol grounds. Metro Police chief [[Robert Contee]] asked for clarification from Capitol Police chief Sund: "Steve, are you requesting National Guard assistance at the Capitol?" to which Sund replied, "I am making urgent, urgent, immediate request for National Guard assistance". According to Sund, Piatt stated, "I don't like the visual of the National Guard standing a police line with the Capitol in the background". Sund pleaded with Piatt to send the Guard, but Piatt stated that only Army secretary McCarthy had the authority to approve such a request and he could not recommend that Secretary McCarthy approve the request for assistance directly to the Capitol. The D.C. officials were subsequently described as "flabbergasted" at this message. McCarthy would later state that he was not in this conference call because he was already entering a meeting with senior department leadership.<ref name="WaPo_hamstrung">{{cite news |last1=Leonnig |first1=Carol D. |last2=Davis |first2=Aaron C. |last3=Hermann |first3=Peter |last4=Demirjian |first4=Karoun |title=Outgoing Capitol Police chief: House, Senate security officials hamstrung efforts to call in National Guard |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sund-riot-national-guard/2021/01/10/fc2ce7d4-5384-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=January 11, 2021 |date=January 10, 2021 |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113193359/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sund-riot-national-guard/2021/01/10/fc2ce7d4-5384-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> General Charles A. Flynn, brother of General Michael Flynn, participated in the call.<ref name="wp-lsld-army-flynn-2021"/><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/116th-congress/2368 |title=PN2368 — Lt. Gen. Charles A. Flynn — Army |website=U.S. Congress |date=December 20, 2020 |access-date=2020-12-21 }}</ref>
+<!--[[File:Lt. Gen. Charles A. Flynn (1).jpg|75px]]-->
+By 3:37&nbsp;p.m., the Pentagon dispatched its own security forces to guard the homes of senior defense leaders, "even though no rioters or criminal attacks are occurring at those locations." Sund later opined, "This demonstrates to me that the Pentagon fully understands the urgency and danger of the situation even as it does nothing to support us on the Hill."<ref name="under fire"/><ref name="clear the capitol"/>
+In response to the reluctance expressed by Department of Defense leaders during the 2:26 conference call, D.C. officials contacted the State of Virginia. The Public Safety secretary of Virginia, Brian Moran, dispatched the Virginia State Police to the U.S. Capitol, as permitted by a mutual aid agreement with D.C.<ref name="NorthamRecount" /> At 3:46&nbsp;p.m., after leaders of the Department of Defense learned that the Virginia National Guard may have mobilized, the head of the [[National Guard Bureau]], [[Daniel R. Hokanson|General Hokanson]], called the Virginia commander to verify that the Virginia Guard would not move without prior permission from the Pentagon. At 3:55, Hokanson made a similar call to the commander of the Maryland National Guard.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.newsweek.com/2021/01/08/exclusive-how-officials-fear-donald-trump-paralyzed-intelligence-agencies-led-capitol-riot-1563221.html |access-date=November 10, 2022 |title=Exclusive: How officials' fear of Donald Trump paralyzed intelligence agencies, led to Capitol riot|first=William M. |last=Arkin |date=January 21, 2021 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref>
+{{pb}}On January 6, Secretary Miller ultimately withheld permission to deploy the National Guard until 4:32&nbsp;p.m., after assets from Virginia had already entered the district, FBI tactical teams had arrived at the Capitol, and Trump had instructed rioters to "go home".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://projects.propublica.org/parler-capitol-videos/ |title=Propublica Capitol Videos 12:53 |date=January 17, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124233004/https://projects.propublica.org/parler-capitol-videos/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-oversight-committee-chair-testify-government-unprepared-capitol/story?id=77639074 |date=May 13, 2021 |first1=Beatrice |last1=Peterson |first2=Morgan |last2=Winsor |title=Former acting defense secretary testifies he was trying to avoid another Kent State on Jan. 6|website=[[ABC News]] |access-date=January 2, 2024 }}</ref> Miller's permission would not actually be relayed to the commander of the National Guard until 5:08.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Alexander |last1=Mallin |first2=Beatrice |last2=Peterson |date=March 3, 2021 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/lawmakers-grill-officials-jan-timeline-deploying-national-guard/story?id=76226030 |access-date=5 January 2024 |title=Lawmakers grill officials on Jan. 6 timeline for deploying National Guard to Capitol |website=[[ABC News]]}}</ref> Sund recalls a comment from the DC National Guard commander General Walker who said:
+<blockquote>Steve, I felt so bad. I wanted to help you immediately, but I couldn't. I could hear the desperation in your voice, but they wouldn't let me come. When we arrived, I saw the New Jersey State Police. Imagine how I felt. New Jersey got here before we did!<ref>{{cite news |access-date=5 January 2024 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/01/01/steven-sund-capitol-police-book-jan6/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Ex-Capitol police chief: FBI, DHS, Pentagon failed on Jan. 6 |first=Carol D. |last=Leonnig |date=January 1, 2023}}</ref><ref name="under fire">{{cite book |first=Steven |last=Sund |author-link=Steven Sund |title=Courage Under Fire: Under Siege and Outnumbered 58 to 1 on January 6 |isbn=9798200983520}}</ref>{{rp|Ch. 2}}</blockquote>
+The Army falsely denied for two weeks that Lt. Gen. Charles A. Flynn{{snd}}the Army deputy chief of staff for operations, plans and training{{snd}}was on the conference call requesting the National Guard. Flynn's role drew scrutiny in light of his brother Michael's recent calls for martial law and an election do-over that would be overseen by the military.<ref name="wp-lsld-army-flynn-2021">{{cite news |last1=Lamothe |first1=Dan |last2=Sonne |first2=Paul |last3=Leonnig |first3=Carol D. |last4=Davis |first4=Aaron C. |title=Army falsely denied Flynn's brother was involved in key part of military response to Capitol riot |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/flynn-national-guard-call-riot/2021/01/20/7f4f41ba-5b4c-11eb-aaad-93988621dd28_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=January 21, 2021 |date=January 20, 2021 |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121121557/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/flynn-national-guard-call-riot/2021/01/20/7f4f41ba-5b4c-11eb-aaad-93988621dd28_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Flynn testified that "he never expressed a concern about the visuals, image, or public perception of" sending the Guard to the Capitol; Col. [[Earl G. Matthews|Earl Matthews]], who participated in the call and took contemporaneous notes, called Flynn's denial "outright perjury".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/12/06/jan-6-generals-lied-ex-dc-guard-official-523777 |title='Absolute liars': Ex-D.C. Guard official says generals lied to Congress about Jan. 6 |website=[[Politico]] |date=December 6, 2021 |access-date=3 January 2024 |first1=Betsy Woodruff |last1=Swan |first2=Meridith |last2=McGraw}}</ref> Department of Defense leaders claim they called the D.C. National Guard commander at 4:30 to relay permission to deploy—leaders of the Guard deny this call ever took place.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a42805284/january-6-national-guard-defense-secretary-christopher-miller/ |title=Why Did the National Guard Take So Long to Get to the Capitol on January 6? |first=Jack |last=Holmes |work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |access-date=3 January 2024 |date=February 9, 2023}}</ref>
 === Congressional conduct ===
-During the riots, Representative [[Lauren Boebert]] (R-CO) posted on Twitter some information about the police response and the location of members, including the fact that Speaker Pelosi had been taken out of the chamber, for which she has faced calls to resign for endangering members.<ref name="UNZwF">{{Cite news|last=Graziosi|first=Graig|date=January 12, 2021|title='QAnon Congresswoman' Lauren Boebert faces calls to resign after tweeting information about Nancy Pelosi during Capitol riot|work=Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/qanon-lauren-boebert-nancy-pelosi-capitol-riot-b1785663.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113213524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/qanon-lauren-boebert-nancy-pelosi-capitol-riot-b1785663.html|archive-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref><ref name="S1DUd">{{Cite news|last=Rogers|first=Katie|date=January 13, 2021|title=A Republican Lawmaker for Whom the Spectacle Is the Point|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/lauren-boebert-republican.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114202518/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/lauren-boebert-republican.html|archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> Boebert responded that she was not sharing private information, since Pelosi's removal was also broadcast on TV.<ref name="Kavi2101113" />
+During the attack, Representative [[Lauren Boebert]] (R-CO) posted information about the police response and the location of members on Twitter, including the fact that Speaker Pelosi had been taken out of the chamber, for which she has faced calls to resign for endangering members.<ref>{{cite news |last=Graziosi |first=Graig |date=January 12, 2021 |title='QAnon Congresswoman' Lauren Boebert faces calls to resign after tweeting information about Nancy Pelosi during Capitol riot |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/qanon-lauren-boebert-nancy-pelosi-capitol-riot-b1785663.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113213524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/qanon-lauren-boebert-nancy-pelosi-capitol-riot-b1785663.html |archive-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rogers |first1=Katie |last2=Philipps |first2=Dave |date=January 13, 2021 |title=A Republican Lawmaker for Whom the Spectacle Is the Point |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/lauren-boebert-republican.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114202518/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/lauren-boebert-republican.html |archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> Boebert responded that she was not sharing private information since Pelosi's removal was also broadcast on TV.<ref name="Kavi2101113" />
 Representative Ayanna Pressley left the congressional safe room for fear of other members there "who incited the mob in the first place".<ref name="Kavi2101113" />
-While sheltering for hours in the "safe room"{{snd}}a cramped, windowless room where people sat within arms' length of each other{{snd}}some Republican Congress members refused to wear [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|facemasks]], even when their Democratic colleagues begged them to do so. During the following week, three Democratic members tested positive for the coronavirus. An environmental health expert described the situation as a "superspreader" event.<ref name="B8HqC">{{Cite news|last=Itkowitz|first=Colby|date=January 12, 2021|title=The lockdown room was a safe space for lawmakers under siege. Now some say maskless Republicans made it a coronavirus hot spot.|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/capitol-riot-coronavirus-lockdown-room-super-spreader/2021/01/12/db00d85c-54f8-11eb-a931-5b162d0d033d_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115072153/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/capitol-riot-coronavirus-lockdown-room-super-spreader/2021/01/12/db00d85c-54f8-11eb-a931-5b162d0d033d_story.html|archive-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref>
+While sheltering for hours in the "safe room"{{snd}}a cramped, windowless room where people sat within arms' length of each other{{snd}}some Republican Congress members refused to wear face masks, even when their Democratic colleagues begged them to do so. During the following week, three Democratic members tested positive for COVID-19 in what an environmental health expert described as a "superspreader" event.<ref>{{cite news |last=Itkowitz |first=Colby |date=January 12, 2021 |title=The lockdown room was a safe space for lawmakers under siege. Now some say maskless Republicans made it a coronavirus hot spot. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/capitol-riot-coronavirus-lockdown-room-super-spreader/2021/01/12/db00d85c-54f8-11eb-a931-5b162d0d033d_story.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115072153/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/capitol-riot-coronavirus-lockdown-room-super-spreader/2021/01/12/db00d85c-54f8-11eb-a931-5b162d0d033d_story.html |archive-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref>
-=== Law enforcement and National Guard response ===
+===Deletion of Secret Service and Homeland Security text messages===
+As part of its investigation into the events of January 6, the [[Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General]] requested text messages from the Secret Service. In response, the messages were deleted.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/04/06/homeland-security-watchdog-secret-service-texts/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=6 April 2023 |title=Probe widens into federal watchdog over missing Jan. 6 Secret Service texts |first=Lisa |last=Rein |access-date=2 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Letter to Gary C. Peters and Bennie G. Thompson |first=Joseph V. |last=Cuffari |author-link=Joseph Cuffari |work=[[Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General]] |via=CNN |date=13 July 2022 |access-date=2 January 2024 |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/uploads/20220714-letter-to-house-select-committee.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404123159/https://www.cnn.com/interactive/uploads/20220714-letter-to-house-select-committee.jpg |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Text messages from Department of Homeland Security leaders Chad Wolf and [[Ken Cuccinelli]] "are missing from a key period leading up to the January 6 attack".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||url=https://www.vox.com/23274533/secret-service-text-messages-january-6 |title=The Secret Service's deleted text message scandal, and the criminal investigation into it, explained |work=Vox |access-date=3 January 2024 |first=Ben |last=Jacobs |date=July 23, 2022 }}</ref> Wolf's nomination had been withdrawn by the White House sometime on January 6.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=5 January 2024 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/07/trump-withdraws-chad-wolf-nomination-to-lead-homeland-security.html |first=Amanda |last=Macias |title=Trump withdraws Chad Wolf nomination to lead Homeland Security hours after he urged president to condemn riot |website=[[CNBC]] |date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> A criminal investigation was opened into the deletion.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/21/us/politics/secret-service-criminal-inquiry-missing-texts.html |title=Watchdog Informs Secret Service of Criminal Inquiry into Missing Texts |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 21, 2022 |last1=Kanno-Youngs |first1=Zolan |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>
-{{Excerpt|Law enforcement response to the 2021 United States Capitol attack|only=paragraphs}}
+==Participants, groups, and criminal charges==
-==Results==
+{{main|Criminal proceedings in the January 6 United States Capitol attack}}
-=== Casualties ===
-{{Further|Aftermath of the 2021 United States Capitol attack#Casualties}}{{anchor|Deaths}}
-Ashli Elizabeth Babbitt, a 35-year-old [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] veteran, was fatally shot in the shoulder by Lt. Michael Leroy Byrd while attempting to climb into a shattered window in a barricaded door.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Schapiro|first1=Rich|last2=Schecter|first2=Anna|last3=Damberg|first3=Chelsea|date=August 27, 2021|title=Officer who shot Ashli Babbitt speaks after months in hiding: 'I saved countless lives'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827000715/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/officer-who-shot-ashli-babbitt-during-capitol-riot-breaks-silence-n1277736|archive-date=August 27, 2021|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/officer-who-shot-ashli-babbitt-during-capitol-riot-breaks-silence-n1277736|url-status=live|access-date=August 27, 2021|website=|publisher=[[NBC News]]|language=en}}</ref> This was soon ruled a justified homicide.<ref name="VideoShows" /><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Wagner|first1=Dennis|last2=Daniels|first2=Melissa|last3=Hauck|first3=Grace|date=January 7, 2021|title=California woman killed during Capitol riot was a military veteran and staunch Trump supporter|work=[[USA Today]]|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/07/dc-riots-ashli-babbitt-killed-capitol-attack-military-veteran/6577488002/|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115173623/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/07/dc-riots-ashli-babbitt-killed-capitol-attack-military-veteran/6577488002/|archive-date=January 15, 2021|quote=Babbitt served in the Air Force under the married name of Ashli Elizabeth McEntee{{nbs}}... she had been a staunch Trump supporter}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=January 7, 2021|title=Capitol riots: A visual guide to the storming of Congress|work=BBC news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55575260|url-status=live|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107194221/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55575260|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> [[Brian Sicknick]], a 42-year-old responding Capitol Police officer, was pepper-sprayed during the riot and had two [[thromboembolism|thromboembolic]] [[stroke]]s the next day,<ref name="Trumptoblame">{{Cite web|date=January 8, 2021|title=Trump to blame for death of woman trampled in Capitol riot, family member says|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-deaths/trump-to-blame-for-death-of-woman-trampled-in-capitol-riot-family-member-says-idUSKBN29D2B1|access-date=January 12, 2021|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="MedExaminer">{{Cite web|date=April 19, 2021|title=Capitol Police officer Brian Sicknick, who engaged rioters, suffered two strokes and died of natural causes, officials say|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/brian-sicknick-death-strokes/2021/04/19/36d2d310-617e-11eb-afbe-9a11a127d146_story.html|access-date=April 19, 2021|website=The Washington Post|first1=Peter|last1=Hermann|first2=Spencer S.|last2=Hsu|language=en}}</ref> after which he was placed on life support<ref name="LifeandTimes" /> and soon died.<ref name="PGDED">{{Cite web|last1=Dartunorro|first1=Clark|last2=Thorp V|first2=Frank|date=January 8, 2021|title=Capitol Police officer dies from injuries after clashing with pro-Trump mob|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/capitol-police-officer-has-died-after-clashing-pro-trump-mob-n1253396|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111174351/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/capitol-police-officer-has-died-after-clashing-pro-trump-mob-n1253396|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=NBC News}}</ref><ref name="USCPrelease2021">{{Cite press release|title=Loss of USCP Officer Brian D. Sicknick|date=January 7, 2021|publisher=[[United States Capitol Police]]|url=https://www.uscp.gov/media-center/press-releases/loss-uscp-colleague-brian-d-sicknick|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108061821/https://www.uscp.gov/media-center/press-releases/loss-uscp-colleague-brian-d-sicknick|archive-date=January 8, 2021|place=[[Washington, D.C.]]|lang=en-us|url-status=live}}</ref> The D.C. chief medical examiner found he died from a stroke, classifying his death as natural,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hardy|first1=Jennifer|title=Officer's death after insurrection was ruled "natural causes"|url=https://www.klkntv.com/officers-death-after-insurrection-was-ruled-natural-causes/|access-date=April 24, 2021|work=[[KLKN]]|date=April 19, 2021}}</ref> and commenting that "all that transpired played a role in his condition".<ref name=Aruna>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/officer-brian-sicknick-what-we-know-about-his-death-11619010119?mod=mhp|title=Officer Brian Sicknick: What We Know About His Death|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|last=Wishwanatha|first=Aruna|date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210421150320/https://www.wsj.com/articles/officer-brian-sicknick-what-we-know-about-his-death-11619010119|archive-date=April 21, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":8">Multiple sources:{{bulleted list |{{cite news|last1=Hermann|first1=Peter|last2=Hsu|first2=Spencer|date=April 19, 2021|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/brian-sicknick-death-strokes/2021/04/19/36d2d310-617e-11eb-afbe-9a11a127d146_story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210420172751/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/brian-sicknick-death-strokes/2021/04/19/36d2d310-617e-11eb-afbe-9a11a127d146_story.html|archive-date=April 20, 2021|title=Capitol Police officer Brian Sicknick, who engaged rioters, suffered two strokes and died of natural causes, officials say}} |{{cite news|date=April 20, 2021|agency=[[Agence France Presse]]|url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20210420-police-officer-in-capitol-riot-died-from-natural-causes-says-coroner|url-status=live|title=Police officer in Capitol riot died from natural causes, says coroner|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420021624/https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20210420-police-officer-in-capitol-riot-died-from-natural-causes-says-coroner|archive-date=April 20, 2021}} |{{cite news|date=April 20, 2021|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56810371|url-status=live|title=Brian Sicknick: US Capitol riot policeman 'died of natural causes'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419220811/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56810371|archive-date=April 19, 2021 }} |{{cite news|last=Breuninger|first=Kevin|date=April 19, 2021|work=[[CNBC]]|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/19/brian-sicknick-died-of-natural-causes-after-capitol-riot-medical-examiner-rules.html|url-status=live|title=Officer Brian Sicknick died of natural causes day after Capitol invasion, medical examiner rules|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419211528/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/19/brian-sicknick-died-of-natural-causes-after-capitol-riot-medical-examiner-rules.html|archive-date=April 19, 2021}} |{{cite news|date=April 19, 2021|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/19/us-officer-died-natural-causes-after-capitol-riot-coroner|url-status=live|title=US officer died of natural causes after Capitol riot: Coroner|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419234155/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/19/us-officer-died-natural-causes-after-capitol-riot-coroner|archive-date=April 19, 2021}}}}</ref> Rosanne Boyland, 34, died of an [[amphetamine]] overdose during the riot, in addition to being trampled by other rioters after her collapse,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/capitol-rioter-rosanne-boyland-died-from-acute-amphetamine-intoxication|title=Capitol Rioter Rosanne Boyland Died From Drug Overdose, Not Trampling|first=Pilar|last=Melendez|date=April 7, 2021|website=The Daily Beast}}</ref> ruled [[Accidental death|accidental]] by the D.C. medical examiner's office.<ref name=Massimo>{{cite news|last1=Massimo|first1=Nick|title=Medical examiner: Capitol Police officer Sicknick died of stroke; death ruled 'natural'|url=https://wtop.com/dc/2021/04/medical-examiner-capitol-police-officer-sicknick-died-of-stroke-death-ruled-natural/|access-date=May 16, 2021|work=[[WTOP-FM|WTOP]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=April 19, 2021}}</ref> Kevin Greeson, 55, and Benjamin Philips, 50, died naturally from [[coronary heart disease]] and [[hypertensive heart disease]].<ref name=Massimo />
+By November 2023, over 1,200 defendants had been charged for their role in the attack.<ref name="Capitol arrests"/> The attackers included some of Trump's longtime and most fervent supporters from across the United States.<ref name="ap-records-show-bkfm">{{cite news |last1=Biesecker |first1=Michael |last2=Kunzelman |first2=Michael |last3=Flaccus |first3=Gillian |last4=Mustian |first4=Jim |date=January 10, 2021 |title=Records show fervent Trump fans fueled US Capitol takeover |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/us-capitol-trump-supporters-1806ea8dc15a2c04f2a68acd6b55cace |url-status=live |access-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111143844/https://apnews.com/article/us-capitol-trump-supporters-1806ea8dc15a2c04f2a68acd6b55cace |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |quote=The insurrectionist mob that showed up at the president's behest and stormed the U.S. Capitol was overwhelmingly made up of longtime Trump supporters, including Republican Party officials, GOP political donors, far-right militants, and white supremacists. Records show that some were heavily armed and included convicted criminals, such as a Florida man recently released from prison for attempted murder.}}</ref> The mob included Republican Party officials, current and former state legislators and political donors, far-right militants, [[white supremacists]],<ref name="ap-records-show-bkfm" /> conservative [[evangelical Christians]],{{efn|Before the demonstrators entered the building, activist [[Jake Angeli]] called out for them to pause and join him in prayer.<ref name="MilitantChristian" />}} and participants of the "Save America" Rally.<ref name="MilitantChristian">{{cite news |last1=Jelten |first1=Tom |title=Militant Christian Nationalists Remain A Potent Force, Even After The Capitol Riot |date=January 19, 2021 |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/19/958159202/militant-christian-nationalists-remain-a-potent-force |newspaper=[[NPR]] |access-date=February 7, 2021}}</ref> According to the FBI, dozens of people on its [[Terrorist Screening Database|terrorist watchlist]] were in D.C. for pro-Trump events on the 6th, with the majority being "suspected white supremacists".<ref name="Watchlist">{{cite news |last1=Barrett |first1=Devlin |last2=Hsu |first2=Spencer S. |last3=Lang |first3=Marissa J. |title=Dozens of people on FBI terrorist watch list came to D.C. the day of Capitol riot |date=14 January 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/terror-watchlist-capitol-riot-fbi/2021/01/14/07412814-55f7-11eb-a931-5b162d0d033d_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115065511/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/terror-watchlist-capitol-riot-fbi/2021/01/14/07412814-55f7-11eb-a931-5b162d0d033d_story.html |archive-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref> Some came heavily armed and some were convicted criminals, including a man who had been released from a Florida prison after serving a sentence for [[attempted murder]].<ref name="ap-records-show-bkfm" />
