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'''Human-oriented sexualism''' ({{Lang|ja|対人性愛中心主義}} ({{Transliteration|ja|taijin-seiai-chūshin-shugi}})) is the concept that sexual attraction towards flesh-and-blood human is "normal" sexuality.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |title=Basic Terms of Fictosexuality Studies |url=https://researchmap.jp/blogs/blog_entries/view/385284/a130954bf13ad97999b07b72844be161?frame_id=841678&lang=ja |access-date=2024-01-16 |publisher=researchmap}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2021 |title=日常生活の自明性によるクレイム申し立ての「予めの排除／抹消」――「性的指向」概念に適合しないセクシュアリティの語られ方に注目して |trans-title="Foreclosure/Erasure" of Claims-Making by the Everyday Life as Taken for Granted: Discourse Analysis about "Fictosexual" as Sexuality that does not Conform to "Sexual Orientation" |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/shabyo/36/0/36_67/_article/-char/en/ |journal=Journal of Social Problems |language=ja |publisher=Japanese Association of Social Problems |issue=36 |page=67-83 |doi=10.50885/shabyo.36.0_67}}</ref> This is the term used to describe the marginalization of [[fictosexuality]]. The sexuality attracted to real human is called "human-oriented sexuality." While the concept is raised from fictosexuality studies in Japan, it is now being discussed in research outside of Japan<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=廖希文 |year=2023 |title=紙性戀處境及其悖論: 情動、想像與賦生關係 |url=https://vocus.cc/article/644f4f46fd897800017c0c01 |journal=動漫遊台灣2023：台灣 ACG 的過去、現在與未來 (研討會論文)}}</ref> and in areas other than fictosexuality studies.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Yamada |first=Masahiro |author-link=Masahiro Yamada (sociologist) |year=2022 |title=ペットの家族化の進展とその帰結――ネットモニター調査による考察 |trans-title=Familiarization of Pet in Japan: From an Internet Research |url=https://chuo-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2000669/files/1343-2125_27_3-21.pdf |journal=The annual bulletin of the Institute of Social Sciences, Chuo University |language=ja |volume=27 |pages=3-21}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=筒井晴香 |title=アイドルについて葛藤しながら考えてみた：ジェンダー／パーソナリティ／〈推し〉 |publisher=青弓社 |year=2022 |isbn=978-4-7872-7449-6 |editor-last=香月孝史・上岡磨奈・中村香住 |pages=46-71 |chapter=「推す」ことの倫理を考えるために}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ueda |first=Masaki |year=2023 |title=わいせつ規制をめぐる諸課題 |trans-title=Issues surrounding Crimes of Obscenity |journal=Criminal law journal |language=ja |publisher=Seibundo Publishing |volume=75 |pages=12-17 |isbn=978-4-7923-8881-2}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

== Etymology and background ==

'''Human-oriented sexuality''' ({{Lang|ja|対人性愛}} ({{Transliteration|ja|taijin-seiai}}) is the term used to describe the [[sexual majority]] attracted to flesh-and-blood people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwasaki |first=Hanae |year=2024 |title=フツーの恋愛、性愛ってなに？『ACE アセクシュアルから見たセックスと社会のこと』刊行記念トークレポ |url=https://meandyou.net/202401-ace/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |publisher=me and you little magazine & club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2023 |title=抹消の現象学的社会学：類型化されないことをともなう周縁化について |trans-title=Phenomenological Sociology of Erasure : Marginalization Involving Untypification |journal=Japanese sociological review |language=ja |publisher=The Japan Sociological Society |volume=74 |issue=1 |page=158-174}}</ref> This term emerged from grassroots usage among those who prefer two-dimensional sexual creations like [[manga]] and [[anime]], yet lack sexual attraction to flesh-and-blood individuals.<ref name=":0" /> Based on this premise, the term "human-oriented sexualism" was coined, prompting inquiries into institutions, customs, and value judgments rooted in human-oriented sexuality.

