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{{IPA key|H:IPA-UK}} |
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{{IPAkeys}} |
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{{inline audio}} |
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The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Ukrainian language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. |
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The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:IPA]] and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}. |
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Ukrainian |
Ukrainian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft ([[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript ''j'', {{angbr IPA|ʲ}}, are pronounced with the body of the [[tongue]] raised toward the [[hard palate]], like the articulation of the ''y'' sound in ''yes''. |
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See [[Ukrainian phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Ukrainian. |
See [[Ukrainian phonology]] and [[Ukrainian alphabet]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Ukrainian. |
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{| style="background: none" |
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|----- |
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| valign="top" | |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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! colspan= |
! colspan="8" | [[Consonant]]s |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="4" | Hard |
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![[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English equivalents |
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! colspan="4" | [[palatalization (phonetics)|Soft]] |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! colspan="2" | Examples !! English approximations !! IPA !! colspan="2" | Examples !! English approximations |
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|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big> |
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|'''б''' |
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|'''b'''oot; '''b'''eautiful |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|b}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''б'''ог}}<ref name="voiced">Voiceless [[obstruent]]s {{IPA|/p t tʲ ts tsʲ tʃ k x f s sʲ ʃ/}} are voiced {{IPA|[b d dʲ dz dzʲ dʒ ɡ ɣ v z zʲ ʒ]}} before other voiced obstruents. {{IPA|[ɣ]}} and {{IPA|[v]}} only ever occur in this case.</ref> |
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|'''д''' |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-Бог.ogg|[bɔɦ]}} |
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|'''d'''o |
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| '''b'''oot |
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| colspan="4" {{n/a}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''д'''им}}<ref name="voiced"/> |
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|'''д''' |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-дим.ogg|[dɪm]}} |
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|'''d'''ew |
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| '''d'''o |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|dʲ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''д'''ім}}, {{lang|uk|мі'''дь'''}}<ref name="voiced"/> |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-дім.ogg|[d⁽ʲ⁾im]}}, {{IPA|[midʲ]}} |
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|me'''di'''a |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|d̪͡z̪|dz}}</big> |
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| '''дз''' |
| {{lang|uk|'''дз'''е́ркало}}<ref name="voiced"/> |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-дзеркало.ogg|[ˈdzɛrkɐlo]}} |
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|rowspan="2"|pa'''ds''' |
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| pa'''ds''' |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|dzʲ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|ґе'''дзь'''}}, {{lang|uk|'''дзь'''об}}<ref name="voiced"/> |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ґедзь.ogg|[ɡɛdzʲ]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-дзьоб.ogg|[dzʲɔb]}} |
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| pa'''d's y'''ours |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''дж'''міль}}<ref name="voiced"/> |
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| '''дз''' |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-джміль.ogg|[dʒmilʲ]}} |
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|'''j'''ump, ri'''dg'''e |
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| colspan="4" rowspan="5" {{n/a}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|f}}</big> |
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| ''' |
| {{lang|uk|'''ф'''а́рба}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-фарба.ogg|[ˈfɑrbɐ]}} |
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|'''j'''ump; ri'''dge''' |
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| '''f'''ool |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''ґ'''а́нок}}<ref name="voiced"/> |
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|'''ф''' |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ґанок.ogg|[ˈɡɑnok]}} |
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|'''f'''ool; '''f'''ew |
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| '''g'''ood |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɣ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|чахо'''х'''бі́лі}}<ref name="voiced"/> |
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| '''ґ''' |
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| {{IPA|[tʃɐxoɣˈbil⁽ʲ⁾i]}} |
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|'''g'''oo; a'''g'''ue |
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| ''between'' '''g'''ood ''and'' '''h'''ood |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big> |
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| '''г''' |
| {{lang|uk|'''г'''азе́та}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-газета.ogg|[ɦɐˈzɛtɐ]}} |
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| |
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| be'''h'''ind |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| colspan="4" {{n/a}} |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|j}}</big> |
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|'''к''' |
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| {{lang|uk|'''й'''ти}}, {{lang|uk|га'''й'''}}, {{lang|uk|'''ї'''да́льня}} |
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|'''c'''ooper; '''c'''ute |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-йти.ogg|[jtɪ]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-гай.ogg|[ɦɑj]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-їдальня.ogg|[jiˈdɑlʲnʲɐ]}} |
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|'''y'''es |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|k}}</big> |
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|''' |
| {{lang|uk|'''к'''люч}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ключ.ogg|[klʲutʃ]}} |
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|pi'''ll''' |
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| s'''c'''ar |