-Some rioters{{refn|group=note|Only sporadic instances of injured rioters have been publicly recorded;<ref name="FOOTinj">{{Cite web|last=Katelyn Polantz|date=June 2, 2021|title=Senate chamber trespasser pleads guilty and faces more than a year in prison|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/02/politics/senate-chamber-trespasser-plea/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=June 27, 2021|website=CNN}}</ref> injuries in general (such as a total number) among this group have not.}} and 138 police officers (73 Capitol Police and 65 Metropolitan Police) were injured,<ref name="SchmidtBroadwater" /> of whom 15 were hospitalized, some with severe injuries.<ref name="AJCTwoSuspended">{{Cite web|last=ArLuther Lee|date=January 11, 2021|title=2 Capitol Hill police officers suspended over riot|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/breaking-2-capitol-hill-police-officers-suspended-over-riot/XHWWHNA7EZHSNF32QREJROESQI/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114183812/https://www.ajc.com/news/breaking-2-capitol-hill-police-officers-suspended-over-riot/XHWWHNA7EZHSNF32QREJROESQI/|archive-date=January 2021|newspaper=Atlanta Journal-Constitution}}</ref> All had been released from the hospital by January 11.<ref name="HermannZauzmer">{{Cite web|last=Peter Hermann & Julie Zauzmer|date=January 12, 2021|title=Beaten, sprayed with mace and hit with stun guns: police describe injuries to dozens of officers during assault on U.S. Capitol|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/police-capitol-injuires-trump/2021/01/11/ca68e3e2-5438-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112120533/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/police-capitol-injuires-trump/2021/01/11/ca68e3e2-5438-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html|archive-date=January 12, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
+[[Boogaloo movement#Participation in the January 6 United States Capitol attack|Last Sons of Liberty]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Who Are Boogaloos, Who Were Visible at the Capitol and Later Rallies? |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2021/01/27/who-are-boogaloos-who-were-visible-capitol-and-later-rallies |date=January 27, 2021 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]}}</ref> [[Rod of Iron Ministries]],<ref name="Jan 6 riots">{{cite news |last1=Green |first1=Jordan |title='Good Way to Die': The Moonies and the Jan. 6 Insurrection |url=https://www.dcreport.org/2021/08/04/good-way-to-die-the-moonies-and-the-jan-6-insurrection/ |access-date=13 November 2021 |work=DC Report |date=4 August 2021}}</ref> and [[Groypers|Groyper Army]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Barrett |first1=Malachi |url=https://www.mlive.com/politics/2021/01/far-right-activist-who-encouraged-us-capitol-occupation-also-organized-stop-the-steal-rally-in-michigan.html |title=Far-right activist who encouraged U.S. Capitol occupation also organized 'stop the steal' rally in Michigan |date=January 7, 2021 |publisher=[[Booth Newspapers|MLive.com]] |access-date=April 16, 2021}}</ref> were directly involved but non-conspiring groups. [[Nationalist Social Club-131|NSC-131]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rapoport |first1=David C. |author-link=David C. Rapoport |date=2021 |title=The Capitol Attack and the 5th Terrorism Wave |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=912–916 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2021.1932338 |s2cid=236457455}}</ref> and [[Super Happy Fun America]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hauslohner |first1=Abigail |title=After members were charged in the Capitol riot, one group says it's more popular than ever |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation-politics/after-members-were-charged-in-the-capitol-riot-one-group-says-its-more-popular-than-ever/ |date=April 8, 2021 |newspaper=Seattle Times |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> both were involved in the attack and allegedly conspired, though SHFA denies this.<ref>{{cite news |title=Capitol Protesters And Rioters From Mass. Vow To Increase Ranks |date=February 5, 2021 |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2021/02/05/super-happy-fun-neo-nazi-rioters-hate-massachusetts-insurrection |first1=Saurabh |last1=Datar |first2=Shannon |last2=Dooling |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=wbur.org |language=en}}</ref> Multiple factions of the [[Three Percenters]] were also involved in the attack, including 'DC&nbsp;Brigade', 'Patriot Boys of North Texas',<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2022-09-28 |title=Texas Man Sentenced to 52 Months in Prison For Assaulting Law Enforcement Officers During Jan. 6 Capitol Breach |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/texas-man-sentenced-prison-assaulting-law-enforcement-officers-during-jan-6-capitol |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=[[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]] |language=en}}</ref> and 'B Squad'. The B&nbsp;Squad and DC&nbsp;Brigade conspired with the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summoning a mob to Washington, and knowing they were angry and armed, instructing them to march to the Capitol |url=https://j6.report/executive-summary/overview-of-the-evidence-developed/summoning-a-mob-to-washington-and-knowing-they-were-angry-and-armed-instructing-them-to-march-to-the-capitol |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=j6.report |publisher=[[United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack|January 6th Committe]] }}</ref>
-===Suicides===
-{{further|Law enforcement response to the 2021 United States Capitol attack#Suicides}}
-Morale among the Capitol Police plummeted after the riot.<ref name="CBS Morale">{{Cite web|last=kaplan|first=Michael|date=January 11, 2021|title=Morale deteriorates among Capitol police after assault on Capitol|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/capitol-police-morale-decline/|access-date=January 11, 2021|website=CBS News}}</ref><noinclude> The department responded to several incidents where officers threatened to [[self harm|harm themselves]].<ref name="CBS Morale"/></noinclude>{{sp}}Four officers from various police departments who responded to the attack died by suicide in the days and months that followed:<ref name="HermannResponded">Peter Hermann, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/police-officer-suicides-capitol-riot/2021/02/11/94804ee2-665c-11eb-886d-5264d4ceb46d_story.html Two officers who helped fight the Capitol mob died of suicide, Many more are hurting.], ''Washington Post'' (February 11, 2021).</ref> Capitol Police Officer [[Death of Howard Liebengood|Howard Charles Liebengood]] died by suicide three days after the attack,<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Capitol Police "must be held accountable" says wife of officer who died by suicide|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wife-of-officer-who-died-by-suicide-after-capitol-riot-says-uscp-must-be-held-accountable/|access-date=August 8, 2021|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> and D.C. Metropolitan Police Officer [[Death of Jeffrey L. Smith|Jeffrey Smith]], who was injured in the attack, died by suicide from a gunshot wound to the head at [[George Washington Memorial Parkway]] on January 15, after a misdiagnosed concussion. A former [[Washington, D.C.|D.C.]] [[chief medical examiner]] hired by Smith's widow reported that the "acute, precipitating event that caused the death of Officer Smith was his occupational exposure to the traumatic events he suffered on January 6, 2021";<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2021 |title=DECLARATION OF DR. JONATHAN L. ARDEN |url=https://goodwinweberlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Dr-Arden-Redacted_Redacted.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=September 3, 2021 |publisher=Goodwin Weber PLLC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903155723/https://goodwinweberlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Dr-Arden-Redacted_Redacted.pdf |archive-date=September 3, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Smith's widow subsequently sued two of his alleged assailants, claiming they caused a traumatic brain injury with a crowbar or a heavy walking stick, leading to his death.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hermann|first=Peter|date=August 14, 2021|title=Family of D.C. officer who died by suicide after Capitol riot files lawsuit against alleged attackers|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/dc-officer-suicide-lawsuit-capitol-riot/2021/08/13/5601aedc-fc5b-11eb-943a-c5cf30d50e6a_story.html|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref> In the immediate aftermath of the attack, some members of Congress and press reports included these two suicides in the number of reported casualties, for a total of seven deaths.<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite web|last=Rowland|first=Geoffrey|date=February 9, 2021|title=Managers present dramatic new video of Capitol mob at Trump impeachment trial|url=https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/538033-managers-present-dramatic-new-video-of-mob-at-trump-impeachment|access-date=February 16, 2021|website=TheHill|language=en}}
-* {{Cite web|title=Senators and impeachment managers: The trial is over but the work isn't done|url=https://news.yahoo.com/senators-impeachment-managers-trial-over-120630481.html|access-date=February 16, 2021|website=news.yahoo.com|language=en-US}}
-* {{Cite web|last=Telegraph|first=CHARLES BOOTHE Bluefield Daily|title=Senators from both Virginias explain votes in impeachment trial|url=https://www.bdtonline.com/news/senators-from-both-virginias-explain-votes-in-impeachment-trial/article_3ede2864-7003-11eb-b67d-7f3c97f5fa2d.html|access-date=February 16, 2021|website=Bluefield Daily Telegraph|language=en}}
-* {{Cite web|date=February 14, 2021|title=Response from Fla. Republican and Democratic leaders to Senate's acquittal of former President Trump|url=https://www.abcactionnews.com/news/local-news/response-from-fl-republican-and-democratic-leaders-to-senates-acquittal-of-former-president-trump|access-date=February 16, 2021|website=WFTS|language=en}}
-* {{Cite web|title=Menendez Statement Following Vote to Convict Former President Donald Trump for Inciting Riot on Nation's Capitol to Stop Certification of Election Results {{!}} U.S. Senator Bob Menendez of New Jersey|url=https://www.menendez.senate.gov/newsroom/press/menendez-statement-following-vote-to-convict-former-president-donald-trump-for-inciting-riot-on-nations-capitol-to-stop-certification-of-election-results|access-date=February 16, 2021|website=www.menendez.senate.gov|language=en}}</ref> In July, two more members of law enforcement who responded to the attack died by suicide: Metropolitan Police Officer Kyle Hendrik DeFreytag was found on July 10, and Metropolitan Police Officer Gunther Paul Hashida was found on July 29.<ref name=ThirdAndFourth>{{cite news |last1=Wild |first1=Whitney |last2=LeBlanc |first2=Paul |last3=Rose |first3=Rashard |date=August 3, 2021 |title=2 more DC police officers who responded to Capitol insurrection have died by suicide |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/02/politics/dc-metropolitan-police-officer-suicide-january-6-capitol-riot/index.html |url-status=live |work=CNN |location= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803030544/https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/02/politics/dc-metropolitan-police-officer-suicide-january-6-capitol-riot/index.html |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2021}}</ref>
+=== Proud Boys ===
-On August 5, 2021, Liebengood and Smith, along with Brian Sicknick and [[Billy Evans (police officer)|Billy Evans]], were posthumously honored in a signing ceremony for a bill to award [[Congressional Gold Medal]]s to Capitol Police and other January 6 responders. Their names are noted in the text of the bill, and Biden remarked on their deaths.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pelosi|first=Nancy|date=August 5, 2021|title=H.R.3325 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): To award four congressional gold medals to the United States Capitol Police and those who protected the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021.|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/3325|access-date=August 7, 2021|website=www.congress.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=President Biden Delivers Remarks and Signs H.R. 3325|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itGQewE09Zw| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/itGQewE09Zw| archive-date=2021-11-04 | url-status=live|language=en|access-date=August 7, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
+{{multiple image
+| perrow      = 3
+| total_width = 230
+| image1      = Enrique Tarrio.jpg
+| image2      = Ethan Nordean headshot cropped.png
+| image3      = Proud Boy Joe Biggs - Seminole County Jail.png
+| image4      = Zach Rehl - Leader of the Philly Proud Boys (50558087973) (cropped).jpg
+| image5      = Proud Boy Jeremy Bertino wearing a Right Wing Death Squad (RWDS) patch in Raleigh (2020 Nov) (50658113573) (cropped).jpg
+| footer      = Proud Boys leaders who were guilty of leading a seditious conspiracy to stop the transfer of power: Chairman [[Enrique Tarrio]] of Florida (''top left''), [[Ethan Nordean|Ethan "Rufio" Nordean]] of Washington State (''top center''), [[Joe Biggs]] (''top right'') of Florida, Zachary Rehl of Pennsylvania (''bottom left'') and [[Jeremy Bertino]] of South Carolina (''bottom right''). Bertino pleaded guilty, while the other four were found guilty at trial.
+}}
+{{main|Proud Boys#Participation in the January 6 United States Capitol attack}}
+{{see also|Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack#Proud Boys}}
+The Proud Boys played a much greater role in planning and coordinating the attack than was known in 2021. In 2022, new information appeared in testimony to the [[United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack|January 6th Committee]] and in a ''New York Times'' investigative video.<ref name="NYT PB article">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/12/us/politics/proud-boys-jan-6.html |first1=Natalie |last1=Reneau |last2=Cooper |first2=Stella |last3=Feuer |first3=Alan |last4=Byrd |first4=Aaron |title=Proud Boys Led Major Breaches of Capitol on Jan. 6, Video Investigation Finds |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 17, 2022 |access-date=August 18, 2022}}</ref> Another key revelation about the Proud Boys' plans came from an informant and concerned Mike Pence:
-=== Damage and theft ===
+{{Blockquote
-[[File:US Capitol evening of 2021 storming of the United States Capitol by Tina Smith 01.jpg |thumb|upright=0.75|Damaged furniture in the Capitol]]
+|text=According to an F.B.I. affidavit the panel highlighted ... a government informant said that members of the far-right militant group the Proud Boys told him they would have killed Pence 'if given the chance.' The rioters on January 6th almost had that chance, coming within forty feet of the Vice-President as he fled to safety.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/what-we-learned-about-trump-pence-and-the-january-6th-mob |first=Susan |last=Glasser |title=What We Learned About Trump, Pence, and the January 6th Mob |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=June 16, 2022 |access-date=August 24, 2022}}</ref>}}
+On July 7, 2023, Barry Bennet Ramey was sentenced to 5&nbsp;years in prison. He was connected to the Proud Boys and pepper-sprayed police in the face.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Boboltz |first=Sara |date=2023-07-07 |title=Rioter Linked To Proud Boys Sentenced For Attacking Cops On Jan. 6 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/proud-boy-sentenced-jan-6-capitol-riot_n_64a81708e4b02fb0e6f83e30 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=[[HuffPost]] |language=en}}</ref> Proud Boys leaders Joseph Biggs and Zachary Rehl were sentenced to 17 and 15&nbsp;years respectively.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/proud-boy-leaders-joe-biggs-zachary-rehl-sentenced/story?id=102832655 |first=Alexander |last=Mallin |access-date=3 January 2024 |date=August 31, 2023 |title=Former Proud Boys leaders Joseph Biggs, Zachary Rehl sentenced for Jan. 6 sedition |website=[[ABC News]] }}</ref> Proud Boy [[Dominic Pezzola]], who breached the Capitol with a stolen police riot shield, was sentenced to 10&nbsp;years.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ryan J. |last1=Reilly |first2=Daniel |last2=Barnes |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/proud-boy-sentenced-rcna102857 |title=Proud Boy who smashed Capitol window with police shield sentenced to 10 years |website=[[NBC News]] |date=1 September 2023 |access-date=8 January 2024 }}</ref> Proud Boys founder Enrique Tarrio, described as the "ultimate leader" of the conspiracy, was sentenced to 22&nbsp;years in prison.<ref name="Kunzelman"/>
-[[File:Interior damage after 2021 storming of the United States Capitol by Bill Cassidy 01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A damaged window in the Capitol]]
-Rioters stormed the offices of Nancy Pelosi, flipping tables and ripping photos from walls;<ref name="The New York Times" /><ref name="nytimes.com" /> the office of the [[Parliamentarian of the United States Senate|Senate Parliamentarian]] was ransacked;<ref name="Newsweek" /> art was looted;<ref name="Stunning" /> and feces were tracked into several hallways.<ref name="WilsonGrenadesDeployed">{{Cite news|last1=Wilson|first1=Kristin|last2=Barrett|first2=Ted|last3=Raju|first3=Manu|last4=Zaslav|first4=Ali|last5=Fortinsky|first5=Sarah|date=January 6, 2021|title=Smoke grenades being deployed on Senate side of the US Capitol|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/congress-electoral-college-vote-count-2021/h_dbbf8e4709f7dfcc4729ed32fe0337b9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106222928/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/congress-electoral-college-vote-count-2021/h_dbbf8e4709f7dfcc4729ed32fe0337b9|archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="fecesmearing">*{{cite news|title=Pro-Trump rioters smeared poop in U.S. Capitol hallways during belligerent attack|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-trump-capitol-riot-poopers-20210107-prlsqytyabgdhnexushotl4nam-story.html|first=Chris|last=Sommerfeldt|newspaper=Daily News|location=New York|date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115070706/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-trump-capitol-riot-poopers-20210107-prlsqytyabgdhnexushotl4nam-story.html|url-status=live}} * {{Cite web|last=Cineas|first=Fabiola|date=January 8, 2021|title=Whiteness is at the core of the insurrection|url=https://www.vox.com/2021/1/8/22221078/us-capitol-trump-riot-insurrection|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111045422/https://www.vox.com/2021/1/8/22221078/us-capitol-trump-riot-insurrection|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2021|website=Vox}}</ref> Windows were smashed throughout the building, leaving the floor littered with glass and debris.<ref name="Stunning" /><ref name="curatorsscourt">{{Cite news|last=Bahr|first=Sarah|date=January 7, 2021|title=Curators Scour Capitol for Damage to the Building or Its Art|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/arts/design/us-capitol-art-damage.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111171935/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/arts/design/us-capitol-art-damage.html|archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> Rioters damaged, turned over, or stole furniture.<ref name="curatorsscourt" /> One door had "MURDER THE MEDIA" scribbled onto it.<ref name="ReutersIns" /> Rioters damaged Associated Press recording and broadcasting equipment outside the Capitol after chasing away reporters.<ref name="gINDF">{{Cite web|title=Mob swarms media outside Capitol, damages equipment|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/mob-swarms-media-outside-capitol-damages-equipment-98983493908|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107015509/https://www.nbcnews.com/video/mob-swarms-media-outside-capitol-damages-equipment-98983493908|archive-date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=NBC News}}</ref> Rioters also destroyed a display honoring the life of congressman and civil rights leader [[John Lewis]].<ref name="vzbVD">{{Cite news|last=Burdyk|first=Zack|date=January 7, 2021|title=Hoyer says rioters destroyed display commemorating John Lewis|work=The Hill|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/533142-hoyer-says-rioters-destroyed-display-commemorating-john-lewis|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111200304/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/533142-hoyer-says-rioters-destroyed-display-commemorating-john-lewis|archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref><ref name="E3UrC">{{Cite news|date=January 7, 2021|title=House Majority Leader says rioters stole tribute to late Rep. John Lewis|work=WFLA|url=https://www.wfla.com/news/politics/house-majority-leader-says-rioters-stole-tribute-to-late-rep-john-lewis/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112153348/https://www.wfla.com/news/politics/house-majority-leader-says-rioters-stole-tribute-to-late-rep-john-lewis/|archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref> A photo of Representative [[Andy Kim (politician)|Andy Kim]] (D–[[New Jersey|NJ]]) cleaning up the litter in the rotunda after midnight [[went viral]].<ref name="IssYJ">{{Cite news|last=Wang|first=Claire|date=January 8, 2021|title=Behind the viral photo of Rep. Andy Kim cleaning up at midnight after riots|work=NBC news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/behind-viral-photo-rep-andy-kim-cleaning-midnight-after-riots-n1253519|url-status=live|access-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023350/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/behind-viral-photo-rep-andy-kim-cleaning-midnight-after-riots-n1253519|archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref>
+===Oath Keepers===
-The rioters caused extensive physical damage.<ref name="Stunning" /><ref name="WilsonGrenadesDeployed" /> [[Architect of the Capitol]] [[J. Brett Blanton]], who leads the office charged with maintaining the Capitol and preserving its art and architecture, reported in congressional testimony from late February 2021 that the combined costs of repairing the damage and post-attack security measures (such as erecting temporary perimeter fencing) already exceeded $30{{nbs}}million and would continue to increase.<ref name="Chappell" /> In May 2021, U.S. prosecutors estimated that the damage would cost almost $1.5 million.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hsu|first=Spencer S.|date=June 3, 2021|title=Jan. 6 riot caused $1.5 million in damage to Capitol — and U.S. prosecutors want defendants to pay|language=en-US|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/capitol-riot-defendants-pay-damages-restitution/2021/06/03/74691812-c3ec-11eb-93f5-ee9558eecf4b_story.html|access-date=September 22, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Interior damage from the riot included broken glass, broken doors, and [[graffiti]]; as well as defecation throughout the complex, on the floor and smeared on the walls; some statues, paintings, and furniture were damaged by [[pepper spray]], tear gas, and fire extinguishing agents deployed by rioters and police.<ref name="Bahr">{{Cite news|last=Bahr|first=Sarah|date=January 8, 2021|title=First Inventory of Damage to U.S. Capitol Building Released|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/arts/design/us-capitol-damage.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113094046/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/arts/design/us-capitol-damage.html|archive-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Chappell" />
+{{main|Oath Keepers#Participation in the January 6 United States Capitol attack}}
+{{see also|Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack#Oath Keepers}}
+The [[Oath Keepers]] are an [[Radical right (United States)|American far-right]]<ref name="CTC 2021"/> [[American militia movement|anti-government militia]]<ref name="CTC 2021"/><ref>Sources:
