THC Science

Hainan
Hainan
	"Hainan" in Chinese characters
Chinese	海南
Literal meaning	"South of the Sea (Qiongzhou Strait)"
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Hǎinánⓘ
Bopomofo	ㄏㄞˇ ㄋㄢˊ
Wade–Giles	Hai3-nan2
Tongyong Pinyin	Hǎinán
IPA	[xàɪ.nǎn]
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ	Hói-nàm
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Hói nàahm
Jyutping	hoi2 naam4
IPA	[hɔːi˧˥ naːm˩]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Hái-lâm
Hainanese Romanization	Hái-nâm
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUC	Hāi-nàng

Hainan Island
Native name: 海南岛
Geography
Location	East Asia
Type	Island
Area	33,210 km2 (12,820 sq mi)
Area rank	42nd
Length	156 km (96.9 mi)
Width	170 km (106 mi)
Highest elevation	1,840 m (6040 ft)
Highest point	Wuzhi Mountain
Administration
	People's Republic of China
Province	Hainan
Largest settlement	Haikou (pop. 2,873,358)
	Republic of China (claimed)
Special Administrative Region	Hainan
Demographics
Population	c. 8,180,000
Ethnic groups	Han, Li, Miao, Zhuang, Utsul

Hainan

海南
Hainan 海南
Province
	Province of Hainan
Name transcription(s)
• Chinese	海南省 (Hǎinán Shěng)
• Hainanese	Hái-nâm-séng
• Cantonese Jyutping	hoi2 naam4 saang2
• Abbreviation	琼 (Qióng / Khêng / king4)
	Sanya Nanshan Dongtian Park
	Location of Hainan within China
	Coordinates: 19°12′N 109°42′E / 19.2°N 109.7°E
Country	China
Guangnan West Circuit	988
Hainan Special Administrative Region	1944
Incorporation into the PRC	1 May 1950
Separation from Guangdong	26 April 1988
Capital; and largest city	Haikou
Divisions	4 prefectures, 25 counties, 218 townships
Government
• Type	Province
• Body	Hainan Provincial People's Congress
• CCP Secretary	Feng Fei
• Congress Chairman	Feng Fei
• Governor	Liu Xiaoming
• CPPCC Chairman	Li Rongcan
Area
• Total	35,191 km2 (13,587 sq mi)
• Rank	28th
Highest elevation (Wuzhi Shan)	1,840 m (6,040 ft)
Population (2020)
• Total	10,081,232
• Rank	28th
• Density	290/km2 (740/sq mi)
• Rank	17th
Demographics
• Ethnic composition	Han: 82.6%; Li: 15.84%; Miao: 0.82%; Zhuang: 0.67%
• Languages and dialects	Standard Chinese, Hainanese, Yue, Lingao, Hakka, Hlai, Miao, Tsat
GDP (2023)
• Total	CN¥ 755 billion (28th) ; US$ 107 billion
• Per capita	CN¥ 72,958 (17th) ; US$ 10,353
ISO 3166 code	CN-HI
HDI (2018)	0.750 (high) (19th)
Website	English Chinese

Former names

Zhuya

Chinese

珠崖

Literal meaning

Pearl Cliffs

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Zhūyá
Bopomofo	ㄓㄨㄧㄚˊ
Wade–Giles	Chu¹-ya²
Tongyong Pinyin	Jhuyá
IPA	[ʈʂú.jǎ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Jyū ngàaih
Jyutping	zyu1 ngaai4
IPA	[tsyː˥ ŋaːi˩]

Qiongya

Literal meaning

Jade Cliffs

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Qióngyá
Bopomofo	ㄑㄩㄥˊ ㄧㄚˊ
Wade–Giles	Ch'iung²-ya²
Tongyong Pinyin	Cyóngyá
IPA	[tɕʰjʊ̌ŋ.jǎ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Kìhng ngàaih
Jyutping	king4 ngaai4
IPA	[kʰeŋ˩ ŋaːi˩]

Qiongzhou

Literal meaning

Jade Prefecture

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Qióngzhōu
Bopomofo	ㄑㄩㄥˊ ㄓㄡ
Wade–Giles	Ch'iung²-chou¹
Tongyong Pinyin	Cyóngjhou
IPA	[tɕʰjʊ̌ŋ.ʈʂóʊ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Kìhng jāu
Jyutping	king4 zau1
IPA	[kʰeŋ˩ tsɐu˥]

Hainan^[a] is an island province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of the eponymous Hainan Island and various smaller islands in the South China Sea under the province's administration. It is the southernmost province of China, and the name means "south of the sea", reflecting the island's position south of the Qiongzhou Strait, which separates it from Leizhou Peninsula of the Chinese mainland.

The province has a land area of 33,920 square kilometers (13,100 sq mi), of which Hainan Island is 32,900 square kilometers (12,700 sq mi) and the rest is over 200 islands scattered across three archipelagos: Zhongsha, Xisha and Nansha. It was part of Guangdong from 1950 to 1988, after which it was made a province of its own and was designated as a special economic zone by Deng Xiaoping, as part of the Chinese economic reform program.

Indigenous peoples such as the Hlai, a Kra–Dai-speaking ethnic group, are native to the island and compose 15% of the population. Their native languages include the Hlai languages. The Hlai are recognized by the Chinese government as one of the country's 56 ethnic groups. The Chinese population, who compose a majority of the population at 82%, speak a wide variety of languages including Standard Chinese, Hainam Min, Yue Chinese, Cantonese, Hakka Chinese, etc.^[6] Speakers of Be, despite speaking a Kra-Dai language, are reckoned officially as ethnically Chinese. Hainan is also home to the Jiamao language, of disputed provenance.

There are ten major cities and ten counties in Hainan Province. The capital of the province is Haikou, on the northern coast of Hainan Island, while Sanya is a well-known tourist destination on the southern coast. The other major cities are Wenchang, Sansha, Qionghai, Wanning, Wuzhishan, Dongfang and Danzhou.

According to China's territorial claims, several disputed territories in the South China Sea, including the Spratly Islands (Nansha) and Paracel Islands (Xisha),^[7] are administered under Sansha city of the province. While the Paracels are fully under China's control, many of the Spratly Islands are controlled by other countries, such as Vietnam and the Philippines.^[8]

In 2020, a large-scale plan was announced by the Chinese government to transform the entire island province into a free trade port, with the aim of turning it into the largest free-trade port in the world by 2035. The plan involves building a hub for offshore financing and duty-free shopping, as well as using lower taxes and reduced visa requirements to help draw in foreign businesses and tourists. Moreover, all goods sold from Hainan to other parts of China would be treated as imports from 2025 onward.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Names[edit]

The provincial name derives from its major island, Hainan, in Hainanese "Hai Nam", which is named after its position south of the Qiongzhou Strait. (To the north of the strait, the Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong is also known as Haibei/Hai Bac or "North of the Sea".) Former names for Hainan Island include Zhuya, Qiongya, and Qiongzhou. The latter two gave rise to the provincial abbreviation 瓊 or 琼 (Qióng/Kheng).

During the 17th and 18th centuries, explorers referred to the island as "Aynam",^[13]^[14] which remains the pronunciation of its name in the local Hainanese dialect.

History[edit]

Prehistoric era[edit]

According to some scholars, Hainan was originally attached to the Northeastern part of what is now Vietnam; however, the island was formed after it physically broke away from Vietnam due to a volcanic eruption and drifted southeast near China after the Mesozoic, millions of years ago.^[15]

The Baiyue people are among the earliest Kra-Dai residents to arrive on Hainan island. They are believed to have settled there at least 2 to 6 thousand years ago, and carry genetic markers from ancient people who reached the island between 7 and 27 thousand years ago.^[16]

Imperial Era[edit]

Hainan Island was recorded by Chinese officials in 110 BC, when the Western Han dynasty established a military garrison there following the arrival of General Lu Bode. The process of sinification in Hainan was driven by the conjunction of Han imperial military supremacy and the arrival of Han Chinese military and administrative personnel who chose to settle on the island. Over the course of many centuries, dynastic Chinese ruling authorities exiled individuals condemned by the imperial courts as criminals or political dissidents were frequently banished to Hainan island and northern Vietnam, regions that were both integral parts governed typically under the jurisdiction of Guangdong province during different Chinese dynasties, where they were subjected to harsh labor in the tropical climate as a form of punishment. One of the most famous exiled individuals was Su Shi, a well-known intellectual, poet, and politician of the Song era, offended many of his colleagues and superiors in the royal court. Shi wrote extensively about his exiled experiences on the island during the 11th century AD. After the 11th century AD, an increasing number of impoverished Han Chinese peasants hailing from various regions of Guangdong province migrated to the Leizhou peninsula and Hainan island who looked to settle down their roots by seeking greener pastures on new land to establish themselves. This influx displaced the indigenous Li people, who were among the Baiyue tribes in southern China, driving them out towards the mountainous regions of the southern portion of the island.

Republic of China[edit]

Hainan was historically part of Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces and as such was the Qiongya Circuit (瓊崖道) under the 1912 establishment of the Republic of China. In 1921, it was planned to become a special administrative region (瓊崖特別行政區); in 1944, it became Hainan Special Administrative Region with 16 counties, including the South China Sea Islands.

During the 1920s and 30s, Hainan was a hotbed of banditry, many opposition politicians^{[clarification needed]} were hanged, therefore opposition politicians went into hiding. The Communists and the indigenous Hlai people fought a vigorous guerrilla campaign against the Japanese, who were only able to occupy some Hainan territories; but in retaliation the Japanese launched numerous massacres against Hlai villages. Feng Baiju led the Hainan Independent Column of fighters throughout the 1930s and 1940s. After the Japanese surrender in 1945, the Kuomintang reestablished control. Hainan was one of the last areas to eventually come under the administration of the People's Republic, having been under the control of ROC forces until March 1950. The People's Republic attacked Hainan on 10 April 1950 and attained complete control on 1 May.

People's Republic of China[edit]

On 1 May 1950, under the People's Republic of China, the Hainan Special Administrative Region became an Administrative Region Office (海南行政区公署), a branch of the Guangdong provincial government. During the mid-1980s, when Hainan Island was still part of Guangdong Province, a fourteen-month episode of marketing zeal by Hainan Special District Administrator Lei Yu^[17] put Hainan's pursuit of provincial status under a cloud. It involved the duty-free imports from Hong Kong of 90,000 Japanese-made cars and trucks at a cost of ¥ 4.5 billion (US$1.5 billion), and exporting them – with the help of local naval units – to the mainland, making 150% profits. By comparison, only 10,000 vehicles were imported into Hainan since 1950. In addition, it involved further consignments of 2.9 million TV sets, 252,000 videocassette recorders & 122,000 motorcycles. The money was taken from the 1983 central government funds destined for the construction of the island's transportation infrastructure (roads, railways, airports, harbors) over the next ten years.^{[citation needed]}

On 1 October 1984, it became the Hainan Administrative Region (海南行政区), with its own People's Government, and finally as a province separate from Guangdong four years later. In 1988, when the island was made a separate province, it was designated a Special Economic Zone in an effort to increase investment.

The central government funds were deemed insufficient by the Hainan authorities for the construction of the island's other infrastructure (e.g. water works, power stations, telecommunications) and had taken a very liberal interpretation of the economic and trade regulations for Hainan and thirteen coastal cities; the regulations did not mention on prohibiting the re-selling of second-hand goods. Some of the proceeds, from unsold units, were later retrieved by the central government to re-finance the special district.

In June 2020, China announced a master plan for Hainan's free trade port system. Announced by state-owned media Xinhua News Agency, Hainan will "basically establish a free trade port system by 2025 and become more mature by 2035."^[18]^[19] South China Morning Post described such an initiative as an effort of PRC to "replace Hong Kong as the trading entrepôt" while Cheng Shi of ICBC International has refused to accept such a claim.^[20]^[21] Additionally, experts have raised concerns about the question of compliance of global trading practices particularly for this project.^[22]^[23]

Geography[edit]

Hainan, separated by the 20 km (12 mi) wide Qiongzhou Strait from the Leizhou Peninsula of Guangdong, is the 42nd largest in the world. The area of Hainan Island (32,900 km² (12,700 sq mi), 97% of the province) is slightly smaller than that of Taiwan Island. To the west of Hainan Island is the Gulf of Tonkin. Wuzhi Mountain is the highest mountain on the island at 1,840 m (6,040 ft).

Hainan Island measures 288 km (179 mi) long and 180 km (110 mi) wide.

The northern half of Hainan is covered with the ancient Hainan Volcanic Field. Beneath the topsoil is volcanic rock while the topsoil itself contains small pieces of this vesicular rock.

Wetland covers 320,000 hectares, 78,000 hectares of which were created artificially. Most of this is located in the eastern and northern part of Hainan.^[24]

Rivers and lakes[edit]

Most of the rivers in Hainan originate in the central area of the island and flow radially in different directions. The Nandu River in the northern part of the island is 314 km (195 mi) long, and its tributary, the Xinwu River, is 109 km (68 mi) long. Other major rivers include the Wanquan River at 162 km (101 mi)-long in the east, Changhua River in the west, and the Sanya and Taiyang Rivers in the south. Evaporation during the dry season around the coastal areas greatly reduces the flow of the rivers.

There are very few natural lakes in Hainan. However, there are numerous reservoirs, the largest of which is the Songtao Reservoir in the central-north area.

Islands[edit]

Nearby islands[edit]

Several small islands exist around the coast of Hainan Island:

Dazhou Island is located about 5 km (3.1 mi) off the coast of Wanning
Haidian Island, on the north coast, is part of Haikou City
Nanwan Monkey Island, in actuality a peninsula
Phoenix Island is an artificial resort island currently under construction in Sanya Bay.
Wuzhizhou Island is located within Haitang Bay
Xinbu Island is located directly to the east of Haidian Island

Due to their close proximity to the main island, the flora, fauna, and the climate are very similar.

Disputed islands[edit]

class=notpageimage|

Location of the major islands in Sansha
Legend：

Black：Sansha (Pref. seat) Yongxing

Pink：Huangyan

Green：Yongshu

Blue：Meiji

Purple：Zhubi

Orange：Huayang

Yellow：Nanxun

Red：Chiguo

Brown：Dongmen

A number of small islands, which are located hundreds of kilometers to the south, are claimed and administered by Sansha as part of Hainan Province.^[25] Sovereignty of these islands is however disputed. These islands include:

Paracel Islands Xisha Islands – "The West-sands" – claimed by Vietnam, the PRC and the Republic of China (Taiwan, ROC)
Zhongsha Islands – "The Middle-sands"
Spratly Islands – Nansha Islands – "The South-sands" are subject to claims by Vietnam, the PRC, ROC, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Brunei.
- Spratly Island
- Flat Island (Spratly)
- Taiping Island
- James Shoal (southernmost point)
- Loaita Island
- Namyit Island
- Nanshan Island
- Sin Cowe Island
- Thitu Island
- West York Island

Environment[edit]

Compared to most of mainland China, the air quality of Hainan is significantly better since it is not affected by factory pollution, which has adversely affected the air on the mainland. Throughout 2012, Hainan had the highest air quality in the country for 351 days.^{[citation needed]}

The provincial government's environmental protection campaign has taken action against a number of industrial plants. During 2012, several outdated manufacturing facilities had their business licenses revoked, and 175 cases related to illegal sewage discharge were handled.^{[citation needed]}

Total sulfur dioxide emissions for the province were 34,000 tons in 2012, a 3 percent year-on-year reduction. In 2011, smog emissions were reduced 6.3 percent to 15,000 tons.^{[citation needed]}

Protected areas include the Yinggeling-Limushan and Wuzhishan-Diaoluoshan nature reserves.^[26]

Climate[edit]

Hainan Island

Climate chart (explanation)

J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
22 24 17	25 25 18	39 28 20	91 31 23	187 33 25	193 33 26	252 33 25	297 32 25	308 31 24	279 29 23	91 27 21	48 24 18
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: ^[27]

Imperial conversion
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
0.9 75 63	1 77 64	1.5 82 68	3.6 88 73	7.4 91 77	7.6 91 79	9.9 91 77	12 90 77	12 88 75	11 84 73	3.6 81 70	1.9 75 64
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

The climate of Hainan is mostly tropical. The island's two largest cities, Haikou and Sanya, both possess a tropical Köppen climate. The annual average temperature ranges from 23 to 28 °C (73 to 82 °F), Haikou is 24.7 °C (76.5 °F), Sanya is 26.5 °C (79.7 °F). The coldest months are January when temperatures drop to 17 to 24 °C (63 to 75 °F); the hottest months are June and July, and the temperatures are 26 to 31 °C (79 to 88 °F). The daily average temperature in Hainan in all months is well above 10 °C (50 °F).

The summer in the northern part is hotter and, (for more than 20 days in a year, the temperature can be higher than 35 °C (95 °F)^{[citation needed]}). The average annual precipitation is 1,500 to 2,000 millimeters (59 to 79 in) and can be as high as 2,400 millimeters (94 in) in central and eastern areas, and as low as 900 millimeters (35 in) in the coastal areas of the southwest. Parts of Hainan lie in the path of typhoons, and 70% of the annual precipitation is derived from typhoons and the summer rainy season. Major flooding occurs due to typhoons, which can cause many problems for local residents.

Annual fog[edit]

From January to February, the island of Hainan is often affected by thick fog, particularly in coastal areas and the northern part of the island. This is caused by cold winter air from the north coming into contact with the warmer sea, causing the moisture that evaporates from the sea to be condensed into fog. The fog remains from day to night, and is evenly distributed. Visibility may be reduced to 50 meters (160 ft) for days at a time. During this period, residents normally keep windows shut. The moisture in the air is so extreme that the walls in homes weep, and floors often accumulate a layer of water. ^{[citation needed]}

Flora and fauna[edit]

Hainan has over 1,500 km² (580 sq mi) of tropical forest, in which can be found over 4,600 types of plants and more than 570 species of animals.^[28] The nature observation database iNaturalist.org currently lists 6,687 species of plants, animals and fungi as having been observed on Hainan Island (in 2024).^[28] In modern times, however, the small island's natural balance has been threatened, largely due to the introduction of exotic species, as well as human impacts from tourism, deforestation, and the use of herbicides, pesticides and other such pollutants. A report from the Department of Land, Environment and Resources of Hainan Province states that 200 species are near extinction, with six plant species, such as Maytenus hainanensis and Sciaphila tenella, having been declared extinct.^[29]

Two ecoregions cover the island. The South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests cover the lowlands, and extend onto the adjacent mainland. The Hainan Island monsoon rainforests covers the interior of the island, and includes montane rain forests with a more seasonal climate and more deciduous trees.^[26]

Flora[edit]

The majority of Hainan's land area is covered in forest, with 61.5% total coverage. At the end of 2012, nearly 210,000 hectares (518,921 acres) of forest-cover was reported–an increase of 34,133 hectares (84,340 acres) from the previous year. A further 1,187 hectares (2,930 acres) of grasses and trees have been planted along the province's highways.^[30]

There are around 53 genera, belonging to 29 families, of wild fruits, herbs and other significant crops growing on Hainan—both native and introduced—including several types of banana (Musa sp.), as well as cashew (Anacardium occidentale), mango (Mangifera indica), fiber agave (Agave sisalana), pineapple (Ananas comosus), bitter melon (Momordica charantia), ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis), giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhizos), Asian taro (A. odora), Malabar spinach (Basella alba) and papaya (Carica papaya).^[31] Four species of pepper grow on the island as well, including the economically significant black pepper (Piper nigrum). At least 25-30 species belonging to the order Zingiberales grow on Hainan, including numerous types of ginger, galangal, canna, turmeric (Curcuma sp.) and prayer-plants (Marantaceae), among others. Coconuts (Cocos sp.) are a fairly common sight along the coastline. Trees found on Hainan include at least 18 species of Ficus, the Hainan white pine (Pinus fenzeliana), Tenasserim pine (Pinus latteri) and several species of orchid tree (Bauhinia).