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| colspan="4" {{n/a}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɫ|l}}</big> |
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|'''л''' |
| {{lang|uk|'''л'''ось}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-лось.ogg|[lɔsʲ]}} |
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|'''l'''east |
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| be'''ll''' |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|lʲ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''л'''ід}}, {{lang|uk|сі'''ль'''}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-лід.ogg|[l⁽ʲ⁾id]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-сіль.ogg|[s⁽ʲ⁾ilʲ]}} |
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| mi'''lli'''on |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|m}}</big> |
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|'''м''' |
| {{lang|uk|'''м'''ир}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-мир.ogg|[mɪr]}} |
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|'''m'''oot; '''m'''ute |
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| '''m'''oot |
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| colspan="4" {{n/a}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|n̪|n}}</big> |
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|'''н''' |
| {{lang|uk|'''н'''е́бо}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-небо.ogg|[ˈnɛbo]}} |
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|'''n'''oon |
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| '''n'''oon |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|nʲ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''н'''і́жний}}, {{lang|uk|де'''нь'''}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ніжний.ogg|[ˈn⁽ʲ⁾iʒnɪj]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-день.ogg|[dɛnʲ]}} |
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| ca'''ny'''on |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|p}}</big> |
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|''' |
| {{lang|uk|'''п'''ил}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-пил.ogg|[pɪl]}} |
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|'''n'''ew |
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| s'''p'''are |
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| colspan="4" {{n/a}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|r}}</big> |
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|''' |
| {{lang|uk|лі́ка'''р'''}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-лікар.ogg|[ˈl⁽ʲ⁾ikɐr]}} |
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|'''p'''oo; '''p'''ew |
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| ''[[alveolar trill|trilled r]], like in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]'' '''r'''iesgo |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|rʲ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''р'''і́чка}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-річка.ogg|[ˈr⁽ʲ⁾itʃkɐ]}} |
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| ''trilled r, like in Spanish'' '''r'''iesgo |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|s̪|s}}</big> |
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|''' |
| {{lang|uk|'''с'''уп}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-суп.ogg|[sup]}} |
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| rowspan="2" | [[alveolar trill|trilled r]], like in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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| '''s'''oup |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|sʲ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''с'''і́но}}, {{lang|uk|ві'''сь'''}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-сіно.ogg|[ˈs⁽ʲ⁾ino]}}, {{IPA|[wisʲ]}} |
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| a'''ss'''ume ''([[Received Pronunciation|RP]])'' |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''ш'''пари́на}}, {{lang|uk|ви́'''щ'''е}} |
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|'''р''' |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-шпарина.ogg|[ʃpɐˈrɪnɐ]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-вище.ogg|[ˈwɪʃtʃe]}} |
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| '''sh'''op |
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| colspan="4" {{n/a}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big> |
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|''' |
| {{lang|uk|'''т'''ин}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-тин.ogg|[tɪn]}} |
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|'''s'''oup |
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| s'''t'''ar |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|tʲ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''т'''інь}}, {{lang|uk|ми'''ть'''}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-тінь.ogg|[t⁽ʲ⁾inʲ]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-мить.ogg|[mɪtʲ]}} |
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| s'''t'''ew ''([[Received Pronunciation|RP]])'' |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|t̪͡s̪|ts}}</big> |
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|''' |
| {{lang|uk|'''ц'''ибу́ля}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-цибуля.ogg|[tsɪˈbulʲɐ]}} |
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|'''s'''uper |
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| ca'''ts''' |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|tsʲ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''ц'''іна́}}, {{lang|uk|віне́'''ць'''}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ціна.ogg|[ts⁽ʲ⁾iˈnɑ]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-вінець.ogg|[wiˈnɛtsʲ]}} |
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| ca'''t's y'''oung |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|о'''ч'''ере́т}}, {{lang|uk|ви'''щ'''е}} |
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|'''ш''' |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-очерет.ogg|[otʃeˈrɛt]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-вище.ogg|[ˈwɪʃtʃe]}} |
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| '''sh'''op |
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| '''ch'''oose |
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| colspan="4" rowspan="5" {{n/a}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|w|u̯}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''в'''чи́тель}}, {{lang|uk|ста'''в'''}}<ref name="V">The phoneme {{IPA|/w/}} (spelled {{angbr|в}} has variable pronunciation, but is generally labiodental {{IPAblink|ʋ}}; it is {{IPAblink|w}} before {{IPA|/ɔ/}} or {{IPA|/u/}} and is vocalized to {{IPAblink|u̯}} before a consonant at the beginning of a word, after a vowel before a consonant or after a vowel at the end of a word. For simplicity, we will use {{angbr IPA|w}} for both {{IPA|[ʋ]}} and {{IPA|[w]}}.</ref> |
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|'''т''' |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-вчитель.ogg|[ˈu̯tʃɪtelʲ]}}, {{IPA|[stɑu̯]}} |
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|'''t'''ool |
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| to'''w''' |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|v}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|А'''ф'''ганіста́н}}<ref name="voiced"/> |
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|'''т''' |
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| {{IPA|[ɐvɦɐn⁽ʲ⁾iˈstɑn]}} |