-The historic bronze [[Columbus Doors]] were damaged.<ref name="Chappell" /><ref name="pOsp9">Marina Pitofsky, [https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/538489-architect-of-the-capitol-considering-exhibiting-a-display-from Architect of the Capitol considering display on January{{nbs}}6 riot], ''The Hill'' (February 11, 2021).</ref> Items, including portraits of [[John Quincy Adams]] and [[James Madison]], as well as a [[Statue of Thomas Jefferson (U.S. Capitol)|marble statue of Thomas Jefferson]], were covered in "corrosive gas agent residue"; these were sent to the [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] for assessment and restoration.<ref name="Castronuovo">{{Cite web|last=Castronuovo|first=Celine|date=January 9, 2021|title=Flags, signs and other items left behind in Capitol riot to be preserved as historical artifacts|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/news/533475-flags-signs-and-other-items-left-behind-in-capitol-riot-to-be-preserved-as|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235324/https://thehill.com/homenews/news/533475-flags-signs-and-other-items-left-behind-in-capitol-riot-to-be-preserved-as|archive-date=January 9, 2021|access-date=January 10, 2021|website=The Hill|quote=Flags, signs and other items left throughout the Capitol by rioters who stormed the building Wednesday will be preserved as historical artifacts in the House and Senate collections and shared with national museums...Frank Blazich, a curator from the National Museum of American History, also collected signs and other items left at the scene of the chaos, including a sign that read, "Off with their heads: Stop the steal". }}</ref> A 19th-century marble [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] of President [[Zachary Taylor]] was defaced with what seemed to be blood, but the most important works in the Capitol collection, such as the [[John Trumbull]] paintings, were unharmed.<ref name="Bahr" /><ref name="curatorsscourt" /> On the Capitol's exterior, two 19th-century bronze light fixtures designed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] were damaged.<ref name="Bahr" /> Because the Capitol has no [[Property insurance|insurance against loss]], taxpayers will pay for damage inflicted by the siege.<ref name="ReutersIns">{{Cite web|last=Barlyn,Suzanne|date=January 7, 2021|title=U.S. taxpayers to pay Capitol siege tab as government shuns insurance|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-insurance/u-s-taxpayers-to-pay-capitol-siege-tab-as-government-shuns-insurance-idUSKBN29C38M|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112040537/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-insurance/u-s-taxpayers-to-pay-capitol-siege-tab-as-government-shuns-insurance-idUSKBN29C38M|archive-date=January 12, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2021|website=Reuters}}</ref> Multiple sources noted that [[Federal Prison Industries]], as a "mandatory source" for government agencies, would receive priority when the government purchases goods FPI [[Penal labor in the United States|manufactures]] such as office furniture to replace what was damaged in the riots.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Valentine|first=Brittany|date=January 11, 2021|title=Prison labor is what will rebuild the U.S. Capitol after its siege|url=https://aldianews.com/articles/politics/prison-labor-what-will-rebuild-us-capitol-after-its-siege/62007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111221904/https://aldianews.com/articles/politics/prison-labor-what-will-rebuild-us-capitol-after-its-siege/62007|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 23, 2021|website=AL DÍA News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Furniture Damaged in the Capitol Riot Will Almost Certainly Be Rebuilt By Incarcerated People For Pennies|url=https://jezebel.com/the-furniture-damaged-in-the-capitol-riot-will-almost-c-1846019929|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119070937/https://jezebel.com/the-furniture-damaged-in-the-capitol-riot-will-almost-c-1846019929|archive-date=January 19, 2021|access-date=January 23, 2021|website=Jezebel|language=en-us}}</ref>
+* {{cite news |title=A Broadway actor was with Oath Keepers on Jan. 6, feds say. His Michael Jackson jacket gave him away. |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Timothy |last=Bella |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/11/24/capitol-jan6-james-beeks-oath-jackson/ |access-date=2021-11-24 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125151130/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/11/24/capitol-jan6-james-beeks-oath-jackson/ |date=24 November 2021 |url-status=live}}
+* {{cite news |last=Tully |first=Tracey |date=2021-10-27 |title=An Oath Keeper Was at the Capitol Riot. On Tuesday, He's on the Ballot. |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/27/nyregion/oath-keeper-nj-assembly.html |access-date=2021-11-24 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121052332/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/27/nyregion/oath-keeper-nj-assembly.html |url-status=live}}</ref> whose leaders have been convicted of violently opposing the government of the [[United States]], including the transfer of presidential power as prescribed by the [[Constitution of the United States|United States constitution]]. It was incorporated in 2009 by founder [[Stewart Rhodes|Elmer Stewart Rhodes]], a lawyer and former paratrooper. In 2023, Rhodes was sentenced to 18&nbsp;years for [[seditious conspiracy]] for his role in the attack, and another Oath Keepers leader, Kelly Meggs, was sentenced to 12&nbsp;years for the same crime.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Boboltz |first=Sara |date=2023-05-25 |title=Oath Keepers Founder Sentenced For Seditious Conspiracy Over Jan. 6 Capitol Riot |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/oath-keeper-sentenced-capitol-riot_n_646e7bffe4b0047ed779251d |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=[[HuffPost]]|language=en}}</ref>
+On January 13, 2022, 10 members of the Oath Keepers, including founder Stewart Rhodes, were arrested and charged with seditious conspiracy.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Alan |last1=Feuer |first2=Adam |last2=Goldman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/13/us/politics/oath-keepers-stewart-rhodes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113191215/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/13/us/politics/oath-keepers-stewart-rhodes.html |archive-date=January 13, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Oath Keepers Leader Charged With Conspiracy in Jan. 6 Investigation |date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |language=en}}</ref> On November 29, a jury convicted Rhodes and Florida chapter Oath Keepers leader Kelly Meggs of seditious conspiracy. Three other members of the Oath Keepers were found not guilty of seditious conspiracy, but were convicted on other, related charges.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Spencer S. |last1=Hsu |first2=Tom |last2=Jackman |first3=Rachel |last3=Weiner |date=November 29, 2022 |title=Oath Keepers founder Stewart Rhodes guilty of seditious conspiracy |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/11/29/rhodes-oathkeepers-sedition-verdict-jan6/ |access-date=8 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=November 29, 2022 |title=Oath Keepers: Two members of far-right militia guilty of US sedition |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-63802649 |access-date=November 29, 2022 |first1=Max |last1=Matza |first2=Nadine |last2=Yousif}}</ref>
-==== Technology theft and cybersecurity concerns ====
-A laptop owned by Senator [[Jeff Merkley]] (D-[[Oregon|OR]]) was stolen.<!--Clyburn's iPad not stolen--><ref name="Sdc9F">{{Cite news|last1=Wagner|first1=Meg|last2=Macaya|first2=Melissa|date=January 8, 2021|title=Clyburn's spokesperson tells CNN they found his iPad, was not taken by rioters|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/washington-dc-riots-trump-news-friday/h_c0028e708eef7426f2d4926e5e610781|url-status=live|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108220916/https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/washington-dc-riots-trump-news-friday/h_c0028e708eef7426f2d4926e5e610781|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> A laptop taken from Speaker Pelosi's office was a "laptop from a conference room{{nbs}}... that was only used for presentations", according to Pelosi's deputy chief of staff.<ref name="hill-miller-2021-laptop" /> Representative [[Ruben Gallego]] (D–[[Arizona|AZ]]) said "we have to do a full review of what was taken, or copied, or even left behind in terms of [[Covert listening device|bugs and listening devices]]".<ref name="politico-bertrand-2021" /> Military news website ''SOFREP'' reported that "several" [[Classified information in the United States#Secret|secret]]{{nbhyph}}level laptops were stolen, some of which had been abandoned while still logged in to [[SIPRNet]], causing authorities to temporarily shut down SIPRNet for a security update on January{{nbs}}7 and leading the [[United States Army Special Operations Command]] to re-authorize all SIPRNet-connected computers on January 8.<ref name="sofrep-jan-8-siprnet">{{Cite web|last1=Black|first1=John|last2=Sotak|first2=J.W.|last3=Spoonts|first3=Sean|date=January 8, 2021|title=Computers with Access to Classified Material Stolen from Capitol|url=https://sofrep.com/news/breaking-computers-with-access-to-classified-material-stolen-from-capitol/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109005705/https://sofrep.com/news/breaking-computers-with-access-to-classified-material-stolen-from-capitol/|archive-date=January 9, 2021|access-date=January 9, 2021|website=SOFREP}}</ref><ref name="AHvyE">{{Cite web|title=News & Notices|url=https://www.aoc.gov/about-us/news-notices|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108013733/https://www.aoc.gov/about-us/news-notices|archive-date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 9, 2021|website=www.aoc.gov|publisher=Architect of the Capitol}}</ref>
+On May 23, 2023, Rhodes, age 57, was sentenced to 18&nbsp;years in prison.<ref name="Oath" /> The Department of Justice announced plans to appeal to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] for longer prison terms for Rhodes and his co-defendants.<ref name="Oath" /> At sentencing, the court described Rhodes as dangerous, noting "The moment you are released, whenever that may be, you will be ready to take up arms against your government."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/stewart-rhodes-oath-keepers-seditious-conspiracy-sentencing-b3ed4556a3dec577539c4181639f666c |title=Oath Keepers founder Stewart Rhodes sentenced to 18 years for seditious conspiracy in Jan. 6 attack |website=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Michael |last1=Kunzelman |first2=Alanna Durkin |last2=Richer |first3=Lindsay |last3=Whitehurst |date=May 25, 2023 |access-date=8 January 2024 }}</ref> Eight of Rhodes's militiamen were convicted for seditious conspiracy, among other charges. Meggs was sentenced to 12&nbsp;years in prison.<ref name=USAODC>{{cite press release |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/court-sentences-two-oath-keepers-leaders-18-years-prison-seditious-conspiracy-and-other |title=Court Sentences Two Oath Keepers Leaders to 18 Years in Prison on Seditious Conspiracy and Other Charges Related to U.S. Capitol Breach |work=[[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]] |date=May 25, 2023 |access-date=8 January 2024 }}</ref> [[Jessica Marie Watkins|Jessica Watkins]] was sentenced to 8&nbsp;years and six months, and Kenneth Harrelson was sentenced to four years in prison. Both convicts were members of the Oath Keepers, with Watkins' crimes including merging her local Ohio armed group with the Oath Keepers in 2020, and Harrelson's as serving as the right-hand man to Kelly Meggs, leader of the Florida chapter.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2023/05/26/oath-keepers-jessica-watkins-sentencing-jan6/ |title=More Oath Keepers convicted with Rhodes for Jan. 6 attack are sentenced |last=Hsu |first=Spencer S. |access-date=8 January 2024 |date=May 26, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref>
-Representative [[Anna Eshoo]] (D–[[California|CA]]) said in a statement that "[i]mages on social media and in the press of vigilantes accessing congressional computers are worrying" and she had asked the [[Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives|Chief Administrative Officer of the House]] (CAO) "to conduct a full assessment of threats based on what transpired".<ref name="protocol-krazit-2021">{{Cite web|last=Krazit|first=Tom|date=January 7, 2021|title=Don't worry about the cybersecurity fallout of the Capitol breach|url=https://www.protocol.com/no-cybersecurity-fallout-capitol-breach|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111002300/https://www.protocol.com/no-cybersecurity-fallout-capitol-breach|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 10, 2021|website=Protocol}}</ref> The CAO said it was "providing support and guidance to House offices as needed".<ref name="hill-miller-2021-laptop">{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Maggie|date=January 8, 2021|title=Laptop stolen from Pelosi's office during Capitol riots|url=https://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/533384-laptop-stolen-from-pelosis-office-during-capitol-riots|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110192540/https://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/533384-laptop-stolen-from-pelosis-office-during-capitol-riots|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 10, 2021|website=The Hill}}</ref>
+[[File:Government Exhibit in USA v Rhodes - Diagram of Oath Keeper Leadership.jpg|thumb|center|600px|Prosecution diagram of the Oath Keepers leadership involved in the attack]]
-One protester was arrested on charges of theft. She had allegedly stolen a laptop or hard drive from Pelosi's office with the intention of sending it to a friend in Russia for sale to the country's foreign intelligence service.<ref name="7CTZe">{{Cite news|title=Woman Charged In Theft Of Pelosi's Laptop Released From Jail|language=en|work=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/21/959446771/woman-charged-in-theft-of-pelosis-laptop-released-from-jail|url-status=live|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122032603/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/21/959446771/woman-charged-in-theft-of-pelosis-laptop-released-from-jail|first=Dustin|last=Jones|archive-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref> The laptop has not been recovered.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/capitol-rioter-suspected-of-stealing-nancy-pelosis-laptop-is-charged-2021-10 |title=Capitol rioter suspected of stealing laptop from Nancy Pelosi's office is charged. Her plot to sell it to Russian spies is still being investigated, says report |first=Alia |last=Shoaib |date=October 9, 2021 |work=Business Insider |access-date=October 27, 2021}}</ref>
+===QAnon===
-== Events elsewhere ==
+[[File:DOJ filing Jacob Chansley aka QAnon Shaman in Senate on Jan 6.png|thumb|Jake Angeli, the "QAnon Shaman", in the US Senate during the attack. He was later sentenced to 41&nbsp;months in prison.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jacques |last=Billeaud |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/jan-6-rioter-known-as-qanon-shaman-sentenced-to-41-months |title=Jan. 6 rioter known as 'QAnon Shaman' sentenced to 41 months |website=[[PBS]] |date=November 17, 2021 |access-date=8 January 2024 }}</ref>]]
+{{main|QAnon#Attempts to overturn the 2020 U.S. election}}
+QAnon is an [[American political conspiracy theory]] and [[political movement]] that originated in the [[Far-right politics|American far-right]] political sphere in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last=Martineau |first=Paris |date=December 19, 2017 |title=The Storm Is the New Pizzagate – Only Worse |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |url=https://nymag.com/selectall/2017/12/qanon-4chan-the-storm-conspiracy-explained.html |access-date=March 26, 2018 |issn=0028-7369}}</ref> QAnon centers on fabricated claims made by an anonymous individual or individuals known as "Q". Those claims have been relayed and developed by [[Virtual community|online communities]] and [[Internet celebrity|influencers]]. Their core belief is that a [[cabal]] of [[Theistic Satanism|Satanic]],<ref name="far-right conspiracy theory" /><ref name="Bracewell" /><ref name="Crossley" /> [[Human cannibalism|cannibalistic]] [[child molesters]] are operating a global child [[sex trafficking]] ring that conspired against Donald Trump.{{refn|Multiple sources:<ref name="Bracewell" /><ref name="Crossley" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kunzelman |first1=Michael |last2=Slevin |first2=Colleen |date=February 9, 2020 |title='QAnon' conspiracy theory creeps into mainstream politics |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/e230131513bf3df60c76bb1151bc6b7c |access-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819200201/https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-us-news-ap-top-news-wisconsin-racine-e230131513bf3df60c76bb1151bc6b7c |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 9, 2020 |title=QAnon: The conspiracy theory embraced by Trump, several politicians, and some American moms. |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/10/9/21504910/qanon-conspiracy-theory-facebook-ban-trump |access-date=April 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014120005/https://www.vox.com/2020/10/9/21504910/qanon-conspiracy-theory-facebook-ban-trump |archive-date=October 14, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zuckerman |first1=Ethan |title=QAnon and the Emergence of the Unreal |journal=Journal of Design and Science |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=London, England |date=July 2019 |issue=6 |pages=1–5 |url=https://innovation.disi.unitn.it/ibict/2019/readings/mandatory/08%20Zuckerman%20%E2%80%94%20QAnon%20and%20the%20Unreal.pdf}}</ref>}} Watchdogs studied QAnon posts and warned of the potential for violence ahead of January 6, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kuznia |first1=Rob |last2=Devine |first2=Curt |last3=Bronstein |first3=Scott |last4=Ortega |first4=Bob |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Extremists intensify calls for violence ahead of Inauguration Day |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/us/online-extremism-inauguration-capitol-invs/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111171231/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/us/online-extremism-inauguration-capitol-invs/index.html |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 4, 2021 |title=Extremists and Mainstream Trump Supporters Plan to Protest Congressional Certification of Biden's Victory |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/extremists-and-mainstream-trump-supporters-plan-to-protest-congressional-certification-of |url-status=live |access-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111045853/https://www.adl.org/blog/extremists-and-mainstream-trump-supporters-plan-to-protest-congressional-certification-of |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=January 4, 2021|title=January 2021 Washington, D.C., Security Outlook: Intelligence Report, Part Three|url=https://www.g4s.com/en-us/-/media/g4s/usa/files/whitepapers/1_-_g4s_crs_-_intelligence_assessment_jan_2021_washington_dc_-_210104.ashx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115172718/https://www.g4s.com/en-us/-/media/g4s/usa/files/whitepapers/1_-_g4s_crs_-_intelligence_assessment_jan_2021_washington_dc_-_210104.ashx|archive-date=January 15, 2021|access-date=January 9, 2021|website=G4S}}</ref> Multiple QAnon-affiliated protesters participated in the attack.<ref>{{cite news |last=Culbertson |first=Alix |url=https://news.sky.com/story/us-capitol-from-neo-nazis-and-conspiracy-theorists-to-a-politician-who-stormed-the-capitol-12181628 |title=US Capitol: Q-Anon, Confederate flag man, and Baked Alaska – here are the people who stormed the building |work=Sky News |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108011216/https://news.sky.com/story/us-capitol-from-neo-nazis-and-conspiracy-theorists-to-a-politician-who-stormed-the-capitol-12181628 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Venkataramakrishnan |first1=Siddharth |last2=Manson |first2=Katrina |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8ee1f26a-619a-46d2-98c2-be3eb34fcd5e |title=Who were the Capitol insurrectionists? |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107213041/https://www.ft.com/content/8ee1f26a-619a-46d2-98c2-be3eb34fcd5e |url-status=live}}</ref> One participant, whose attire and behavior attracted worldwide media attention, was [[Jake Angeli]], a QAnon supporter nicknamed the "QAnon Shaman".<ref>{{cite news |last=Ruelas |first=Richard |title=QAnon supporter from Arizona dressed in fur and horns joins storming of US Capitol |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/06/arizona-qanon-supporter-jake-angeli-joins-storming-us-capitol/6570514002/ |date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=January 10, 2021 |website=[[USA Today]] |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110111949/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/06/arizona-qanon-supporter-jake-angeli-joins-storming-us-capitol/6570514002/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Ashli Babbitt, a rioter who was shot dead by police as she was trying to break into the Speaker's Lobby, was a committed follower of QAnon.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Law & Crime]] |url=https://lawandcrime.com/2020-election/pro-trump-woman-shot-and-killed-at-u-s-capitol-retweeted-attorney-lin-woods-must-be-done-list-before-she-died/ |access-date=April 19, 2021 |title=Pro-Trump Woman Shot and Killed at U.S. Capitol Retweeted Attorney Lin Wood's 'Must Be Done' List Before She Died |first=Aaron |last=Keller |date=January 6, 2021 |quote=A Twitter account linked to Babbitt, which was reviewed extensively by Law&Crime Wednesday night, indicates that Babbitt was a staunch QAnon follower who retweeted dozens of conspiracy-theory-laden missives originally posted by Georgia attorney L. Lin Wood. |archive-date=December 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202063421/https://lawandcrime.com/2020-election/pro-trump-woman-shot-and-killed-at-u-s-capitol-retweeted-attorney-lin-woods-must-be-done-list-before-she-died/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Zadrozny>{{cite news |last1=Zadrozny |first1=Brandy |author-link1=Brandy Zadrozny |last2=Gains |first2=Mosheh |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/woman-killed-capitol-was-trump-supporter-who-embraced-conspiracy-theories-n1253285 |title=Woman killed in Capitol was Trump supporter who embraced conspiracy theories |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020719/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/woman-killed-capitol-was-trump-supporter-who-embraced-conspiracy-theories-n1253285 |url-status=live}}</ref> The day before the attack, she had tweeted: "the storm is here and it is descending upon DC in less than 24 hours".<ref>{{cite news |title=Woman killed in siege of U.S. Capitol was veteran who embraced conspiracy theories |work=[[Reuters]] |first1=Daniel |last1=Trotta |first2=Gabriella |last2=Borter |first3=Jonathan |last3=Allen |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=3 January 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-election-death-idUKKBN29C2NX/}}</ref>
-=== State capitols and cities ===
-[[File:Pro-Trump demonstration at the Texas Capitol Building on 6 January 2021.jpg|thumb|Trump supporters and police at the [[Texas State Capitol]] on January{{nbs}}6]]
-{{Excerpt|2020–21 United States election protests#January 6 – state capitols and cities|only=paragraph|paragraph=1}}
+===White supremacists, neo-Nazis, and neo-Confederates===
-Protests were again being held at state capitols in the [[2021 United States inauguration week protests|week before inauguration]].<ref name="80xzE">{{cite news|url=https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/2021/01/14/vermont-possible-protest-state-capitol-montpelier-joe-biden-inauguration-day/4159584001/|date=January 14, 2021|work=[[The Burlington Free Press]]|title=State prepares for protests in Montpelier over weekend and for Inauguration Day|first=April|last=Barton|access-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref>
+Far-right emblematic gear was worn by some participants, including [[neo-Confederate]], [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]], [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] and [[Völkisch movement#Influence on Nazism|Völkisch]]-inspired [[Modern Paganism|neopagan]] apparel, as well as a shirt emblazoned with references to the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] and its motto, {{lang|de|[[Arbeit macht frei]]}} ("Work sets you free").<ref name="IsraeliJournalist"/><ref name="Watchlist"/><ref name="List1" /><ref>{{cite web |date=January 13, 2021 |title=Man in 'Camp Auschwitz' sweatshirt at Capitol riot arrested |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/man-in-camp-auschwitz-sweatshirt-at-capitol-riot-arrested |first=Mike |last=Brest |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115173614/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/man-in-camp-auschwitz-sweatshirt-at-capitol-riot-arrested |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=January 14, 2021 |website=Washington Examiner}}</ref>
+The anti-Semitic, neo-Nazi group NSC-131 was at the event, although it is unknown to what extent.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=There Are White Supremacist Hate Groups Everywhere. Even In 'Blue' Mass.|url=https://www.wbur.org/cognoscenti/2021/01/13/capitol-attack-massachusetts-right-wing-extremism-janelle-dempsey-erin-fowler-oren-sellstrom |first1=Janelle |last1=Dempsey |first2=Erin |last2=Fowler |first3=Oren |last3=Sellstrom |access-date=September 19, 2021|website=[[WBUR-FM]] |date=January 13, 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Nationalist Social Club (NSC)|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/nationalist-social-club-nsc|access-date=September 19, 2021|website=Anti-Defamation League|language=en}}</ref>{{efn|The group is more radical than other [[patriot movement]] groups who attended the rally. "NSC members consider themselves soldiers fighting a war against a hostile, Jewish-controlled system that is deliberately plotting the [[White genocide conspiracy theory|extinction of the white race.]]" states the [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Somos|first=Christy|date=January 8, 2021|title=These are some of the extremist groups responsible for the violence on Capitol Hill|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/these-are-some-of-the-extremist-groups-responsible-for-the-violence-on-capitol-hill-1.5259142|access-date=September 19, 2021|website=CTVNews|language=en}}</ref>}} Following the event, members of the group detailed their actions and claimed they were the "beginning of the start of White Revolution in the United States".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Makuch, Ben|date=January 7, 2021|title=Neo-Nazis Boast About Participation In Capitol Hill Invasion|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/93wnja/neo-nazis-boast-about-participation-in-capitol-hill-invasion|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020725/https://www.vice.com/en/article/93wnja/neo-nazis-boast-about-participation-in-capitol-hill-invasion|archive-date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> After the attack, two [[White nationalism|white nationalists]] known for [[racism|racist]] and [[antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] rhetoric streamed to their online followers a video posted on social media showing a man harassing an [[Israel]]i journalist seeking to conduct a live report outside the building.<ref name="IsraeliJournalist">{{#invoke:cite web||agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=January 13, 2021|title=Anti-Semitism seen in Capitol insurrection raises alarms|url=https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20210113/news/301139930|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115173613/https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20210113/news/301139930 |first=Elana |last=Schor |archive-date=January 15, 2021|access-date=January 14, 2021|website=Daily Herald}}</ref>