4,200 known species of plants are native to the island, including several endemic species, such as those within the genera Wenchengia and Metapetrocosmea.^[26] Additionally, the Cathayanthe and Chunia genera are found only on Hainan and in northern Vietnam.

Notable botanical species include:

Hainan yellow lantern chili — a pepper similar to the Scotch bonnet.
Cephalotaxus hainanensis — a species of plum-yew.

Fauna[edit]

Even with over ten million human inhabitants, Hainan contains several protected areas and wildlife preserves. The most ubiquitous smaller species on the island include such animals as frogs, toads, geckos, skinks, and butterflies; as with many adjacent tropical regions, the Arthropoda and invertebrates are well-represented here, with mosquitoes naturally being very common at certain times of the year. The swarms of biting, flying insects actually play a key role in island food chains and ecosystems, not only being consumed by many other species (such as bats and birds) but serving as pollinators for many types of flowering plants. Hainan's lakes and waterways are populated with various freshwater fishes, such as carp and catfish, whose fry readily consume both mosquito eggs and larvae (laid on the water's surface) for sustenance.

About 100 mammalian species are found on Hainan, with the Hainan black crested gibbon (Nomascus hainanus), the Hainan hare (Lepus hainanus), the Hainan gymnure, or moonrat (Neohylomys hainanensis), and the Hainan flying squirrel (Hylopetes electilis) all being endemic to the island. Larger native mammals include the Asiatic black or "moon" bear (Ursus thibetanus), sambar (Rusa unicolor), Eurasian otter (L. lutra), the crab-eating mongoose (Herpestes urva) and the leopard cat (Felis bengalensis), which are considered a species of conservation concern.^[26] Other mammals include Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus), squirrels, masked palm civets and the yellow-bellied weasel.

There are 362 known bird species.^[29] Seabirds such as gulls are not generally seen. Egrets and Black-winged kites are common in agricultural areas. The Hainan partridge, white-eared night heron, Hainan leaf warbler, and yellow-billed nuthatch are endemic to the island.^[26]

Secretive, and sometimes less commonly seen, are the snakes, such as the Asian palm pit viper, the red bamboo snake, and cobras.

In the seas surrounding Hainan, sea turtles and whale sharks are regular visitors.

Hainan island has rich bio-diversity of cetaceans and is the site of studying these in Chinese waters.^[32] Many whales such as North Pacific right whales, western gray whales, humpback whales, and blue whales (all of these are almost extinct in Chinese waters)^[33] were historically seen in the winter and spring to mate and calve. These gentle giants of the sea had been hunted heavily and were wiped out by Japanese whalers (established whaling stations on various sites on Chinese and Korean coasts including Hainan and Daya Bay). A few Bryde's whales and minke whales may still occur in the adjacent waters along with on Leizhou Peninsula and the Gulf of Tonkin.^[34]^[35] Smaller species of whale and dolphins, such as short-finned pilot whales^[36] and pantropical spotted dolphins,^[37] but most notably the endangered Chinese white dolphin. Declared sanctuary for the species extends along the coasts. These dolphins may appear among clearer waters such as vicinity to Sanya.^[38]

Dugongs still occur in small number, mostly on Gulf of Tonkin side.

Notable species include:

Hainan gymnure (Neohylomys hainanensis or Hainan moonrat) is a small mammal.
Hainan partridge (Arborophila ardens) is a species of bird endemic to Hainan Island.
Hainan peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron katsumatae) is an endangered species of the family Phasianidae.
Hainan black crested gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) is one of the world's most endangered primates. Seacology, a non-profit organization in Berkeley, California, United States, initiated a project to protect the highly endangered Hainan gibbon in exchange for scholarships for the children of four villages near Hainan Bawangling National Nature Reserve.
Hainan hare (Lepus hainanus) is a species of hare endemic to Hainan.
A subspecies of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis alleni) is endemic to Hainan.
Hainan leaf-warbler (Phylloscopus hainanus) is an Old World warbler in the family Phylloscopidae.
Little torrent frog (Amolops torrentis) is a species of frog found only on Hainan Island.

Demographics[edit]

The population density of Hainan is low compared to most coastal Chinese provinces.

In 2000, the ethnic groups of Hainan included the Han-Chinese Hainanese, who are the majority (84% of the population) and speak the Min language, the Li (Hlai) (14.7% of the population); the Miao (0.7%) and the Zhuang (0.6%).^{[citation needed]} The Li are the largest indigenous group on the island in terms of population. Also found on the island are the Utsuls, descendants of Cham refugees, who are classified as Hui by the Chinese government because of their Islamic religion. There is a Tanka community that live at Sanya Bay.^[39]

The Li people mainly reside in the nine cities and counties in the middle and southern part of Hainan – the cities of Sanya, Wuzhishan and Dongfang, the Li autonomous counties of Baisha, Lingshui, Ledong, Changjiang, and the 'Li and Miao Autonomous Counties of Qiongzhong and Baoting'. Some others live elsewhere on Hainan with other ethnic groups in Danzhou, Wanning, Qionghai, Lingshui and Tunchang. The area inhabited by the Li ethnic group totals 18,700 square kilometers (7,200 sq mi), about 55 percent of the province's total.^[40]

Although they are indigenous to the island and do not speak a Chinese language, the Limgao (Ong-Be) people near the capital (8% of the Hainan population) are counted as Han Chinese by the Chinese government.

Religion[edit]

Most of the Hainanese population practices Chinese folk religion and Chinese Buddhism. The Li population has a Theravada Buddhist minority. Most of the Utsuls of the island, a branch of Cham people living near Sanya, are Muslims. Because Hainan was a point in the travel route of missionaries, there are some Christians. According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009, Christians constitute 0.48% of the province's population.^[41]

Nanshan Park is the center of Buddhism on Hainan. Encompassing more than 50 km² (19 sq mi) of forest. The site includes countless grand temples, statues and spiritual gardens the likes of Savior Garden and Longevity Valley, with intricately trimmed hedges and abundant in lotus flowers, a venerated symbol in Buddhism meaning virtue or purity.

At the heart of the valley is the grand Nanshan Temple, its gates flanked by stone figures of Buddha in front of the Tang dynasty-style entrance. The interior displays images of the Four Heavenly Kings amid statues of other deities enshrined in renderings of stone, gold and jade.

Perhaps^{[weasel words]} the most popular^{[according to whom?]} site within the Nanshan Buddhist Cultural Zone is the awe-inspiring^{[according to whom?]} stone rendering of the Bodhisattva Guan Yin, emerging out of the South China Sea to stand at 108 meters^{[citation needed]}, taller than the Statue of Liberty^{[citation needed]}.

The Nanshan Buddhist Cultural Zone is visited by thousands of tourists and pilgrims each year who come pay homage to the site that plays a significant role in the religion in China and to sample some of the finest Buddhist vegan cuisine on the island.^[42]

Languages[edit]

Most people in Hainan speak a variety of Min Chinese known as Hainanese. Other Chinese varieties and non-Chinese languages are spoken as well:

Standard Mandarin (Putonghua) is widely known as in the rest of China. Mandarin is especially common in the city of Sanya.
- In Yacheng City (as well as its vicinity several dozen miles west of Huihui and Huixin), the so-called military speech dialect of Mandarin (the official language of the southwest among the northern Chinese dialects) is spoken.
Cantonese is spoken by some, particularly in Haikou.
In Yanglan Village in the northeast, two Min dialects, both closely related to Cantonese, are spoken: the Mai dialect and the Danzhou dialect, spoken in Haipo Village in the south, which is the same dialect as the dialect spoken in Danzhou in Dan Country in the northern part of the island.
The Li, Zhuang and Limgao speak Tai–Kadai languages.
The Miao speak Hmong–Mien languages.
There are roughly 4,500 Utsul people living in the villages of Yanglan (羊栏) and Huixin (回新), two villages on the outskirts of Sanya. They speak the Tsat language, a member of the Austronesian Chamic languages.

Sociolinguistics[edit]

Standard Mandarin serves as a lingua franca between different ethnic groups. Adults who are members of a minority also have quite high literacy skills in Chinese. Most adults speak several Chinese dialects, and some also speak Li.

When Chams interact with the Hainanese dialect speakers from within Hainan Province, they use the Hainanese dialect, though youngsters generally use Mandarin. Not many can communicate in Li, so the Hainanese dialect or Mandarin is often used.

In the market place and within the Sanya Municipality, the Cham speakers use Cham among themselves, and with others mostly use the Hainanese dialect. However, in the market places near the government seat of Yanglan Township, the Chams either use the Hainanese dialect or the Mai dialect.^[43]

Life expectancy and longevity[edit]

The people of Hainan live longer than those on the mainland. At the end of 2017, there were 1,565 centenarians in Hainan. For every 100,000 people in the province, 17.13 were centenarians. As of 8 March 2018, there were 287,700 residents over 80 years of age, making up 3.15% of the population.^[44]

Government[edit]

Han dynasty seal unearthed in Hainan in 1984

Even while Hainan Island was a part of Guangdong it had a considerable amount of local autonomy; the southern half of the island was an autonomous prefecture. Hainan's elevation to provincial level in 1988 increased its accountability to the Central People's Government, but by designating the new province a special economic zone the central government expressed its intent to allow Hainan maximum flexibility in devising programs to facilitate foreign investment and economic growth. Administratively, the province has been divided into five economic major districts.^{[citation needed]}

Politics[edit]

The politics of Hainan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The Governor of Hainan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hainan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Hainan Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary or CCP Party Chief. The current Hainan Party Chief is Shen Xiaoming.

Legislation[edit]

On 13 April 1988, the First Session of the Seventh National People's Congress decided to establish Hainan Province, and at the same time granted the Hainan Provincial People's Congress and its Standing Committee special legislative power.^[45] After the 2019 free trade port plan is proposed, Hainan can enact legislation in economic, cultural, local affairs, social management, etc., and implement it in the Hainan Free Trade Zone (port).^[46]

Intelligence[edit]

Per the research conducted by Information Warfare Monitor, Hainan is the physical location of GhostNet. The Chinese government has officially denied the existence of a cyber war and intelligence apparatus.

Administrative[edit]

In the official PRC territorial claim, Hainan Province includes not just one island, but also some two hundred South China Sea Islands. While the containment of the South China Sea Islands means that Hainan Province has a very large water body, it has a disproportionally small land area. James Shoal (曾母暗沙, Zēngmǔ Ànshā), which is presently marked by the PRC, signifies the country's southernmost border. But Malaysia also claims that it is on their continental shelf.

Subdivisions[edit]

Hainan Province uses a slightly different administrative system than the other provinces of China. Most other provinces are divided entirely into prefecture-level divisions, each of which is then divided entirely into county-level divisions. County-level divisions generally do not come directly under the province. In Hainan, nearly all county-level divisions (the eight districts excepted) come directly under the province. This method of division is due to Hainan's relatively sparse population, totaling 9.26 million as of 2017.^[47]

Administrative divisions of Hainan
Haikou Sanya Sansha Danzhou Wuzhishan Qionghai Wenchang Wanning Dongfang Ding'an County Tunchang County Chengmai County Lingao County Baisha Li AC Changjiang Li AC Ledong Li AC Lingshui Li AC Baoting Li and Miao AC Qiongzhong Li and Miao AC █ Provincial administered county-level divisions ☐ Sovereignty over Sansha is disputed, see Territorial disputes in the South China Sea.
Division code^[48]	Division	Area in km²^[49]	Population 2020^[50]	Seat	Divisions^[51]
Division code^[48]	Division	Area in km²^[49]	Population 2020^[50]	Seat	Districts	Counties	Aut. counties	CL cities
460000	Hainan Province	35,191.00	10,081,232	Haikou city	10	4	6	5
460100	Haikou city	2,304.80	2,873,358	Xiuying District	4
460200	Sanya city	1,910.67	1,031,396	Jiyang District	4
460300	Sansha city*	788.00	2,333	Xisha District	2
460400	Danzhou city^#	3,394.00	954,259	Nada town

469001	Wuzhishan city**	1,131.00	112,269	Tongza town				1
469002	Qionghai city**	1,710.14	528,238	Jiaji town				1
469005	Wenchang city**	2,459.18	560,894	Wencheng town				1
469006	Wanning city**	1,899.90	545,992	Wancheng town				1
469007	Dongfang city**	2,272.29	444,458	Basuo town				1
469021	Ding'an County**	1,187.00	284,690	Dingcheng town		1
469022	Tunchang County**	1,223.97	255,335	Tuncheng town		1
469023	Chengmai County**	2,076.28	497,953	Jinjiang town		1
469024	Lingao County**	1,343.33	420,594	Lincheng town		1
469025	Baisha Li Autonomous County**	2,117.20	164,699	Yacha town			1
469026	Changjiang Li Autonomous County**	1,617.70	232,124	Shilu town			1
469027	Ledong Li Autonomous County**	2,763.53	464,435	Baoyou town			1
469028	Lingshui Li Autonomous County**	1,121.24	372,511	Yelin town			1
469029	Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County**	1,166.78	156,108	Baocheng town			1
469030	Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County**	2,704.00	179,586	Yinggen town			1
* – Sovereignty over Sansha (including the Paracel, Spratly and Zhongsha Islands) is disputed as of 28 June 2024. ** – Directly administered county-level divisions # – direct-piped cities – does not contain any county-level divisions

Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
English	Chinese	Pinyin	Hainanese Romanzation
Hainan Province	海南省	Hǎinán Shěng	Hai Nam Teng
Haikou city	海口市	Hǎikǒu Shì	Hai Khau Si
Sanya city	三亚市	Sānyà Shì	Tam Ah Si
Sansha city	三沙市	Sānshā Shì	Tam Sa Si
Danzhou city	儋州市	Dānzhōu Shì	Dam Ju Si
Wuzhishan city	五指山市	Wǔzhǐshān Shì	Ngou Ji Tua Si
Qionghai city	琼海市	Qiónghǎi Shì	Kheng Hai Si
Wenchang city	文昌市	Wénchāng Shì	Von Sio Si
Wanning city	万宁市	Wànníng Shì	Van Neng Si
Dongfang city	东方市	Dōngfāng Shì	Dang Fang Si
Ding'an County	定安县	Dìng'ān Xiàn	Deng An Kuai
Tunchang County	屯昌县	Túnchāng Xiàn	Ton Siang Kuai
Chengmai County	澄迈县	Chéngmài Xiàn	Deng Mai Kuai
Lingao County	临高县	Língāo Xiàn	Liom Ko Kuai
Baisha Li Autonomous County	白沙黎族自治县	Báishā Lízú Zìzhìxiàn	Be Tua Loitoc Seji Kuai
Changjiang Li Autonomous County	昌江黎族自治县	Chāngjiāng Lízú Zìzhìxiàn	Siang Kiang Loitoc Seji Kuai
Ledong Li Autonomous County	乐东黎族自治县	Lèdōng Lízú Zìzhìxiàn	Loc Dong Loitoc Seji Kuai
Lingshui Li Autonomous County	陵水黎族自治县	Língshuǐ Lízú Zìzhìxiàn	Leng Tui Loitco Seji Kuai
Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County	保亭黎族苗族自治县	Bǎotíng Lízú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn	Bo Deng Loitoc Miautoc Seji Kuai
Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County	琼中黎族苗族自治县	Qióngzhōng Lízú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn	Kheng Tong Loitoc Miautoc Seji Kuai

Urban areas[edit]

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
#	Cities	2020 Urban area^[52]	2010 Urban area^[53]	2020 City proper
1	Haikou	2,349,239	1,517,410	2,873,358
2	Sanya	724,854	453,819	1,031,396
3	Danzhou	516,043	418,834^[b]	954,259
4	Wenchang	341,862	251,795	560,894
5	Qionghai	262,524	194,400	528,238
6	Dongfang	257,936	153,726	444,458
7	Wanning	225,608	221,263	545,992
8	Wuzhishan	67,645	53,268	112,269
9	Sansha	2,333	^[c]	2,333

Military base[edit]

Hainan Island is home to the People's Liberation Army Navy Hainan Submarine Base and strategic nuclear submarine naval harbor at Yalong Bay.^[54] The naval base is estimated to be 60 feet (18 m) high, built into hillsides around a military base. The caverns are capable of hiding up to 20 nuclear submarines from spy satellites. The harbor houses nuclear ballistic missile submarines and is large enough to accommodate aircraft carriers. The U.S. Department of Defense has estimated that China will have five type 094 submarines operational by 2010 with each capable of carrying 12 JL-2 ballistic missiles. Two 950-meter (3,120 ft) piers and three smaller ones would be enough to accommodate two carrier strike groups or amphibious assault ships.

Economy[edit]

2012

2016

A typical example of an urban development. The above images show the same place in Guilinyang roughly four and a half years apart.

Hainan's economy is predominantly agricultural, and more than a half of the island's exports are agricultural products. Hainan's elevation to province-level status (1988), however, was accompanied by its designation as China's largest "special economic zone", the intent being to hasten the development of the island's plentiful resources. Prior to this, the province had a reputation for being a "Wild West" area, largely untouched by industrialization; even today there are relatively few factories in the province. Tourism plays an important part of Hainan's economy, thanks largely to its tropical beaches and lush forests. The central government has encouraged foreign investment in Hainan and has allowed the island to rely to a large extent on market forces.^[55]

Hainan's industrial development largely has been limited to the processing of its mineral and agricultural products, particularly rubber and iron ore. Since the 1950s, machinery, farm equipment, and textiles have been manufactured in the Haikou area for local consumption. A major constraint on industrial expansion has been an inadequate supply of electricity. Much of the island's generating capacity is hydroelectric, and it is subject to seasonal fluctuations in stream and river flows.^[56]

In December 2009, the government of China announced that it plans to establish Hainan as an "international tourist destination" by 2020.^[57] This announcement contributed to a surge in the province's economy, with a year-on-year increase in investment of 136.9% in the first three months of 2010. Hainan's real estate sector accounted for more than one third of the province's economic growth.^[58]

According to the Statistical Communiqué of National Economic and Social Development of the statistical authority, the GDP of Hainan Province in 2017 was 446.3 billion yuan (66.1 billion US dollars), up by 7.0 percent over the previous year. Of this total, the value added of the primary industry was 97.9 billion yuan (14.5 billion US dollars), up by 3.6 percent, that of the secondary industry was 99.7 billion yuan (14.8 billion US dollars), up by 2.7 percent and that of the tertiary industry was 248.6 billion yuan (36.8 billion US dollars), up by 10.2 percent. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 21.95 percent of the GDP; that of the secondary industry accounted for 22.34 percent; and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 55.71 percent. The per capita GDP in 2017 was 48,430 yuan (7,173 US dollars).^[59]

Agriculture[edit]

Owing to Hainan's tropical climate, paddy rice is cultivated extensively in the northeastern lowlands and in the southern mountain valleys.^[57] Leading crops other than rice include coconut, palm oil, sisal, tropical fruits (including pineapples, of which Hainan is China's leading producer), black pepper, coffee, tea, cashews, and sugarcane.

The hot Hainan yellow lantern chili, a variety similar to the scotch bonnet, is unique to the island, and is grown in the southeast and southwest.

The total tropical crop area of Hainan is 100,000 hectares.^[60]

Hainan is a major rubber producer. In the early 20th century Chinese emigrants returning from then British Malaya, introduced rubber trees to the island; after 1950, state farms were developed, and Hainan now produces a substantial amount of China's rubber. Natural rubber is now grown on 246,000 hectares of land. This ranks 6th in the world in harvest area and 5th in terms of output.^[60]

Hainan has almost 93,000 hectares of areca palms. The product, the areca nut, is consumed locally and also sent to the mainland. Ninety-five percent of China's production of this nut is produced in Hainan.^[61]

Domesticated farm animals comprise mainly goats, cows, water buffalo, chickens, geese and ducks.