Two-dimensional characters are non-human entities; they are not representations of humans but belong to a distinct category separate from humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nozawa |first=Shunsuke |year=2013 |title=Characterization |url=https://www.semioticreview.com/ojs/index.php/sr/article/view/16 |journal=Semiotic Review |issue=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aoyagi |first=Hiroshi |title=Idology in Transcultural Perspective: Anthropological Investigations of Popular Idolatry |last2=Galbraith |first2=Patrick W. |last3=Kovacic |first3=Mateja |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2021 |chapter=Idology in Transcultural Perspective: Anthropological Investigations of Popular Idolatry}}</ref> Sexuality attracted to two-dimensional characters represents an alternative "[[sexual orientation]]," distinct from attraction to flesh-and-blood humans.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Miles |first=Elizabeth |year=2020 |title=Porn as Practice, Porn as Access: Pornography Consumption and a ʻThird Sexual Orientationʼ in Japan |journal=Porn Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=269–278 |doi=10.1080/23268743.2020.1726205}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2021 |title=二次元の性的表現による「現実性愛」の相対化の可能性――現実の他者へ性的に惹かれない「オタク」「腐女子」の語りを事例として |trans-title=The Possibility of Relativization of Compulsory Sexuality by Nonrealistic Sexual Fantasy: Based on the Narration of "Otaku" and "Fujoshi" Who Do Not Experience Sexual or Romantic Attraction to Real People |journal=Japan Sociologist |language=ja |publisher=Shinyosha |issue=5 |pages=116-136 |isbn=9784788517073}}</ref> However, under human-oriented sexualism, such sexuality is often rendered invisible.

The concept of human-oriented sexualism can be understood as a combination of the idea of compulsory sexuality{{efn|Compulsory sexuality is "the social expectation that sexuality is a universal norm, that everyone should be sexual and desire sex, and that to not be sexual or desire sex is inherently wrong and in need of fixing".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pryzybylo |first=Era |title=Introducing the New Sexuality Studies |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |editor-last=Fischer |editor-first=Nancy L. |edition=4th |chapter=Unthinking compulsory sexuality: Introducing asexuality |editor-last2=Westbrook |editor-first2=Laurel |editor-last3=Seidman |editor-first3=Steven}}</ref>}} from [[Asexuality|asexual]] research and the notion of humanonormativity{{efn|Humanonormativity is "the belief that people normally and naturally engage in sexual practices and romantic relationships with other human beings. This is not a norm that constructs such sexualities as superior to just engaging in sexual acts with animals (zoophilia)."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Motschenbacher |first=Heiko |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/40908809 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Language and Sexuality |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |editor-last=Hall |editor-first=Kira |chapter=Language and Sexual Normativity |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212926.013.14 |isbn=978-0-19-021292-6 |editor-last2=Barrett |editor-first2=Rusty}}</ref>}} from [[Object sexuality|objectum sexuality]] research.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2023 |title= |script-title=ja:対人性愛中心主義批判の射程に関する検討――フェミニズム・クィアスタディーズにおける対物性愛研究を踏まえて |trans-title=Humanonormativity and Human Oriented Sexualism: A Discussion Based on Objectum Sexuality Studies from a Feminist and Queer Perspective |url=https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/published_papers/40398528?lang=en |journal=Human Science Sociology and Anthropology |volume=12 |language=ja |publisher=Faculty of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University |issue=13 |doi=10.15017/7151776}}</ref> This concept is often used as similar to the [[amatonormativity]].<ref name=":0" />

== Academic research ==

=== Queer studies ===

According to queer theorist Yuu Matsuura, human-oriented sexualism is closely related to [[heteronormativity]]. Human-oriented sexualism erases the possibility of segmenting sexuality in ways other than the "heterosexual/homosexual" category, thus serving as a precondition for the exclusion of homosexuality.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2022 |title=アニメーション的な誤配としての多重見当識――非対人性愛的な「二次元」へのセクシュアリティに関する理論的考察 |trans-title=Multiple Orientations as Animating Misdelivery: Theoretical Considerations on Sexuality Attracted to Nijigen (Two-Dimensional) Objects |url=https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/published_papers/37150884 |journal=Gender Studies |language=ja |publisher=Institute for Gender Studies, Ochanomizu University |issue=25 |page=139-157 |doi=10.24567/0002000551}}</ref> [[Heteronormativity]] is positioned as a combination of [[gender binarism]] and human-oriented sexualism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2023 |title=フィクトセクシュアルから考えるジェンダー／セクシュアリティの政治 |trans-title=The Politics of Gender and Sexuality from a Fictosexual Perspective |url=https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/presentations/42871322 |access-date=2024-01-16 |publisher=researchmap}}</ref> Furthermore, it has been observed that human-oriented sexualism shares roots with [[transphobia]], operating within the same structural framework.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2022 |title=対人性愛中心主義とシスジェンダー中心主義の共通点：「萌え絵広告問題」と「トランスジェンダーのトイレ使用問題」から |trans-title=The Common Point between Human-oriented Sexualism and Cisgender-Centrism |url=https://mtwrmtwr.hatenablog.com/entry/2022/11/30/211753 |access-date=2024-01-16}}</ref>