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|'''t'''une |
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| '''v'''ine |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ʋ|w}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''в'''іл}}<ref name="V"/> |
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|'''ц''' |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-віл.ogg|[wil]}} |
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|rowspan="2"|ca'''ts''' |
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| ''between'' '''w'''ine ''and'' '''v'''ine |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|x}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''х'''овра́'''х'''}} |
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|'''ц''' |
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| {{IPA|[xou̯ˈrɑx]}} |
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| Ba'''ch''', lo'''ch''' |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|z̪|z}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''з'''уб}}<ref name="voiced"/> |
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|'''ч''' |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-зуб.ogg|[zub]}} |
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|'''ch'''oose''' |
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| '''z'''oo |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|zʲ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''з'''і́ллю}}, {{lang|uk|рі́'''зь'''блення}}<ref name="voiced"/> |
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| {{IPA|[ˈz⁽ʲ⁾ilʲːʊ]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-різьблення.ogg|[ˈr⁽ʲ⁾izʲblenʲːɐ]}} |
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| pre'''s'''ume ''([[Received Pronunciation|RP]])'' |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''ж'''и́то}}<ref name="voiced"/> |
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|'''х''' |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-жито.ogg|[ˈʒɪto]}} |
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|ba'''ch'''; '''h'''uge |
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| mea'''s'''ure |
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| colspan="4" {{n/a}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="8" | [[Vowel]]s |
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|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big> |
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|'''з''' |
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|'''z'''oo |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="4" | Stressed |
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|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|zʲ}}</big> |
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! colspan="4" | Unstressed |
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|'''з''' |
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|a'''z'''ure |
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|- |
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|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʒ}}</big> |
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|'''ж''' |
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|mea'''s'''ure; gara'''ge''' |
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|} |
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| valign="top" | |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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!colspan=3|[[Vowel]]s |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] |
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] |
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! Examples |
! colspan="2" | Examples |
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! English |
! English approximation |
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! IPA |
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! colspan="2" | Examples |
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! English approximation |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɑ}}</big> |
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!colspan=3|Stressed |
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| {{lang|uk|г'''а'''й}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-гай.ogg|[ɦɑj]}} |
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| f'''a'''ther |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɐ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|г'''а'''рма́т'''а'''}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-гармата.ogg|[ɦɐrˈmɑtɐ]}} |
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| h'''u'''g |
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|- |
|- |
||
| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big> |
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| ''' |
| {{lang|uk|д'''е'''нь}}, {{lang|uk|'''є'''сть}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-день.ogg|[dɛnʲ]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|Uk-єсть.ogg|[jɛsʲtʲ]}} |
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|p'''a'''lm |
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| m'''e'''t |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|e}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|'''е'''фі́рний}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ефірний.ogg|[eˈfirnɪj]}} |
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| r'''a'''te |
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|- |
|- |
||
| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|i}}</big> |
||
| ''' |
| {{lang|uk|к'''і'''т}}, {{lang|uk|'''і́'''кла}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-кіт.ogg|[kit]}}, {{IPA|[ˈiklɐ]}} |
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|m'''e'''t |
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| m'''ee'''t |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|i}}</big> |
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| {{lang|uk|б'''і'''ле́т}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-білет.ogg|[biˈlɛt]}} |
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| m'''ee'''t |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big> |
||
| ''' |
| {{lang|uk|м'''и́'''ша}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-миша.ogg|[ˈmɪʃɐ]}} |
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|m'''ea'''t |
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| b'''i'''t |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big> |
|||
| {{lang|uk|кра́сн'''и'''й}}<ref>May also be realized as {{IPAblink|e}}.</ref> |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-красний.ogg|[ˈkrɑsnɪj]}} |
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| b'''i'''t |
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|- |
|- |
||
| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</big> |
||
| ''' |
| {{lang|uk|п'''о́'''ле}}, {{lang|uk|ль'''о'''н}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-поле.ogg|[ˈpɔle]}}, {{IPA|[lʲɔn]}} |
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|b'''i'''t |
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| '''o'''ff |
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| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|o}}</big> |
|||
| {{lang|uk|'''о'''ру́дний}} |
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| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-орудний.ogg|[oˈrudnɪj]}} |