Fisheries[edit]

Grouper, Spanish mackerel, and tuna^{[citation needed]} constitute the bulk of the catch from offshore fishing grounds. Scallops and pearls are raised in shallow bays and basins for local use and export.

Shrimp production is estimated to have been 120,000 to 150,000 metric tons (130,000 to 170,000 short tons) in 2007, more than 50% of which was exported. Hainan has over 400 hatcheries, most being located between Wenchang and Qionghai.

Tilapia production in 2008 was 300,000 metric tons (330,000 short tons). The island has an estimated 100,000 local, commercial fish farming families.^[62]

Tourism[edit]

Located in Sanya, this beach is typical of those along the entire eastern coast of Hainan

Hainan Island is often divided into eight regions for tourism purposes: Haikou and area (Haikou, Qiongshan, Ding'an); the Northeast (Wenchang); the Central East Coast (Qionghai, Ding'an); the South East Coast; the South (Sanya); the West Coast also called the Chinese Riviera (Ledong, Dongfang, Xianghsui, Changjiang); the North West (Danzhou, Lingao, Chengmai); and the Central Highlands (Baisha, Qiongzhong, and Wuzhishan/Tongzha).

Popular tourist destinations include the beaches and resorts in the southern part of the province. Inland is Five Finger Mountain, a scenic area. Tourists also visit the capital of Haikou with area visitor attractions such as Movie Town Haikou and Holiday Beach.

Visa requirements[edit]

In 2000, the province initiated a visa-upon-arrival policy for foreign tourist groups. It is available to citizens of twenty-six different countries, and was established in order to attract visitors.

Beginning 1 May 2018, citizens of 59 countries will be able to visit Hainan for 30 days without requiring a visa, provided that they come on a tour via a travel agency. Countries included among the 59 are: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Spain, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, UAE, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States.^[63]

Statistics[edit]

During 2008, 20.6 million tourists visited Hainan, producing total revenues of 19.23 billion yuan (US$2.81 billion). Of these tourists, 979,800 were from overseas with the largest numbers coming from South Korea, Russia and Japan.^[64]

In 2010, the amount of overnight tourists visiting Hainan was 25.87 million, 663,000 of which came from outside China.^[65]

During 2011, more than 30 million tourists visited Hainan, mostly from mainland China. Of the 814,600 overseas tourists, 227,600 of them came from Russia, a 53.3 percent a rise year-on-year.^[66] Total revenue during that year was 32 billion RMB ($4.3 billion US), up 25 percent from 2010.^[67]

In the first quarter of 2012, the Hainan Provincial Tourism Development Commission reports that Hainan received 208,300 overnight visitors, 25 percent of whom came from Russia.^[66]

In 2014, Hainan received 50.2 million tourists, 660,000 of whom were from overseas.^[68]

During 2015, Hainan received 53 million visitors.^[69]

In 2016, over 60 million tourists went to Hainan, up 12.9% from 2015.^[70]

During 2018, the province received over 76 million domestic and overseas tourists, a year-on-year increase of 11.8%. Revenue also increased 14.5% compared to the previous year for a total of 95 billion RMB (US$14 billion).^[71]^[72]

Medical tourism[edit]

The government of Hainan is expanding the province's medical tourism industry.^[73]^[74] The provincial government has established the Boao Lecheng International Medical Tourism Pilot Zone in the Bo'ao area. The zone is located six kilometers from the Boao Forum for Asia and covers 20 square kilometers.^[75] This was announced at the Boao Forum for Asia in 2011.^[76] The State Council has approved the development of Lecheng Island^[77] as a medical tourism-themed destination.^[78] Lecheng Island is a small island in the Wanquan River about 3 km (1.9 mi) west of the coastal town of Bo'ao on the west coast of the province. Construction on the 20 km². The zone was begun in December 2014 and will cost a projected 1.5 billion yuan. It was scheduled for completion in 2016 and is the first special zone for medical travel in China.^[79] As part of the zone, the Boao Super Hospital opened in 2018.

Historical sites[edit]

Haikou is the province's capital and contains interesting historic sites. Also known as Coconut City, Haikou is a major port. The Five Officials Temple (Chinese: 五公祠; pinyin: Wǔgōng cí, 20°0′35.79″N 110°21′17.34″E / 20.0099417°N 110.3548167°E / 20.0099417; 110.3548167) consists of five traditional temples and halls that were built in honor of five officials of the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties. These officials were banished to Hainan for periods ranging from 11 days to 11 years for speaking out against what they felt were wrong practices by the emperors. (It is perhaps significant that the establishment of the Five Officials Temple in the late 19th century coincides with a time when China's territorial integrity was under threat, and that several of the officials honored here were exiled for espousing aggressive policies on the recapture of the north of China from the Jurchens during the Southern Song dynasty.)

Xiuying Fort was built in 1891 to defend the southeastern corner of China during the Sino-French War. The Xiuying Fort Barbette covers about a third of an acre. Its five large cannons are still intact and viewable at the site.

The Tomb of Hai Rui (20°0′29.66″N 110°17′30.18″E / 20.0082389°N 110.2917167°E / 20.0082389; 110.2917167) is a key national cultural protection site. Hai Rui was a compassionate and popular official of Hainanese origins who lived during the Ming dynasty. He was famous for his lifelong honesty and his willingness to speak out on behalf of local people. In later life, Hai Rui was persecuted and fell out of favor with the emperor. His admirers built the Hai Rui Tomb after his death to commemorate his great works. Construction of the tomb began in 1589.

The Yangpu Ancient Salt Field is a heritage site in Yantian village on Yangpu Peninsula. The area comprises more than 1,000 stones, cut flat on top, used to dry seawater to produce salt.

Other attractions and destinations[edit]

Hainan Island has a number of beaches, hot springs and other attractions. Some top scenic sites include Yalong bay National Resort; Dadonghai Tourist Resort; Qizhi Shan (Seven Finger Mountain), Nuilin mountain tropical botanical reserve in Lingshui county, Guantang Hot Spring Resort, Shishan Volcanic Garden; the Wanquan River, Baishi Ridge Scenic Zone and Baihua Ridge.

Other attractions in Hainan include:

Phoenix Island, an artificial island in Sanya Bay.
Monkey Island, near the well-known perfume bay or Xiangshui Wan, a popular tourist destination located in Lingshui County, is a state-protected nature reserve for macaques.
Yalong Bay (Crescent Dragon Bay or Yalong Wan), a 7 km (4.3 mi) long beach east of Sanya City.
Xiangshui Bay Scenic Area, 48 km (30 mi) from Sanya Tiandu.
Luobi Cave, 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Sanya City.
Nanshan Temple, a Buddhist cultural area west of Sanya featuring a 108 meters (354 ft) statue of Guanyin, Buddhist Goddess of Mercy.
Yanoda is a rainforest area. It is open to visitors with guided walking tours, a zipline, and a waterfall climbing activity.

Yachting[edit]

To encourage the international yachting community, new regulations now allow foreign yachts to stay for a total of 183 days each year, with a maximum single stay duration of 30 days. 13 additional ports will be built around the island to accommodate this market.^[65]

Duty-free program[edit]

On 20 April 2011, a pilot duty-free program commenced with the aim of increasing luxury goods purchases. It permits domestic Chinese visitors to claim tax refunds on imported luxury items purchased within the province. The maximum value is set at 5,000 yuan (US$762), with lowered tax rates on purchases over 5,000 yuan.^[80] In October 2012, duty limits were raised to 8,000 yuan ($1,273), and became available to both domestic and international tourists.^[81]

The total sales of duty-free products for 2012 was 2.4 billion yuan.^[82]

The world's largest duty-free shopping complex is scheduled to open in Haitang Bay in August 2014.^[83]

During 2018 Spring Festival, Hainan recorded a 25% increase in duty-free revenue, with 450 million yuan ($71 million) in sales. The two duty-free shops, located in Sanya and Haikou, received about 99,000 customers, a 32% gain.^[84]

During 2018, the two duty-free shops had sales of more than 10 billion RMB and received 2.88 million customers.^[71]

Natural resources[edit]

Hainan has commercially exploitable reserves of more than 30 minerals. Iron, first mined by the Japanese during their occupation of the island in World War II, is the most important. Also important are titanium, manganese, tungsten, bauxite, molybdenum, cobalt, copper, gold, and silver. There are large deposits of lignite and oil shale on the island, and significant offshore finds of oil and natural gas have been discovered. Virgin forests in the interior mountains contain more than 20 commercially valuable species, including teak and sandalwood.

Real estate market[edit]

In 1990, Hainan province was the site of the largest property bust in modern Chinese history^[57] With 2009 and the announcement of the Chinese Government's plan to develop the province into a major international tourist location, property sales rose by 73%, creating the possibility of another bubble in Hainan's property market.^[57]

Since March 2010, commercial and residential property values in some parts of Hainan have slowed down since the market peaked in February. In March, average month-on-month transaction prices dropped 12.82% to 12,280 RMB per square meter, with a reduction in volume to 627,000 square meters (6,750,000 sq ft), a 19.05% decline. Later in April, prices declined 2.84% to 11,932 yuan per square metre, with a 57.59% decline in volume to 567,200 square meters (6,105,000 sq ft). Then in May prices declined a further 29.74% from the previous month to 8,483 yuan per square metre, with a 57.95% decline in volume to 229,000 square meters (2,460,000 sq ft).^[85] However, property prices in the tourist resort of Sanya remain strong as of January 2011, with prime developments selling at prices of up to 80,000 RMB per square metre.

Data for 2016 data shows that Hainan saw an increase in house sales of 44%. Volume in sales was 129 billion RMB ($18.82 billion) which is a rise of 51.2 percent year-on-year. During that year in November, commercial apartments in Sanya sold for 20,695 RMB per square meter a rise of 15.75% year-on-year. The total amount of Sanya real estate sold during that time was 212,400 square meters.^[86]

Out of China's twenty leading real estate developers, eighteen had invested in Hainan during 2016.^[86]

In the beginning of 2017, the price for a house in Haikou was approximately 8,000 RMB ($1,170) per square meter and $20,000 RMB ($2,977) per square meter in Sanya.^[87]

New 2018 regulations[edit]

On 23 April 2018, new rules came into effect regarding home purchases in Hainan. To be able to buy a house, non-Hainan residents must prove that they have a minimum of one family member who has been paying taxes or social security for at least 2 years.

Those non-Hainan residents who wish to purchase a house in Haikou, Sanya and Qionghai must prove that they have a minimum of one family member who has been paying taxes or social security for at least 5 years.

In Wuzhishan, Baoting, Qiongzhong and Baisha (the "central ecological core areas"), houses may only be purchased by local residents.

When non-residents do buy a property, the down payment must be at least 70 per cent. In order to curb speculation, owners may not sell their property for five years after receiving their ownership certificate.^[88]

Golf industry[edit]

This industry is expanding in Hainan, with numerous courses being constructed, including Mission Hills Haikou, which is one of the largest golf complexes in the world. The golf industry attracts foreign investment and overseas golfers from such countries as Australia, South Korea, and Japan.

Automotive industry[edit]

Automotive manufacturing is one of Eight industrial pillar industries. Hainan's automotive output was 39,600 in 2017, down by 41.1 percent over the previous year. Domestic Chinese manufacturer,^[59] Haima Automobile has its global headquarters in Haikou.

Foreign trade[edit]

As of 2017, the total value of imports and exports of goods reached 70,237 million yuan (10,403 million US dollars). Of which, the value of goods exported was 29,566 million yuan (4,379 million US dollars), the value of goods imported was 40,671 million yuan (6,024 million US dollars).^[59]

Asean was Hainan's largest export trade partner in 2017, the value of goods exported to Asean was 12,289 yuan (1,820 million US dollars), accounted for 41.56 per cent of the total value of goods exported. Its second-largest foreign trade partner was Hong Kong, the value of goods exported to Hong Kong was 2,966 yuan (439 million US dollars), accounted for 10.03 per cent of that. the 3rd largest partner was EU, the value of goods exported to EU was 2,186 yuan (324 million US dollars), accounted for 7.39 per cent of that.^[59]

Hainan Free trade port[edit]

On 13 April 2018, Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping announced a plan to gradually make the island into a pilot free trade zone by 2020, and transform the entire island into a free trade port by 2025. This will involve inviting foreign and multi-national companies to set up their regional and international headquarters in Hainan.^[89] Goods and services would be subject to low or even no tariffs. The zone will become China's largest free trade zone, and the first trade port since 1949, when the People's Republic of China was founded.^[90] Part of the plan is to establish exchanges in commodities and carbon trading, international energy, and shipping. Emphasis will also be placed on the development of service industries including tourism, the Internet, healthcare, finance, as well as conference and exhibitions hosting.^[90]

Since the announcement in April 2018, Hainan had signed 159 contracts with major companies. In September 2018, China National Travel Service Group, China's biggest travel business conglomerate, relocated its headquarters from Beijing to Haikou. In October 2018, Baidu and Hainan signed a deal to build a 10-billion-yuan (US$1.45 billion) eco-village.^[91]

In September 2018, a symposium was held in Beijing on foreign investment projects in Hainan. During that gathering, the Hainan government signed contracts with 26 international companies including Globevisa Group, Merlin Entertainments Group, Viacom, Ikea Group, Mapletree Investments, Avis Budget Group, Star Cruises, and Boehringer Ingelheim.^[91]

To bring talented workers to Hainan, in November 2018 the Hainan government held a recruitment fair in Beijing in an effort to bring 7,471 people to Hainan to work in government agencies, companies, and other institutions.^[92]

Established prior to this announcement, and currently in existence, are the following economic and technological development zones:

Haikou Free Trade Zone
Haikou New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Yangpu Economic Development Zone

In 2021, Hainan Free Trade Port Law of the People's Republic of China was adopted by the National People's Congress and ratified under the No.85 Order of the President of the People's Republic of China in 2021.^[93] According to the law, by 2025, feng guan (封关, which is directly translated into "customs closure") will be fully implemented and all goods sold to other parts of China from Hainan would be treated as imports, in a similar way as Hong Kong SAR.^[94]

Transport[edit]

Road[edit]

Before 1950 there were practically no transport links with the interior of the island. The first roads were built in the early 20th century, but no major road construction was undertaken in the mountains until the 1950s. Parallel north–south roads along the east and west coasts and through the interior of the island constitute most of Hainan's road network.

Hainan is the only province in China that does not have highway toll stations. This is due to the 1994 "fee-to-tax" reform.^[90] Instead, road maintenance costs are raised through a 60% tax on fuel.^[95]

There are several major highways and expressways linking Haikou on the north coast with Sanya on the south coast. The G224 is 309 kilometers long and runs through the middle of the province. The Hainan Ring Highway has three parts: The G225 is 429 km (267 mi) long and is the western part. For most of its length, the G225 runs parallel to the Hainan western ring railway. The G223 is the eastern part, running from Haikou to Sanya. It is 323 kilometers long. The G98 is a 612.8-kilometer-long orbital expressway that encircles the island. Hainan Highway 1, a new 1,040-km-long scenic highway, will be built around the island, along the coast starting in May 2019.^[96]

There are also numerous rural roads within the province. These are typically two-way asphalt roads and connect larger towns. Connecting the thousands of villages to one another and to farms, are concrete roads about 6 meters wide. Many of these were built from roughly from the year 2000 onward, and as of 2019, are still being built.

Bridges[edit]

While a bridge connecting Hainan to the Leizhou peninsula on the mainland was planned in the early 2000s it never came to fruition. A bridge or tunnel received continued consideration in 2018, as travel by air or ferry can leave residents and visitors isolated when bad weather sets in.^[97]

Air[edit]

Hainan Province has two international airports (Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport) and two domestic airports (Qionghai Bo'ao Airport and Danzhou Airport, the latter is under construction.)

Rail[edit]

Today's Hainan is ringed by standard-gauge railways. Since 2004, a rail ferry connects the island's railroad network to Guangdong, mainland China.^[98] In 2005, Ministry of Communications allocated 20 million yuan (US$2.4 million) to set up a committee to research and study the possibility of a bridge or tunnel link connecting the island to the mainland.^[99] From the ferry terminal, located near Haikou railway station (west of Haikou), freight and passenger trains arriving from the mainland can proceed on the Hainan western ring railway along the island's west coast, via Dongfang to Sanya. This railway line has been developed over several decades, starting with a few short 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow gauge lines constructed during the Japanese occupation in the early 1940s.

There is a high-speed railway ring around the island, formed by the eastern ring and western ring along the island's coast. Both high-speed railways are connected with Haikou and Sanya. There are 15 stations along the east coast, and 16 stations along the west coast. Trains are designed to travel at 250 km/h (160 mph) on the east ring, and 200 km/h (120 mph) on the west ring. The total length of eastern ring is 308.11 km (191.45 mi), while the western ring is 344 kilometers (214 mi).^[100] The first eastern ring high-speed train run started on 30 December 2010,^[101] and the Hainan western ring high-speed railway started its operation in 2015.

Seaports[edit]

Haikou Xiuying Port (海口秀英港) serves as the main passenger and cargo center.^[102]
Haikou New Port (海口新港) opened 1 June 2005^[102]
Macun Port (馬村港) located in Chengmai County; opened 1 June 2005^[102]
Hainan Strait Port^[103]
Basuo Port in Dongfang City is a small port on the west coast of Hainan. One of its main cargos is iron ore from the Shilu Mine.

Hainan received 11,000 tons of products via ports November 2010, up 90.1 percent month-on-month. Between January and November 2010, 102,000 tons of products were exported via Hainan, 34,000 tons of which were exported to the US, and 14,000 tons sent to the EU.^[104]

Province-wide infrastructure development[edit]

From 2015 to the present, a widespread program to improve cities and other settlements in Hainan island has been taking place. It includes the removal of litter from towns, villages, and many roadsides. Small, illegal dumps are being removed. However, illegal dumping of construction debris still occurs on rural roads. Large, plastic dumpsters have been put in place within villages and at countryside road intersections. Towns are being improved with new road and sidewalk surfaces, landscaping features are being created, and many buildings are receiving new façades.

This initiative in Haikou has seen entire neighborhoods demolished and rebuilt, sanitation improved, illegal structures used for business removed, roadside vendors banned, roads and sidewalks replaced, and new street crossings with traffic lights installed.

