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===Italo-Turkish War=== |
===Italo-Turkish War=== |
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''Fulmine''′s first opportunity to participate in combat operations came in the [[Italo-Turkish War]], which began on 29 September 1911 with the [[Kingdom of Italy]]′s [[declaration of war]] on the [[Ottoman Empire]] |
''Fulmine''′s first opportunity to participate in combat operations came in the [[Italo-Turkish War]], which began on 29 September 1911 with the [[Kingdom of Italy]]′s [[declaration of war]] on the [[Ottoman Empire]] while ''Fulmine'' was serving as a [[training ship]] at Leghorn ([[Livorno]]).{{sfn|Beehler|p=10}} In December 1911, she joined the [[battleship]]s {{ship|Italian battleship|Re Umberto||2}} and {{ship|Italian battleship|Sicilia||2}}, the [[torpedo cruiser]] {{ship|Italian cruiser|Partenope||2}}, and the [[torpedo boat]] {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Cassiopea|1906|2}} in bombarding the [[oasis]] on the east side of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] in [[Ottoman Tripolitania]].{{sfn|Beehler|p=48}} On 25 January 1912 she seized the French [[mail steamer]] {{SS|Favignano||2}} in the waters of [[French Tunisia]] and thoroughly searched her for contraband.{{sfn|Beehler|p=56}} She found none, but her action created such animosity against [[Italians]] among [[Tunisians]] that many Italian residents of [[Tunisia]] left the country.{{sfn|Beehler|p=56}} The incident also prompted the [[French Navy]] to send a force consisting of the battleship {{ship|French battleship|Henri IV||2}} and four torpedo boats from [[Bizerte]] to the southeastern border of Tunisia to stop contraband traffic between Tunisia and the Ottoman Empire and enforce [[French Third Republic|France]]'s obligations as a [[neutral country]].{{sfn|Beehler|p=56}} |
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On 10 April 1912 ''Fulmine'', the [[armored cruiser]]s {{ship|Italian cruiser|Carlo Alberto||2}} and {{ship|Italian cruiser|Marco Polo||2}}, the [[auxiliary cruiser]]s {{SS|Città di Catania||2}} and {{SS|Città di Siracusa||2}}, and the [[torpedo boat]] {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Alcione|1906|2}} bombarded [[Zuwarah]], a [[smuggling]] center for war materials for Ottoman troops on the coast of Ottoman Tripolitania, which was followed by a fake [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious landing]] simulated by the [[Steamship|steamers]] {{SS|Hercules|1903|2}}, {{SS|Sannio||2}}, and {{SS|Toscana||2}}.<ref>[http://digilander.libero.it/wrnzla/storia_file/storia_13_c.htm Nuova pagina 1<!-- Title generated automatically --> (in Italian).]</ref><ref>[http://www.betasom.it/forum/index.php?showtopic=18278 La Guerra Italo Turca - Betasom - XI Gruppo Sommergibili Atlantici<!-- Title generated automatically --> (in Italian).]</ref> The war ended on 18 October 1912 in an Italian victory. |
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===World War I=== |
===World War I=== |
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[[World War I]] broke out in 1914, and the Kingdom of Italy entered the war on the side of the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] with its declaration of war on [[Austria-Hungary]] on 23 May 1915. At the time, ''Fulmine'' was not operational and was temporarily assigned to the 5th [[Destroyer squadron|Destroyer Squadron]], which also included the destroyers {{ship|Italian destroyer|Aquilone|1902|2}}, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Borea|1902|2}}, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Espiro|1904|2}}, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Nembo|1901|2}},and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Turbine|1901|2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/viewtopic.php?t=21288&sid=4a3b6b2e72f70c6903c08eb9ed404f04 |title=Forum Eerste Wereldoorlog :: Bekijk onderwerp - Regia Marina Italiana, 1914-1915<!-- Title generated automatically --> |lang=ne|access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213183652/http://www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/viewtopic.php?t=21288&sid=4a3b6b2e72f70c6903c08eb9ed404f04 }} (in Dutch)</ref> By 1915, she was of antiquated design and limited military value, and she spent the war engaged primarily in escort duties and [[antisubmarine warfare]].<ref name="Marina Militare"/> |
[[World War I]] broke out in 1914, and the Kingdom of Italy entered the war on the side of the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] with its declaration of war on [[Austria-Hungary]] on 23 May 1915. At the time, ''Fulmine'' was not operational and was temporarily assigned to the 5th [[Destroyer squadron|Destroyer Squadron]], which also included the destroyers {{ship|Italian destroyer|Aquilone|1902|2}}, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Borea|1902|2}}, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Espiro|1904|2}}, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Nembo|1901|2}},and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Turbine|1901|2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/viewtopic.php?t=21288&sid=4a3b6b2e72f70c6903c08eb9ed404f04 |title=Forum Eerste Wereldoorlog :: Bekijk onderwerp - Regia Marina Italiana, 1914-1915<!-- Title generated automatically --> |lang=ne|access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213183652/http://www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/viewtopic.php?t=21288&sid=4a3b6b2e72f70c6903c08eb9ed404f04 }} (in Dutch)</ref> By 1915, she was of antiquated design and limited military value, and she spent the war engaged primarily in escort duties and [[antisubmarine warfare]].<ref name="Marina Militare"/> |