-=== International ===
-Internationally, Trump's allegations of a "stolen" election found a small audience among conspiracy theorists and fringe groups.<ref name="wapojapan">{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Adam|date=January 7, 2021|title=Trump's 'stop the steal' message finds an international audience among conspiracy theorists and suspected cults|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/01/07/trump-qanon-stop-the-steal-japan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113010400/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/01/07/trump-qanon-stop-the-steal-japan/|archive-date=January 13, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=The Washington Post}}</ref> In Canada, there were small pro-Trump rallies on January 6 in [[Calgary]], [[Toronto]], and [[Vancouver]].<ref name="SurJ0">{{Cite web|last=Little|first=Simon|date=January 6, 2021|title=Small pro-Trump rallies break out in Canada amid chaos at U.S. Capitol|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7559368/canada-pro-trump-rallies-us-capitol-lockdown/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106233016/https://globalnews.ca/news/7559368/canada-pro-trump-rallies-us-capitol-lockdown/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=Global News}}</ref> At the Vancouver rally, [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] [[photojournalist]] Ben Nelms was assaulted by one of the demonstrators.<ref name="PeljC">{{Cite news|last=Daflos|first=Penny|date=January 6, 2021|title=Photographers attacked at pro-Trump rally in downtown Vancouver|work=CTV news|url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/photographers-attacked-at-pro-trump-rally-in-downtown-vancouver-1.5256712|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107100102/https://bc.ctvnews.ca/photographers-attacked-at-pro-trump-rally-in-downtown-vancouver-1.5256712|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> In Japan, a few hundred people in [[Tokyo]] rallied in support of Trump hours before the rally in Washington, D.C.; several people carried the U.S. flag and the [[Rising Sun Flag]], a controversial symbol in [[East Asia]] because of its association with [[Imperial Japan|Japanese imperialism]]. The gathering in Tokyo was backed by [[Happy Science]], a [[new religious movement]] that has been described as a [[cult]].<ref name="wapojapan" /> In New Zealand, a week after the Capitol attack, about 100 participants attended a "freedom rally" outside the [[New Zealand Parliament]] in [[Wellington]]. The "freedom rally" was organized by conspiracy theorist and [[New Zealand Public Party]] leader [[Billy Te Kahika]], and featured several participants with pro-Trump banners and flags.<ref name="6TYJf">{{Cite news|last=Walls|first=Jason|date=January 14, 2021|title=Police keeping a close eye on controversial Billy TK 'freedom rally' outside Beehive|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/police-keeping-a-close-eye-on-controversial-billy-tk-freedom-rally-outside-beehive/4C2E3SYXDZPQZZA4CK2EC5T2MU/|url-status=live|access-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114104417/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/police-keeping-a-close-eye-on-controversial-billy-tk-freedom-rally-outside-beehive/4C2E3SYXDZPQZZA4CK2EC5T2MU/|archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref><ref name="5wdGx">{{Cite news|date=January 14, 2021|title=Billy Te Kahika spreads Covid-19 misinformation at Parliament rally|work=[[Radio New Zealand]]|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/434533/billy-te-kahika-spreads-covid-19-misinformation-at-parliament-rally|url-status=live|access-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114111032/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/434533/billy-te-kahika-spreads-covid-19-misinformation-at-parliament-rally|archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>
+For the first time in U.S. history, a Confederate battle flag was displayed inside the Capitol.<ref name="6 miles">{{cite news |last=McLaughlin |first=Eliott C. |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Before Wednesday, insurgents waving Confederate flags hadn't been within 6 miles of the US Capitol |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/us/capitol-confederate-flag-fort-stevens/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020738/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/us/capitol-confederate-flag-fort-stevens/index.html |archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref><ref name=list2/>
+Some of the rioters carried [[American flag]]s, [[Modern display of the Confederate battle flag|Confederate battle flags]],<ref name="Stunning" /><ref name="6 miles" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Contreras |first=Russell |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Descendant of Robert E. Lee says Confederate flag at Capitol was 'treasonous' |url=https://www.axios.com/confederate-descendant-denounces-flag-capitol-903aa9d2-e1bc-40b2-92ad-8eeab3aa5756.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112133814/https://www.axios.com/confederate-descendant-denounces-flag-capitol-903aa9d2-e1bc-40b2-92ad-8eeab3aa5756.html |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Javonte |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Capitol riot images showing Confederate flag a reminder of country's darkest past |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2021/01/07/capitol-riot-images-confederate-flag-terror/6588104002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111084336/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2021/01/07/capitol-riot-images-confederate-flag-terror/6588104002/ |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> or [[Nazi]] emblems.<ref>Multiple sources:
+* {{cite news |last=Tumlin |first=Remy |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Evening Briefing Special Edition: A Pro-Trump Mob Storms the Capitol |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/briefing/pro-trump-mob-storms-the-capitol.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020715/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/briefing/pro-trump-mob-storms-the-capitol.html |archive-date=January 8, 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Eddy |first=Melissa |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Amid the Rampage at the U.S. Capitol, a Sweatshirt Stirs Troubling Memories |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/world/europe/us-capitol-rampage-camp-auschwitz.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112230018/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/world/europe/us-capitol-rampage-camp-auschwitz.html |archive-date=January 12, 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Devine |first1=Curt |last2=Bronstein |first2=Scott |date=January 10, 2021 |title=Man in 'Camp Auschwitz' sweatshirt during Capitol riot identified |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/10/politics/man-camp-auschwitz-sweatshirt-capitol-riot-identified/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112211611/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/10/politics/man-camp-auschwitz-sweatshirt-capitol-riot-identified/index.html |archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref> A group of [[Indian American]] Trump supporters held an [[flag of India|Indian flag]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian flag waved in the middle of mob at the attack on US Capitol building |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/indian-flag-waved-middle-mob-attack-us-capitol-building-141004 |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]] |date=January 7, 2021 |publisher=TNM}}</ref> [[Varun Gandhi]], a senior parliamentarian from India's ruling [[BJP]], expressed surprise and disapproval of the prominent display of the Indian flag by some of the protestors in one of his [[Tweet (Twitter)|tweets]]; opposition [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Shashi Tharoor]] equated the mentality of some Indians with that of Trump supporters.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tharoor and Varun spat on Twitter over tricolour at Capitol |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tharoor-and-varun-spar-on-twitter-over-tricolour-at-capitol/articleshow/80163277.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=[[Times of India]] |date=January 8, 2021 |publisher=ToI}}</ref>
+The laptop computer taken from Pelosi's office was taken by 22-year-old Capitol rioter Riley Williams, a member of the Atomwaffen and the [[Order of Nine Angles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unicornriot.ninja/2024/sextortion-coms-inside-a-vile-child-exploitation-cult-run-by-nazi-linked-teens/|title=Sextortion Coms: Inside a Vile Child Exploitation Cult Run by Nazi-Linked Teens|date=13 March 2024|work=[[Unicorn Riot]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2021/02/24/woman-accused-of-stealing-nancy-pelosis-laptop-appears-in-video-making-nazi-salute/ |title=Woman Accused of Stealing Nancy Pelosi's Laptop Appears in Video Making Nazi Salute |last=Evans |first=Robert |date=August 16, 2022 |website=[[Bellingcat]] |access-date=August 16, 2022}}</ref><ref name=Rabinowitz>{{cite news |first=Hannah |last=Rabinowitz |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/07/politics/riley-williams-laptop-capitol-riot/index.html |title=Woman charged with stealing a laptop from Pelosi's office during US Capitol riot |work=CNN |date=October 7, 2021 |access-date=8 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name=HarrisburgPleas>{{cite news |url=https://www.wgal.com/article/harrisburg-woman-pleads-not-guilty-to-eight-charges-related-to-us-capitol-riot/38003576 |title=Harrisburg woman pleads not guilty to 8 charges related to U.S. Capitol riot |work=[[WGAL]] |date=October 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019170837/https://www.wgal.com/article/harrisburg-woman-pleads-not-guilty-to-eight-charges-related-to-us-capitol-riot/38003576 |archive-date=2021-10-19 |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref><ref name=Shoaib>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/capitol-rioter-suspected-of-stealing-nancy-pelosis-laptop-is-charged-2021-10 |title=Capitol rioter suspected of stealing laptop from Nancy Pelosi's office is charged. Her plot to sell it to Russian spies is still being investigated, says report |first=Alia |last=Shoaib |date=October 9, 2021 |work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=October 27, 2021}}</ref> Williams' boyfriend, who tipped off police, said that she had intended to send the stolen laptop to a friend in Russia for sale to Russian intelligence.<ref name=Rabinowitz/><ref name=Shoaib/> Williams was sentenced to 3&nbsp;years in prison.<ref>{{cite web |work=[[WPMT|Fox 43]] |url=https://www.fox43.com/article/news/crime/harrisburg-riley-williams-sentenced-capitol-insurrection-riot-january-6/521-d4c9db48-36c8-4646-ac1a-dc06c56c9285 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323132158/https://www.fox43.com/article/news/crime/harrisburg-riley-williams-sentenced-capitol-insurrection-riot-january-6/521-d4c9db48-36c8-4646-ac1a-dc06c56c9285 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |first=Cyera |last=Williams |access-date=3 January 2024 |url-status=live |title=Woman who stole Pelosi's laptop sentenced to 36 months in prison |date=March 23, 2023}}</ref>
+The National Capital Region Threat Intelligence Consortium, a [[fusion center]] that aids the DHS and other federal national security and law enforcement groups, wrote that potentially violent individuals were joining the protest from the neo-Nazi group [[Atomwaffen Division]] and [[Stormfront (website)|Stormfront]]. Despite this information, the Secret Service released an internal memo that stated there was no concern.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citizensforethics.org/reports-investigations/crew-investigations/the-secret-service-knew-about-jan-6-threat-they-dismissed-it/ |title=The Secret Service knew about Jan 6 threat. They dismissed it. |last=Libowitz |first=Jordan |date=August 16, 2022 |website=[[Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington]] |access-date=August 16, 2022 |quote=Groups identified as coming with a potential to cause violence included the Oath Keepers, the 3%ers and neo-Nazi groups Atomwaffen and StormFront.}}</ref>
+=== Others ===
+Although the anti-government [[Boogaloo movement]] mostly were opposed to Donald Trump, a Boogaloo follower said several groups under his command helped attack the Capitol, taking the opportunity to strike against the federal government.<ref name="BoogalooReuters">{{cite news |last1=Hesson |first1=Ted |last2=Parker |first2=Ned |last3=Harte |first3=Julia |date=January 8, 2021 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-election-extremists/us-capitol-siege-emboldens-motley-crew-of-extremists-idUSL1N2JJ0A0 |title=U.S. Capitol siege emboldens motley crew of extremists |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref> Also present during the attack were parts of the [[national-anarchism|National Anarchist Movement]] and the [[Blue Lives Matter]] movement, supporters of the [[America First Political Action Conference|America First Movement]], the Stop the Steal movement and the [[Patriot Movement]], remnants of the [[Tea Party movement]], the Three Percenters, the Groyper Army, [[Christian nationalism|Christian nationalists]], and other far-right organizations and groups.<ref name="List1"/> Shirts with references to the internet meme [[Pepe the Frog]] were also seen, alongside "1776" and "MAGA civil war 2021" shirts, NSC-131 stickers, and the [[valknut]] symbol.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/far-right-symbols-capitol-riot/ |title=Identifying far-right symbols that appeared at the U.S. Capitol riot |date=January 15, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=October 27, 2021}}</ref> Rioters were seen using the [[OK gesture]], a gesture that had been famously co-opted as an [[alt-right]] symbol. Christian imagery, including a large "Jesus saves" banner, was seen in the crowd of demonstrators. Various other iconography was also on display, such as flags of other countries.{{efn|Witnesses reported seeing the national flags of Cuba, Romania, India, Israel, [[South Vietnam]], Australia, Japan, Iran, Georgia, South Korea, Tonga, Mexico, Canada, and the United States (including an upside-down version); a [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines flag]]; the flag of the fictional country of "[[Kekistan]]"; Trump campaign flags such as "Release the [[Kraken]]", Second Amendment and America First flags; Pine tree, III Percenters and [[VDARE]] flags; altered versions of confederate, Gadsden, state, national and [[Gays for Trump|Gay Pride]] flags; as well as old American and Army flags such as the Betsy Ross flag, Irish Brigade flags, and others.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rose |first=Emma |date=January 15, 2021 |title=The Many Flags That Flew During the US Capitol's Storming and What They Represent |url=https://thewire.in/world/us-capitol-storming-flag-india-militia-groups-nationalism |url-status=live |work=The Wire (India) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115083042/https://thewire.in/world/us-capitol-storming-flag-india-militia-groups-nationalism |archive-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Castronuovo">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Castronuovo|first=Celine|date=January 9, 2021|title=Flags, signs and other items left behind in Capitol riot to be preserved as historical artifacts|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/news/533475-flags-signs-and-other-items-left-behind-in-capitol-riot-to-be-preserved-as|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235324/https://thehill.com/homenews/news/533475-flags-signs-and-other-items-left-behind-in-capitol-riot-to-be-preserved-as|archive-date=January 9, 2021|access-date=January 10, 2021|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|quote=Flags, signs and other items left throughout the Capitol by rioters who stormed the building Wednesday will be preserved as historical artifacts in the House and Senate collections and shared with national museums...Frank Blazich, a curator from the National Museum of American History, also collected signs and other items left at the scene of the chaos, including a sign that read, 'Off with their heads: Stop the steal'. }}</ref>
+}}
+[[Anti-vaccine activism|Anti-vaccine activists]] and conspiracy theorists were also present at the rally.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/04/politics/anti-vaxxers-stop-the-steal-invs/index.html |title=Leaders of the anti-vaccine movement used 'Stop the Steal' crusade to advance their own conspiracy theories |work=[[CNN]] |last1=Devine |first1=Curt |last2=Griffin |first2=Drew |date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref> Members of the right-wing Tea Party Patriots–backed group [[America's Frontline Doctors]], including founder [[Simone Gold]] and its communications director, were arrested.<ref>{{cite news |last=Satija |first=Neena |date=January 12, 2021 |title='I do regret being there': Simone Gold, noted hydroxychloroquine advocate, was inside the Capitol during the riot |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/simone-gold-capitol-riot-coronavirus/2021/01/12/d1d39e84-545f-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112184002/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/simone-gold-capitol-riot-coronavirus/2021/01/12/d1d39e84-545f-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Dazio |first=Staphsnie |date=January 19, 2021|title=Capitol photos, videos lead to California doctor's arrest|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/capitol-photos-videos-lead-california-doctors-arrest-75351374|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210121224731/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/capitol-photos-videos-lead-california-doctors-arrest-75351374|archive-date=January 21, 2021|access-date=January 21, 2021|website=abcnews.go.com|publisher=[[ABC News]]}}</ref> She was later sentenced to 60 days in prison by a US federal court in Washington, D.C., for illegally entering the Capitol building.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dyer O |title=Founder of America's Frontline Doctors is sentenced to prison for role in Capitol riot |journal=BMJ |volume=377 |pages=o1533 |date=2022 |doi=10.1136/bmj.o1533 |pmid=35732330 |s2cid=249891548}}</ref> West Virginia delegate [[Derrick Evans (politician)|Derrick Evans]], a state lawmaker, filmed himself entering the Capitol alongside rioters. On January{{spaces}}8, he was charged by federal authorities with entering a restricted area;<ref>{{cite news |last=Buchanan |first=Joe |title=W.Va. Delegate Derrick Evans has been federally charged |work=[[WDTV]] |url=https://www.wdtv.com/2021/01/08/wva-delegate-derrick-evans-has-been-federally-charged/ |date=January 8, 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108191131/https://www.wdtv.com/2021/01/08/wva-delegate-derrick-evans-has-been-federally-charged/ |archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> he resigned from the House of Delegates the next day and was ultimately sentenced to 90 days in jail.<ref name="resigns">{{#invoke:cite web||last=McElhinny|first=Brad|date=January 9, 2021|title=Derrick Evans resigns W.Va. House after entering U.S. Capitol with mob|url=https://wvmetronews.com/2021/01/09/derrick-evans-resigns-w-va-house-after-entering-u-s-capitol-with-mob|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109205740/https://wvmetronews.com/2021/01/09/derrick-evans-resigns-w-va-house-after-entering-u-s-capitol-with-mob/|archive-date=January 9, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=[[West Virginia MetroNews]]}}</ref> [[Amanda Chase]] was censured by the Virginia State Senate for her actions surrounding the event.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.virginiamercury.com/2021/01/27/a-badge-of-shame-virginia-senate-votes-to-censure-amanda-chase/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129121853/https://www.virginiamercury.com/2021/01/27/a-badge-of-shame-virginia-senate-votes-to-censure-amanda-chase/ |archive-date=January 29, 2021 |url-status=live |work=[[States Newsroom|Virginia Mercury]] |first=Graham |last=Moomaw |title='A badge of shame': Virginia Senate votes to censure Amanda Chase|date=January 27, 2021|access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref>
+=== Police and military connections ===
+''[[Politico]]'' reported that some rioters briefly showed their police badges or military identification to law enforcement as they approached the Capitol, expecting to be let inside; a Capitol Police officer told ''BuzzFeed News'' that one rioter had told him "[w]e're doing this for you" as he flashed a badge.<ref name="politico-bertrand-2021">{{cite web |last=Bertrand |first=Natasha |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Justice Department warns of national security fallout from Capitol Hill insurrection |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/07/capitol-hill-riots-doj-456178 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113193532/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/07/capitol-hill-riots-doj-456178 |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> One former police officer, Laura Steele, was convicted for breaching the Capitol with fellow Oath Keepers.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/member-oath-keepers-sentenced-role-jan-6-capitol-breach |title=Member of the Oath Keepers Sentenced for Role in Jan. 6 Capitol Breach |work=[[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]] |access-date=3 January 2024 |date=September 15, 2023}}</ref>
+A number of [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]] personnel participated in the attack;<ref name="ap-records-show-bkfm" /> the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] is investigating members on active and reserve duty who may have been involved in the attack.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Myers |first1=Meghann |last2=Shane III |first2=Leo |last3=South |first3=Todd |last4=Rempfer |first4=Kyle |date=January 11, 2021 |title=How many troops were involved in the Capitol riot? Figuring that out won't be easy |work=Military Times |url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2021/01/11/how-many-troops-were-involved-in-the-capitol-riot-figuring-that-out-wont-be-easy/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112135210/https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2021/01/11/how-many-troops-were-involved-in-the-capitol-riot-figuring-that-out-wont-be-easy/ |archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Vanden Brook |first=Tom |date=January 11, 2021 |title=In wake of Capitol riot, active-duty Army officer under investigation |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/11/capitol-riot-calls-grow-pentagon-probe-troop-participation/6626102002/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114223510/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/11/capitol-riot-calls-grow-pentagon-probe-troop-participation/6626102002/ |archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> Nearly 20% of defendants charged in relation to the attack, and about 12% of the participants in general, were current or former members of the U.S. military.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Driesbach |first1=Tom |last2=Anderson |first2=Meg |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Nearly 1 In 5 Defendants In Capitol Riot Cases Served In The Military |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/21/958915267/nearly-one-in-five-defendants-in-capitol-riot-cases-served-in-the-military |url-status=live |access-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121200545/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/21/958915267/nearly-one-in-five-defendants-in-capitol-riot-cases-served-in-the-military |archive-date=January 21, 2021}}</ref><ref name=adlveterans>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Veterans and Extremism: What We Know|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/reports/veterans-and-extremism-what-we-know |date=16 June 2021 |access-date=January 11, 2022|website=Anti-Defamation League|language=en}}</ref> A report from [[George Washington University]] and the [[Combating Terrorism Center]] said that "if anything{{nbsp}}... there actually is a very slight underrepresentation of veterans among the January 6 attackers".<ref name=adlveterans/> Police officers and a police chief from departments in multiple states are under investigation for their alleged involvement in the attack.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bellware |first=Kim |date=January 9, 2021 |title=Police departments across the U.S. open probes into whether their own members took part in the Capitol riot |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2021/01/09/investigating-police-rioters/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110033606/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2021/01/09/investigating-police-rioters/ |archive-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref> Two Capitol Police officers were suspended, one for directing rioters inside the building while wearing a [[Make America Great Again]] hat, and the other for taking a selfie with a rioter.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stelloh |first1=Tim |last2=Moe |first2=Alex |last3=Talbot |first3=Haley |date=January 11, 2021 |title=2 Capitol police officers suspended, 1 possibly arrested over pro-Trump riot, congressman says |work=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/2-capitol-police-officers-suspended-one-possibly-arrested-over-pro-n1253822 |url-status=live |access-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111233135/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/2-capitol-police-officers-suspended-one-possibly-arrested-over-pro-n1253822 |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nickeas |first1=Peter |last2=Grayer |first2=Annie |last3=Nobles |first3=Ryan |author-link3=Ryan Nobles |date=January 12, 2021 |title=2 Capitol Police officers suspended and at least 10 more under investigation for alleged roles in riot |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/11/politics/capitol-police-officers-suspended-tim-ryan/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113193555/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/11/politics/capitol-police-officers-suspended-tim-ryan/index.html |archive-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref>
+=== Analysis ===
+[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC08970 (50827352796).jpg|thumb|A row of flags lining the Capitol grounds|alt=A row of flags supporting Donald Trump are lined on a lawn in D.C.]]