Hainan Regional Specific Visa-exemption Policy[edit]

Visa-free Entry[edit]

Starting from 1 May 2018, citizens of following 59 countries do not need a visa if they visit Hainan Island and stay no more than 30 days.^[105]^[106] In July 2019, the Chinese Ministry of Public Security and National Immigration Administration announced an update and expansion of the visa-free entry options for foreign nationals in Hainan. In addition to the existing visa-free entry for tourists from 59 countries, foreign nationals are now allowed visa-free entry for various purposes, including business, trade, visiting, family reunification, medical treatment, conferences and exhibitions, sports competitions, and more (excluding work and study). Moreover, the Chinese Ministry of Public Security and National Immigration Administration has extended the visa-free entry into Hainan by allowing individual self-application or entry through an entity invitation, replacing the previous invitation reception mode that involved travel agencies.^[107]

Countries eligible[edit]

All European Union citizens

for British passport holders, only British citizens are eligible.
Visa exemption in general

Hainan Free Trade Zone Immigration Preferential Policies[edit]

In July 2019, the Chinese Ministry of Public Security and National Immigration Administration announced updated preferential policies that applied to the Hainan Province (Hainan Free Trade Zone), including:^[107]

Facilitate Employment and Entrepreneurship for Foreign University Students[edit]

Foreign students who have obtained a master's or higher degree from Chinese universities can apply for a residency permit of up to 2 years for innovation and entrepreneurship in Hainan with the recommendation of their affiliated universities. Foreign students studying at overseas universities are allowed to engage in regular internships at Hainan's star-rated hotels, hospitals, international schools, and other entities. With the required invitation letter from the relevant entity and proof of enrollment at a foreign university, they can apply for the necessary visas for their internships.^[107]

Provide Permanent Residency Convenience for Foreigners Working or Investing[edit]

Chinese of foreign nationalities with a Ph.D. degree working in Hainan, or Chinese of foreign nationalities who have worked continuously in Hainan for at least 4 years with an accumulated residency of no less than 6 months each year, are eligible to apply for permanent residency. Their foreign spouses and minor children can also apply for permanent residency together. Foreign individuals who invest in innovative enterprises in Hainan and maintain stable investments with good tax records for three consecutive years, recommended by the Hainan Provincial People's Government, can apply for permanent residency. Foreign individuals who have worked continuously in Hainan for 4 years and meet the income and personal income tax payment standards in Hainan are eligible to apply for permanent residency.^[107]

Education[edit]

The level of primary and secondary education has improved since 1949, but facilities for higher education remain somewhat inadequate.^{[citation needed]}

Hainan University (海南大学)
Hainan Medical University (海南医学院)
Hainan Normal University (海南师范大学)
Hainan Tropical Ocean University (海南热带海洋学院)
Qiongtai Normal University (琼台师范学院)
Haikou University of Economics (海口经济学院)
University of Sanya (三亚学院)

Settlement[edit]

As a frontier region celebrated by such exiled poets as Su Dongpo, Hainan acquired an air of mystery and romance. The influx of large numbers of mainlanders after 1950 – particularly in the 1970s, when young Chinese from southern Guangdong were assigned to state farms to help develop Hainan, and in the 1980s, when thousands more came to take advantage of the economic opportunities offered – has perpetuated the frontier atmosphere on the island.^{[citation needed]}

In the late 1960s, the influx of sent-down youths (primarily from Guangdong) to Hainan island led to the use of the phrase, "being rooted in Hainan" to refer to commitment to the revolutionary cause.^[108] By the early 1970s, the meaning of the phrase had evolved to refer to getting married and starting a family on the island.^[108]

Media[edit]

As well as programs from Central China Television (CCTV), Hainan has a number of local TV stations including Hainan TV and Haikou TV. The Chinese language Nanguo Metropolis Daily, Haikou Evening News, and Hainan Daily newspapers are published in Haikou.

A large film studio is located in the south part of Haikou. Movie Town Haikou comprises several studio buildings and an artificial town used as filming sets and a visitor attraction.

Cuisine[edit]

Hainan cuisine is said to be "lighter, with mild seasonings." A lot of local taste is mixed with the Han Chinese taste. Seafood predominates the menu, as shrimp, crab, fish and other sea life are widely available.

Wenchang chicken is a dish known throughout the province of Hainan. Although there are many varieties of this dish, the name is usually used to define a type of small, free-range chicken from Wenchang, located on the east coast of the province. As opposed to battery chickens, its meat has more texture and is somewhat drier.

Hainan chicken rice / Coibui is a famous dish in Southeast Asia, particularly Singapore and Malaysia, bearing the region's name. However, while many restaurants use chicken fat to quickly add flavor to the dish, the proper local method is to 'marinate' the rice with chicken soup to add a more full flavor.

Events[edit]

Numerous events are hosted or sponsored on the island, including:

Blue Bay LPGA – Women's Golf LPGA tournament, held annually at Jian Lake Blue Bay Golf Course
Swatch Girls World Pro China – Annual Elite Women's surfing competition, held at Wanning^[109]
Hainan International Surfing Festival, held annually at Riyue Bay, Wanning^[110]
Miss World beauty pageant is regularly held in the city of Sanya.
Mission Hills Star Trophy is an annual golf tournament that started in 2010.
Tour of Hainan bicycle race
Hainan Rendez-Vous, an annual four-day event that draws China's ultra high-net-worth individuals to the Chinese Riviera-like shores of Hainan^[111]
Ironman triathlon
Boao Forum for Asia, held in Boao, is an international high-level government, business, and academia forum.
H1 Hot Air Balloon Challenge is held annually in Haikou. Balloons from across the nation fly over the Qiongzhou Strait from Haikou to a designated location on the mainland in Xunwen County, Guangdong.^[112]

Miscellaneous topics[edit]

The novel, Red Detachment of Women, by Liang Xin, was set in Hainan. The novel was first adapted to a feature film in the 1950s, and then a ballet in the 1960s as one of the Eight model plays. Most of the people of that time derived their romanticized image of Hainan Island from the scenes in the ballet, particularly that of the vivid forests of coconut trees, the Five Finger Mountain (Wuzhi Shan), and the Wanquan River.
Two notable lighthouses are located on Hainan: the Baishamen Lighthouse and Mulantou Lighthouse are among the tallest in the world, the latter being the tallest in China.
3024 Hainan, named after the province, is an outer main-belt asteroid discovered in 1981.
Hainan Kopi Tales is a Singaporean Chinese drama serial set in a famous Hainan coffee shop that explores the Hainanese way of life from the 1960s to the 1980s.
Hainan Resort is also a multiplayer map in the 2013 video game Battlefield 4.

Space center[edit]

One of China's satellite launch centers is located in Hainan east of the city of Wenchang. The Wenchang Space Launch Site, a 1,200 hectares (3,000 acres) facility, is the closest Chinese launch center to the equator. The construction plan was first announced in October 2007. The new launch center began operations on 25 June 2016 with the Long March 7 rocket making its maiden flight.

Notable residents[edit]

The poet Su Shi (1036–1101) popularized Hainan's isolation and exoticism when he was exiled there under the Song dynasty. The Dongpo Academy was built on the site of the residence where he lived in exile.

Hai Rui (1514–1587) was a famous Chinese official of the Ming dynasty. His name has come down in history as a model of honesty and integrity in office.

Chih-Ping Chen (1906–1983) was a distinguished diplomat and statesman for the Republic of China, who served to build the Yunnan-Burma Road, and a diplomatic career that spanned four decades.

The most well-known native of Hainan is Chinese businessman, Charlie Soong, father of the Shanghai-born Soong sisters: Soong Ai-ling, wife of H. H. Kung (once China's richest man); Soong Ching-ling, wife of Sun Yat-Sen; and Soong Mei-ling, wife of former ROC President Chiang Kai-shek.

Wang Feifei (Fei), singer, actress, entertainer and member of girl group Miss A;

Wu Xuanyi, member of the South Korean-Chinese girl group WJSN

International partnership[edit]

Hainan has international relationships with the following places:^[113]

Sister state/province	Sovereign country	Date of Establishing Sisterhood Relationship
Hyogo	Japan	28 September 1990
Hawaii	United States	30 June 1992
Jeju	South Korea	6 October 1995
Crimea	Ukraine	15 April 1996
Cebu	Philippines	9 June 1996
Arad	Romania	27 September 2000
Salzburg	Austria	24 October 2000
Prince Edward Island	Canada	20 June 2001
South Sinai	Egypt	3 August 2002
Oulu	Finland	11 December 2002
Baleares	Spain	29 July 2004
Phuket	Thailand	25 September 2005
Southern Province	Sri Lanka	23 April 2005
Canary	Spain	11 November 2005
Lubuskie	Poland	24 February 2006
East New Britain	Papua New Guinea	28 September 2006
Kampong Cham	Cambodia	27 March 2006
Quang Ninh	Vietnam	19 April 2007
Quintana Roo	Mexico	30 September 2008
Kyzylorda	Kazakhstan	3 July 2009
Parana	Brazil	13 March 2010
Gotland	Sweden	2 November 2010
Sardinia	Italy	13 October 2011
Bali	Indonesia	20 October 2011
Nampula	Mozambique	18 September 2013
Penang	Malaysia	7 November 2013
South Moravian Region	Czech Republic	29 April 2016
Pest	Hungary	12 June 2016
Luang Prabang	Laos	16 July 2016

Note[edit]

^ UK: /haɪˈnæn/, US: /-nɑːn/;[5] Chinese: 海南
^ Danzhou CLC is currently known as Danzhou PLC after 2010 census.
^ Xisha, Nansha, and Zhongsha Administrative Zone was under Sanya PLC jurisdiction. Sansha PLC was established after 2010 census.

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External links[edit]

Hainan Government website (English) Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Hainan Government website (Chinese)
Economic profile for Hainan at HKTDC
Dr Howard M Scott "Hainan"
Resources on the Hainanese in the National Library of Singapore
Learn Hainanese Website Archived 1 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine
Hainan Province Official English Language Tourism Website Archived 3 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine

[6] UK: /haɪˈnæn/, US: /-nɑːn/;^[5] Chinese: 海南^ⓘ

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Hainan topics
Haikou (capital)
General	History Historical and cultural sites Politics Economy
Geography	Islands of Hainan Dazhou Island Haidian Island Haitang Bay Sanya Bay Nandu River Wanquan River Songtao Reservoir Wuzhizhou Island Wuzhi Mountain Yangpu Peninsula Yongxing Island/Woody Island
Flora and fauna	Hainan yellow lantern chili Hainan gymnure Hainan partridge Hainan peacock-pheasant Hainan black crested gibbon Hainan hare
Media	Hainan TV Haikou TV Nanguo Metropolis Daily Hainan Daily
Transportation	Hainan Eastern Ring HSR Hainan Western Ring HSR Hainan Airlines Haikou Meilan International Airport Qionghai Bo'ao Airport Sanya Phoenix International Airport Basuo Port Haikou New Port Haikou Xiuying Port Macun Port Port of Yangpu
Education	Haikou College of Economics Hainan Medical University Hainan Normal University Hainan University Qiongzhou University/Hainan Tropical Ocean University Sanya University
Demographics	Hainanese Li Miao Zhuang Utsul Tanka Lingao people [zh] Mainland People [zh]
Buildings and structures	Crown of Beauty Theatre Haikou Century Bridge Haikou Great Hall of the People Hainan Centre for the Performing Arts Hainan Exhibition & Convention Center Hainan Library
Cuisine	Hainan chicken rice Wenchang chicken
Visitor attractions	Statue of Guanyin Hainan Museum Leiqiong/Haikou Volcanic Cluster Global Geopark Luobi Cave Mission Hills Star Trophy Nanwan Monkey Island Nanshan Temple Phoenix Island Temple of the Five Lords Tianya Haijiao Yangpu Ancient Salt Field Yalong Bay
Category Commons

Economic Development Zones of China
Special Economic Zones	Hainan Province Kashgar Shantou Shenzhen Xiamen Zhuhai
Open Coastal Cities	Dalian Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Lianyungang Nantong Shanghai Ningbo Wenzhou Fuzhou Guangzhou Zhanjiang Beihai

Provincial-level divisions of China
Provinces	Anhui Fujian Gansu Guangdong Guizhou Hainan Hebei Heilongjiang Henan Hubei Hunan Jiangsu Jiangxi Jilin Liaoning Qinghai Shaanxi Shandong Shanxi Sichuan Yunnan Zhejiang
Autonomous regions	Guangxi Inner Mongolia Ningxia Tibet Xinjiang
Direct-administered municipalities	Beijing Chongqing Shanghai Tianjin
Special administrative regions	Hong Kong Macau
Disputed province	Taiwan¹
¹ Taiwan is claimed by the People's Republic of China but administered by the Republic of China (see political status of Taiwan).

World's largest islands
100,000 km² (38,610 sq mi) and greater	Greenland New Guinea Borneo Madagascar Baffin Island Sumatra Honshu Victoria Island (Canada) Great Britain Ellesmere Island Sulawesi South Island Java North Island Luzon Newfoundland Cuba Iceland	Islands portal
20,000–99,999 km² (7,722–38,610 sq mi)	Mindanao Ireland Hokkaido Hispaniola Sakhalin Banks Island Sri Lanka Tasmania Devon Island Alexander Island Severny Island Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego Axel Heiberg Island Melville Island Southampton Island Marajó Spitsbergen Kyushu Taiwan New Britain Prince of Wales Island Yuzhny Island Hainan Vancouver Island Timor Sicily Somerset Island Kotelny Island Sardinia Bananal	Islands portal

Authority control databases
International	FAST VIAF
National	Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland
Geographic	MusicBrainz area
Other	NARA IdRef