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During one escort operation ''Fulmine'' was involved in an incident that demonstrated problems that existed in the system the Allies had adopted for escorts in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The agreement between the ''Regia Marina'', |
During one escort operation ''Fulmine'' was involved in an incident that demonstrated problems that existed in the system the Allies had adopted for escorts in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The agreement between the ''Regia Marina'', French Navy, and British [[Royal Navy]] divided the Mediterranean into areas of responsibility for each of the navies, within each of which the escort of ships in transit was the responsibility of the navy that had jurisdiction over that area.<ref name="Favre">Franco Favre, ''La Marina nella Grande Guerra. Le operazioni navali, aeree, subacquee e terrestri in Adriatico'', p. 177 (in Italian)</ref> While escorting the steamer {{SS|Minas|1891|2}}, loaded with troops and bound from [[Naples]], Italy, to [[Thessaloniki]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], ''Fulmine'' reached the limit of Italy's escort zone about {{convert|200|nmi|0}} east of [[Malta]], where a British [[warship]] should have taken over the escort. Due to a mix-up, however, no British ship met ''Minas''. Continuing her voyage unescorted, ''Minas'' was [[torpedo]]ed by the [[Imperial German Navy]] [[submarine]] {{ship|SM|U-39||2}} and sank at {{coord|36|25|N|018|24|E|name=SS ''Minas''}} with the loss of 870 men on 15 February 1917.<ref name="Favre"/><ref>[http://www.uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/ship.html?shipID=7324 Troopship Minas - Ships hit by U-boats - German and Austrian U-boats of World War One - Kaiserliche Marine - uboat.net<!-- Title generated automatically -->]</ref> |
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By late October 1918, Austria-Hungary had effectively disintegrated, and the [[Armistice of Villa Giusti]], signed on 3 November 1918, went into effect on 4 November 1918 and brought hostilities between Austria-Hungary and the Allies to an end. World War I ended a week later with an [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|armistice]] between the Allies and the [[German Empire]] on 11 November 1918. |
By late October 1918, Austria-Hungary had effectively disintegrated, and the [[Armistice of Villa Giusti]], signed on 3 November 1918, went into effect on 4 November 1918 and brought hostilities between Austria-Hungary and the Allies to an end. World War I ended a week later with an [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|armistice]] between the Allies and the [[German Empire]] on 11 November 1918. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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===Citations=== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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===Bibliography=== |
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* {{cite book|last=Beehler|first=W. H.|title=The History of the Italian-Turkish War, September 29, 1911 to October 18, 1912|url=https://archive.org/download/historyofitalian00beehiala/historyofitalian00beehiala.pdf |year=1913|location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=William H. Beehler|ref={{sfnref|Beehler}}}} (reprinted from ''[[Proceedings (magazine)|Proceedings]]'' of the [[United States Naval Institute]] with additions) |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[ |
*[[:it:File:RN Fulmine (1).jpg|Photo of ''Fulmine'' moored at La Spezia]] on [[Italian Wikipedia]] |
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{{WWI Italian ships}} |
{{WWI Italian ships}} |
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[[Category:1898 ships]] |
[[Category:1898 ships]] |
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[[Category:Ships built by Cantieri navali Odero]] |
[[Category:Ships built by Cantieri navali Odero]] |
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[[Category:Italo-Turkish War ships of Italy]] |
[[Category:Italo-Turkish War naval ships of Italy]] |
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[[Category:World War I destroyers of Italy]] |
[[Category:World War I destroyers of Italy]] |
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Revision as of 01:09, 29 April 2024
 Fulmine at La Spezia in 1900.