=== Fan or otaku ===

In the field of research on [[otaku]] and [[manga]] studies, there exists a lineage of debates that contest human-oriented sexualism.<ref name=":3" /> Matsuura cites examples such as the "ethics of moe" proposed by Patrick W. Galbraith,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galbraith |first=Patrick W. |title=The Ethics of Affect: Lines and Life in a Tokyo Neighborhood |publisher=Stockholm University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-9176351598}}</ref> the feminist analysis of [[yaoi]] by [[Yukari Fujimoto]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fujimoto |first=Yukari |author-link=Yukari Fujimoto |year=1992 |title=少女マンガにおける『少年愛』の意味 |journal=ニュー・フェミニズム・レビュー |publisher=学陽書房 |volume=2}}</ref> the concept of "multiple orientations" advanced by [[Tamaki Saitō]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saitō |first=Tamaki |author-link=Tamaki Saitō |title=Beautiful fighting girl |last2=Vincent |first2=Keith |last3=Lawson |first3=Dawn |last4=Azuma |first4=Hiroki |last5=Saitō |first5=Tamaki |last6=Saitō |first6=Tamaki |date=2011 |publisher=Univ. of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-5451-2 |location=Minneapolis, Minn}}</ref> and Elizabeth Miles' investigation into sexual desire for two dimensional characters as a "third sexual orientation."<ref name=":10" /> In philosopher Haruka Tsutsui's study of "Oshi," the potential for non-human-oriented sexuality is discussed as a potential subversion of patriarchal sexual norms facilitated by fan activities.<ref name=":5" />

=== Obscenity law ===

Research on the distribution of [[obscene]] materials expresses concerns regarding the regulation of two-dimensional sexual creations.<ref name=":6" /> Applying the same logic as that used for regulating the public display of genitalia and sexual acts of real people would imply that two-dimensional sexual expressions are unconditionally considered representations of real flesh and blood. Consequently, two-dimensional sexual expressions might be interpreted as stimulating the desire for sexual intercourse with real people.<ref name=":6" />

Similarly, Matsuura's research on child pornography regulations has criticized the inclusion of two-dimensional sexual creations within such regulations. This criticism arises from the perception that such inclusion aligns with an ethical judgment rooted in human-oriented sexuality, as it implicitly disregards the ontological difference between humans and two-dimensional characters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2023 |title=グローバルなリスク社会における倫理的普遍化による抹消――二次元の創作物を「児童ポルノ」とみなす非難における対人性愛中心主義を事例に |trans-title=Erasure by Ethical Universalizations in Global Risk Society: Interpersonally Oriented Sexuality Centrism in Regulation of Fictional “Child Pornography” |url=https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/published_papers/41326940 |journal=Social Analysis |language=ja |publisher=Japan Sociological Association for Social Analysis |issue=50 |page=57-71}}</ref>

=== Intimacy and family ===

The notion that intimate or familial relationships with non-humans, such as AI, robots, and pets, are considered inferior to relationships between humans is discussed as a manifestation of human-oriented sexualism.<ref name=":8" />

== Activism ==

An organization that critiques human-oriented sexualism is the ''Taiwan Entrepot of Fictosexuality'', a Taiwanese fictosexual activist organization.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":2" /> Discussions and movements criticizing human-oriented sexualism are aligned with solidarity with [[feminism]] and [[LGBTQ rights]], while simultaneously raising criticisms of human-oriented sexualism within feminist and [[queer]] circles.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Additionally, it has been noted that movements opposing restrictions on two-dimensional sexual creations, such as manga and anime, also serve as a critique against the human-oriented sexualist legal system.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />

== Explanatory notes ==

{{notelist}}

== See also ==

* [[Fictosexuality]]

* [[Nijikon]]

* [[Heteronormativity]]

* [[Amatonormativity]]

== References ==

<references />

{{Discrimination}}

[[Category:Anti-LGBT sentiment]]

[[Category:LGBT erasure]]