+In February 2021, an academic analysis in ''[[The Atlantic]]'' found that of the 193 persons so far arrested for invading the Capitol, 89 percent had no clear public connection to established far-right militias, known white-nationalist gangs, or any other known militant organizations. "The overwhelming reason for action, cited again and again in court documents, was that arrestees were following Trump's orders to keep Congress from certifying Joe Biden as the presidential-election winner". They were older than participants in previous far-right violent demonstrations and more likely to be employed, with 40% being business owners. The researchers concluded that these "middle-aged, middle-class insurrectionists" represented "a new force in American politics{{snd}}not merely a mix of right-wing organizations, but a broader mass political movement that has violence at its core and draws strength even from places where Trump supporters are in the minority".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pape |first1=Robert A. |last2=Ruby |first2=Keven |date=February 2, 2021 |title=The Capitol Rioters Aren't Like Other Extremists |work=[[The Atlantic]] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/02/the-capitol-rioters-arent-like-other-extremists/617895/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202110451/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/02/the-capitol-rioters-arent-like-other-extremists/617895/ |archive-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref>
+The [[Associated Press]] reviewed public and online records of more than 120 participants after the attack and found that many of them shared conspiracy theories about the 2020 presidential election on social media and had also believed other QAnon and "deep state" conspiracy theories. Additionally, several had threatened Democratic and Republican politicians before the attack.<ref name="ap-records-show-bkfm" /> The event was described as "[[extremely online]]", with "pro-Trump internet personalities" and fans streaming live footage while taking [[selfie]]s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=CNN's Elle Reeve: 'Donald Trump plus the Internet brings extremism to the masses'|url=https://www.weny.com/story/43149645/cnns-elle-reeve-donald-trump-plus-the-internet-brings-extremism-to-the-masses|url-status=dead |first=Brian |last=Stelter |date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020731/https://www.weny.com/story/43149645/cnns-elle-reeve-donald-trump-plus-the-internet-brings-extremism-to-the-masses |archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=[[WENY-TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Penzenstadler|first=Nick|title=Internet detectives swarmed the effort to ID Capitol riot mob, with mixed results|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2021/01/14/internet-detectives-swarm-effort-id-capitol-riot-mob/6643515002/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121222221/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2021/01/14/internet-detectives-swarm-effort-id-capitol-riot-mob/6643515002/ |date=January 14, 2021 |archive-date=January 21, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref>
+According to the University of Maryland's [[National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism]]:
+{{Blockquote
+|text=The "ordinary people" argument misses, or at least obscures, the extent to which the Capitol rioters were linked to dangerous groups and ideas.... at least 280 of the individuals charged with committing crimes on Jan. 6 were associated with extremist groups or conspiratorial movements. This includes 78 defendants who had links to the Proud Boys, a group with a history of violence; 37 members of the anti-government Oath Keepers militia; 31 individuals who embraced the similarly anti-government and militant views of the Three Percenters movement; and 92 defendants who promoted aspects of QAnon....
+These 280 individuals make up approximately 35 percent of the Capitol defendants. While it is true that they do not represent a majority of the more than 800 people who have been charged in connection with the riot, ... A 35 percent rate of participation in extremism among a collective of apparently "ordinary" individuals is an astounding number{{snd}}one that should shake us to our core.<ref name="UMD article"/>
+}}
+[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol 2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09265-2 (50821579347).jpg|thumb|left|Rioters outside the Capitol shortly after Congress was evacuated|alt=A crowd of protestors moving towards the Capitol building.]]
+Federal officials estimate that about ten thousand rioters entered the Capitol grounds,<ref>{{cite news |first=Karoun |last=Demirjian |title=Acting Capitol Police chief: More than 10,000 rioters came onto Capitol grounds and more than 800 breached the building |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/02/25/joe-biden-live-updates/#link-SASQGWOOPVHTJBSYQPIR2KSASQ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 25, 2021 |access-date=8 January 2024 }}</ref> and the Secret Service and FBI have estimated that about 1,200 ultimately entered the building.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Arkin|first=William M.|date=December 23, 2021|title=Exclusive: Classified Documents Reveal the Number of January 6 Protestors |url-status=live |url=https://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-classified-documents-reveal-number-january-6-protestors-1661296 |access-date=January 3, 2022 |work=[[Newsweek]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223101052/https://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-classified-documents-reveal-number-january-6-protestors-1661296 |archive-date=December 23, 2021 }}</ref>
+More than 800 video and audio files{{snd}}including D.C. Metropolitan Police radio transmissions, Capitol Police [[body-worn camera]] footage, and Capitol surveillance camera footage{{snd}}were later obtained as evidence in Trump's impeachment trial. The evidence showed that the assailants launched a large and coordinated attack. For example, "Security camera footage near the House chamber shows the rioters waving in reinforcements to come around the corner. Another video shows more than 150 rioters charging through a breached entrance in just a minute-and-a-half".<ref name="CoordinatedAttack">{{#invoke:cite web ||first1=Whitney |last1=Wild |first2=Jeremy |last2=Herb |first3=Tom |last3=Foreman |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/15/politics/video-dispatches-capitol-riots/index.html |title=New radio and video footage from Capitol riot shows a coordinated attack and officers' restraint |work=[[CNN]] |date=February 15, 2021 |access-date=8 January 2024 }}</ref> While assaulting the Capitol, the crowd chanted "Fight, Fight"; "Stop the steal"; and "Fight for Trump".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2021-02-11/pdf/CREC-2021-02-11-pt1-PgS645-2.pdf |title=Trial of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States |work=Congressional Record: Senate |volume=167 |issue=26 |date=February 11, 2021 |access-date=8 January 2024 }}</ref> As they were overrun by a violent mob, the police acted with restraint and pleaded for backup.<ref name="CoordinatedAttack" /> Many of the attackers employed tactics, body armor, and technology (such as two-way radio headsets) similar to those of the very police they were confronting.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Biesecker |first1=Michael |last2=Bleiberg |first2=Jake |last3=Laporta |first3=James |date=January 15, 2021 |title=Capitol rioters included highly trained ex-military and cops |url=https://apnews.com/article/ex-military-cops-us-capitol-riot-a1cb17201dfddc98291edead5badc257 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115232707/https://apnews.com/article/ex-military-cops-us-capitol-riot-a1cb17201dfddc98291edead5badc257 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=January 16, 2021 |website=[[Associated Press]] }}</ref> Some rioters wore riot gear, including helmets and military-style vests. A pair of rioters carried [[plastic handcuffs]], which they found on a table inside the Capitol.<ref>{{cite news |last=Loller |first=Travis |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Attorneys: Tennessee man in Capitol riot danger to community |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/capitol-siege-tennessee-nashville-7cb13b8eb3ee02436a0df68a59070234 |url-status=live |access-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122071410/https://apnews.com/article/capitol-siege-tennessee-nashville-7cb13b8eb3ee02436a0df68a59070234 |archive-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Alund |first1=Natalie Neysa |last2=Timms |first2=Mariah |date=January 22, 2021 |title=Authorities found sniper rifle, handcuffs in home of accused 'zip tie guy' in Capitol riot |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/22/eric-munchel-court-documents-sniper-rifle-handcuffs-found-home/6668520002/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127213836/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/22/eric-munchel-court-documents-sniper-rifle-handcuffs-found-home/6668520002/ |archive-date=January 27, 2021}}</ref> In an analysis of later court documents, it was reported that at least 85 participants in the riot were charged with carrying or using a weapon—such as guns, knives, axes, chemical sprays, police gear, and [[Electroshock weapon|stun guns]]—in the riots to assault others or break objects. It is illegal to possess weapons at the Capitol.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last=Tillman |first=Zoe |date=November 8, 2021 |title=Guns, Knives, And A Skateboard: A Guide To The Weapons At The Capitol Riot |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/zoetillman/capitol-riot-weapons-charges |access-date=November 9, 2021 |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |language=en}}</ref>
+==Results==
+=== Casualties and suicides {{anchor|Deaths}} ===
+{{Further|Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack#Casualties|Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack#Suicides}}
+{{see also|Killing of Ashli Babbitt|Death of Brian Sicknick}}
+[[File:Brian Sicknick.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|Capitol Police officer Brian Sicknick died the day after the attack.]]
+[[Ashli Babbitt]], a 35-year-old [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] veteran, was fatally shot in the upper chest by Lt. Michael Leroy Byrd while attempting to climb through the shattered window of a barricaded door.<ref name="nbcbyrd">{{cite web |last1=Schapiro |first1=Rich |last2=Schecter |first2=Anna |last3=Damberg |first3=Chelsea |date=August 27, 2021 |title=Officer who shot Ashli Babbitt speaks after months in hiding: 'I saved countless lives' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827000715/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/officer-who-shot-ashli-babbitt-during-capitol-riot-breaks-silence-n1277736 |archive-date=August 27, 2021|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/officer-who-shot-ashli-babbitt-during-capitol-riot-breaks-silence-n1277736 |url-status=live |access-date=August 27, 2021 |work=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|Some media reports have described Babbitt as "unarmed" at the time of the shooting;<ref name="nbcbyrd"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Justified shooting or fair game? Shooter of Ashli Babbitt makes shocking admission|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/judiciary/569827-justified-shooting-or-fair-game-shooter-of-ashlii-babbitt-makes-shocking/ |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=The Hill |first=Jonathan |last=Turley |date=August 28, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> however, according to a January 11, 2021 crime scene examination report by the D.C. Department of Forensic Sciences, the police "recovered a 'Para Force' folding knife in Ms. Babbitt's pants pocket" after she was shot.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judicialwatch.org/documents/ashley-babbitts-knife/knife-ashley-babbitt/ |title=Knife (Ashley Babbitt) |date=November 12, 2021 |work=Judicial Watch |access-date=March 30, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judicialwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/JW-v-DC-Babbitt-October-2021-001710.pdf |work=[[Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia]] Internal Affairs Bureau |title=Investigative Report Concerning the Use of Force (Glock 22 .40 caliber service pistol) by United States Capitol Police Lieutenant Michael Byrd |date=June 16, 2021 |page=240, 524 |access-date=March 30, 2023 |quote=Recovered a 'Para Force' folding knife in Ms. Babbitt's pants pocket; }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/30/jeff-sharlet-undertow-fascism-far-right-religion-trump |date=March 30, 2023 |access-date=March 30, 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |quote=They would say she's unarmed, but it's not true. She was carrying a knife. There's a photo of [Babbitt's knife] on the cover of the book. You could say, well, it's a small knife. Really? That knife is plenty big enough. |first=Ann |last=Neumann |title='I see this as a global fascist moment': author Jeff Sharlet on interviewing far-right Americans }}</ref>}}
+[[Brian Sicknick]], a 42-year-old responding Capitol Police officer, was pepper-sprayed during the attack and had two [[thromboembolism|thromboembolic]] strokes the next day,<ref>{{cite news |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Trump to blame for death of woman trampled in Capitol riot, family member says |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-deaths/trump-to-blame-for-death-of-woman-trampled-in-capitol-riot-family-member-says-idUSKBN29D2B1/ |first=David |last=Lawder |access-date=January 12, 2021 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="MedExaminer">{{cite news |date=April 19, 2021 |title=Capitol Police officer Brian Sicknick, who engaged rioters, suffered two strokes and died of natural causes, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/brian-sicknick-death-strokes/2021/04/19/36d2d310-617e-11eb-afbe-9a11a127d146_story.html |access-date=April 19, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first1=Peter |last1=Hermann |first2=Spencer S. |last2=Hsu |language=en}}</ref> after which he was placed on life support<ref name="LifeandTimes" /> and soon died.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Dartunorro|first1=Clark|last2=Thorp V|first2=Frank|date=January 8, 2021|title=Capitol Police officer dies from injuries after clashing with pro-Trump mob|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/capitol-police-officer-has-died-after-clashing-pro-trump-mob-n1253396|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111174351/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/capitol-police-officer-has-died-after-clashing-pro-trump-mob-n1253396|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Loss of USCP Officer Brian D. Sicknick |date=January 7, 2021 |publisher=[[United States Capitol Police]] |url=https://www.uscp.gov/media-center/press-releases/loss-uscp-colleague-brian-d-sicknick |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108061821/https://www.uscp.gov/media-center/press-releases/loss-uscp-colleague-brian-d-sicknick |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |place=Washington, D.C. |lang=en-us |url-status=live}}</ref> The D.C. chief medical examiner found he died from a stroke, classifying his death as natural,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hardy |first1=Jennifer |title=Officer's death after insurrection was ruled 'natural causes' |url=https://www.klkntv.com/officers-death-after-insurrection-was-ruled-natural-causes/ |access-date=April 24, 2021 |work=[[KLKN]] |date=April 19, 2021}}</ref> and commented that "all that transpired played a role in his condition".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/officer-brian-sicknick-what-we-know-about-his-death-11619010119 |access-date=9 January 2024 |url-status=live |title=Officer Brian Sicknick: What We Know About His Death |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |last=Wishwanatha |first=Aruna |date=April 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210421150320/https://www.wsj.com/articles/officer-brian-sicknick-what-we-know-about-his-death-11619010119 |archive-date=April 21, 2021}}</ref><ref name="MedExaminer"/><ref>Multiple sources:{{bulleted list |{{cite news |date=April 20, 2021 |agency=[[Agence France Presse]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20210420-police-officer-in-capitol-riot-died-from-natural-causes-says-coroner |url-status=live |title=Police officer in Capitol riot died from natural causes, says coroner |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420021624/https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20210420-police-officer-in-capitol-riot-died-from-natural-causes-says-coroner |archive-date=April 20, 2021}} |{{cite news |date=April 20, 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56810371 |url-status=live |title=Brian Sicknick: US Capitol riot policeman 'died of natural causes' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419220811/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56810371 |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |access-date=9 January 2024 }} |{{cite news |last=Breuninger |first=Kevin |date=April 19, 2021 |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/19/brian-sicknick-died-of-natural-causes-after-capitol-riot-medical-examiner-rules.html |access-date=9 January 2024 |url-status=live |title=Officer Brian Sicknick died of natural causes day after Capitol invasion, medical examiner rules |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419211528/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/19/brian-sicknick-died-of-natural-causes-after-capitol-riot-medical-examiner-rules.html |archive-date=April 19, 2021}} |{{cite news |date=April 19, 2021 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/19/us-officer-died-natural-causes-after-capitol-riot-coroner |url-status=live |title=US officer died of natural causes after Capitol riot: Coroner |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419234155/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/19/us-officer-died-natural-causes-after-capitol-riot-coroner |archive-date=April 19, 2021}}}}</ref>
+Rosanne Boyland, 34, died of an [[amphetamine]] overdose during the attack, rather than, as was initially reported, from being trampled by other rioters after her collapse.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/capitol-rioter-rosanne-boyland-died-from-acute-amphetamine-intoxication |title=Capitol Rioter Rosanne Boyland Died From Drug Overdose, Not Trampling |first=Pilar |last=Melendez |access-date=9 January 2024 |date=April 7, 2021 |website=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref> Her death was ruled as [[Accidental death|accidental]] by the D.C. medical examiner's office.<ref name="Massimo 2021-04-19"/> Her mother, Cheryl Boyland, told [[NBC News]]: "She was not doing drugs. The only thing they found was her own [[prescription medicine]]."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/msnbc-podcast/american-radical/transcript-cause-death-n1288906 |title=Transcript: Cause of Death |work=NBC News |date=February 10, 2022 |access-date=January 9, 2024 }}</ref>
+Kevin Greeson, 55; and Benjamin Philips, 50, died naturally from [[coronary heart disease]] and [[hypertensive heart disease]], respectively.<ref name="Massimo 2021-04-19" />
+Four officers, from various police departments, who responded to the attack committed suicide in the days and months that followed.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Hermann |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/police-officer-suicides-capitol-riot/2021/02/11/94804ee2-665c-11eb-886d-5264d4ceb46d_story.html |access-date=9 January 2024 |title=Two officers who helped fight the Capitol mob died of suicide, Many more are hurting. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 11, 2021}}</ref> Capitol Police officer [[Death of Howard Liebengood|Howard Charles Liebengood]] died by suicide three days after the attack.<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Kaplan |title=U.S. Capitol Police 'must be held accountable' says wife of officer who died by suicide |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wife-of-officer-who-died-by-suicide-after-capitol-riot-says-uscp-must-be-held-accountable/ |access-date=August 8, 2021 |website=[[CBS News]] |date=March 18, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> D.C. Metropolitan Police officer [[Death of Jeffrey L. Smith|Jeffrey Smith]], who was injured in the attack, died by suicide from a gunshot wound to the head at [[George Washington Memorial Parkway]] on January 15, after a misdiagnosed concussion;<ref>{{cite news |last=Hermann |first=Peter |date=August 14, 2021 |title=Family of D.C. officer who died by suicide after Capitol riot files lawsuit against alleged attackers |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/dc-officer-suicide-lawsuit-capitol-riot/2021/08/13/5601aedc-fc5b-11eb-943a-c5cf30d50e6a_story.html |access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref> his death was found to be in line of duty.<ref>{{cite news |last=Reilly |first=Ryan J. |date=August 18, 2023 |title=DOJ finds police officer's suicide after Jan. 6 attack was a death in the line of duty |work=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/doj-finds-officers-suicide-jan-6-was-death-line-duty-rcna100648 |access-date=April 28, 2024}}</ref> In July, two more officers who responded to the attack died by suicide: Metropolitan Police officer Kyle Hendrik DeFreytag was found on July 10, and Metropolitan Police officer Gunther Paul Hashida was found on July 29.<ref name=ThirdAndFourth>{{cite news |last1=Wild |first1=Whitney |last2=LeBlanc |first2=Paul |last3=Rose |first3=Rashard |date=August 3, 2021 |title=2 more DC police officers who responded to Capitol insurrection have died by suicide |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/02/politics/dc-metropolitan-police-officer-suicide-january-6-capitol-riot/index.html |url-status=live |work=[[CNN]] |location= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803030544/https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/02/politics/dc-metropolitan-police-officer-suicide-january-6-capitol-riot/index.html |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2021}}</ref>
+Some rioters{{efn|Only sporadic instances of injured rioters have been publicly recorded;<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Katelyn Polantz|date=June 2, 2021|title=Senate chamber trespasser pleads guilty and faces more than a year in prison|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/02/politics/senate-chamber-trespasser-plea/index.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> injuries in general (such as a total number) among this group have not.}} and 174 police officers were injured, of whom 15 were hospitalized, some with severe injuries.<ref name="AJCTwoSuspended">{{#invoke:cite web||last=ArLuther Lee|date=January 11, 2021|title=2 Capitol Hill police officers suspended over riot|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/breaking-2-capitol-hill-police-officers-suspended-over-riot/XHWWHNA7EZHSNF32QREJROESQI/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114183812/https://www.ajc.com/news/breaking-2-capitol-hill-police-officers-suspended-over-riot/XHWWHNA7EZHSNF32QREJROESQI/|archive-date=2021-01-14|newspaper=Atlanta Journal-Constitution}}</ref> All had been released from the hospital by January 11.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Peter Hermann & Julie Zauzmer |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Beaten, sprayed with mace and hit with stun guns: police describe injuries to dozens of officers during assault on U.S. Capitol |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/police-capitol-injuires-trump/2021/01/11/ca68e3e2-5438-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112120533/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/police-capitol-injuires-trump/2021/01/11/ca68e3e2-5438-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
+=== Damage ===
+[[File:Interior damage after 2021 storming of the United States Capitol by Bill Cassidy 01.jpg|thumb|A damaged window in the Capitol|alt=A photo taken from the inside of the Capitol building. Windows are broken, along with their wooden frames. They are boarded up.]]