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Province of China}}
 {{Other uses}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
-{{stack begin}}
-{{Infobox PRC province
+{{Infobox settlement
+<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name               = Hainan
-|ChineseName     = 海南省
-|Pinyin          = Hǎinán Shěng
+| native_name        = {{lang|zh|海南}}
-|EnglishName     = Hainan Province
+| settlement_type    = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
-|Name            = Hainan
+| translit_lang1     = Name
+| translit_lang1_type = {{nobold|Chinese}}
-| translit_lang1_type2    = [[Hainanese]]
+| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|zh|海南省}} ({{transliteration|zh|Hǎinán Shěng}})
-| translit_lang1_info2    = Hái-nâm-séng
+| translit_lang1_type1 = {{nobold|[[Hainanese]]}}
-| translit_lang1_type3    = [[Yue Chinese|Yue]] [[Jyutping]]
+| translit_lang1_info1 = ''Hái-nâm-séng''
-| translit_lang1_info3    = Hoi<sup>2</sup> Naam<sup>4</sup> Saang<sup>2</sup>
+| translit_lang1_type2 = {{nobold|[[Cantonese]] [[Jyutping]]}}
-| latd  = 19.2 |latm  =  |lats  =  |latNS  = N
+| translit_lang1_info2 = {{transliteration|yue|hoi2 naam4 saang2}}
-| longd = 109.7 |longm =  |longs =  |longEW = E
+| translit_lang1_type3 = {{nobold|Abbreviation}}
-|Abbreviation   = {{zh|s= 琼| t= 瓊}}
+| translit_lang1_info3 = {{linktext|lang=zh-hans|琼}} ({{transliteration|zh|Qióng}} / ''Khêng'' / {{transliteration|yue|king4}})
-|AbbrevPinyin   = Qióng, [[POJ]]: khêng, [[Jyutping]]: king<sup>4</sup>
+| image_skyline      = 三亚大小洞天景区风光 - panoramio (20).jpg
-|ISOAbbrev      = 46
-|Map            = Hainan in China (+all claims hatched).svg
+| image_alt          =
-|MapSize        = 290px
+| image_flag         =
+| image_caption      = Sanya Nanshan Dongtian Park
-|OriginOfName   = {{lang|zh|[[wikt:海|海]]}} hǎi – sea <br /> {{lang|zh|[[wikt:南|南]]}} nán – south <br />"South of the Sea <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Qiongzhou Strait]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>"
+| image_map          = Hainan in China (+all claims hatched).svg
-|AdministrationType = [[Provinces of the People's Republic of China|Province]]
-|Capital        = [[Haikou]]
+| mapsize            =
-|LargestCity    = [[Haikou]]
+| map_alt            =
+| map_caption        = Location of Hainan within China
-|Secretary      = [[Luo Baoming]]
+| coordinates        = {{coord|19.2|N|109.7|E|type:adm1st|format=dms|display=it}}
-|Governor       = [[Liu Cigui]]
+| subdivision_type   = Country
-| area_footnotes          = <ref name=mofcom>{{cite web|title=Doing Business in China - Survey|url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/|publisher=Ministry Of Commerce - People's Republic Of China|accessdate=5 August 2013}}</ref>
+| subdivision_name   = China
-|Area_km2           = 35400
-|AreaRank       = 28th
+| named_for          =
+| established_title  = [[Guangnan West Circuit]]
-|Latitude       = 3° 30' to 20° 10' N <ref name = "Coordinates range">Includes all territorial claims</ref>
+| established_date   = 988
-|Longitude      = 108° 15' to 120° 15' E<ref name = "Coordinates range"/>
+| established_title2 = Hainan Special Administrative Region
-|PopYear        = 2012
+| established_date2  = 1944
-|Pop            = 8,900,000
+| established_title3 = [[Battle of Hainan Island|Incorporation into the PRC]]
-| population_footnotes    = <ref name=censuspop>{{cite web|title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census [1] (No. 2) |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China |accessdate=4 August 2013 |date=29 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |archivedate=July 27, 2013 }}</ref>
+| established_date3  = 1 May 1950
-|PopRank        = 28th
+| established_title4 = Separation from [[Guangdong]]
-|PopDensity_km2     = 254.7
+| established_date4  = 26 April 1988
-|PopDensityRank = 17th
+| seat_type          = Capital<br />{{nobold|and largest city}}
-|GDPYear        = 2015
-|GDP            = 370,73 billion<br />US$ 59.45  billion
+| seat               = [[Haikou]]
-|GDPRank        = 28th
+| seat1_type         =
+| seat1              =
-|GDPperCapita   = 40,818<br />US$ 6,554
+| parts_type         = Divisions
-|GDPperCapitaRank = 18th
-|HDIYear        = 2010
+| parts_style        = para
+| p1                 = 4 [[Prefectures of China|prefectures]]
-|HDI            = 0.680<ref name="2013 report">{{cite web|url=http://www.cn.undp.org/content/dam/china/docs/Publications/UNDP-CH-HD-Publication-NHDR_2013_EN_final.pdf|format=PDF|script-title=zh:《2013中国人类发展报告》|year=2013|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] China|language=zh|accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref>
+| p2                 = 25 [[Counties of China|counties]]
-|HDIRank        = 19th
+| p3                 = 218 [[Townships of China|townships]]
-|HDICat         = <span style="color:#fc0;">medium</span>
+| government_type    = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
-|Nationalities  = [[Han Chinese|Han]] – 82.6%<br />[[Li Chinese|Li]] – 15.84%<br />[[Hmong people|Miao]] – 0.82%<br />[[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] – 0.67%
+| governing_body     = Hainan Provincial People's Congress
-|Dialects       = [[Hainanese]], [[Yue Chinese|Yue]], [[Hlai language|Hlai]]
+| leader_title       = [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Secretary]]
-|Prefectures    = 4
+| leader_name        = [[Feng Fei (politician)|Feng Fei]]
-|Counties       = 20
-|Townships      = 218
+| leader_title1      = Congress Chairman
+| leader_name1       = [[Feng Fei (politician)|Feng Fei]]
-|Website        = {{url|http://www.hi.gov.cn}}
+| leader_title2      = [[Governor (China)|Governor]]
+| leader_name2       = [[Liu Xiaoming (politician)|Liu Xiaoming]]
+| leader_title3      = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman
+| leader_name3       = [[Li Rongcan]]
+| area_footnotes     = <ref name=mofcom>{{cite web|title=Doing Business in China – Survey|url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/|publisher=Ministry of Commerce – People's Republic of China|access-date=5 August 2013}}</ref>
+| area_total_km2     = 35191
+| area_rank          = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by area|28th]]
+| elevation_max_m    = 1840
+| elevation_max_point = [[Wuzhi Mountain|Wuzhi Shan]]
+| elevation_max_ft   =
+| elevation_max_rank =
+| elevation_min_m    =
+| elevation_min_point =
+| elevation_min_ft   =
+| elevation_min_rank =
+| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|date=11 May 2021|title=Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html|access-date=11 May 2021|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]}}</ref>
+| population_total   = 10,081,232
+| population_as_of   = 2020
+| population_rank    = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|28th]]
+| population_density_km2 = auto
+| population_density_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population density|17th]]
+| demographics_type1 = Demographics
+| demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
+| demographics1_title1 = Ethnic composition
+| demographics1_info1 = [[Han Chinese|Han]]: 82.6%<br />[[Li people|Li]]: 15.84%<br />[[Hmong people|Miao]]: 0.82%<br />[[Zhuang people|Zhuang]]: 0.67%
+| demographics1_title2 = Languages and dialects
+| demographics1_info2 = [[Standard Chinese]], [[Hainanese]], [[Yue Chinese|Yue]], [[Be language|Lingao]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Hlai language|Hlai]], [[Miao language|Miao]], [[Tsat language|Tsat]]
+| demographics_type2   = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{normal|(2023)}}<ref name="GDPdata">{{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China|China NBS]]|date=March 2024|access-date=June 22, 2024}} see also {{cite web|url=https://stats.hainan.gov.cn/tjj/tjgb/fzgb/2023/202402/t20240220_3598617.html |title=zh: 2023年海南省国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |publisher=Hainan.gov.cn|date=February 22, 2024|access-date=June 22, 2024}} The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to 1 USD dollar {{cite press release | url=https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202402/t20240228_1947918.html| title=Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development| publisher=China NBS|date=February 29, 2024|access-date=June 22, 2024}}</ref>
+| demographics2_title1 = Total
+| demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 755 billion ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP|28th]])
+<br />[[US$]] 107 billion
+| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
+| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 72,958  ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita|17th]])
+<br />US$ 10,353
+| iso_code           = CN-HI
+| blank_name_sec2    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}}
+| blank_info_sec2    = 0.750<ref name="2013 report">{{cite web|url=http://www.cn.undp.org/content/dam/china/docs/Publications/UNDP-CH-HD-Publication-NHDR_2013_EN_final.pdf|script-title=zh:《2013中国人类发展报告》|year=2013|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] China|language=zh|access-date=14 May 2014|archive-date=11 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611132435/http://www.cn.undp.org/content/dam/china/docs/Publications/UNDP-CH-HD-Publication-NHDR_2013_EN_final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> (<span style="color:#090;">high</span>) ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by Human Development Index|19th]])
+| website            = [http://en.hainan.gov.cn/ English] [http://www.hi.gov.cn/ Chinese]
+| footnotes          =
+| official_name      = Province of Hainan
 }}
 {{Infobox islands
-| name             = Hainan
+| name                            = Hainan Island
-| image name       = Hainan tmo 07feb05 250m.jpg
+| image_name                      = Hainan NASA Terra MODIS 2020-11-13.jpg
+| image_caption                   =
-| image caption    =
-| locator map      =
+| locator_map                     =
-| native name      = 海南岛
+| native_name                     = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|海南岛}}}}
-| native name link = Chinese language
+| native_name_lang                = Chinese
-| location         = [[East Asia]]
+| location                        = [[East Asia]]
-| coordinates      =
+| coordinates                     =
+| island_type                     = [[Island]]
-| archipelago      =
-| length km        = 156
+| length_km                       = 156
-| width km         = 170
+| width_km                        = 170
-| area km2         = 33,210
+| area_km2                        = 33,210
-| rank             = 42nd
+| rank                            = 42nd
-| highest mount    = [[Wuzhi Mountain]]
+| highest_mount                   = [[Wuzhi Mountain]]
-| elevation m     = 1,840
+| elevation_m                     = 1,840
-| country          = People's Republic of China
+| country                         = People's Republic of China
-| country admin divisions title     = [[Province (China)|Province]]
+| country_admin_divisions_title   = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
-| country admin divisions           = Hainan
+| country_admin_divisions         = Hainan
-| country largest city              = [[Haikou]]
+| country_largest_city            = [[Haikou]]
+| country_largest_city_population = 2,873,358
-| country largest city population   = 2,046,189
+| country1                          = Republic of China (claimed)
-| population       = approx. 8,180,000
+| country1_admin_divisions_title_1   = [[History of the administrative divisions of China (1912–1949)#Administrative divisions published after 1949|Special Administrative Region]]
-| population as of =
-| density km2      =
+| country1_admin_divisions_1         = Hainan
+| country1_area_km2                 =
-| ethnic groups    = [[Han Chinese|Han]], [[Li Chinese|Li]], [[Hmong people|Miao]], [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]]
+| population                      = c. 8,180,000
+| population_as_of                =
+| density_km2                     =
+| ethnic_groups                   = [[Han Chinese|Han]], [[Li Chinese|Li]], [[Hmong people|Miao]], [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]], [[Utsul]]
+| footnotes                       =
 }}
 {{Infobox Chinese
-|pic=Hainan (Chinese characters).svg
+| pic = Hainan (Chinese characters).svg
-|piccap="Hainan" in Chinese characters
+| piccap = "Hainan" in Chinese characters
-|picsize=125px
+| picsize = 125px
-|c={{linktext|海南}}
+| c = {{linktext|海南}}
-|p={{Audio|zh-Hainan.ogg|Hǎinán}}
+| p = {{Audio|zh-Hainan.ogg|Hǎinán}}
+| tp = Hǎinán
-|w=Hai<sup>3</sup>-nan<sup>2</sup>
+| w = Hai<sup>3</sup>-nan<sup>2</sup>
-|mi={{IPAc-cmn|h|ai|3|.|n|an|2}}
+| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|h|ai|3|.|n|an|2}}
-|j=Hoi<sup>2</sup>-naam<sup>4</sup>
+| j = hoi2 naam4
-|y=Hói-nàahm
+| y = Hói nàahm
-|l={{nowrap|South of the [[Qiongzhou Strait|Sea]]}}
+| ci = {{IPAc-yue|h|oi|2|-|n|aam|4}}
-|hain              = Hái-nâm
+| l = "South of the [[Qiongzhou Strait|Sea (Qiongzhou Strait)]]"
+| phfs = Hói-nàm
+| poj = Hái-lâm
+| buc = Hāi-nàng
+| hain = Hái-nâm
+| t =
+| s =
+| altname =
+| bpmf = ㄏㄞˇ ㄋㄢˊ
 }}
+{{Infobox Chinese
-{{chinese |title=Hainan Island
+| title = Former names
-|pic=File:Hainan 1820-1875.jpg |piccap=A 19th-century map of Hainan Island
+| altname = Zhuya
-|s={{linktext|海南|岛}} |p=Hǎinán Dǎo |l={{nowrap|Island South of the [[Qiongzhou Strait|Sea]]}}
+| c2 = {{linktext|珠崖}}
+| p2 = Zhūyá
+| tp2 = Jhuyá
+| w2 = {{tone superscript|Chu1-ya2}}
+| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|u|1|.|ya|2}}
+| bpmf2 = ㄓㄨ ㄧㄚˊ
+| j2 = zyu1 ngaai4
+| y2 = Jyū ngàaih
+| ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|z|yu|1|-|ng|aai|4}}
+| l2 = Pearl Cliffs
+| altname3 = Qiongya
+| s3 = {{linktext|琼崖}}
+| t3 = {{linktext|瓊崖}}
+| p3 = Qióngyá
+| tp3 = Cyóngyá
+| w3 = {{tone superscript|Ch'iung2-ya2}}
+| mi3 = {{IPAc-cmn|q|iong|2|.|ya|2}}
+| bpmf3 = ㄑㄩㄥˊ ㄧㄚˊ
+| j3 = king4 ngaai4
+| y3 = Kìhng ngàaih
+| ci3 = {{IPAc-yue|k|ing|4|-|ng|aai|4}}
+| l3 = Jade Cliffs
+| altname4 = Qiongzhou
+| s4 = {{linktext|琼州}}
+| t4 = {{linktext|瓊州}}
+| p4 = Qióngzhōu
+| tp4 = Cyóngjhou
+| w4 = {{tone superscript|Ch'iung2-chou1}}
+| mi4 = {{IPAc-cmn|q|iong|2|.|zh|ou|1}}
+| bpmf4 = ㄑㄩㄥˊ ㄓㄡ
+| j4 = king4 zau1
+| y4 = Kìhng jāu
+| ci4 = {{IPAc-yue|k|ing|4|-|z|au|1}}
+| l4 = Jade [[Zhou (country subdivision)|Prefecture]]
+| c =
+| t =
+| s =
+| p =
+| j =
+| mi =
+| ci =
 }}
+'''Hainan'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|h|ai|'|n|ae|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|n|ɑː|n}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Hainan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519015411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Hainan |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2021 |title=Hainan |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> <!-- details in infobox -->{{zh|s={{Audio|Hainan.ogg|海南|help=no}}}}}} is an [[island]] [[provinces of China|province]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC),<!--do not change to short form due to acronym being used later--> consisting of the [[eponymous]] '''Hainan Island''' and various smaller islands in the [[South China Sea]] under the province's administration. It is the southernmost province of China, and the name means "south of the sea", reflecting the island's position south of the [[Qiongzhou Strait]], which separates it from [[Leizhou Peninsula]] of the [[Chinese mainland]].
-{{chinese |title=Former names
-|altname=Zhuya |l2=Pearl Cliffs |c2={{linktext|珠崖}} |p2=Zhūyá
-|altname3=Qiongya |l3=Jade Cliffs |s3={{linktext|琼崖}} |t3={{linktext|瓊崖}} |p3=Qióngyá
-|altname4=Qiongzhou |l4=Jade [[zhou (administrative subdivision)|Prefecture]] |t4={{linktext|瓊州}} |s4={{linktext|琼州}} |p4=Qióngzhōu
-}}
-{{stack end}}
-'''Hainan'''<!--Chinese in infobox--> is the smallest and southernmost [[Provinces of the People's Republic of China|province]] of the [[People's Republic of China]], consisting of various islands in the [[South China Sea]]. {{nowrap|'''Hainan Island'''}}, separated from [[Guangdong]]'s [[Leizhou Peninsula]] by the [[Qiongzhou Strait]], is the largest [[islands of China|Chinese island]] and makes up the majority of the province. The province has an area of {{convert|33920|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}, with Hainan Island making up {{Convert|32900|km2|mi2|-2|sp=us}} (97%) and the rest divided among two hundred islands scattered across three archipelagos. It was administered as part of [[Guangdong]] until 1988, when it became a separate province; around the same time, it was made the largest [[Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China|Special Economic Zone]] established by [[Deng Xiaoping]] as part of the [[Opening Up Policy|Opening Up of China]]. There are a total of ten major cities and ten [[County (People's Republic of China)|counties]] in Hainan Province. [[Haikou]] on the northern coast of Hainan Island is the capital while [[Sanya]] is a well-known tourist destination on the southern coast. The other major cities are [[Wenchang]], [[Qionghai]], [[Wanning]], [[Wuzhishan City|Wuzhishan]], [[Dongfang, Hainan|Dongfang]], and [[Danzhou]].
+The province has a land area of {{convert|33920|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}, of which Hainan Island is {{Convert|32900|km2|mi2|-2|sp=us}} and the rest is over 200 islands scattered across three [[archipelagos]]: [[Zhongsha Islands|Zhongsha]], [[Xisha Islands|Xisha]] and [[Nansha Islands|Nansha]]. It was part of [[Guangdong]] from 1950 to 1988, after which it was made a province of its own and was designated as a [[special economic zones of China|special economic zone]] by [[Deng Xiaoping]], as part of the [[Chinese economic reform]] program.
-China's [[Nine-dash line|controversial claims]] in the [[South China Sea]], including the [[Nansha Islands|Nansha]] and [[Xisha Islands]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13748349|title=Why is the South China Sea contentious? - BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-08-16}}</ref> are notionally administered as part of the province.
-{{anchor|Name|Etymology}}
-==Names==
-The provincial name derives from its major island, Hainan, which is named for its position south of the [[Qiongzhou Strait]]. (To the north of the strait, the [[Leizhou Peninsula]] in Guangdong is also known as ''Haibei'' or "North of the Sea".) Former names for Hainan Island include '''Zhuya''', '''Qiongya''', and '''Qiongzhou'''. The later two gave rise to the [[Chinese abbreviations|provincial abbreviation]] {{lang|zh|{{linktext|瓊}}}} or {{lang|zh|{{linktext|琼}}}} (''Qióng'').
+Indigenous peoples such as the [[Hlai people|Hlai]], a [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai]]-speaking [[ethnic group]], are native to the island and compose 15% of the population. Their native languages include the [[Hlai languages]]. The Hlai are recognized by the Chinese government as one of the country's 56 [[List of ethnic groups in China|ethnic groups]]. The [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] population, who compose a majority of the population at 82%, speak a wide variety of languages including [[Standard Chinese]], [[Hainanese|Hainam Min]], [[Yue Chinese]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka Chinese]], etc.<ref>Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' (20th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Chinese, Min Nan.</ref> Speakers of [[Be language|Be]], despite speaking a Kra-Dai language, are reckoned officially as ethnically Chinese. Hainan is also home to the [[Jiamao language]], of disputed provenance.
-==History==
+There are ten major cities and ten [[Counties of China|counties]] in Hainan Province. The capital of the province is [[Haikou]], on the northern coast of Hainan Island, while [[Sanya]] is a well-known tourist destination on the southern coast. The other major cities are [[Wenchang]], [[Sansha]], [[Qionghai]], [[Wanning]], [[Wuzhishan City|Wuzhishan]], [[Dongfang, Hainan|Dongfang]] and [[Danzhou]].
-===Prehistoric Era===
-Hainan island was formed after it physically broke away from [[Vietnam]] due to [[volcano eruption]] and drifted southeast near China after the [[Mesozoic period]], millions of years ago.<ref> [http://m.scmp.com/news/china/article/1938422/chinas-southern-island-hainan-born-out-vietnam-millions-years-ago-study]</ref>
-Hainan was originally attached to the northeastern part of Vietnam.
+According to China's [[nine-dash line|territorial claims]], several disputed territories in the [[South China Sea]], including the [[Spratly Islands]] (''Nansha'') and [[Paracel Islands]] (''Xisha''),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13748349|title=Why is the South China Sea contentious? – BBC News|work=BBC News|date=12 July 2016|language=en-GB|access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> are administered under Sansha city of the province. While the Paracels are fully under China's control, many of the Spratly Islands are controlled by other countries, such as [[Vietnam]] and the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea |url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/territorial-disputes-south-china-sea |website=Global Conflict Tracker |access-date=9 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
-===Imperial Era===
-Hainan Island first entered written [[history of China|history]] in 110 BC, when the [[Han dynasty]] of China established a military [[garrison]] there following the arrival of [[Lu Bode|General Lu Bode]]. In 46 BC the Han court decided that the conquest was too expensive and abandoned the island. Around that time, Han Chinese people together with military personnel and officials began to migrate to Hainan Island from the mainland. Among them were the offspring of those who were banished to Hainan for political reasons. Most of them arrived in Hainan Island from the southern Chinese provinces of [[Guangdong]], [[Fujian]] and [[Guangxi]].
+In 2020, a large-scale plan was announced by the Chinese government to transform the entire island province into a [[Free-trade zone|free trade port]], with the aim of turning it into the largest free-trade port in the world by 2035. The plan involves building a hub for offshore financing and duty-free shopping, as well as using lower taxes and reduced visa requirements to help draw in foreign businesses and tourists. Moreover, all goods sold from Hainan to other parts of China would be treated as imports from 2025 onward.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 June 2020|title=Hainan FTZ to Establish China's Biggest Free Trade Port by 2035|url=https://www.china-briefing.com/news/hainan-ftz-masterplan-released-establish-chinas-biggest-free-trade-port-2035/|access-date=1 January 2021|website=China Briefing News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=China's Hainan free trade port: Introducing an innovative tax regime to attract investment|url=https://www.internationaltaxreview.com/article/b1n8bgfxnnnydw/chinas-hainan-free-trade-port-introducing-an-innovative-tax-regime-to-attract-investment|access-date=1 January 2021|website=International Tax Review|date=7 September 2020 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=Exclusive: 'China's Hawaii' plans to ease entry for Hong Kong retailers, goods |url=https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/3209386/hainan-pitches-rules-help-hong-kong-retailers-goods-enter-booming-consumer-market-chinas-hawaii |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=<!--Check author names--> |first= |title=China's Hainan free-trade port tipped to deepen Asean ties |language=en |work=Bangkok Post |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2301366/chinas-hainan-free-trade-port-tipped-to-deepen-asean-ties |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>