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 Kingdom of Italy | |
| Name | Fulmine |
| Namesake | Lightning |
| Builder | Cantieri navali Odero Sestri Ponente, Italy |
| Laid down | 14 July 1896 |
| Launched | 4 December 1898 |
| Commissioned | 26 October 1900 |
| Stricken | 15 May 1921 |
| Fate | Discarded and scrapped |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Destroyer |
| Displacement |
|
| Length | |
| Beam | 6.4 m (21 ft 0 in) |
| Draught | 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph) |
| Range | 1,500 nmi (2,800 km; 1,700 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) |
| Complement | 48 |
| Armament |
|
Fulmine ("Lightning") was the Kingdom of Italy′s first destroyer. Commissioned into service in the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) in 1900, she served in the Italo-Turkish War and World War I. She was stricken in 1921 and scrapped.
Design, construction, and commissioning
Fulmine was laid down at the Cantieri navali Odero (Odero Shipyard) in Sestri Ponente, Italy, on 14 July 1896. She was launched on 4 December 1898 and completed in October 1900. She was commissioned on 26 October 1900.
Designed by the inspector general of the Corps of Naval Engineering (Italian: Corpo del genio della Marina), Ernesto Martinez,[1] Fulmine was inspired by British and German designs of the time.[2] As Italy's first destroyer,[2] Fulmine was an experimental ship with mediocre characteristics; while her armament was quite suitable, her hull had structural problems[3] which prevented her from achieving the maximum speed of 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph) envisaged for her.[1] However, designing and building the ship gave both Italian naval architects and the local shipbuilding industry experience in the design and construction of destroyers, a new ship type in the 1890s.[4]
Fulmine quickly was surpassed by subsequent Italian destroyer classes, first the six-ship German-built Lampo class and then the Italian-built six-ship Nembo and 11-ship Soldato classes.[3] During her service, however, her armament — originally five 57 mm/43-caliber guns and three 356 mm (14 in) torpedo tubes — was partially modernized, ultimately becoming one Cannon 76/30 Model 1915 gun, three 57 mm/43 guns, and two 356 mm (14 in) torpedo tubes.
Service history
1900–1910
Before 1910, the Italian physicist Domenico Pacini used Fulmine for a series of experiments to study the ionization of air.[5]
Italo-Turkish War
Fulmine′s first opportunity to participate in combat operations came in the Italo-Turkish War, which began on 29 September 1911 with the Kingdom of Italy′s declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire while Fulmine was serving as a training ship at Leghorn (Livorno).[6] In December 1911, she joined the battleships Re Umberto and Sicilia, the torpedo cruiser Partenope, and the torpedo boat Cassiopea in bombarding the oasis on the east side of Tripoli in Ottoman Tripolitania.[7] On 25 January 1912 she seized the French mail steamer Favignano in the waters of French Tunisia and thoroughly searched her for contraband.[8] She found none, but her action created such animosity against Italians among Tunisians that many Italian residents of Tunisia left the country.[8] The incident also prompted the French Navy to send a force consisting of the battleship Henri IV and four torpedo boats from Bizerte to the southeastern border of Tunisia to stop contraband traffic between Tunisia and the Ottoman Empire and enforce France's obligations as a neutral country.[8]
On 10 April 1912 Fulmine, the armored cruisers Carlo Alberto and Marco Polo, the auxiliary cruisers Città di Catania and Città di Siracusa, and the torpedo boat Alcione bombarded Zuwarah, a smuggling center for war materials for Ottoman troops on the coast of Ottoman Tripolitania, which was followed by a fake amphibious landing simulated by the steamers Hercules, Sannio, and Toscana.[9][10] The war ended on 18 October 1912 in an Italian victory.
