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Revision as of 02:06, 10 March 2016

Main article: Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution

"Iran and Red and Black Colonization" (Persian: ایران و استعمار سرخ و سیاه) was the title of an article in Ettela'at newspaper published on the 7th of January 1978 and written by Ahmad Rashidi Motlagh.[1] The article was used to attack Ruhollah Khomeini, who later founded the Islamic Republic of Iran as an Indian Sayyed.[2][3]

Background

The Iran-Iraq cold and hot hostilities ended with a treaty proposed in 1975. The Iranians were allowed to do the pilgrimage to Iraq in 1976. Iraq transferred to Iran the many tapes and writings of Ayatollah Khomeini who was exiled in Iraq. The disapproval of the Shah had increased in Iranian mosques; with increased demands to fully restore the 1906 constitution, which included provisions for free elections, a government responsible to the Majles, a weak Shah and a committee of Mujtahids to veto bills not deemed to be in accordance with Muslim law. The hostility was increased by death of Khomeini’s son, Mostafa. The Iranian Secret Police, SAVAK, was accused [by whom?] of causing his death .[2] The Iranian people and scholars mourned, and to commemorate him and they demonstrated their support to Ayatollah Khomeini and his movement. Therefore religious opponents of Ayatollah Khomeini's religious authority had been increased [vague].[4] On the last day of 1977, President Jimmy Carter recalled Iran to be an Island of stability in one of the more troubled areas of the world. A week after Carter's speech, the Iranian newspaper Etela'at published an article title "Iran and Red and Black Colonization".[5]

Events

On January 7, 1978, the regime's religious opponents published an article titled "Iran and Red and Black Colonization" in Ettela'at.[2] This article contained content that was considered offensive to Ayatollah Khomeini. He was introduced as a foreign agent.[6] Apparently it was written at Imperial Court based on documents that was collected by SAVAK. The primary text of article was a pacific word, so by order of Shah it was rewritten and the tone of article became more insulting. This article was put in the pocket sealed by Imperial Court and sent on 4 January 1978 from Amir-Abbas Hoveyda, prime minister of that time to information minister Daryush Homayun to publishing it in the one of the newspaper.[7] In other word, this article was prepared under in section of court minister Hoveyda.[8] On 7 January, in the evening Ettela'at newspaper number 15506 published an article titled "Iran and Red and Black Colonization" by red color at page 7 that known as comments and ideas. The article was written to attack to Ayatollah Khomeini who introduced as an adventurer man but faithless and devoted to Colonial centers.[9] At this article Ayatollah Khomeini was introduced as the Indian Sayyed who lived for sometime in India, and got in contact with Colonial centers of the British.[3] There was this nomination that Ayatollah Khomeini did not have explained about this title for anyone. Also, the Indian referred to love poem that he wrote when he was young and singed them by this title.[2] Ahmad Rashidi Motlagh was the fictitious name as the author of the "Iran and Red and Black Colonization".[1][7] According to Bahman Baktiari, the main authors of the article were Daryush Homayun and Farhad Nikukhah, a low-ranking ministry official.[1] The day that this article was published, fell on the occasion of the anniversary of the unveiling that Reza Shah declared the law women to wear the Islamic veil (hijab).[10]

Reaction

One day after publishing the article, it was met with huge objection in Qum.[11] It was generally recognized as the beginning of the Iranian Revolution.[5] The classes of the Oum's seminary were cancelled. People went to the homes of Marja' in Tehran and Qum to show their support.[4] In the evening at the Azam Mosque of Qum, they vociferated slogans such as "Long live Khomeini" and "Death to the Pahlavi regime".[10] On 9 January the objection kept on and was more huge. The Bazaar was close. In the afternoon the police began firing into the crowd. Many people were killed and injured. For the day after this event, to commemorating deaths in many city of Iran objections held, such as Tabriz, Yazd, Isfahan, Shiraz, Jahrom, and Ahwaz.[4][10]

Four hundred days after the publication of the article, the Pahlavi dynasty was overthrown. This article had the effect of placing Khomeini at the center of the revolutionary movement.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d James Buchan (15 October 2013). Days of God: The Revolution in Iran and Its Consequences. Simon and Schuster. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-4165-9777-3.
  2. ^ a b c d Nikki R. Keddie; Yann Richard (2006). Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. Yale University Press. p. 225. ISBN 0-300-12105-9.
  3. ^ a b Hossein Shahidi (11 May 2007). Journalism in Iran: From Mission to Profession. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-134-09391-5.
  4. ^ a b c Zariri, Reza. "19th day of Dey (month)". Noor magze. Zamane Magezin. Retrieved 2005. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  5. ^ a b Christopher Andrew; Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones (13 September 2013). Eternal Vigilance?: 50 Years of the CIA. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-135-22246-8.
  6. ^ Bahman Baktiari (1996). Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics. University Press of Florida. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-8130-1461-6.
  7. ^ a b Shahedi, Mozaffar. "How was prepared the article named "Iran and the red and black colonialism" (PDF). magiran. Iran (newspaper). Retrieved 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  8. ^ Fakhreddin AZIMI; Fakhreddin Azimi (30 June 2009). QUEST FOR DEMOCRACY IN IRAN C: a century of struggle against authoritarian rule. Harvard University Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-674-02036-8.
  9. ^ Tabaraeiyan, Sfa’aldin. "The bombing of the article and its effects". Noormags. magazine of Iran's contemporary history. Retrieved 2003. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  10. ^ a b c International Affairs Department. "Kawthar Volume One" (PDF). International Affairs Department.
  11. ^ Martin, Harry V. "The Real Iran Hostage Crisis: A CIA Covert Op". globalresearch.ca. Retrieved 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

External links

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_and_Red_and_Black_Colonization&diff=709278063&oldid=708935089

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