-[[Li people]] are the original inhabitants of Hainan. They are believed to be the descendants of the ancient tribes from the mainland, who settled on the island between 7 and 27 thousand years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/46|title=Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders – a perspective from mitochondrial DNA|publisher=BMC Evolutionary Biology|date=15 February 2011|accessdate=February 18, 2011}}</ref>
+==Names==
-The Li people mainly reside in the nine cities and counties in the middle and southern part of Hainan – the cities of Sanya, [[Wuzhishan City|Wuzhishan]] and Dongfang, the Li autonomous counties of [[Baisha Li Autonomous County|Baisha]], Lingshui, Ledong, [[Changjiang Li Autonomous County|Changjiang]], and the 'Li and Miao Autonomous Counties of [[Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County|Qiongzhong]] and [[Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County|Baoting]]'. Some others live elsewhere on Hainan with other ethnic groups in Danzhou, Wanning, Qionghai, Lingshui and Tunchang.
+The provincial name derives from its major island, Hainan, in Hainanese "Hai Nam", which is named after its position south of the [[Qiongzhou Strait]]. (To the north of the strait, the [[Leizhou Peninsula]] in Guangdong is also known as ''Haibei/Hai Bac'' or "North of the Sea".) Former names for Hainan Island include '''Zhuya''', '''Qiongya''', and '''Qiongzhou'''. The latter two gave rise to the [[Chinese abbreviations|provincial abbreviation]] {{lang|zh-hant|{{linktext|瓊}}}} or {{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|琼}}}} (''Qióng/Kheng'').
+During the 17th and 18th centuries, explorers referred to the island as "'''Aynam'''",<ref>{{cite web|title=Map of the Island of Aynam|url=http://www.atlasofmutualheritage.nl/en/object/?id=7512|access-date=2 February 2015|publisher=Atlas of Mutual Heritage}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dampier|first1=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCdDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA8|title=Mr. Dampier's Voyages|publisher=London: James & John Knapton|year=1729|series=Mr.Dampiers Voyages Around the World|volume=2|author-link=William Dampier}}</ref> which remains the pronunciation of its name in the local [[Hainanese]] dialect.
-The area inhabited by the Li ethnic group totals {{convert|18700|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}, about 55 percent of the province's total.<ref name=sunnysanya>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnysanya.com/hainan_island/population_people_hainan_island.asp |title=Population and People of Hainan Island}}</ref>
-[[File:Haikou skyline 2 - 2009 09 07.jpg|thumb|right|[[Haikou]], the capital of the province as seen looking south from [[Evergreen Park (Haikou)|Evergreen Park]], a large park located on the north shore of the city]]
+==History==
-During the [[Three Kingdoms Period]] (184−280), Hainan was the Zhuya Commandery ({{lang|zh|珠崖郡}}) under the control of [[Eastern Wu]].
+[[File:Hainan 1820-1875.jpg|thumb|19th century map of Hainan]]
+===Prehistoric era===
-At the time of the [[Song dynasty]] (980−1279), Hainan became part of [[Guangxi]], and for the first time large numbers of [[Han Chinese]] arrived, settling mostly in the north. Under the [[Yuan dynasty|Mongol Empire]] (1206–1368) the island became an independent province then in 1370 was placed under the administration of [[Guangdong]] by the ruling [[Ming dynasty]]. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, large numbers of Han people from Fujian and Guangdong began migrating to Hainan, pushing the Li into the highlands in the southern half of the island. In the eighteenth century, the Li rebelled against the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]], which responded by bringing in [[mercenaries]] from the [[Miao people|Miao]] regions of [[Guizhou]]. Many of the Miao settled on the island and their descendants live in the western highlands to this day.
+According to some scholars, Hainan was originally attached to the Northeastern part of what is now [[Vietnam]]; however, the island was formed after it physically broke away from [[Vietnam]] due to a [[volcanic eruption]] and drifted southeast near China after the [[Mesozoic]], millions of years ago.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.scmp.com/news/china/article/1938422/chinas-southern-island-hainan-born-out-vietnam-millions-years-ago-study|title=China's southern island of Hainan born out of Vietnam millions of years ago: study|last=Chen|first=Stephen|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
+The [[Baiyue people]] are among the earliest [[Kra-Dai]] residents to arrive on Hainan island. They are believed to have settled there at least 2 to 6 thousand years ago, and carry genetic markers from ancient people who reached the island between 7 and 27 thousand years ago.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders – a perspective from mitochondrial DNA|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|date=15 February 2011|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-11-46|last1=Peng|first1=Min-Sheng|last2=He|first2=Jun-Dong|last3=Liu|first3=Hai-Xin|last4=Zhang|first4=Ya-Ping|volume=11|issue=1 |page=46|pmid=21324107|pmc=3048540 |bibcode=2011BMCEE..11...46P |doi-access=free }}</ref>
-During the 17th and 18th centuries, explorers referred to the island as "Aynam",<ref>{{cite web
-| title = Map of the Island of Aynam
-| url = http://www.atlasofmutualheritage.nl/en/object/?id=7512
-| publisher=Atlas of Mutual Heritage
-| accessdate = February 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
-| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NCdDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false
-| last1 = Dampier
-| first1 = William
-| author-link = William Dampier
-| title = Mr. Dampier's Voyages
-| volume = 2
-| series = Mr.Dampiers Voyages Around the World
-| year = 1729
-| publisher = London: James & John Knapton}}</ref> which remains the pronunciation of its name in the local [[Hainanese]] dialect.
+===Imperial Era===
-In 1906, the revolutionary leader [[Sun Yat-sen]] proposed that Hainan should become a separate province although this did not happen until 1988.
+Hainan Island was recorded by Chinese officials in 110 BC, when the Western [[Han dynasty]] established a military [[garrison]] there following the arrival of [[Lu Bode|General Lu Bode]]. The process of sinification in Hainan was driven by the conjunction of Han imperial military supremacy and the arrival of Han Chinese military and administrative personnel who chose to settle on the island.   Over the course of many centuries, dynastic Chinese ruling authorities exiled individuals condemned by the imperial courts as criminals or political dissidents were frequently banished to Hainan island and northern Vietnam, regions that were both integral parts governed typically under the jurisdiction of Guangdong province during different Chinese dynasties, where they were subjected to harsh labor in the tropical climate as a form of punishment. One of the most famous exiled individuals was [[Su Shi]], a well-known intellectual, poet, and politician of the Song era, offended many of his colleagues and superiors in the royal court. Shi wrote extensively about his exiled experiences on the island during the 11th century AD. After the 11th century AD, an increasing number of impoverished Han Chinese peasants hailing from various regions of Guangdong province migrated to the Leizhou peninsula and Hainan island  who looked to settle down their roots by seeking greener pastures on new land to establish themselves. This influx displaced the indigenous Li people, who were among the [[Baiyue]] tribes in southern China, driving them out towards the mountainous regions of the southern portion of the island.
-===Republic of China rule===
-Hainan was historically part of Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces and as such was the Qiongya [[Circuit (political division)|Circuit]] ({{lang|zh-hant|瓊崖道}}) under the 1912 establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]]. In 1921, it was planned to become a [[Special administrative regions of China#ROC special administrative regions|special administrative region]] ({{lang|zh-hant|瓊崖特別行政區}}); in 1944, it became Hainan Special Administrative Region with 16 [[County (People's Republic of China)#History|counties]] containing the [[South China Sea Islands]].
-[[File:Hainan people 02.JPG|thumb|right|Hainanese residents in the countryside]]
-During the 1920s and 30s, Hainan was a hotbed of [[Communist Party of China|Communist]] activity, especially after a bloody crackdown in [[Shanghai]], the Republic of China in 1927 drove many [[Communists]] into hiding. The Communists and the Li natives fought a vigorous [[guerrilla]] campaign against the [[Hainan Island Operation|Japanese occupation of Hainan]] (1939–45), but in retaliation over one third of the male population were killed by the Japanese with the Li ethnic minority suffering greatly. [[Feng Baiju]] led the [[Hainan Independent Column]] of fighters throughout the 1930s and 1940s.  After the Japanese surrender in 1945 the [[Guomindang|Nationalist Party (KMT)]] re-established control. Hainan was one of the last areas of China controlled by the Republic of China.
-===People's Republic of China rule===
+===Republic of China===
-From March to May 1950, the [[Landing Operation on Hainan Island]] captured the island for the [[Communist Party of China|Chinese communists]].  Hainan had been left to the command of [[Xue Yue]] after Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan.  [[Feng Baiju]] and his column of guerrilla fighters played an essential role in scouting for the landing operation and coordinated their own offensive from their jungle bases on the island.  This allowed the Hainan takeover to be successful where the [[Battle of Kuningtou|Jinmen]] and [[Battle of Dengbu Island|Dengbu]] assaults had failed in the previous fall.  The takeover was made possible by the presence of a local guerrilla force that was lacking also on [[Taiwan Island|Taiwan]].  Hence, while many observers of the Chinese civil war thought that the fall of Hainan Island to the Communists would be followed shortly by the fall of Taiwan Island, the lack of any communist guerrilla force on Taiwan Island and its sheer distance from the mainland made this impossible, as did the arrival of the [[United States Seventh Fleet|US 7th fleet]] in the [[Taiwan Strait]] after the outbreak of the [[Korean War]] in June.
+Hainan was historically part of Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces and as such was the Qiongya [[Circuit (administrative division)|Circuit]] ({{lang|zh-hant|瓊崖道}}) under the 1912 establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. In 1921, it was planned to become a [[Special administrative regions of China#ROC special administrative regions|special administrative region]] ({{lang|zh-hant|瓊崖特別行政區}}); in 1944, it became Hainan Special Administrative Region with 16 [[Counties of the People's Republic of China#History|counties]], including the [[South China Sea Islands]].
-[[File:Haikou skyline 6 - 2009 09 07.jpg|thumb|right|The capital city of [[Haikou]], although highly populated relative to many other international cities, is geographically quite small, with almost no [[urban sprawl]]. Much of the city limits end abruptly with forest or farm land.]]
+During the 1920s and 30s, Hainan was a hotbed of banditry, many opposition politicians{{clarify|date=February 2023}} were hanged, therefore opposition politicians went into hiding. The Communists and the indigenous [[Hlai people]] fought a vigorous [[guerrilla]] campaign against the Japanese, who were only able to occupy some Hainan territories; but in retaliation the Japanese launched numerous massacres against Hlai villages. [[Feng Baiju]] led the Hainan Independent Column of fighters throughout the 1930s and 1940s. After the Japanese surrender in 1945, the [[Kuomintang]] reestablished control. Hainan was one of the last areas to eventually come under the administration of the People's Republic, having been under the control of [[Republic of China Armed Forces|ROC forces]] until March 1950. The People's Republic [[Battle of Hainan|attacked Hainan]] on 10 April 1950 and attained complete control on 1 May.
-===People's Republic Era===
-On 1 May 1950, under the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]], the Special Administrative Region became an Administrative Region Office ({{lang|zh-hans|海南行政区公署}}), a branch of the Guangdong provincial government.
+===People's Republic of China===
-The Communists resumed development of the island along the lines established by the [[Imperial Japan|Japanese]], but the results were limited by the island's isolation, its humid and [[typhoon]]-prone climate, and its continuing reputation as a place of danger and exile by mainland Chinese. With China's shift in economic policy at the end of the 1970s, Hainan became a focus of attention.
+[[File:爱情海酒店 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|A beachside resort in [[Sanya]], the second largest city in Hainan]]
+On 1 May 1950, under the People's Republic of China, the Hainan Special Administrative Region became an Administrative Region Office ({{lang|zh-hans|海南行政区公署}}), a branch of the Guangdong provincial government. During the mid-1980s, when Hainan Island was still part of Guangdong Province, a fourteen-month episode of marketing zeal by Hainan Special District Administrator Lei Yu<ref>Subsequently Vice Mayor of Shenzhen SEZ (May 1985 to January 1988), Executive Vice Mayor of Guangzhou (January 1988 to April 1992) and Vice Chairman of Guangxi AR (April 1992 to January 1996).</ref> put Hainan's pursuit of provincial status under a cloud. It involved the duty-free imports from [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] of 90,000 Japanese-made cars and trucks at a cost of [[Renminbi|¥]]&nbsp;4.5 billion (US$1.5 billion), and exporting them – with the help of local naval units – to the mainland, making 150% profits. By comparison, only 10,000 vehicles were imported into Hainan since 1950. In addition, it involved further consignments of 2.9 million TV sets, 252,000 videocassette recorders & 122,000 motorcycles. The money was taken from the 1983 central government funds destined for the construction of the island's transportation infrastructure (roads, railways, airports, harbors) over the next ten years.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
+On 1 October 1984, it became the Hainan Administrative Region ({{lang|zh-hans|海南行政区}}), with its own People's Government, and finally as a province separate from [[Guangdong]] four years later. In 1988, when the island was made a separate province, it was designated a [[Special economic zones of China|Special Economic Zone]] in an effort to increase investment.
-During the mid-1980s, when Hainan Island was still part of [[Guangdong]] Province, a fourteen-month episode of marketing zeal by Hainan Special District Administrator Lei Yu<ref>Subsequently Vice Mayor of Shenzhen SEZ (May 1985 to January 1988), Executive Vice Mayor of Guangzhou (January 1988 to April 1992) and Vice Chairman of Guangxi AR (April 1992 to January 1996).</ref> put Hainan's pursuit of provincial status under a cloud. It involved the duty-free imports from [[Hong Kong]] of 90,000 Japanese-made cars and trucks at a cost of [[Renminbi|¥]]&nbsp;4.5 billion (US$1.5 billion), and exporting them – with the help of local naval units – to the mainland, making 150% profits. By comparison, only 10,000 vehicles were imported into Hainan since 1950. In addition, it involved further consignments of 2.9 million TV sets, 252,000 videocassette recorders & 122,000 motorcycles. The money was taken from the 1983 central government funds destined for the construction of the island's transportation infrastructure (roads, railways, airports, harbours) over the next ten years.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
+The central government funds were deemed insufficient by the Hainan authorities for the construction of the island's other infrastructure (e.g. water works, power stations, telecommunications) and had taken a very liberal interpretation of the economic and trade regulations for Hainan and thirteen coastal cities; the regulations did not mention on prohibiting the re-selling of second-hand goods. Some of the proceeds, from unsold units, were later retrieved by the central government to re-finance the special district.
-On October 1, 1984, it became the Hainan Administrative Region ({{lang|zh-hans|海南行政区}}), with a People's Government, and finally as province separate from [[Guangdong]] four years later. In 1988, when the island was made a separate province, it was designated a [[Special Economic Zone]] in an effort to increase investment.
+In June 2020, China announced a master plan for Hainan's free trade port system. Announced by state-owned media Xinhua News Agency, Hainan will "basically establish a free trade port system by 2025 and become more mature by 2035."<ref>{{Cite web|title=China Focus: China releases master plan for Hainan free trade port – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-06/02/c_139105952.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604031928/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-06/02/c_139105952.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2020|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Verde|first=Giacomo|date=2 June 2020|title=Hainan Free Trade Port – 60 Policies for Foreign Investments|url=https://www.fdichina.com/blog/hainan-free-trade-port/|access-date=13 March 2021|website=FDI China|language=en-US}}</ref> [[South China Morning Post]] described such an initiative as an effort of PRC to "replace Hong Kong as the trading entrepôt" while Cheng Shi of ICBC International has refused to accept such a claim.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opinion: Hainan Will Be Its Own Thing, Not Another Hong Kong – Caixin Global|url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-07-02/opinion-hainan-will-be-its-own-thing-not-another-hong-kong-101574754.html|access-date=13 March 2021|website=www.caixinglobal.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 June 2020|title=Questions raised over Hainan free port plan and WTO rules|url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3088593/chinas-massive-hainan-free-trade-port-plan-raises-questions|access-date=13 March 2021|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> Additionally, experts have raised concerns about the question of compliance of global trading practices particularly for this project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 July 2020|title=Questions linger over China's Hainan free-trade hub|url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/global-economy/article/3092477/chinas-hainan-free-trade-port-plan-draws-approval-and|access-date=13 March 2021|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kenderdine|first=Tristan|title=China's Ocean Policy Specialist to Miss Out on 20th Central Committee|url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/chinas-ocean-policy-specialist-to-miss-out-on-20th-central-committee/|access-date=13 March 2021|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
-The central government funds were deemed insufficient by the Hainan authorities for the construction of the island's other infrastructures (water works, power stations, telecommunications, etc.) and had taken a very liberal interpretation of the economic and trade regulations for Hainan and thirteen coastal cities; the regulations did not mention on prohibiting the re-selling of second-hand goods. Some of the proceeds, from unsold units, were later retrieved by the central government to re-finance the special district.
 ==Geography==
+{{See also|Geology of Hainan Island}}
-[[File:Hainan topographical map - cropped.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Topographical map]]
+[[File:Hainan topographical map - cropped.jpg|alt=upright=1.35|thumb|Topographic map of Hainan Island]]
-Hainan, separated by the [[Qiongzhou Strait]] from the [[Leizhou Peninsula]] of [[Guangdong]], is the largest island administered by the [[People's Republic of China]]. The area of Hainan Island ({{Convert|32900|km2|mi2|-2|abbr=on}}, 97% of the province) is similar to that of [[Belgium]]. To the west of Hainan Island is the [[Gulf of Tonkin]]. [[Wuzhi Mountain]] (1,840&nbsp;m) is the highest mountain on the island.
+Hainan, separated by the {{cvt|20|km|adj=on}} wide [[Qiongzhou Strait]] from the [[Leizhou Peninsula]] of [[Guangdong]], is the 42nd largest in the world. The area of Hainan Island ({{Convert|32900|km2|mi2|-2|abbr=on}}, 97% of the province) is slightly smaller than that of [[Taiwan]] Island. To the west of Hainan Island is the [[Gulf of Tonkin]]. [[Wuzhi Mountain]] is the highest mountain on the island at {{convert|1840|m|ft|abbr=on}}.
-Hainan Island measures {{convert|155|km|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|169|km|abbr=on}} wide.
+Hainan Island measures {{convert|288|km|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|180|km|abbr=on}} wide.
+The northern half of Hainan is covered with the ancient [[Hainan Volcanic Field]]. Beneath the topsoil is [[volcanic rock]] while the topsoil itself contains small pieces of this [[Vesicular texture|vesicular]] rock.
-Wetland covers 320,000 hectares, 78,000 hectares of which were created artificially. Most of this is located in the eastern and northern part of Hainan.<ref>http://www.ecns.cn/2016/11-15/233958.shtml</ref>
+Wetland covers 320,000 hectares, 78,000 hectares of which were created artificially. Most of this is located in the eastern and northern part of Hainan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecns.cn/2016/11-15/233958.shtml|title=China's Hainan island has 320,000 hectares of wetland|website=www.ecns.cn}}</ref>
 ===Rivers and lakes===
-Most of the rivers in Hainan originate in the central area of the island and flow radially in different directions. The [[Wanning River]] in the southern part of the island is the largest river surrounding Hainan. It is {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} long. The [[Nandu River]] in the northern part of the island is {{convert|314|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, and its [[tributary]], the [[Xinwu River]], is {{convert|109|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.  The [[Changhua River]] in the west is {{convert|230|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, and the [[Wanquan River]] in the east is {{convert|162|km|mi|abbr=on}} long. Evaporation during the dry season around the coastal areas greatly reduces the flow of the rivers.
+Most of the rivers in Hainan originate in the central area of the island and flow radially in different directions. The [[Nandu River]] in the northern part of the island is {{convert|314|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, and its [[tributary]], the [[Xinwu River]], is {{convert|109|km|mi|abbr=on}} long. Other major rivers include the [[Wanquan River]] at {{convert|162|km|mi|abbr=on}}-long in the east, [[Changhua River]] in the west, and the [[Sanya River|Sanya]] and [[Taiyang River]]s in the south. Evaporation during the dry season around the coastal areas greatly reduces the flow of the rivers.
-There are very few natural lakes in Hainan. There is a well-known artificial [[reservoir (water)|reservoir]], the [[Songtao Reservoir]], in the central-north area.
+There are very few natural lakes in Hainan. However, there are numerous [[reservoir (water)|reservoir]]s, the largest of which is the [[Songtao Reservoir]] in the central-north area.
 ===Islands===