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| c'''o'''ld |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|u}}</big> |
||
| {{lang|uk|д'''у'''х}}, {{lang|uk|л'''ю'''ть}} |
|||
| '''о''' |
|||
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-дух.ogg|[dux]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-лють.ogg|[lʲutʲ]}} |
|||
|b'''o'''rn |
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| f'''oo'''l |
|||
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big> |
|||
| {{lang|uk|т'''у'''ди́}} |
|||
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-туди.ogg|[tʊˈdɪ]}} |
|||
| p'''u'''t |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="8" | Other symbols |
|||
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big> |
|||
| '''у''', '''ю''' |
|||
|ch'''oo'''se |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="3" | [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! colspan="5" | Explanation |
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!colspan=3|Unstressed |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ˈ|<big>ˈ</big>◌}} |
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| colspan="5" | [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] (placed before the stressed syllable) |
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| '''о''' |
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| |
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|} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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!colspan=3|[[Semivowel]]s |
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|- |
|- |
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| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ˌ|<big>ˌ</big>◌}} |
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! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] |
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| colspan="5" | [[secondary stress]] (placed before the stressed syllable) |
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! Examples |
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! English equivalent |
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|- |
|- |
||
| |
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ː|◌<big>ː</big>}} |
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| colspan="5" | [[gemination]] (the consonant is pronounced twice as long)<ref>In Ukrainian, geminates are found between vowels: {{lang|uk|бага́ття}} {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-багаття.ogg|[bɐˈɦɑtʲːɐ]}} 'bonfire', {{lang|uk|подру́жжя}} {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-подружжя.ogg|[poˈdruʒːɐ]}} 'married couple', {{lang|uk|обли́ччя}} {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-обличчя.ogg|[oˈblɪtʃːɐ]}} 'face'. Geminates also occur at the beginning of a few words: {{lang|uk|лля́ний}} {{IPA|[ˈlʲːɑnɪj]}} 'flaxen', forms of the verb {{lang|uk|ли́ти}} 'to pour' ({{lang|uk|ллючи́}} {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ллючи.ogg|[lʲːʊˈtʃɪ]}}, {{lang|uk|ллю}} {{IPA|[lʲːu]}}, {{lang|uk|ллєш}} {{IPA|[lʲːɛʃ]}} etc.), {{lang|uk|сса́ти}} {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ссати.ogg|[ˈsːɑtɪ]}} 'to suck' and derivatives.{{fact}}</ref> |
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| '''й'''<ref>The "soft" vowel letters ‹є, ї, ю, я› represent a {{IPA|/j/}} plus a vowel when initial or following other vowels.</ref> |
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|'''y'''es, bo'''y''' |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|◌<big>⁽ʲ⁾</big>}} |
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| colspan="5" | optional nature of consonant palatalization before {{IPA|/i/}} |
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| '''в''' |
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|'''w'''ater |
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|} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! colspan=3 | Other symbols |
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|- |
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! IPA !! Explanation |
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|- |
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|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ˈ}}</big> |
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| [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]] (placed before the stressed syllable) |
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|- |
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|align="center" |<big>ː</big> |
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| [[Gemination]]<ref>In [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], geminates are found between vowels: багаття {{IPA|/bɑɦɑtʲːɑ/}} ''bonfire'', подружжя {{IPA|/pɔdruʒʲːɑ/}} ''married couple'', обличчя ''face''. Geminates also occur at the start of a few words: лляний {{IPA|/lʲːɑnɪj/}} ''flaxen'', forms of the verb лити ''to pour'' (ллю {{IPA|/lʲːu/}}, ллєш {{IPA|/lʲːɛʃ/}} etc.), ссати {{IPA|/sːɑtɪ/}} ''to suck'' and derivatives.</ref> (doubled consonant) |
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|} |
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|} |
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== |
==References== |
||
{{ |
{{reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book |
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| last1=Danyenko |
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| first1=Andrii |
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| last2=Vakulenko |
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| first2=Serhii |
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| year=1995 |
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| title=Ukrainian |
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| publisher=Lincom Europa |
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| isbn=978-3-929075-08-3 |
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| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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| last1=Жовтобрюх |
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| first1=М.А. |
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| last2=Кулик |
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| first2=Б.М. |
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| year=1965 |
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| script-title=uk:Курс сучасної української літературної мови. Частина I. |
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| publisher=Радянська школа |
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| place=Kyiv |
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| language=uk |
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}} |
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{{refend}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* |
*{{clc|Pages with Ukrainian IPA|pages}} |
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*[[Wikipedia:Romanization of Ukrainian]] |
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{{IPA keys}} |
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[[Category:Wikipedia IPA|Ukrainian]] |
Revision as of 01:13, 26 September 2023
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Ukrainian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Ukrainian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript j, ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes.