+Rioters stormed the offices of Nancy Pelosi, flipping tables and ripping photos from walls;<ref name="Mob Breaches Capitol" /><ref name="Marauding protesters" /> the office of the Senate Parliamentarian was ransacked;<ref name="Office Ransacked" /> art was looted;<ref name="Stunning" /> and feces were tracked into several hallways.<ref name="WilsonGrenadesDeployed">{{cite news |last1=Wilson |first1=Kristin |last2=Barrett |first2=Ted |last3=Raju |first3=Manu |last4=Zaslav |first4=Ali |last5=Fortinsky |first5=Sarah |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Smoke grenades being deployed on Senate side of the US Capitol |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/congress-electoral-college-vote-count-2021/h_dbbf8e4709f7dfcc4729ed32fe0337b9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106222928/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/congress-electoral-college-vote-count-2021/h_dbbf8e4709f7dfcc4729ed32fe0337b9 |url-status=live |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=9 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pro-Trump rioters smeared poop in U.S. Capitol hallways during belligerent attack |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-trump-capitol-riot-poopers-20210107-prlsqytyabgdhnexushotl4nam-story.html |first=Chris |last=Sommerfeldt |newspaper=Daily News |location=New York |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115070706/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-trump-capitol-riot-poopers-20210107-prlsqytyabgdhnexushotl4nam-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Cineas|first=Fabiola|date=January 8, 2021|title=Whiteness is at the core of the insurrection|url=https://www.vox.com/2021/1/8/22221078/us-capitol-trump-riot-insurrection|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111045422/https://www.vox.com/2021/1/8/22221078/us-capitol-trump-riot-insurrection|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2021|website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> Windows were smashed throughout the building, leaving the floor littered with glass and debris.<ref name="Stunning" /><ref name="curatorsscourt" /> Rioters damaged, turned over, or stole furniture.<ref name="curatorsscourt" /> One door had "Murder the Media" scribbled onto it in all-caps.<ref name="ReutersIns" /> Rioters damaged Associated Press recording and broadcasting equipment outside the Capitol after chasing away reporters.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Mob swarms media outside Capitol, damages equipment|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/mob-swarms-media-outside-capitol-damages-equipment-98983493908|url-status=live |date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107015509/https://www.nbcnews.com/video/mob-swarms-media-outside-capitol-damages-equipment-98983493908|archive-date=January 7, 2021|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> Rioters also destroyed a display honoring the life of congressman and civil rights leader [[John Lewis]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Burdyk |first=Zack |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Hoyer says rioters destroyed display commemorating John Lewis |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/533142-hoyer-says-rioters-destroyed-display-commemorating-john-lewis |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111200304/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/533142-hoyer-says-rioters-destroyed-display-commemorating-john-lewis |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 7, 2021 |title=House Majority Leader says rioters stole tribute to late Rep. John Lewis |work=WFLA |url=https://www.wfla.com/news/politics/house-majority-leader-says-rioters-stole-tribute-to-late-rep-john-lewis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112153348/https://www.wfla.com/news/politics/house-majority-leader-says-rioters-stole-tribute-to-late-rep-john-lewis/ |archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref> A photo of Representative [[Andy Kim (politician)|Andy Kim]] cleaning up the litter in the rotunda after midnight [[went viral]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wang |first=Claire |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Behind the viral photo of Rep. Andy Kim cleaning up at midnight after riots |work=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/behind-viral-photo-rep-andy-kim-cleaning-midnight-after-riots-n1253519 |url-status=live |access-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023350/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/behind-viral-photo-rep-andy-kim-cleaning-midnight-after-riots-n1253519 |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref>
+The rioters caused extensive physical damage.<ref name="Stunning" /><ref name="WilsonGrenadesDeployed" /> [[Architect of the Capitol]] [[J. Brett Blanton]], who leads the office charged with maintaining the Capitol and preserving its art and architecture, reported in congressional testimony from late February 2021 that the combined costs of repairing the damage and post-attack security measures (such as erecting temporary perimeter fencing) already exceeded $30{{spaces}}million and would continue to increase.<ref name="Chappell" /> In May 2021, U.S. prosecutors estimated that the damage would cost almost $1.5&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hsu |first=Spencer S. |date=June 3, 2021 |title=Jan. 6 riot caused $1.5 million in damage to Capitol – and U.S. prosecutors want defendants to pay |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/capitol-riot-defendants-pay-damages-restitution/2021/06/03/74691812-c3ec-11eb-93f5-ee9558eecf4b_story.html |access-date=September 22, 2021 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Interior damage from the attack included broken glass, broken doors, and [[graffiti]]; as well as defecation<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/jan-6-under-the-capitol-dome-the-darkest-entry-yet-in-clios-tablet |title=Jan. 6 under the Capitol Dome: The darkest entry yet in Clio's tablet |website=[[Fox News]] |date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> throughout the complex, on the floor and smeared on the walls; some statues, paintings, and furniture were damaged by [[pepper spray]], tear gas, and fire extinguishing agents deployed by rioters and police.<ref name="Bahr" /><ref name="Chappell" />
+The historic bronze [[Columbus Doors]] were damaged.<ref name="Chappell" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Marina |last=Pitofsky |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/538489-architect-of-the-capitol-considering-exhibiting-a-display-from |title=Architect of the Capitol considering display on January 6 riot |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=February 11, 2021}}</ref> Items, including portraits of [[John Quincy Adams]] and [[James Madison]], as well as a [[Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)|marble statue of Thomas Jefferson]], were covered in "corrosive gas agent residue"; these were sent to the [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] for assessment and restoration.<ref name="Castronuovo"/> A 19th-century marble [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] of President [[Zachary Taylor]] was defaced with what seemed to be blood, but the most important works in the Capitol collection, such as the [[John Trumbull]] paintings, were unharmed.<ref name="Bahr" /><ref name="curatorsscourt" /> On the Capitol's exterior, two 19th-century bronze light fixtures designed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] were damaged.<ref name="Bahr" /> Because the Capitol has no [[Property insurance|insurance against loss]], taxpayers will pay for damage suffered during the siege.<ref name="ReutersIns" /> Rare [[old-growth]] mahogany wood, stored in Wisconsin for more than one hundred years by the [[Forest Products Laboratory]], was used to replace damaged wood fixtures and doors at the Capitol.<ref>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Cioffi |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2021/04/15/this-wood-sat-in-storage-for-100-years-now-its-being-used-to-fix-capitol-riot-damage/ |title=This wood sat in storage for 100 years. Now it's being used to fix Capitol riot damage |work=Roll Call |date=April 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/capitol-siege-madison-wisconsin-3d51c13876bc316245a06a17a7252ee4 |title=Wood from Madison laboratory headed for U.S. Capitol repairs |work=Associated Press |date=April 17, 2021}}</ref>
+=== Laptop theft and cybersecurity concerns ===
+A laptop owned by Senator [[Jeff Merkley]] was stolen.<!--Clyburn's iPad not stolen--><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wagner |first1=Meg |last2=Macaya |first2=Melissa |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Clyburn's spokesperson tells CNN they found his iPad, was not taken by rioters |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/washington-dc-riots-trump-news-friday/h_c0028e708eef7426f2d4926e5e610781 |url-status=live |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108220916/https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/washington-dc-riots-trump-news-friday/h_c0028e708eef7426f2d4926e5e610781 |archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> A laptop taken from Pelosi's office was a "laptop from a conference room{{spaces}}... that was only used for presentations", according to Pelosi's deputy chief of staff.<ref name="hill-miller-2021-laptop" /> Representative [[Ruben Gallego]] said, "we have to do a full review of what was taken, or copied, or even left behind in terms of [[Covert listening device|bugs and listening devices]]".<ref name="politico-bertrand-2021" /> Military news website ''SOFREP'' reported that "several" [[Classified information in the United States#Secret|secret]]{{nbhyph}}level laptops were stolen, some of which had been abandoned while still logged in to [[SIPRNet]], causing authorities to temporarily shut down SIPRNet for a security update on January{{spaces}}7 and leading the [[United States Army Special Operations Command]] to re-authorize all SIPRNet-connected computers on January 8.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Black |first1=John |last2=Sotak |first2=J.W. |last3=Spoonts |first3=Sean |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Computers with Access to Classified Material Stolen from Capitol |url=https://sofrep.com/news/breaking-computers-with-access-to-classified-material-stolen-from-capitol/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109005705/https://sofrep.com/news/breaking-computers-with-access-to-classified-material-stolen-from-capitol/ |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |website=SOFREP}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=News & Notices |url=https://www.aoc.gov/about-us/news-notices |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108013733/https://www.aoc.gov/about-us/news-notices |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=[[Architect of the Capitol]]}}</ref>
+Representative [[Anna Eshoo]] said in a statement that "[i]mages on social media and in the press of vigilantes accessing congressional computers are worrying" and she had asked the [[Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives|Chief Administrative Officer of the House]] (CAO) "to conduct a full assessment of threats based on what transpired".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Krazit|first=Tom|date=January 7, 2021|title=Don't worry about the cybersecurity fallout of the Capitol breach|url=https://www.protocol.com/no-cybersecurity-fallout-capitol-breach|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111002300/https://www.protocol.com/no-cybersecurity-fallout-capitol-breach|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 10, 2021|website=Protocol}}</ref> The CAO said it was "providing support and guidance to House offices as needed".<ref name="hill-miller-2021-laptop">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Miller|first=Maggie|date=January 8, 2021|title=Laptop stolen from Pelosi's office during Capitol riots|url=https://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/533384-laptop-stolen-from-pelosis-office-during-capitol-riots|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110192540/https://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/533384-laptop-stolen-from-pelosis-office-during-capitol-riots|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 10, 2021|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref>
 == Aftermath ==
 === Political, legal, and social repercussions ===
+[[File:Jacob Anthony Chansley indictment.pdf|thumb|right|Indictment of [[Jacob Anthony Chansley]] (Jake Angeli; QAnon Shaman)]]
-[[File:210112-Z-NI803-2562 (50884625323).jpg|thumb|left|New Jersey National Guard Troops deployed inside the Capitol, pictured during the swearing-in on January 12]]
+[[File:F7 2102.jpg|thumb|Fencing around the Capitol complex in February 2021]]
-{{Excerpt|only=paragraphs|Aftermath of the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol}}
+{{Excerpt|only=paragraphs|Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack}}
+On August 1, 2023, [[Fitch Ratings]] [[United States federal government credit-rating downgrades|downgraded]] the U.S. credit rating from AAA to AA+, making it the second time in U.S. history the government's credit rating was downgraded since [[S&P Global Ratings|Standard & Poor's]] downgrade in 2011. Fitch Ratings directly cited the attack as a factor in its decision to downgrade, privately telling Biden officials that the event "indicated an unstable government". It also cited rising debt at the federal, state, and local levels, a "steady deterioration in standards of governance" over the last two decades, worsening political divisions around spending and tax policy, and "repeated debt limit standoffs and last-minute resolutions." Fitch Ratings did note in a previous report that while government stability declined from 2018 to 2021, it had increased since Biden assumed the presidency.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rugaber |first=Christopher |date=August 1, 2023 |title=Fitch downgrades US credit rating, citing mounting debt and political divisions |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/credit-rating-downgrade-deficit-68fb6c578190d8361b6639e603714e5a |url-status=live |access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802005806/https://apnews.com/article/credit-rating-downgrade-deficit-68fb6c578190d8361b6639e603714e5a |archive-date=August 2, 2023}}</ref>
+Although a few evangelical leaders supported the attack,<ref name="OlmsteadJan7">{{cite news |last=Olmstead |first=Molly |date=January 7, 2021 |title=How Prominent Evangelicals Reacted to the Capitol Riot |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2021/01/trump-capitol-riot-evangelical-leaders-reactions.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111135734/https://slate.com/human-interest/2021/01/trump-capitol-riot-evangelical-leaders-reactions.html |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> most condemned the violence and criticized Trump for inciting the crowd.<ref>{{cite news |last=McCarthy |first=Bryn |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Capitol riots: Religious leaders condemn violence, urge peace even in political disagreement |work=[[Fox News]] |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/religious-leaders-violence-capitol-peace-political |url-status=live |access-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117193410/https://www.foxnews.com/us/religious-leaders-violence-capitol-peace-political |archive-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref> This criticism came from liberal Christian groups such as the [[Red-Letter Christians]], as well as evangelical groups who were generally supportive of Trump.<ref name="OlmsteadJan7" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Watts |first=Craig M. |date=January 11, 2021 |title=The Cost of Believing Liars |work=Red Letter Christians |url=https://www.redletterchristians.org/the-cost-of-believing-liars/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112180808/https://www.redletterchristians.org/the-cost-of-believing-liars/ |archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref> This criticism did not noticeably affect evangelical support for Trump; investigative journalist [[Sarah Posner]], author of ''Unholy: Why White Evangelicals Worship at the Altar of Donald Trump'', argued that many white evangelical Christians in the U.S. create an [[Echo chamber (media)|echo chamber]] whereby Trump's missteps are blamed on the Democratic Party, leftists, or the [[mainstream media]], the last of which [[lying press|is viewed as especially untrustworthy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jervis |first1=Rick |last2=Ramirez |first2=Marc |last3=Ruiz-Goiriena |first3=Romina |date=January 12, 2021 |title='No regrets': Evangelicals and other faith leaders still support Trump after deadly US Capitol attack |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/12/evangelicals-donald-trump-capitol-riot-voter-fraud/6644005002/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114041532/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/12/evangelicals-donald-trump-capitol-riot-voter-fraud/6644005002/ |archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>
 === Domestic reactions ===
-{{Excerpt|only=paragraphs|Domestic reactions to the 2021 United States Capitol attack}}
+{{Excerpt|only=paragraphs|Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack}}
+Joe Biden, Kamala Harris, civil rights groups and celebrities immediately criticized the Capitol Police for a perceived "double standard" in the treatment of the protesters and rioters, who were mostly white. Joe Biden stated, "No one can tell me that if it had been a group of Black Lives Matter protesting yesterday they wouldn't have been treated very, very differently than the mob of thugs that stormed the Capitol. We all know that's true and it is unacceptable." Michelle Obama wrote, "Yesterday made it painfully clear that certain Americans are, in fact, allowed to denigrate the flag and symbols of our nation. They've just got to look the right way."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/capitol-police-response-rioters-draws-claims-racist-double-standards-n1253363 |title=Capitol Police response to rioters draws claims of racist double standards |website=[[NBC News]] |date=January 8, 2021 |first1=Janelle |last1=Griffith |first2=Deon J. |last2=Hampton}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://atlantablackstar.com/2021/01/08/michelle-obama-sunny-hostin-others-call-out-double-standard-in-the-way-pro-trump-rioters-were-treated-by-police-compared-with-blm-protesters/ |first=Niara |last=Savage |work=[[Atlanta Black Star]] |access-date=6 January 2024 |title=Michelle Obama, Sunny Hostin, Others Call Out Double Standard in the Way Pro-Trump Rioters Were Treated by Police Compared with BLM Protesters |date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> Capitol Police chief Steven Sund, who later resigned, explained they had prepared for a peaceful protest but were overwhelmed by an "angry, violent mob".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2021-01-12/the-us-capitol-riots-and-the-double-standard-of-protest-policing |title=The U.S. Capitol Riots and the Double Standard of Protest Policing |first=Joseph |last=P. Williams |date=January 12, 2021 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> Later in the year, at a White House ceremony to thank officers who responded to the attack that day, Joe Biden and Kamala Harris congratulated the police on their response, calling them "heroes".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/biden-raises-jan-6-specter-hail-police-heroism |first=Katherine |last=Doyle |title=Defend the police: Biden praises 'heroism' of officers who protected Capitol on Jan. 6 |date=August 5, 2021 |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>
-Immediately after the attack, right-wing pro-Trump figures and outlets spread the [[Antifa (United States)#Capitol attack (2021)|false claim that antifa instigated the event]]. A poll released in February 2021 found that 50% of Republicans and 20% of Democrats believe antifa was mostly responsible for the violence.<ref name="C0fZS">{{Cite web|title=After the ballots are counted: Conspiracies, political violence, and American exceptionalism|url=https://www.americansurveycenter.org/research/after-the-ballots-are-counted-conspiracies-political-violence-and-american-exceptionalism/|access-date=February 19, 2021|website=The Survey Center on American Life|language=en}}</ref>
 === International reactions ===
-{{Excerpt|only=paragraphs|International reactions to the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol}}
+{{Excerpt|only=paragraphs|International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack}}
+=== 14th Amendment disqualification ===
+{{Main|2024 presidential eligibility of Donald Trump}}
+In late 2022 Trump [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|announced his candidacy]] for the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 presidential election]]. Some legal scholars have argued that Trump should be [[2024 presidential eligibility of Donald Trump|barred from presidential office]] under [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Section 3: Disqualification from office for insurrection or rebellion|section 3]] of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] because of his apparent support for the attack.<ref>Multiple sources:
+* {{cite news |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The constitutional case that Donald Trump is already banned from being president |url=https://www.vox.com/23828477/trump-2024-14th-amendment-banned |access-date=August 11, 2023 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |language=en}}
+* {{cite news |date=August 10, 2023 |title=Conservative Case Emerges to Disqualify Trump for Role on Jan. 6 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/10/us/trump-jan-6-insurrection-conservatives.html |access-date=August 11, 2023 |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam}}
+* {{cite news |last=Nichols |first=John |date=August 4, 2023 |title=The Biggest Threat to Donald Trump Could Be the Constitution Itself |language=en-US |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/trump-14th-amendment-indictment/ |access-date=August 11, 2023 |issn=0027-8378}}
+* {{Cite journal |last1=Baude |first1=William |last2=Paulsen |first2=Michael Stokes |date=August 9, 2023 |title=The Sweep and Force of Section Three |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=4532751 |journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review |publisher=Elsevier |volume=172 |via=SSRN |access-date=January 9, 2024 }}</ref> Three states, [[Maine]], [[Colorado]], and [[Illinois]], issued rulings to disqualify Trump from appearing on election ballots. Trump appealed their decisions in ''[[Trump v. Anderson]]''. The [[Supreme Court]] heard the case on February 8, 2024, and unanimously ruled on March 4, 2024 that states could not remove Trump from the ballot.<ref name = "politicoMarch4">{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2024 |title=States can't kick Trump off ballot, Supreme Court says |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/04/states-cant-remove-trump-from-ballot-supreme-court-says-00144673 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref>
+Other public officials involved in the January 6 attack have also faced disqualification under the Fourteenth Amendment. [[Otero County, New Mexico]], commissioner [[Couy Griffin]] was disqualified and removed from office while Congressional representative [[Marjorie Taylor Greene]] survived a similar challenge.<ref>{{cite news |first=Isabella |last=Murray |date=September 8, 2022 |title=Judge removes local official for engaging in Jan. 6 'insurrection' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/judge-removes-local-official-engaging-jan-insurrection/story?id=89463597 |work=ABC News |access-date=January 6, 2024}}</ref>
 == Analysis and terminology ==
 <!-- you can edit this section at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2021_United_States_Capitol_attack#Contemporary_analysis_and_terminology -->
-{{see also|Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election#Description as an attempted coup|l1=Description of the attempts to overturn the election as an attempted coup}}
+{{see also|Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election#Description as attempted coup during or after the Capitol attack|l1=Description of the attempts to overturn the election as an attempted coup}}
-{{Excerpt|Aftermath of the 2021 United States Capitol attack|Contemporary analysis and terminology}}
+{{Excerpt|Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack|Contemporary analysis and terminology}}
+On January 4, 2021, Steve Bannon, while discussing the planning for the upcoming events and speech by Trump on January 6 at The Ellipse, described it as a "bloodless coup".<ref name="CNN_7/15/2022" /><ref name="Peltz_10/29/2021" />