-{{Further information|Islands of Hainan}}
+{{Main|Islands of Hainan}}
 ====Nearby islands====
@@ Line 189: / Line 262: @@
 *[[Xinbu Island]] is located directly to the east of [[Haidian Island]]
-Due to their close proximity to the main island, the flora, fauna, and climate conditions are very similar.
+Due to their close proximity to the main island, the flora, fauna, and the climate are very similar.
 ====Disputed islands====
 {{See also|South China Sea Islands}}
-[[File:South China Sea claims map.jpg|thumb|250px|Maritime claims of [[South China Sea]]]]
+[[File:South China Sea claims map.svg|thumb|Maritime claims of [[South China Sea]]]]
+<!--[[Sansha]]-->
-A number of small islands, which are located hundreds of kilometers to the south, are claimed and administrated by [[Sansha]] as part of Hainan Province.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hainan.gov.cn/code/V3/map |title=电子地图 – 海南省人民政府网站 [Online Map - Hainan People's Government Website] |publisher=Hainan.gov.cn |date= |accessdate=2010-08-09}}</ref> Sovereignty of these islands is however disputed. These islands include:
+{{location map+ |South China Sea |width=250 |float=right
+|caption= Location of the major islands in [[Sansha]] <br />
+Legend： [[File:Black_star.svg|8px]] {{color|black| Black：<big>'''{{nowrap|Sansha (Pref. seat)}}'''</big> [[Woody Island (South China Sea)|Yongxing]]}} [[File:Pink_pog.svg|8px]] Pink：[[Scarborough Shoal|Huangyan]] [[File: Green_pog.svg|8px]] {{color|green|Green：[[Fiery Cross Reef|Yongshu]]}} [[File:Blue_pog.svg|8px]] {{color|blue|Blue：[[Mischief Reef|Meiji]]}} [[File:Purple_pog.svg|8px]] {{color|purple|Purple：[[Subi Reef|Zhubi]]}} [[File: Orange_pog.svg|8px]] {{color|orange|Orange：[[Cuarteron Reef|Huayang]]}} [[File:Yellow_pog.svg|8px]] Yellow：[[Gaven Reefs|Nanxun]] [[File:Red_pog.svg|8px]] {{color|red|Red：[[Johnson South Reef|Chiguo]]}} [[File:Brown_pog.svg|8px]] {{color|brown|Brown：[[Hughes Reef|Dongmen]]}}
+|places=
+{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=10 |lat=16.83 |long=112.34 |label=<!--[[Woody Island (South China Sea)|Yongxing]]--> | mark= Black_star.svg }}
+{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=8 |lat=15.183333 |long=117.766667 |label=<!--[[Scarborough Shoal|Huangyan]]--> | mark= Pink pog.svg }}
+{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=8 |lat=9.616667 |long=112.966667 |label=<!--[[Fiery Cross Reef|Yongshu]]--> | mark= Green pog.svg }}
+{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=8 |lat=9.9 |long=115.533333 |label=<!--[[Mischief Reef|Meiji]]--> | mark  =Blue pog.svg}}
+{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=8 |lat=10.9133 |long=114.062 |label=<!--[[Subi Reef|Zhubi] --> | mark= Purple pog.svg }}
+{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=5 |lat=8.883333 |long=112.851389 |label=<!--[[Cuarteron Reef|Huayang]]--> | mark= Orange pog.svg }}
+{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=5 |lat=10.213889 |long=114.233333 |label=<!--[[Gaven_Reefs|Nanxun]]--> | mark= Yellow pog.svg }}
+{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=5 |lat=9.715 |long=114.287 |label=<!--[[Johnson South Reef|Chiguo]]--> | mark  =Red pog.svg}}
+{{location map~ |South China Sea |marksize=5 |lat=9.883333 |long=114.45 |label=<!--[[Hughes Reef |Dongmen]]--> | mark= Brown pog.svg}}
+}}
+<!--[[Sansha]]-->
+A number of small islands, which are located hundreds of kilometers to the south, are claimed and administered by [[Sansha]] as part of Hainan Province.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hainan.gov.cn/code/V3/map |script-title=zh:电子地图 – 海南省人民政府网站 |publisher=Hainan People's Government |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805085902/http://hainan.gov.cn/code/V3/map/ |archive-date=5 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sovereignty of these islands is however disputed. These islands include:
 *[[Paracel Islands]] Xisha Islands – "The West-sands" – claimed by [[Vietnam]], the PRC and the [[Republic of China|Republic of China (Taiwan, ROC)]]
@@ Line 203: / Line 293: @@
 **[[Woody Island, South China Sea]]
 *[[Zhongsha Islands]] – "The Middle-sands"
-*[[Spratly Islands]] – Nansha Islands – "The South-sands" are subject to claims by Vietnam, the PRC, ROC, [[Malaysia]], [[The Philippines]], and [[Brunei]].
+*[[Spratly Islands]] – Nansha Islands – "The South-sands" are subject to claims by Vietnam, the PRC, ROC, [[Malaysia]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Brunei]].
 **[[Spratly Island]]
 **[[Flat Island (Spratly)]]
@@ Line 216: / Line 306: @@
 ===Environment===
-Compared to most of mainland China, the air quality of Hainan is far higher{{why?|date=July 2016}}. Throughout 2012, Hainan had the highest air quality in the country for 351 days.<ref name="chinadaily.com.cn">[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2013-06/25/content_16654150.htm Hainan Special: Report: Hainan grew greener in 2012 |IP Special |chinadaily.com.cn<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+Compared to most of mainland China, the air quality of Hainan is significantly better since it is not affected by factory pollution, which has adversely affected the air on the mainland. Throughout 2012, Hainan had the highest air quality in the country for 351 days.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}
-The provincial government's environmental protection campaign has taken action against a number of industrial plants. During 2012, several outdated manufacturing facilities had their business licenses revoked, and 175 cases related to illegal sewage discharge were handled.<ref name="chinadaily.com.cn"/>
+The provincial government's environmental protection campaign has taken action against a number of industrial plants. During 2012, several outdated manufacturing facilities had their business licenses revoked, and 175 cases related to illegal sewage discharge were handled.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}
-Total sulfur dioxide emissions for the province were 34,000 tons in 2012, a 3 percent year-on-year reduction. In 2011, smog emissions were reduced 6.3 percent to 15,000 tons.<ref name="chinadaily.com.cn"/>
+Total sulfur dioxide emissions for the province were 34,000 tons in 2012, a 3 percent year-on-year reduction. In 2011, smog emissions were reduced 6.3 percent to 15,000 tons.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}
+Protected areas include the [[Yinggeling National Nature Reserve|Yinggeling]]-Limushan and [[Wuzhi Mountain|Wuzhishan]]-Diaoluoshan nature reserves.<ref name = oneearth/>
-====Province-wide infrastructure improvements====
-{{multiple image
-   | align = right
-   | direction = horizontal
-   | footer_align      = center
-   | footer = A typical example of a town's improvement. The above images show the same place in [[Guilinyang]] roughly four  and a half years apart.
-   | image1 = Guilinyang downtown 01 - cropped.jpg
-   | caption1  = <center>2012</center>
-   | width1 = 200
-   | image2 = Guilinyang in 2016 09 - 01 cropped.jpg
-   | caption2  =  <center>2016</center>
-   | width2 = 200
-}}
-From 2015 to the present, a widespread program to improve cities and other settlements has been taking place. It includes the removal of litter from towns, villages, and many roadsides. [[Illegal dumping|Small, illegal dumps]] are being removed. Large, plastic dumpsters have been put in place within villages and at countryside road intersections. Towns are being improved with new road and sidewalk surfaces, landscaping features are being created, and many buildings are receiving new façades. This [[Haikou#Massive city-improvement campaign|initiative in Haikou]] has seen entire neighbourhoods demolished and rebuilt, sanitation improved, illegal structures used for business removed, roadside vendors banned, roads and sidewalks replaced, and new street crossings with traffic lights installed.
 ===Climate===
+{{climate chart
-The climate of Hainan varies from subtropical to fully tropical. Northern Hainan, including the island's capital [[Haikou]], has a [[humid subtropical climate]], while most of the rest of the island has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] with warmer annual temperatures the further south a location is. The coldest months are January and February when temperatures drop to {{convert|16|to|21|°C|°F}}; the hottest months are July and August, and the temperatures are {{convert|25|to|29|°C|°F}}. Except for the mountainous regions in the central part of the island, the daily average temperature in Hainan in all months is well above {{convert|10|°C|°F}}, {{citation needed span|and the total number of [[growing degree-day]]s reaches eight thousand to nine thousand degrees Celsius.|date=July 2014}} The summer in the north is hot and, {{citation needed span|for more than 20 days in a year, the temperature can be higher than {{convert|35|°C|°F}}|date=July 2014}}<!--too much maritime moderation to be true-->. The average annual precipitation is {{convert|1500|to|2000|mm|in}} and can be as high as {{convert|2400|mm}} in central and eastern areas, and as low as {{convert|900|mm}} in the coastal areas of the southwest. Parts of Hainan lie in the path of [[typhoon]]s, and 70% of the annual precipitation is derived from typhoons and the summer rainy season. Major flooding occurs due to typhoons, which can cause many problems for local residents.
+| Hainan Island
+| 17| 24| 22
+| 18| 25| 25
+| 20| 28| 39
+| 23| 31| 91
+| 25| 33| 187
+| 26| 33| 193
+| 25| 33| 252
+| 25| 32| 297
+| 24| 31| 308
+| 23| 29| 279
+| 21| 27| 91
+| 18| 24| 48
+| float=right
+| clear=left
+| source = <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date= 30 January 2016|publisher= NASA|archive-date= 10 May 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200510015442/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|url-status= dead}}</ref>
+}}
+The climate of Hainan is mostly tropical. The island's two largest cities, [[Haikou]] and [[Sanya]], both possess a [[Tropical climate|tropical Köppen climate]]. The annual average temperature ranges from {{convert|23|to|28|°C|°F}}, [[Haikou]] is {{convert|24.7|°C|°F}}, [[Sanya]] is {{convert|26.5|°C|°F}}. The coldest months are January when temperatures drop to {{convert|17|to|24|°C|°F}}; the hottest months are June and July, and the temperatures are {{convert|26|to|31|°C|°F}}. The daily average temperature in Hainan in all months is well above {{convert|10|°C|°F}}.
+The summer in the northern part is hotter and, {{citation needed span|(for more than 20 days in a year, the temperature can be higher than {{convert|35|°C|°F}}|date=July 2014}})<!--too much maritime moderation to be true-->. The average annual precipitation is {{convert|1500|to|2000|mm|in|sp=us}} and can be as high as {{convert|2400|mm|sp=us}} in central and eastern areas, and as low as {{convert|900|mm|sp=us}} in the coastal areas of the southwest. Parts of Hainan lie in the path of [[typhoon]]s, and 70% of the annual precipitation is derived from typhoons and the summer rainy season. Major flooding occurs due to typhoons, which can cause many problems for local residents.
 ====Annual fog====
-From January to February, the island of Hainan is affected by thick fog, particularly in coastal areas and the northern part of the island. This is caused by cold winter air from the north coming into contact with the warmer sea, causing the moisture that evaporates from the sea to be condensed into fog. The fog remains from day to night, and is evenly distributed. Visibility may be reduced to 50 metres for days at a time. During this period, residents normally keep windows shut. The moisture in the air is so extreme that the walls in homes weep, and floors often accumulate a layer of water several millimetres deep. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
+From January to February, the island of Hainan is often affected by thick fog, particularly in coastal areas and the northern part of the island. This is caused by cold winter air from the north coming into contact with the warmer sea, causing the moisture that evaporates from the sea to be condensed into fog. The fog remains from day to night, and is evenly distributed. Visibility may be reduced to {{Convert|50|m||sp=us}} for days at a time. During this period, residents normally keep windows shut. The moisture in the air is so extreme that the walls in homes weep, and floors often accumulate a layer of water. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
 ==Flora and fauna==
 [[File:Near Xinlong, Hainan - 01.JPG|thumb|right|This view in [[Wanning]] near the southeast coast is typical of the inland countryside.]]
-Hainan has over {{convert|1,500|km2|abbr=on}} of tropical forest, in which live 4,600 kinds of plants and more than 570 species of animals.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} However, due to an invasion of exotic species, human impact from tourism, deforestation, and the release of pollutants, many species are under threat. A report from the Department of Land, Environment and Resources of Hainan Province states that 200 species are near extinction, with 6 species, such as ''[[Maytenus hainanensis]]'' and ''[[Sciaphila tenella]]'' already extinct.<ref name="english.cri.cn">{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/6909/2012/05/02/2724s696818.htm |title=200 Species on Verge of Extinction in Hainan |publisher=English.cri.cn |date= |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref>
+Hainan has over {{convert|1,500|km2|abbr=on}} of tropical forest, in which can be found over 4,600 types of plants and more than 570 species of animals.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=120597&view=species |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> The nature observation database [[INaturalist|iNaturalist.org]] currently lists 6,687 species of plants, animals and [[Fungus|fungi]] as having been observed on Hainan Island (in 2024).<ref name=":2" /> In modern times, however, the small island's natural balance has been threatened, largely due to the introduction of [[Introduced species|exotic species]], as well as human impacts from [[tourism]], [[deforestation]], and the use of [[herbicide]]s, [[pesticide]]s and other such [[pollutant]]s. A report from the Department of Land, Environment and Resources of Hainan Province states that 200 species are near extinction, with six plant species, such as ''Maytenus hainanensis'' and ''Sciaphila tenella'', having been declared extinct.<ref name="english.cri.cn">{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/6909/2012/05/02/2724s696818.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708010758/http://english.cri.cn/6909/2012/05/02/2724s696818.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |title=200 Species on Verge of Extinction in Hainan |publisher=English.cri.cn |access-date=16 November 2012}}</ref>
+Two ecoregions cover the island. The [[South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests]] cover the lowlands, and extend onto the adjacent mainland. The [[Hainan Island monsoon rainforests]] covers the interior of the island, and includes montane rain forests with a more seasonal climate and more [[deciduous]] trees.<ref name = oneearth>Wikramanayake, Eric. [https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/hainan-island-monsoon-rainforests Hainan Island Monsoon Rainforests]. One Earth. Retrieved 3 January 2024.</ref>
 ===Flora===
-The majority of Hainan's land mass is forest with 61.5 percent coverage (210,000 hectares) reported at the end of 2012. This is an increase of 34,133 hectares since 2011. A further 1,187 hectares grass and trees were planted along the province's highways.<ref name="chinadaily.com.cn"/>
+The majority of Hainan's land area is covered in forest, with 61.5% total coverage. At the end of 2012, nearly 210,000 hectares (518,921 acres) of forest-cover was reported–an increase of {{Convert|34133|ha||abbr=}} from the previous year. A further {{Convert|1187|ha|}} of [[Poaceae|grasses]] and trees have been planted along the province's highways.<ref name="chinadaily.com.cn">GDP-2020 is a preliminary data {{cite press release |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202201/20/WS61e8ca36a310cdd39bc823c1.html |title=China's Hainan sees robust economic growth in 2021 |access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref>
 [[File:Hainan Yellow Lantern Chili 05.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hainan yellow lantern chili]]]]
+There are around 53 [[Genus|genera]], belonging to 29 [[Family (biology)|families]], of wild [[fruit]]s, [[herb]]s and other significant [[crop]]s growing on Hainan—both native and introduced—including several types of [[banana]] (''[[Musa (genus)|Musa]]'' sp.), as well as [[cashew]] (''[[Cashew|Anacardium occidentale]]''), mango (''[[Mangifera indica]]''), fiber agave ([[Sisal|''Agave sisalana'']]), pineapple (''[[Pineapple|Ananas comosus]]''), bitter melon (''[[Momordica charantia]]''), ivy gourd (''[[Coccinia grandis]]''), giant taro (''[[Alocasia macrorrhizos]]''), Asian taro (''[[Alocasia odora|A. odora]]''), Malabar spinach (''[[Basella alba]]'') and papaya (''[[Papaya|Carica papaya]]'').<ref>Gwinnell, Philip; Han, Bin (2010), ''China's Emerging Jewel, Hainan, The Definitive Guide'', {{ISBN|978-7-5501-0016-9}}., p.23-26</ref> Four species of [[Piperaceae|pepper]] grow on the island as well, including the economically significant black pepper (''[[Black pepper|Piper nigrum]]''). At least 25-30 species belonging to the order [[Zingiberales]] grow on Hainan, including numerous types of [[ginger]], [[galangal]], [[Canna (plant)|canna]], [[turmeric]] (''[[Curcuma]]'' sp.) and prayer-plants ([[Marantaceae]]), among others. Coconuts (''[[Coconut|Cocos]]'' sp.) are a fairly common sight along the coastline. [[Tree]]s found on Hainan include at least 18 species of ''[[Ficus]]'', the Hainan white pine (''[[Pinus fenzeliana]]''), Tenasserim pine (''[[Pinus latteri]]'') and several species of orchid tree (''[[Bauhinia]]'').
-There are 53 genera in 29 families of wild and cultivated fruit growing on Hainan Island.<ref>Gwinnell, Philip; Han, Bin (2010), ''China's Emerging Jewel, Hainan, The Definitive Guide'', ISBN 978-7-5501-0016-9., p.23-26</ref> There are few large trees on the island; coconut palms are very common along with other smaller trees. Most of Hainan Island is however covered by forest.
-* [[Hainan yellow lantern chili]] is a pepper similar to the [[Scotch bonnet (pepper)|scotch bonnet]].
+,200 known species of plants are native to the island, including several [[Endemism|endemic]] species, such as those within the genera ''[[Wenchengia]]'' and ''[[Metapetrocosmea]]''.<ref name = oneearth/> Additionally, the ''[[Cathayanthe]]'' and ''[[Chunia]]'' genera are found only on Hainan and in northern Vietnam.
-* [[Hainan white pine]], a species of tree.
-* ''[[Cephalotaxus hainanensis]]'' is a species of plum-yew.
+Notable botanical species include:
+* [[Hainan yellow lantern chili]] — a [[Capsicum|pepper]] similar to the [[Scotch bonnet]].
+* ''[[Cephalotaxus hainanensis]]'' — a species of plum-yew.
 ===Fauna===
+Even with over ten million human inhabitants, Hainan contains several protected areas and wildlife preserves. The most ubiquitous smaller species on the island include such animals as [[frog]]s, [[toad]]s, [[Gekkonidae|geckos]], [[skink]]s, and [[Butterfly|butterflies]]; as with many adjacent tropical regions, the [[Arthropod]]a and [[invertebrate]]s are well-represented here, with [[mosquito]]es naturally being very common at certain times of the year. The swarms of biting, flying insects actually play a key role in island [[food chain]]s and [[ecosystem]]s, not only being consumed by many other species (such as [[bat]]s and [[bird]]s) but serving as [[pollinator]]s for many types of [[flowering plant]]s. Hainan's lakes and waterways are populated with various freshwater fishes, such as [[carp]] and [[catfish]], whose [[Juvenile fish|fry]] readily consume both mosquito eggs and larvae (laid on the water's surface) for sustenance.
-There are numerous protected areas and wildlife preserves on the island. Animals that are ubiquitous throughout the island include frogs, toads, geckos, skinks, and butterflies. Present, but less commonly observed, are snakes ([[Asian palm pit viper]]s and [[red bamboo snake]]), [[Siberian chipmunk]]s, squirrels, and the [[masked palm civet]]. Almost no large animals remain in the wild. The lakes are largely populated with carp and catfish.
+About 100 [[mammal]]ian species are found on Hainan, with the [[Hainan black crested gibbon]] (''Nomascus hainanus''), the [[Hainan hare]] (''Lepus hainanus''), the [[Hainan moonrat|Hainan gymnure]], or moonrat (''Neohylomys hainanensis''), and the [[Hainan flying squirrel]] (''Hylopetes electilis'') all being [[Endemism|endemic]] to the island. Larger native mammals include the [[Asiatic black bear|Asiatic black]] or "moon" bear (''Ursus thibetanus''), [[sambar deer|sambar]] (''Rusa unicolor''), [[Eurasian otter]] (''L. lutra''), the [[crab-eating mongoose]] (''Herpestes urva'') and the [[leopard cat]] (''Felis bengalensis''), which are considered a species of conservation concern.<ref name="oneearth" /> Other mammals include [[Siberian chipmunk]]s (''Tamias sibiricus''), squirrels, [[masked palm civet]]s and the [[yellow-bellied weasel]].
-There are 362 known bird species.<ref name="english.cri.cn"/> Seabirds such as gulls are not generally seen. Egrets are common in agricultural areas. Similar to many subtropical areas, insect species are diverse, and mosquitoes are very common.
+There are 362 known bird species.<ref name="english.cri.cn"/> Seabirds such as gulls are not generally seen. Egrets and [[Black-winged kite]]s are common in agricultural areas. The [[Hainan partridge]], [[white-eared night heron]], [[Hainan leaf warbler]], and [[yellow-billed nuthatch]] are endemic to the island.<ref name = oneearth/>
-* [[Hainan gymnure]] (''Neohylomys hainanensis'' or Hainan moonrat) is a small mammal.
-* [[Hainan partridge]] (''Arborophila ardens'') is a species of bird endemic to Hainan Island.
-* [[Hainan peacock-pheasant]] (''Polyplectron katsumatae'') is an endangered species belonging to the [[Phasianidae]] family.
-* [[Hainan black crested gibbon]] (''Nomascus hainanus'') is one of the world's most endangered primates. [[Seacology]], a non-profit organization in Berkeley, California, United States, initiated a project to protect the highly endangered Hainan gibbon in exchange for scholarships for the children of four villages near [[Bawangling Reserve]].
-* [[Hainan hare]] (''Lepus hainanus'') is a species of hare endemic to Hainan.
-* A subspecies of the [[leopard cat]] (''Prionailurus bengalensis alleni'') is endemic to Hainan.
-* [[Hainan leaf-warbler]] (''Phylloscopus hainanus'') is an Old World warbler in the [[Phylloscopidae]] family.
+Secretive, and sometimes less commonly seen, are the [[Serpentes|snakes]], such as the [[Asian palm pit viper]], the [[red bamboo snake]], and cobras.
-In the ocean, [[sea turtle]]s and [[whale shark]]s are known to migrate in these waters.
+In the seas surrounding Hainan, [[sea turtle]]s and [[whale shark]]s are regular visitors.