World War I
World War I broke out in 1914, and the Kingdom of Italy entered the war on the side of the Allies with its declaration of war on Austria-Hungary on 23 May 1915. At the time, Fulmine was not operational and was temporarily assigned to the 5th Destroyer Squadron, which also included the destroyers Aquilone, Borea, Espiro, Nembo,and Turbine.[11] By 1915, she was of antiquated design and limited military value, and she spent the war engaged primarily in escort duties and antisubmarine warfare.[2]
During one escort operation Fulmine was involved in an incident that demonstrated problems that existed in the system the Allies had adopted for escorts in the Mediterranean Sea. The agreement between the Regia Marina, French Navy, and British Royal Navy divided the Mediterranean into areas of responsibility for each of the navies, within each of which the escort of ships in transit was the responsibility of the navy that had jurisdiction over that area.[12] While escorting the steamer Minas, loaded with troops and bound from Naples, Italy, to Thessaloniki, Greece, Fulmine reached the limit of Italy's escort zone about 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) east of Malta, where a British warship should have taken over the escort. Due to a mix-up, however, no British ship met Minas. Continuing her voyage unescorted, Minas was torpedoed by the Imperial German Navy submarine U-39 and sank at 36°25′N 018°24′E / 36.417°N 18.400°E with the loss of 870 men on 15 February 1917.[12][13]
By late October 1918, Austria-Hungary had effectively disintegrated, and the Armistice of Villa Giusti, signed on 3 November 1918, went into effect on 4 November 1918 and brought hostilities between Austria-Hungary and the Allies to an end. World War I ended a week later with an armistice between the Allies and the German Empire on 11 November 1918.
Post-World War I
Fulmine was stricken on 15 May 1921.[2] She subsequently was scrapped.
References
Citations
- ^ a b Navi da guerra | R. N. Fulmine 1898 | cacciatorpediniere | Regia Marina Italiana
- ^ a b c d Marina Militare (in Italian)
- ^ a b "La_Regia_Marina" (PDF) (in Italian). December 2017. bot=InternetArchiveBot
- ^ "Fulmine, Cacciatorpediniere". Fulmine, Cacciatorpediniere (in Italian). Marina Militare. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
- ^ "Domenico Pacini, the forgotten pioneer of the discovery of cosmic rays" (PDF). arxiv.org. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
- ^ Beehler, p. 10.
- ^ Beehler, p. 48.
- ^ a b c Beehler, p. 56.
- ^ Nuova pagina 1 (in Italian).
- ^ La Guerra Italo Turca - Betasom - XI Gruppo Sommergibili Atlantici (in Italian).
- ^ "Forum Eerste Wereldoorlog :: Bekijk onderwerp - Regia Marina Italiana, 1914-1915" (in Nepali). Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2011. (in Dutch)
- ^ a b Franco Favre, La Marina nella Grande Guerra. Le operazioni navali, aeree, subacquee e terrestri in Adriatico, p. 177 (in Italian)
- ^ Troopship Minas - Ships hit by U-boats - German and Austrian U-boats of World War One - Kaiserliche Marine - uboat.net
Bibliography
- Beehler, W. H. (1913). The History of the Italian-Turkish War, September 29, 1911 to October 18, 1912 (PDF). Annapolis, Maryland: William H. Beehler. (reprinted from Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute with additions)