-=== Historians' perspective ===
-{{Broader|Timeline of violent and dangerous incidents at the United States Capitol}}
+A March 2023 poll found that 20.5 percent of respondents believed that violence to achieve a political goal is sometimes justified. Nearly 12 percent expressed their willingness to use force to restore Trump to power.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mockaitis |first1=Tom |title=Contemporary America is modeling the worst of Depression-era Germany |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/civil-rights/3905112-contemporary-america-is-modeling-the-worst-of-depression-era-germany/ |work=The Hill |date=March 17, 2023 |access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref> A June 2023 poll found that about 12&nbsp;million American adults, or 4.4 percent of the adult population, believed violence is justified in returning Trump to the White House.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lerner |first1=Kira |title=12m Americans believe violence is justified to restore Trump to power |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jun/09/january-6-trump-political-violence-survey |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 June 2023 |access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref>
+=== Historians' perspectives ===
+{{Broader|Timeline of violent incidents at the United States Capitol}}
 {{See also|List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.|List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States|List of rebellions in the United States|List of attacks on legislatures}}
+[[File:Tear Gas outside United States Capitol 20210106.jpg|thumb|right|Tear gas deployed outside the Capitol]]
-While there have been other instances of violence at the Capitol in the 19th and 20th centuries, this event was the most severe assault on the building since the 1814 [[burning of Washington]] by the [[British Army]] during the [[War of 1812]]. The last attempt on the life of the Vice President was a bomb plot against [[Thomas R. Marshall|Thomas Marshall]] in July 1915.<ref>Multiple sources:
+While there have been other instances of violence at the Capitol in the 19th and 20th centuries, this event was the most severe assault on the building since the 1814 [[burning of Washington]] by [[British Empire|British]] forces during the [[War of 1812]]. The last attempt on the life of the vice president was a bomb plot against [[Thomas R. Marshall|Thomas Marshall]] in July 1915.<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite web|last=Holpuch|first=Amanda|date=January 6, 2021|title=US Capitol's last breach was more than 200 years ago|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/06/us-capitol-building-washington-history-breach|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111021347/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/06/us-capitol-building-washington-history-breach|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|quote=For the first time on Wednesday, it was the site of an armed insurrection incited by the sitting president.{{nbs}}... Not since 1814 has the building been breached. Then, it was by British troops who set fire to the building during a broader attack on Washington in the war of 1812.|newspaper=The Guardian}}
-* {{Cite web|last1=Puckett|first1=Jason|last2=Spry Jr.|first2=Terry|date=January 6, 2021|title=Has the US Capitol ever been attacked before?|url=https://www.11alive.com/article/news/verify/verify-has-capitol-been-attacked-before/507-df314b7f-33c3-4af4-8029-0ed7fb86fbbf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210113005653/https://www.11alive.com/article/news/verify/verify-has-capitol-been-attacked-before/507-df314b7f-33c3-4af4-8029-0ed7fb86fbbf|archive-date=January 13, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|publisher=[[Tegna Inc.]] VERIFY|website=WXIA-TV|quote=While this is the first large-scale occupation of the U.S. Capitol since 1814, there have been several other instances of violence at the U.S. Capitol, particularly in the 20th century.}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last=Holpuch|first=Amanda|date=January 6, 2021|title=US Capitol's last breach was more than 200 years ago|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/06/us-capitol-building-washington-history-breach|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111021347/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/06/us-capitol-building-washington-history-breach|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|quote=For the first time on Wednesday, it was the site of an armed insurrection incited by the sitting president.{{spaces}}... Not since 1814 has the building been breached. Then, it was by British troops who set fire to the building during a broader attack on Washington in the war of 1812.|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}
-* {{Cite web|last1=Fisher|first1=Marc|last2=Flynn|first2=Meagan|last3=Contrera|first3=Jessica|last4=Loennig|first4=Carol D.|date=January 7, 2021|title=The four-hour insurrection: How a Trump mob halted American democracy|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2021/politics/trump-insurrection-capitol/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113010357/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2021/politics/trump-insurrection-capitol/|archive-date=January 13, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|quote=The attack, which some historians called the most severe assault on the Capitol since the British sacked the building in 1814|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> For the first time in U.S. history, a Confederate battle flag was flown inside the Capitol. The Confederate army had never reached the Capitol, nor come closer than {{convert|6|mi|km}} from the Capitol, during the [[American Civil War]].<ref>Multiple sources:
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last1=Puckett|first1=Jason|last2=Spry Jr.|first2=Terry|date=January 6, 2021|title=Has the US Capitol ever been attacked before?|url=https://www.11alive.com/article/news/verify/verify-has-capitol-been-attacked-before/507-df314b7f-33c3-4af4-8029-0ed7fb86fbbf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210113005653/https://www.11alive.com/article/news/verify/verify-has-capitol-been-attacked-before/507-df314b7f-33c3-4af4-8029-0ed7fb86fbbf|archive-date=January 13, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|publisher=[[Tegna Inc.]] |website=WXIA-TV|quote=While this is the first large-scale occupation of the U.S. Capitol since 1814, there have been several other instances of violence at the U.S. Capitol, particularly in the 20th century.}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last1=Fisher|first1=Marc|last2=Flynn|first2=Meagan|last3=Contrera|first3=Jessica|last4=Loennig|first4=Carol D.|date=January 7, 2021|title=The four-hour insurrection: How a Trump mob halted American democracy|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2021/politics/trump-insurrection-capitol/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113010357/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2021/politics/trump-insurrection-capitol/|archive-date=January 13, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|quote=The attack, which some historians called the most severe assault on the Capitol since the British sacked the building in 1814|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> For the first time in U.S. history, a Confederate battle flag was flown inside the Capitol. The [[Confederate States Army]] had never reached the Capitol, nor come closer than {{convert|6|mi|km|0}} from the Capitol at the [[Battle of Fort Stevens]], during the [[American Civil War]].<ref name="list2">Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite news|last=Cramer|first=Maria|date=January 9, 2021|title=Confederate Battle Flag in the Capitol: A 'Jarring' First in U.S. History|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/us/politics/confederate-flag-capitol.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109120449/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/us/politics/confederate-flag-capitol.html|archive-date=January 9, 2021}}
-* {{Cite web|last=Blumenthal|first=Sidney|author-link=Sidney Blumenthal|date=January 9, 2021|title=Trump's Maga insurrectionists were perverse US civil war re-enactors|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/09/trump-maga-us-american-civil-war|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110232229/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/09/trump-maga-us-american-civil-war|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]}}
+* {{cite news |last=Cramer |first=Maria |date=January 9, 2021 |title=Confederate Battle Flag in the Capitol: A 'Jarring' First in U.S. History |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/us/politics/confederate-flag-capitol.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109120449/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/us/politics/confederate-flag-capitol.html |archive-date=January 9, 2021}}
-* {{Cite news|last=McLaughlin|first=Eliott C.|date=January 7, 2021|title=Before Wednesday, insurgents waving Confederate flags hadn't been within 6 miles of the US Capitol|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/us/capitol-confederate-flag-fort-stevens/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020738/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/us/capitol-confederate-flag-fort-stevens/index.html|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Blumenthal |first=Sidney |author-link=Sidney Blumenthal |date=January 9, 2021 |title=Trump's Maga insurrectionists were perverse US civil war re-enactors |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/09/trump-maga-us-american-civil-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110232229/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/09/trump-maga-us-american-civil-war |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |access-date=January 11, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}
+* {{cite news |last=McLaughlin |first=Eliott C. |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Before Wednesday, insurgents waving Confederate flags hadn't been within 6 miles of the US Capitol |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/us/capitol-confederate-flag-fort-stevens/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020738/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/us/capitol-confederate-flag-fort-stevens/index.html |archive-date=January 8, 2021}}
-* {{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Clint|date=January 8, 2021|title=The Whole Story in a Single Photo|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/confederates-in-the-capitol/617594/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111170141/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/confederates-in-the-capitol/617594/|archive-date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 13, 2021|website=The Atlantic|quote=During the Civil War, the Confederate Army never reached the Capitol. The rebel flag, to my knowledge, had never been flown inside the halls of Congress until Wednesday. Two days ago, a man walked through the halls of government bearing the flag of a group of people who had seceded from the United States and gone to war against it.}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|However, from 1894 to 2020, the [[Flag of Mississippi]] contained a Confederate battle flag in its design and had been displayed in the Capitol building.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-congress-flags-idUSKCN0XI2JY|title=U.S. Capitol replacing flag display over Confederate imagery|publisher=Reuters|last=Cassella|first=Megan|date=April 21, 2016|accessdate=August 17, 2021}}</ref>}}
+* {{cite news |last=Smith |first=Clint |date=January 8, 2021 |title=The Whole Story in a Single Photo |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/confederates-in-the-capitol/617594/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111170141/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/confederates-in-the-capitol/617594/ |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |quote=During the Civil War, the Confederate Army never reached the Capitol. The rebel flag, to my knowledge, had never been flown inside the halls of Congress until Wednesday. Two days ago, a man walked through the halls of government bearing the flag of a group of people who had seceded from the United States and gone to war against it.}}</ref>{{efn|However, from 1894 to 2020, the [[Flag of Mississippi]] contained a Confederate battle flag in its design and had been displayed in the Capitol building.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-congress-flags-idUSKCN0XI2JY |title=U.S. Capitol replacing flag display over Confederate imagery |work=[[Reuters]] |last=Cassella |first=Megan |date=April 21, 2016 |access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref>{{pb}}The flag was carried during the attack by [[Kevin Seefried]], who traveled from his home in Delaware to hear Trump speak, bringing the flag he had displayed outside his house. Seefried and his son, who helped clear a broken window for them to gain access into the Capitol, were both indicted by a grand jury.<ref>{{cite web |last=Higgins |first=Tucker |title=Man who carried Confederate flag to Capitol during Jan. 6 riot indicted |website=[[CNBC]] |date=April 8, 2021 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/08/man-who-carried-confederate-flag-to-capitol-during-riot-indicted-.html |access-date=November 8, 2021 }}</ref>}}
+[[Douglas Brinkley]], a historian at [[Rice University]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculty: Douglas Brinkley |website=[[Rice University]] |url=https://profiles.rice.edu/faculty/douglas-brinkley |access-date=January 17, 2022}}</ref> remarked on how January 6 would be remembered in [[History of the United States|American history]]: "Now every Jan. 6, we're going to have to remember what happened... I worry if we lose the date that it will lose some of its wallop over time". He also wrote about Trump's responsibility during the attack: "There are always going to be puzzle pieces added to what occurred on Jan. 6, because the president of the United States was sitting there watching this on television in the White House, as we all know, allowing it to go on and on".<ref>{{cite web |title='Dark day on the calendar of American history': Historian explains how Jan. 6 will be remembered |first1=Peter |last1=O'Dowd |first2=Allison |last2=Hagan |url=https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2022/01/06/jan-6-capitol-history |access-date=January 17, 2022 |website=wbur.org |date=January 6, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
+Speaking on January 6, 2022, historians [[Doris Kearns Goodwin]] and [[Jon Meacham]] warned that the U.S. remained at "a crucial turning point". Meacham commented, "What you saw a year ago today was the worst instincts of both human nature and American politics and it's either a step on the way to the abyss or it is a call to arms figuratively for citizens to engage". Goodwin added, "We've come through these really tough times before. We've had lots of people who were willing to step up and put their public lives against their private lives. And that's what we've got to depend on today. That's what we need in these years and months ahead."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greve |first1=Joan E. |title=Historians mark 6 January with urgent warning on threats to US democracy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jan/06/us-capitol-attack-historians-democracy-threat |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 6, 2022 |access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref>
+[[Robert Paxton]] considered the attack to be evidence that Trump's movement was an example of [[fascism]], a characterization that Paxton had resisted up to that point. Paxton compared the event to the French [[6 February 1934 crisis]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.newsweek.com/robert-paxton-trump-fascist-1560652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312204123/https://www.newsweek.com/robert-paxton-trump-fascist-1560652 |archive-date=2021-03-12 |title=I've Hesitated to Call Donald Trump a Fascist. Until Now |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=2021-01-11 |first=Robert O. |last=Paxton}}</ref>
+[[Richard J. Evans]] said that it was not a coup, but that it did represent a danger to democracy in the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/americas/north-america/us/2021/01/trump-fascist |work=New Statesman |access-date=3 January 2024 |first=Richard J. |last=Evans |author-link=Richard J. Evans |title=Why Trump isn't a fascist|date=January 13, 2021 }}</ref>
+Other scholars expressed concern about how history would portray the attack and its aftermath.<ref>{{cite news |first=Joe |last=Fisher |title=Scholars concerned over how history will portray Jan. 6 |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2024/01/05/jan-6-capitol-riot-anniversary-history/6741704465721 |work=[[United Press International]] |date=January 5, 2024 |accessdate=January 5, 2024}}</ref> [[Larry Sabato]], director of the University of Virginia's Center for Politics, stated that reframing the insurrection as a "sightseeing tour" by the GOP has given "the far-right extremists, the neo-Nazi white supremacists who are obsessed with January 6, the counter reality they've been looking for of a bunch of patriots taking a tour in the Capitol."<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGreal |first1=Chris |title=Republicans try to reframe January 6 as a sightseeing tour – will it work? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/mar/11/republicans-reframing-january-6-attack |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=11 March 2023}}</ref>
-Law professor and scholar of legal history Carlton F.W. Larson wrote that the [[Framers of the Constitution]] would have denounced the event as a treasonous act, although those who participated in the mob assault were likely shielded from a treason charge by an [[Christiana Riot|1851 precedent]].<ref name="Larson">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/01/07/capitol-mob-treason/|author=Carlton F.W. Larson|newspaper=Washington Post|date=January 7, 2021|title=The framers would have seen the mob at the Capitol as traitors}}</ref>
 == See also ==
+<!--
-<!-- no need to add here things that are added in the hatnote for 'Historians' perspective' -->
+ No need to add here things that are added in the hatnote for 'Historians' perspective' -->
+{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
+* [[1983 United States Senate bombing]]
+* [[2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament]]
+* [[2017 Venezuelan National Assembly attack]]
+* [[2019 South Korean Capitol attack]]
+* [[2022 German coup d'état plot]]
+* [[2022 Wellington protest]]
+* [[2023 Brazilian Congress attack]]
+* {{Annotated link|Brooks Brothers riot}}
+* [[Canada convoy protest]]
 * [[Demonstrations in support of Donald Trump]]
+* [[EDSA III]] – 2001 incident in the Philippines
+* ''[[Enough (book)|Enough]]'', a memoir by [[Cassidy Hutchinson]]
+* {{section link|List of coups and coup attempts by country|United States}}
+* {{annotated link|Newburgh Conspiracy}}
+* [[Pre-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election]]
+* [[Protests against Donald Trump#Presidential inauguration|Protests against Donald Trump's Presidential inauguration]]
+* [[Right-wing terrorism]]
+* [[Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election]]
 * [[Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud]]
+* {{annotated link|Wilmington massacre}}
-* [[Timeline of protests against Donald Trump]]
+{{div col end}}
 == Notes ==
-{{reflist|group=note}}
+{{notelist|30em}}
 == References ==
-{{reflist}}
+{{reflist|refs=
+<ref name="2021-01-11-ap-sinister">{{cite news |last1=Reeves |first1=Jay |last2=Mascaro |first2=Lisa |last3=Woodward |first3=Calvin |date=January 11, 2021 |title=Capitol assault a more sinister attack than first appeared |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/14c73ee280c256ab4ec193ac0f49ad54 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112234712/https://apnews.com/article/14c73ee280c256ab4ec193ac0f49ad54 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |access-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref>
-== External links ==
-* [https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.dcd.227101/gov.uscourts.dcd.227101.1.1.pdf AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CRIMINAL COMPLAINT AND ARREST WARRANT] for [[John Earle Sullivan]] (including screenshots from Sullivan’s video channels)
+<ref name="agitation01">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Carless |first=Will |date=January 4, 2021 |title=Nation's capital braces for violence as extremist groups converge to protest Trump's election loss |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/04/january-6-dc-protests-against-election-certification-could-violent/4132441001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105213603/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/04/january-6-dc-protests-against-election-certification-could-violent/4132441001/ |archive-date=January 5, 2021 |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref>
-{{Sister project links|n=Police engage protestors in armed conflict inside US Capitol|wikt=no|s=no|b=no|v=no}}
+<ref name="Bahr">{{cite news |last=Bahr |first=Sarah |date=January 8, 2021 |title=First Inventory of Damage to U.S. Capitol Building Released |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/arts/design/us-capitol-damage.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113094046/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/arts/design/us-capitol-damage.html |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2021}}</ref>
+<ref name="Bracewell">{{cite journal |last=Bracewell |first=Lorna |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Gender, Populism, and the QAnon Conspiracy Movement |journal=[[Frontiers in Sociology]] |publisher=[[Frontiers Media]] |location=Cardiff, England |volume=5 |pages=615727 |doi=10.3389/fsoc.2020.615727 |doi-access=free |issn=2297-7775 |pmc=8022489 |pmid=33869533 |s2cid=231654586}}</ref>
+<ref name="CohenKaufmanLiebermann20210303">{{#invoke:cite web||title=DC National Guard commander says 'unusual' Pentagon restrictions slowed response to Capitol riot |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/03/politics/us-capitol-riot-hearing-dhs-fbi-pentagon/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |date=March 3, 2021 |last1=Cohen |first1=Zachary |last2=Kaufman |first2=Ellie |last3=Liebermann |first3=Oren |author-link3=Oren Liebermann |access-date=March 3, 2021}}</ref>
+<ref name="Crossley">{{cite journal |last=Crossley |first=James |date=September 2021 |title=The Apocalypse and Political Discourse in an Age of COVID |journal=[[Journal for the Study of the New Testament]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=Thousand Oaks, California |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=93–111 |doi=10.1177/0142064X211025464 |doi-access=free |issn=1745-5294 |s2cid=237329082}}</ref>
+<ref name="CTC 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Kriner |first1=Matthew |last2=Lewis |first2=Jon |date=22 December 2021 |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CTC-SENTINEL-102021.pdf |title=The Oath Keepers and Their Role in the January 6 Insurrection |url-status=live |editor1-last=Cruickshank |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Hummel |editor2-first=Kristina |journal=[[CTC Sentinel]] |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=1–18 |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |location=[[West Point, New York]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227044425/https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CTC-SENTINEL-102021.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2021 |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref>
+<ref name="curatorsscourt">{{cite news |last=Bahr |first=Sarah |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Curators Scour Capitol for Damage to the Building or Its Art |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/arts/design/us-capitol-art-damage.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111171935/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/arts/design/us-capitol-art-damage.html |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref>
+<ref name="far-right conspiracy theory">