See Ukrainian phonology and Ukrainian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Ukrainian.
Consonants | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hard | Soft | ||||||
IPA | Examples | English approximations | IPA | Examples | English approximations | ||
b | бог[1] | boot | — | ||||
d | дим[1] | do | dʲ | дім, мідь[1] | , [midʲ] | media | |
dz | дзе́ркало[1] | pads | dzʲ | ґедзь, дзьоб[1] | , | pad's yours | |
dʒ | джміль[1] | jump, ridge | — | ||||
f | фа́рба | fool | |||||
ɡ | ґа́нок[1] | good | |||||
ɣ | чахохбі́лі[1] | [tʃɐxoɣˈbil⁽ʲ⁾i] | between good and hood | ||||
ɦ | газе́та | behind | |||||
— | j | йти, гай, їда́льня | , , | yes | |||
k | ключ | scar | — | ||||
l | лось | bell | lʲ | лід, сіль | , | million | |
m | мир | moot | — | ||||
n | не́бо | noon | nʲ | ні́жний, день | , | canyon | |
p | пил | spare | — | ||||
r | лі́кар | trilled r, like in Spanish riesgo | rʲ | рі́чка | trilled r, like in Spanish riesgo | ||
s | суп | soup | sʲ | сі́но, вісь | , [wisʲ] | assume (RP) | |
ʃ | шпари́на, ви́ще | , | shop | — | |||
t | тин | star | tʲ | тінь, мить | , | stew (RP) | |
ts | цибу́ля | cats | tsʲ | ціна́, віне́ць | , | cat's young | |
tʃ | очере́т, вище | , | choose | — | |||
u̯ | вчи́тель, став[2] | , [stɑu̯] | tow | ||||
v | Афганіста́н[1] | [ɐvɦɐn⁽ʲ⁾iˈstɑn] | vine | ||||
w | віл[2] | between wine and vine | |||||
x | ховра́х | [xou̯ˈrɑx] | Bach, loch | ||||
z | зуб[1] | zoo | zʲ | зі́ллю, рі́зьблення[1] | [ˈz⁽ʲ⁾ilʲːʊ], | presume (RP) | |
ʒ | жи́то[1] | measure | — | ||||
Vowels | |||||||
Stressed | Unstressed | ||||||
IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | ||
ɑ | гай | father | ɐ | гарма́та | hug | ||
ɛ | день, єсть | , | met | e | ефі́рний | rate | |
i | кіт, і́кла | , [ˈiklɐ] | meet | i | біле́т | meet | |
ɪ | ми́ша | bit | ɪ | кра́сний[3] | bit | ||
ɔ | по́ле, льон | , [lʲɔn] | off | o | ору́дний | cold | |
u | дух, лють | , | fool | ʊ | туди́ | put | |
Other symbols | |||||||
IPA | Explanation | ||||||
ˈ◌ | stress (placed before the stressed syllable) | ||||||
ˌ◌ | secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable) | ||||||
◌ː | gemination (the consonant is pronounced twice as long)[4] | ||||||
◌⁽ʲ⁾ | optional nature of consonant palatalization before /i/ |
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Voiceless obstruents /p t tʲ ts tsʲ tʃ k x f s sʲ ʃ/ are voiced [b d dʲ dz dzʲ dʒ ɡ ɣ v z zʲ ʒ] before other voiced obstruents. [ɣ] and [v] only ever occur in this case.
- ^ a b The phoneme /w/ (spelled ⟨в⟩ has variable pronunciation, but is generally labiodental [ʋ]; it is [w] before /ɔ/ or /u/ and is vocalized to [u̯] before a consonant at the beginning of a word, after a vowel before a consonant or after a vowel at the end of a word. For simplicity, we will use ⟨w⟩ for both [ʋ] and [w].
- ^ May also be realized as [e].
- ^ In Ukrainian, geminates are found between vowels: бага́ття 'bonfire', подру́жжя 'married couple', обли́ччя 'face'. Geminates also occur at the beginning of a few words: лля́ний [ˈlʲːɑnɪj] 'flaxen', forms of the verb ли́ти 'to pour' (ллючи́ , ллю [lʲːu], ллєш [lʲːɛʃ] etc.), сса́ти 'to suck' and derivatives.[citation needed]