+* {{cite journal |last1=Guglielmi |first1=Giorgia |title=The next-generation bots interfering with the US election |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=October 28, 2020 |volume=587 |issue=7832 |page=21 |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-03034-5 |pmid=33116324 |bibcode=2020Natur.587...21G |doi-access=free}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last1=Collins |first1=Ben |last2=Zadrozny |first2=Brandy |author-link2=Brandy Zadrozny|date=August 10, 2018 |title=The far right is struggling to contain Qanon after giving it life |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/far-right-struggling-contain-qanon-after-giving-it-life-n899741 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |access-date=April 19, 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Rosenberg |first=Eli |date=November 30, 2018 |title=Pence shares picture of himself meeting a SWAT officer with a QAnon conspiracy patch |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/12/01/pence-shares-picture-him-meeting-swat-officer-wearing-qanon-conspiracy-patch/ |access-date=April 19, 2021}}
+* {{cite news |date=November 30, 2018 |title=South Florida Cop Wore 'QAnon' Conspiracy Patch With Mike Pence |work=[[Miami New Times]] |first=Jerry |last=Iannelli |url=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/broward-south-florida-cop-wore-qanon-patch-with-mike-pence-10938571 |access-date=April 19, 2021}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||last=Moore |first=McKenna |date=August 1, 2018 |title=What You Need to Know About Far-Right Conspiracy QAnon |url=https://fortune.com/2018/08/01/qanon-conspiracy-trump-tampa-rally/ |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|access-date=April 19, 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Roose |first=Kevin |date=July 10, 2019 |title=Trump Rolls Out the Red Carpet for Right-Wing Social Media Trolls |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/10/business/trump-social-media-summit.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710190951/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/10/business/trump-social-media-summit.html |archive-date=July 10, 2019 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=July 17, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
+<ref name="LifeandTimes">{{cite news |last1=Benner |first1=Katie |last2=Levenson |first2=Michael |date=January 8, 2021 |title=A Capitol Police officer who was seriously injured Wednesday remains on life support |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/admin/a-capitol-police-officer-who-was-seriously-injured-wednesday-remains-on-life-support.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111051832/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/admin/a-capitol-police-officer-who-was-seriously-injured-wednesday-remains-on-life-support.html |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref>
+<ref name="LootVandal">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Lakritz, Talia |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Shocking photos show pro-Trump rioters in the Capitol stealing memorabilia and breaking into the desks of lawmakers |url=https://news.yahoo.com/shocking-photos-show-pro-trump-222205516.html |website=[[Yahoo! News]] |access-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref>
+<ref name="MendozaLinderman20210305">{{#invoke:cite web||title=Officers maced, trampled: Docs expose depth of Jan. 6 chaos |url=https://apnews.com/article/docs-expose-depth-january-6-capitol-siege-chaos-fd3204574c11e453be8fb4e3c81258c3 |website=[[Associated Press]] |date=March 5, 2021 |last1=Mendoza |first1=Martha |last2=Linderman |first2=Juliet |last3=Long |first3=Colleen |last4=Burke |first4=Garance |access-date=March 5, 2021}}</ref>
+<ref name="Mullin">{{cite news |last1=Cathey |first1=Libby |last2=Thorbecke |first2=Catherine |last3=Winsor |first3=Morgan |last4=Sanchez |first4=Rosa |title=Congressman recalls moment woman was shot inside Capitol building |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/live-updates/2020-election-results-transition/?id=75022086#75108231 |work=[[ABC News]] |date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210107210406/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/live-updates/2020-election-results-transition/?id=75022086%2375108231 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=June 17, 2021}}</ref>
+<ref name="NorthamRecount">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/07/capitol-protests-dc-live-updates/ |title=Northam recounts call for help from Speaker Pelosi during Capitol siege |first=Laura |last=Vozzella |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 7, 2021 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020747/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/07/capitol-protests-dc-live-updates/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref>
+<ref name="NYTrioteranalysis">{{cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Dan |last2=McIntire |first2=Mike |last3=Rosenberg |first3=Matthew |date=January 9, 2021 |title='Our President Wants Us Here': The Mob That Stormed the Capitol |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/us/capitol-rioters.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109232819/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/us/capitol-rioters.html |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref>
+<ref name="Oath">{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Polantz |first1=Katelyn |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=Hannah |title=Justice Department appealing prison sentences given to convicted Oath Keepers members |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/12/politics/doj-appeals-oath-keepers-sentences/index.html |website=CNN.com |date=13 July 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
+<ref name="Reporter inside Capitol describes">{{cite news |last=Wire |first=Sarah D. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Reporter inside Capitol describes being in a roomful of people 'panicked that I might inadvertently give away their location' |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |agency=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation-politics/reporter-inside-capitol-describes-being-in-a-roomful-of-people-panicked-that-i-might-inadvertently-give-away-their-location/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110134313/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation-politics/reporter-inside-capitol-describes-being-in-a-roomful-of-people-panicked-that-i-might-inadvertently-give-away-their-location/ |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref>
+<ref name="ReutersIns">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Barlyn, Suzanne |date=January 7, 2021 |title=U.S. taxpayers to pay Capitol siege tab as government shuns insurance |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-insurance/u-s-taxpayers-to-pay-capitol-siege-tab-as-government-shuns-insurance-idUSKBN29C38M |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112040537/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-insurance/u-s-taxpayers-to-pay-capitol-siege-tab-as-government-shuns-insurance-idUSKBN29C38M |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref>
+<!--
+<ref name="SecDef_timeline_8Jan">{{cite web |title=Timeline for December 31, 2020 – January 6, 2021 |url=https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jan/08/2002562063/-1/-1/1/PLANNING-AND-EXECUTION-TIMELINE-FOR-THE-NATIONAL-GUARDS-INVOLVEMENT-IN-THE-JANUARY-6-2021-FIRST-AMENDMENT-PROTESTS-IN-WASHINGTON-DC.pdf |website=Office of the Secretary of Defense |date=January 8, 2021 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109022346/https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jan/08/2002562063/-1/-1/1/PLANNING-AND-EXECUTION-TIMELINE-FOR-THE-NATIONAL-GUARDS-INVOLVEMENT-IN-THE-JANUARY-6-2021-FIRST-AMENDMENT-PROTESTS-IN-WASHINGTON-DC.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref>
+-->
+<ref name="slams">{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.businessinsider.com/capitol-police-watchdog-slams-ammo-shields-readiness-for-january-6-2021-4 |date=April 9, 2021 |title=US Capitol Police had expired ammunition and ineffective shields on the day of the January 6 riot, scathing internal report says |first=Mia |last=Jankowicz |website=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=September 8, 2023}}</ref>
+<ref name="Stunning">{{cite news |last1=Paybarah |first1=Azi |last2=Lewis |first2=Brent |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Stunning Images as a Mob Storms the U.S. Capitol |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/trump-riot-dc-capitol-photos.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020712/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/trump-riot-dc-capitol-photos.html |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref>
+<ref name="VideoShows">{{cite news |last1=Swaine |first1=Jon |last2=Bennett |first2=Dalton |last3=Sohyun Lee |first3=Joyce |last4=Kelly |first4=Meg |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Video shows fatal shooting of Ashli Babbitt in the Capitol |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2021/01/08/ashli-babbitt-shooting-video-capitol/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108180214/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2021/01/08/ashli-babbitt-shooting-video-capitol/ |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref>
+<ref name="washingtonian">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Recker |first=Jane |date=August 5, 2021 |title=8 Gripping Details From Time's Cover Story on DC Cop Michael Fanone |url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2021/08/05/8-gripping-details-from-times-cover-story-on-dc-cop-michael-fanone/ |website=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]] |language=en-US |quote=Time Magazine just released a new profile on Michael Fanone, the DC cop and narcotics officer who gained notoriety for his bravery in defending the US Capitol on January 6 (bodycam footage shows that he was tased, beaten with pipes, dragged down the Capitol steps, and threatened with his own gun) and for his continuing efforts to keep the day from being forgotten. |access-date=December 28, 2021}}</ref>
+<ref name="Wilner">{{#invoke:cite web||title=Trump's first two indictments could mean prison. His third could change the presidency |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article277831393.html |work=[[Miami Herald]] |date=August 1, 2023 |last=Wilner |first=Michael |access-date=August 2, 2023}}</ref>
+}}
+==External links==
+{{#invoke:Sister project links|main|n=Police engage protestors in armed conflict inside US Capitol|wikt=no|s=no|b=no|v=no}}
 {{Wikisource|1=Donald Trump's Save America Rally Speech|2=Trump's rally speech}}
-* [https://www.usatoday.com/storytelling/capitol-riot-mob-arrests Capitol riot arrests: who's been charged] – U.S.-wide tracker database created and updated by ''[[USA Today]]''
+* [https://www.usatoday.com/storytelling/capitol-riot-mob-arrests Capitol riot arrests: See who's been charged across the U.S.] – U.S.-wide tracker database created and updated by ''[[USA Today]]''
+* {{#invoke:cite web|| title=CNN Special Report: American Coup: The January 6th Investigation | website=[[CNN]] | date=September 13, 2022 | url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2022/09/13/cnn-special-report-american-coup-the-january-6th-investigation/ }} Show can be found on [https://go.cnn.com/vod CNN Live TV]
+** {{#invoke:cite web|| title=Transcript: CNN Special Report: American Coup: The January 6th Investigation | website=[[CNN]] | date=September 18, 2022 | url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/csr/date/2022-09-18/segment/01 }}
-; Federal government
+===Federal government===
+* [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/pdf/GPO-J6-REPORT.pdf Final Report] (December 22, 2022) of the [[United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack]] (845 pages)
-* [https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/capitol-breach-cases Capitol Breach Cases]''Capitol Breach Cases,'' U.S. Attorneys, District of Columbia] A list of defendants charged in federal court in the District of Columbia related to crimes committed at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C, on Wednesday, Jan. 6, 2021
+** [https://www.govinfo.gov/collection/january-6th-committee-final-report Supporting Material] from the January 6 Select Committee
-* {{cite journal |author1=Senate Committee on Rules and Administration |author2=Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee |author1-link=Senate Committee on Rules and Administration |author2-link=Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee |title=Examining The U.S. Capitol Attack: A Review of The Security, Planning, and Response Failures on January 6 |journal=[[United States Senate]] |date=June 7, 2021 |url=https://www.rules.senate.gov/download/hsgac-rules-jan-6-report <!-- |access-date=June 9, 2021 <!-- https://www.rules.senate.gov/download/hsgac-rules-jan-6-report&download=1 ; 2nd source https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/20801778/report-examining-the-jan-6-us-capitol-attack.pdf -->}}
+* [https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/capitol-breach-cases Capitol Breach Cases] – list of defendants charged in federal court in the District of Columbia related to the January 6 attack (list maintained by the [[U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia]])
+* {{cite journal |author1=Senate Committee on Rules and Administration |author2=Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee |author1-link=Senate Committee on Rules and Administration |author2-link=Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee |title=Examining The U.S. Capitol Attack: A Review of The Security, Planning, and Response Failures on January 6 |journal=[[United States Senate]] |date=June 7, 2021 |url=https://www.rules.senate.gov/download/hsgac-rules-jan-6-report <!-- |access-date=June 9, 2021}} --> <!-- https://www.rules.senate.gov/download/hsgac-rules-jan-6-report&download=1 ; 2nd source https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/20801778/report-examining-the-jan-6-us-capitol-attack.pdf -->}}
 * [https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/seeking-info/violence-at-the-united-states-capitol FBI Seeking Information Related to Violent Activity at the U.S Capitol Building] – [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]
-* {{cite web|work=[[C-SPAN]]|date=February 9, 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivVOPWrFfW4|title=Senate Impeachment Trial: January 6 Video Montage (13:24)|via=[[YouTube]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210065603/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivVOPWrFfW4&feature=youtu.be|archive-date=February 10, 2021|type=House Impeachment Manager Rep. [[Jamie Raskin]] presents a video montage of the January 6, 2021, Attack on the U.S. Capitol during his opening statement during the [[Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump]]}}
+* {{#invoke:cite web||work=[[C-SPAN]]|date=February 9, 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivVOPWrFfW4|title=Senate Impeachment Trial: January 6 Video Montage (13:24)|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210065603/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivVOPWrFfW4&feature=youtu.be|archive-date=February 10, 2021|type=House Impeachment Manager Rep. [[Jamie Raskin]] presents a video montage of the January 6, 2021, Attack on the U.S. Capitol during his opening statement during the [[Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump]] | url-status=live}}
-::See also: {{cite news|author=Philip Elliott|date=February 10, 2021|url=https://time.com/5938095/video-capitol-riot-impeachment-trial/|title=This Video of Jan. 6's Insurrection Should Be Mandatory|work= [[Time (magazine)|Time]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210235333/https://time.com/5938095/video-capitol-riot-impeachment-trial/|archive-date= February 10, 2021}}
+** See also: {{cite news |first=Philip |last=Elliott |date=February 10, 2021 |url=https://time.com/5938095/video-capitol-riot-impeachment-trial/ |title=This Video of Jan. 6's Insurrection Should Be Mandatory |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210235333/https://time.com/5938095/video-capitol-riot-impeachment-trial/ |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |url-status=live}}
 * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/24 H. Res. 24 – Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors] (article of impeachment adopted by the House on January 13, 2021)
 * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/31 H.Res.31 – Condemning and censuring Representative Mo Brooks of Alabama] (censure resolution introduced on January 11, 2021, by Representative [[Tom Malinowski]], with two cosponsors)
 * {{wikisource-inline|Article of Impeachment against Donald J. Trump (2021)|single=true}}
-; Video
+===Video===
 * [https://projects.propublica.org/parler-capitol-videos/ What Parler Saw During the Attack on the Capitol] (video archive from [[ProPublica]])
-* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvJVZAxJE8Y Save America rally speeches] (video)
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWJVMoe7OY0 Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol] (visual investigation by ''The New York Times'')
+* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/democracy-on-trial/ Democracy on Trial] [[PBS]]
-* [[PBS]] ''[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]'' (April 2021): [https://www.pbs.org/video/american-insurrection-65qeoo/ "American Insurrection"] (video; 84:13); [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/american-insurrection/transcript/ transcript]
+* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/lies-politics-and-democracy/ Lies, Politics and Democracy] [[PBS]]
+* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/plot-to-overturn-the-election/ Plot to Overturn the Election] [[PBS]]
+* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/michael-flynns-holy-war/ Michael Flynn's Holy War] [[PBS]]
+* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/american-insurrection/ American Insurrection] [[PBS]]
+* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/united-states-of-conspiracy/ United States of Conspiracy] [[PBS]]
+* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/trumps-american-carnage/ Trump's American Carnage] [[PBS]]
+* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/pelosis-power/ Pelosi's Power] [[PBS]]
+* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/americas-great-divide-from-obama-to-trump/ America's Great Divide] [[PBS]]
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYh4c42Jprg&t=39s American Reckoning – A PBS NewsHour Special Report] [[PBS]]
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-DgsUKw-YE&t=17s The January 6th Report] [[NBC]]
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZiSfMW__iQ&t=5s CNN Coverage of the January 6 Insurrection] [[CNN]]
 * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/the-politicians-who-tried-to-overturn-an-election--and-the-local-news-team-that-wont-let-anyone-forget-it/2021/05/01/cc8764f6-a91e-11eb-8d25-7b30e74923ea_story.html News team decides to remind listeners of the attempted overthrow of the USA government by Republican elected officials on January 6, 2021] ([[WITF-FM|WITF]]; ''[[The Washington Post]]''; May 2, 2021).
-* [https://www.fbi.gov/news/videos Federal Bureau of Investigation videos] (filter by keywords)
+* [https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/capitol-violence FBI U.S. Capitol Violence ] (Filter by keywords)
-; Timeline
+===Timeline===
-* {{Cite news|last1=Leatherby|first1=Lauren|last2=Singhvi|first2=Anjali|date=January 15, 2021|title=Critical Moments in the Capitol Siege|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/15/us/trump-capitol-riot-timeline.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116183419/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/15/us/trump-capitol-riot-timeline.html|archive-date=January 16, 2021|ref=none}} (detailed timeline)
-* {{Cite news|last1=Bennett|first1=Dalton|last2=Brown|first2=Emma|last3=Cahlan|first3=Sarah|last4=Lee|first4=Joyce Sohyun|last5=Kelly|first5=Meg|last6=Samuels|first6=Elyse|last7=Swaine|first7=Jon|date=January 16, 2021|title=41 minutes of fear: A video timeline from inside the Capitol siege|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2021/01/16/video-timeline-capitol-siege/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118054507/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2021/01/16/video-timeline-capitol-siege/|archive-date=January 18, 2021|ref=none}} (video timeline)
+* {{cite news |last1=Leatherby |first1=Lauren |last2=Singhvi |first2=Anjali |date=January 15, 2021 |title=Critical Moments in the Capitol Siege |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/15/us/trump-capitol-riot-timeline.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116183419/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/15/us/trump-capitol-riot-timeline.html |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |ref=none}} (Detailed timeline)
+* {{cite news |last1=Bennett |first1=Dalton |last2=Brown |first2=Emma |last3=Cahlan |first3=Sarah |last4=Lee |first4=Joyce Sohyun |last5=Kelly |first5=Meg |last6=Samuels |first6=Elyse |last7=Swaine |first7=Jon |date=January 16, 2021 |title=41 minutes of fear: A video timeline from inside the Capitol siege |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2021/01/16/video-timeline-capitol-siege/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118054507/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2021/01/16/video-timeline-capitol-siege/ |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |ref=none}} (Video timeline)
 * [https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/c37r4jqnn21t/us-capitol-stormed US Capitol stormed], collected news and commentary. [[BBC News Online]].
 * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/jan-6-insurrection-capitol/ Timeline − details before, during and after the attack] (''[[The Washington Post]]''; October 31, 2021).
+* {{youTube|U2aWw-C27Rk|Video (18:49): "Inside Trump's Election Plot"}} ([[MSNBC|MSNBC News]]; July 29, 2022) <!---* {{Youtube|fXRsWyqQ908|Video (40:26): "Inside Trump's Election Plot"}} (''[[MSNBC|MSNBC News]]''; July 29, 2022)--->
-{{2021 US Capitol attack|state=expanded}}
+* [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/26/opinion/trump-documents-jan-6-prosecute.html "Donald Trump Is Not Above The Law"] (''[[The New York Times]]''; August 26, 2022)
+{{January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox}}
+{{Navboxes top}}
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+{{Second impeachment and impeachment trial of Donald Trump}}
-{{Portal bar|Conservatism|Modern history|Politics|Society|United States}}
+{{#invoke:Portal bar|main|Conservatism|Law|Modern history|Politics|Society|United States}}
+{{Navboxes bottom}}
+{{#invoke:Authority control|authorityControl}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:United States Capitol attack, 2021}}
+[[Category:January 6 United States Capitol attack| ]]
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+[[Category:2020s political riots]]
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+[[Category:21st-century rebellions]]
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-[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in the United States]]
+[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.]]
-[[Category:Attacks on government buildings and structures]]
+[[Category:Attacks on the United States Congress]]
+[[Category:Constitutional crises]]
-[[Category:Attacks on legislatures|United States Capitol attack]]
 [[Category:Controversies of the 2020 United States presidential election]]
+[[Category:Coups d'état and coup attempts in the United States]]
 [[Category:Crimes against police officers in the United States]]
 [[Category:Deaths by firearm in Washington, D.C.]]
+[[Category:Democratic backsliding in the United States]]
+[[Category:Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign]]
+[[Category:Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign]]
+[[Category:Donald Trump controversies]]
+[[Category:Donald Trump prosecutions]]
+[[Category:Donald Trump]]
 [[Category:Electoral violence]]
-[[Category:Far-right politics in the United States]]
+[[Category:Insurgencies]]
-[[Category:January 2021 events in the United States]]
+[[Category:January 2021 crimes in the United States|Capitol attack 6]]
-[[Category:NPOV disputes from January 2021]]
+[[Category:Neo-fascist terrorism]]
-[[Category:Occupations (protest)]]
+[[Category:Oath Keepers]]
+[[Category:Occupations (protest) in the United States]]
 [[Category:Political riots in the United States]]
 [[Category:Presidency of Donald Trump]]
 [[Category:Protests against results of elections]]
+[[Category:Proud Boys]]
 [[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Washington, D.C.]]
+[[Category:Second impeachment of Donald Trump]]
 [[Category:Terrorist incidents in the United States in 2021]]
+[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Washington, D.C.]]
 [[Category:Trump administration controversies]]
 [[Category:Trumpism]]
 [[Category:United States Capitol Police]]
+[[Category:Vice presidency of the United States]]

Latest revision as of 22:07, 19 June 2024