-Many whales such as [[North Pacific right whale]]s, western [[gray whale]]s, [[humpback whale]]s, and [[blue whale]]s (all of these are almost extinct in Chinese waters)<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Sanya Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering at The Chinese Academy Of Sciences|title=Identification Guide for Marine Mammals In the South China Sea|url=http://124.16.218.4/index.php|accessdate=2015-01-19}}</ref> were historically seen in the winter and spring to mate and calve. These gentle giants of the sea had been hunted heavily and were wiped out by Japanese whalers (established whaling stations on various sites on Chinese and Korean coasts including Hainan and [[Daya Bay]]). A few [[Bryde's whale]]s and [[minke whale]]s may still occur in the adjacent waters along with on [[Leizhou Peninsula]] and the [[Gulf of Tonkin]].<ref>中华人民共和国濒危物种科学委员会. [濒危物种数据库 - 鳀鲸 Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879]. the [[CITES]]. Retrieved on December 07. 2014</ref><ref>Wang Pei Lei (王丕烈). 1984. [http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFD1984-BIRD198406018.htm 中国近海鲸类的分布]. 辽宁省海洋水产研究所 (Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute). 中国知网 (the CNKI.NET). Retrieved on December 07. 2014</ref> Smaller species of [[whale]] and [[dolphin]]s, such as [[short-finned pilot whale]]s<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/environment/news/2008-08/06/content_16144578.htm Injured whale could survive after intensive care - china.org.cn<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[pantropical spotted dolphin]]s,<ref>[http://cetabase.blogspot.jp/2011/08/jun-22nd-2011-pantropical-spotted.html Jun 22nd, 2011 - Pantropical Spotted Dolphin, Renee, Gives Birth in China ~ Cetabase - Cetacean News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> but most notably the endangered [[Chinese white dolphin]]. Declared sanctuary for the species extends along the coasts.
+Hainan island has rich bio-diversity of [[cetacean]]s and is the site of studying these in Chinese waters.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://old.csdata.org/finalPDF/31/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E5%B2%9B%E9%B2%B8%E7%B1%BB%E6%90%81%E6%B5%85%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93%EF%BC%881993%EF%BD%9E2015%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89.pdf |script-title=zh:海南岛鲸类搁浅记录数据库（1993 ～ 2015 年） |script-journal=zh:中国科学数据 |year=2016 |volume=2 |doi=10.11922/csdata.170.2015.0029 |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305194332/http://old.csdata.org/finalPDF/31/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E5%B2%9B%E9%B2%B8%E7%B1%BB%E6%90%81%E6%B5%85%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93%EF%BC%881993%EF%BD%9E2015%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many whales such as [[North Pacific right whale]]s, western [[gray whale]]s, [[humpback whale]]s, and [[blue whale]]s (all of these are almost extinct in Chinese waters)<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Sanya Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering at The Chinese Academy Of Sciences|title=Identification Guide for Marine Mammals In the South China Sea|url=http://124.16.218.4/index.php|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119085559/http://124.16.218.4/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> were historically seen in the winter and spring to mate and calve. These gentle giants of the sea had been hunted heavily and were wiped out by Japanese whalers (established whaling stations on various sites on Chinese and Korean coasts including Hainan and [[Daya Bay]]). A few [[Bryde's whale]]s and [[minke whale]]s may still occur in the adjacent waters along with on [[Leizhou Peninsula]] and the [[Gulf of Tonkin]].<ref>{{lang|zh-hans|中华人民共和国濒危物种科学委员会}}. [{{lang|zh-hans|濒危物种数据库 – 鳀鲸}} Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879]. the [[CITES]]. Retrieved on 7 December 2014</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wang |first1=Peilei (王丕烈) |year=1984 |url=http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFD1984-BIRD198406018.htm |script-title=zh:中国近海鲸类的分布 |publisher={{lang|zh-hans|辽宁省海洋水产研究所}} (Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute) |website=CNKI.NET |access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> Smaller species of [[whale]] and [[dolphin]]s, such as [[short-finned pilot whale]]s<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/environment/news/2008-08/06/content_16144578.htm|title=Injured whale could survive after intensive care|website=[[China Internet Information Center]]|access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> and [[pantropical spotted dolphin]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cetabase.blogspot.jp/2011/08/jun-22nd-2011-pantropical-spotted.html|title=Blogger|website=cetabase.blogspot.jp}}</ref> but most notably the endangered [[Chinese white dolphin]]. Declared sanctuary for the species extends along the coasts. These dolphins may appear among clearer waters such as vicinity to [[Sanya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hnfjz.com/about-op-con-gid-182148398614.html |script-title=zh:海南海洋生态保护良好，成为大型珍稀海洋动物的“乐园” |website=hnfjz.com |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305201126/http://www.hnfjz.com/about-op-con-gid-182148398614.html |archive-date=5 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}.</ref>
 [[Dugong]]s still occur in small number, mostly on [[Gulf of Tonkin]] side.
+Notable species include:
+* [[Hainan gymnure]] (''Neohylomys hainanensis'' or Hainan moonrat) is a small mammal.
+* [[Hainan partridge]] (''Arborophila ardens'') is a species of bird endemic to Hainan Island.
+* [[Hainan peacock-pheasant]] (''Polyplectron katsumatae'') is an endangered species of the family [[Phasianidae]].
+* [[Hainan black crested gibbon]] (''Nomascus hainanus'') is one of the world's most endangered primates. [[Seacology]], a non-profit organization in Berkeley, California, United States, initiated a project to protect the highly endangered Hainan gibbon in exchange for scholarships for the children of four villages near [[Hainan Bawangling National Nature Reserve]].
+* [[Hainan hare]] (''Lepus hainanus'') is a species of hare endemic to Hainan.
+* A subspecies of the [[leopard cat]] (''Prionailurus bengalensis alleni'') is endemic to Hainan.
+* [[Hainan leaf-warbler]] (''Phylloscopus hainanus'') is an Old World warbler in the family [[Phylloscopidae]].
+* [[Amolops torrentis|Little torrent frog]] (''Amolops torrentis'') is a species of frog found only on Hainan Island.
 ==Demographics==
-[[File:Hainan ethnolinguistic 1967.png|right|thumb|Historical ethnolinguistic groups on Hainan, 1967 map<br/>{{smaller|([[:File:China ethnolinguistic 1967.jpg|Link to entire map]] including key)}}.]]
+[[File:Hainan ethnolinguistic 1967.png|right|thumb|Historical ethnolinguistic groups on Hainan, 1967 map. The dark green region is dominated by the [[Hainanese]] varieties of [[Min Chinese]], while people in the light green region mainly speak [[Hlai languages|Li/Hlai languages]] <br />{{smaller|([[:File:China ethnolinguistic 1967.jpg|Link to entire map]] including key)}}.]]
-The population density of Hainan is low compared to most Chinese coastal provinces.
+The population density of Hainan is low compared to most coastal Chinese provinces.
-In 2000, the ethnic groups of Hainan included the [[Han Chinese]], known as the [[Hainanese people]], who are the majority (84% of the population); the [[Li people|Li (Hlai)]] (14.7% of the population); the [[Miao people|Miao]] (0.7%) and the [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] (0.6%).{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} The Li are the largest indigenous group on the island in terms of population. Also found on the island are the [[Utsul]]s, descendants of [[Cham people (Asia)|Cham]] refugees, who are classified as [[Hui people|Hui]] by the Chinese government. There is a [[Tanka people|Tanka community]] that live at Sanya Bay.<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/2011-02/24/content_12068512.htm 'Water gypsies' fear lifestyle sea change -]</ref>
+In 2000, the ethnic groups of Hainan included the Han-Chinese [[Hainan people|Hainanese]], who are the majority (84% of the population) and speak the Min language, the [[Li people|Li (Hlai)]] (14.7% of the population); the [[Miao people|Miao]] (0.7%) and the [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] (0.6%).{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} The Li are the largest indigenous group on the island in terms of population. Also found on the island are the [[Utsul]]s, descendants of [[Cham people (Asia)|Cham]] refugees, who are classified as [[Hui people|Hui]] by the Chinese government because of their Islamic religion. There is a [[Tanka people|Tanka community]] that live at Sanya Bay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/2011-02/24/content_12068512.htm|title='Water gypsies' fear lifestyle sea change|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>
+The Li people mainly reside in the nine cities and counties in the middle and southern part of Hainan – the cities of Sanya, [[Wuzhishan City|Wuzhishan]] and Dongfang, the Li autonomous counties of [[Baisha Li Autonomous County|Baisha]], Lingshui, Ledong, [[Changjiang Li Autonomous County|Changjiang]], and the 'Li and Miao Autonomous Counties of [[Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County|Qiongzhong]] and [[Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County|Baoting]]'. Some others live elsewhere on Hainan with other ethnic groups in Danzhou, Wanning, Qionghai, Lingshui and Tunchang. The area inhabited by the Li ethnic group totals {{convert|18700|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}, about 55 percent of the province's total.<ref name=sunnysanya>{{cite web |url=http://www.sunnysanya.com/hainan_island/population_people_hainan_island.asp |title=Population and People of Hainan Island |access-date=4 June 2009 |archive-date=6 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306012317/http://www.sunnysanya.com/hainan_island/population_people_hainan_island.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Although they are indigenous to the island and do not speak a Chinese language, the [[Ong-Be language|Limgao (Ong-Be)]] people near the capital (8% of the population) are counted as Han Chinese.
+[[File:Haikou skyline 2 - 2009 09 07.jpg|thumb|right|[[Haikou]], the capital of the province as seen looking south from [[Evergreen Park (Haikou)|Evergreen Park]], a large park located on the north shore of the city]]
+Although they are indigenous to the island and do not speak a Chinese language, the [[Ong-Be language|Limgao (Ong-Be)]] people near the capital (8% of the Hainan population) are counted as Han Chinese by the Chinese government.
 ===Religion===
-[[File:East Mosque in Sanya, China.jpg|thumb|The East Mosque in [[Sanya]], a [[Islam in China|Chinese-Islamic architecture]].]]
+[[File:East Mosque in Sanya, China.jpg|thumb|The East Mosque in [[Sanya]] is an example of [[Islam in China|Chinese-Islamic]] architecture.]]
-Most of the Hainanese population practices [[Chinese folk religion]] and [[Chinese Buddhism]]. The [[Li people|Li]] population has a [[Theravada]] Buddhist minority. Most of the [[Utsul]]s of the island, a branch of [[Cham people]] living near [[Sanya]], are [[Muslim]]s. Because Hainan was a point in the travel route of missionaries, there are some [[Christian]]s. According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009, Christians constitute 0.48% of the province's population.<ref name="Wang2015">China General Social Survey (CGSS) 2009. Report by: [https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15)]</ref>
+Most of the Hainanese population practices [[Chinese folk religion]] and [[Chinese Buddhism]]. The [[Li people|Li]] population has a [[Theravada]] Buddhist minority. Most of the [[Utsul]]s of the island, a branch of [[Cham people]] living near [[Sanya]], are [[Muslim]]s. Because Hainan was a point in the travel route of missionaries, there are some [[Christians]]. According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009, Christians constitute 0.48% of the province's population.<ref name="Wang2015">China General Social Survey (CGSS) 2009. Report by: [https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123928/https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 |date=25 September 2015 }}</ref>
-Nanshan Park is the centre of Buddhism on Hainan Island. Encompassing more than {{convert|50|km2|abbr=on}} of rainforest, the site includes countless grand temples, statues and spiritual gardens the likes of Saviour Garden and Longevity Valley, with intricately trimmed hedges and abundant in lotus flowers, a venerated symbol in Buddhism meaning virtue or purity.
+Nanshan Park is the center of Buddhism on Hainan. Encompassing more than {{convert|50|km2|abbr=on}} of forest. The site includes countless grand temples, statues and spiritual gardens the likes of Savior Garden and Longevity Valley, with intricately trimmed hedges and abundant in lotus flowers, a venerated symbol in Buddhism meaning virtue or purity.
-At the heart of the valley is the grand [[Nanshan Temple (Sanya)|Nanshan Temple]], its gates flanked by stone figures of Buddha in front of the Tang Dynasty-style entrance. The interior displays images of the Four Heavenly Kings amid statues of other deities enshrined in renderings of stone, gold and jade.
+At the heart of the valley is the grand [[Nanshan Temple (Sanya)|Nanshan Temple]], its gates flanked by stone figures of Buddha in front of the Tang dynasty-style entrance. The interior displays images of the Four Heavenly Kings amid statues of other deities enshrined in renderings of stone, gold and jade.
-Perhaps the most popular site within the Nanshan Buddhist Cultural Zone is the awe-inspiring stone rendering of the bodhisattva Guan Yin, emerging out of the South China Sea to stand at 108 metres, taller than the statue of liberty.
+Perhaps{{Weasel inline|date=February 2023}} the most popular{{According to whom|date=February 2023}} site within the Nanshan Buddhist Cultural Zone is the awe-inspiring{{According to whom|date=February 2023}} stone rendering of the Bodhisattva Guan Yin, emerging out of the South China Sea to stand at 108 meters{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}, taller than the [[Statue of Liberty]]{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}.
-The Nanshan Buddhist Cultural Zone is visited by thousands of tourists and pilgrims each year who come pay homage to the site that plays a significant role in the religion in China and to sample some of the finest Buddhist vegan cuisine on the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wenewsit.com/2011/06/spirituality-by-the-sea-in-hainan/ |title=wenewsit.com |publisher=wenewsit.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref>
+The Nanshan Buddhist Cultural Zone is visited by thousands of tourists and pilgrims each year who come pay homage to the site that plays a significant role in the religion in China and to sample some of the finest Buddhist vegan cuisine on the island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wenewsit.com/2011/06/spirituality-by-the-sea-in-hainan/ |title=wenewsit.com |publisher=wenewsit.com |access-date=12 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921112717/http://wenewsit.com/2011/06/spirituality-by-the-sea-in-hainan/ |archive-date=21 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 ===Languages===
+Most people in Hainan speak a variety of [[Min Chinese]] known as [[Hainanese]]. Other Chinese varieties and non-Chinese languages are spoken as well:
-{{cleanup|section|date=February 2011}}
-The Han Chinese of Hainan speak a variant of the [[Min Nan]] Chinese language, known as [[Hainanese]]. In addition, the national standard ''[[Putonghua]]'' is understood and spoken by most people, and [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]] is understood by some local Hainanese.
-The [[Li people|Li]], the [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] and the [[Ong-Be language|Limgao (Ong-Be)]] speak [[Tai–Kadai languages]].
-The [[Miao people|Miao]] speak [[Hmong–Mien]] languages. These groups would usually speak ''Putonghua'' as a second language.
+* [[Standard Mandarin]] (''Putonghua'') is widely known as in the rest of China. Mandarin is especially common in the city of [[Sanya]].
-,500 people in the villages of [[Yanglan]] ({{lang|zh-hans|羊栏}}) and [[Huixin]] ({{lang|zh|回新}}), two villages on the outskirts of Sanya, speak the [[Tsat language]], a member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] [[Chamic languages]].
+** In [[Yancheng|Yacheng City]] (as well as its vicinity several dozen miles west of Huihui and Huixin), the so-called [[military speech]] dialect of Mandarin (the official language of the southwest among the northern Chinese dialects) is spoken.
+* [[Cantonese]] is spoken by some, particularly in [[Haikou]].
+* In [[Yanglan Village]] in the northeast, two Min dialects, both closely related to Cantonese, are spoken: the [[Mai dialect]] and the [[Danzhou dialect]], spoken in Haipo Village in the south, which is the same dialect as the dialect spoken in Danzhou in Dan Country in the northern part of the island.
+* The [[Li people|Li]], [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] and [[Ong-Be language|Limgao]] speak [[Tai–Kadai languages]].
+* The [[Miao people|Miao]] speak [[Hmong–Mien]] languages.
+* There are roughly 4,500 [[Utsul]] people living in the villages of [[Yanglan]] ({{lang|zh-hans|羊栏}}) and [[Huixin]] ({{lang|zh|回新}}), two villages on the outskirts of Sanya. They speak the [[Tsat language]], a member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] [[Chamic languages]].
+==== Sociolinguistics ====
-Adults who are members of a minority also have quite high literacy skills in Chinese. Most adults speak several Chinese dialects, and some also speak Li. In old Yacheng City and its vicinity as well as for several dozen miles west of Huihui and Huixin, the so-called military speech (the official language of the southwest among the northern Chinese dialects) is spoken. In Yanglan Village to the northeast, two Min dialects, both closely related to Cantonese, are spoken: the [[Mai dialect]] and the [[Danzhou dialect]], spoken in Haipo Village in the south, which is the same dialect as the dialect spoken in Danzhou in Dan Country in the northern part of the island. From the east to the west along the seashore, the Hainanese dialect is used. In Sanya City itself one sometimes finds speakers of Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese.
+Standard Mandarin serves as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' between different ethnic groups. Adults who are members of a minority also have quite high literacy skills in Chinese. Most adults speak several Chinese dialects, and some also speak [[Li language|Li]].
-The general public can also use [[Standard Chinese]] to communicate with mainlanders. When Chams interact with the Hainanese dialect speakers from within Hainan Province, they use the Hainanese dialect, though youngsters generally use Mandarin. Not many can communicate in Li when interacting with the Li, so the Hainanese dialect or Mandarin is often used. In the market place and within the Sanya Municipality, the Cham speakers use Cham among themselves, and when they interact with speakers of other languages, they mostly use the Hainanese dialect. However, in the market places near the government seat of Yanglan Township, the Chams either use the Hainanese dialect or the Mai dialect.<ref name = "Thurgood 2006">Thurgood, Graham. [http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers/thurgood-LanguageContact.pdf "Sociolinguistics and contact-induced language change: Hainan Cham, Anong, and Phan Rang Cham."]. 2006.  Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, 17–20 January 2006, Palawan, Philippines. Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL International.</ref>
+When Chams interact with the Hainanese dialect speakers from within Hainan Province, they use the Hainanese dialect, though youngsters generally use Mandarin. Not many can communicate in Li, so the Hainanese dialect or Mandarin is often used.
+In the market place and within the Sanya Municipality, the Cham speakers use Cham among themselves, and with others mostly use the Hainanese dialect. However, in the market places near the government seat of Yanglan Township, the Chams either use the Hainanese dialect or the Mai dialect.<ref name="Thurgood 2006">Thurgood, Graham. [http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers/thurgood-LanguageContact.pdf "Sociolinguistics and contact-induced language change: Hainan Cham, Anong, and Phan Rang Cham."]. 2006.  Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, 17–20 January 2006, Palawan, Philippines. Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL International.</ref>
+===Life expectancy and longevity===
+The people of Hainan live longer than those on the mainland. At the end of 2017, there were 1,565 [[centenarian]]s in Hainan. For every 100,000 people in the province, 17.13 were centenarians. As of 8 March 2018, there were 287,700 residents over 80 years of age, making up 3.15% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/30/c_137641618.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070445/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/30/c_137641618.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2018|title=More than 1,500 centenarians live in south China's Hainan – Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref>
 ==Government==
+[[File:“朱庐执刲”银印.JPG|thumb|[[Han dynasty]] seal unearthed in Hainan in 1984]]
-Even while Hainan Island was a part of [[Guangdong]] it had a considerable amount of local autonomy; the southern half of the island was an [[autonomous prefecture]]. Hainan's elevation to provincial level in 1988 increased its [[accountability]] to the [[Central People's Government]], but by designating the new province a [[special economic zone]] the central government expressed its intent to allow Hainan maximum flexibility in devising programs to facilitate [[foreign direct investment|foreign investment]] and [[economic growth]]. Administratively, the province has been divided into five economic major districts.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
+[[File:“朱庐执刲”银印 阴刻.JPG|thumb|Han seal text: "Zhulu zhikui" – Zhuya commandery was abolished in 46 BC and reorganized as Zhulu county under [[Hepu Commandery]]]]
+Even while Hainan Island was a part of [[Guangdong]] it had a considerable amount of local autonomy; the southern half of the island was an [[autonomous prefecture]]. Hainan's elevation to provincial level in 1988 increased its [[accountability]] to the [[Central People's Government]], but by designating the new province a [[Special economic zones of China|special economic zone]] the central government expressed its intent to allow Hainan maximum flexibility in devising programs to facilitate [[foreign direct investment|foreign investment]] and [[economic growth]]. Administratively, the province has been divided into five economic major districts.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
 ===Politics===
-{{Main article|Politics of Hainan|List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China}}
+{{Main|Politics of Hainan|List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China}}
 The politics of Hainan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in [[mainland China]].
-The [[Governor of Hainan]] is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hainan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Hainan [[Communist Party of China]] Provincial Committee Secretary or [[CPC Party Chief]].
+The [[Governor of Hainan]] is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hainan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Hainan [[Chinese Communist Party]] Provincial Committee Secretary or [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Party Chief]]. The current Hainan Party Chief is [[Shen Xiaoming]].
+===Legislation===
+On 13 April 1988, the First Session of the Seventh [[National People's Congress]] decided to establish Hainan Province, and at the same time granted the Hainan Provincial People's Congress and its Standing Committee special legislative power.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/2018-04/08/c_1122651375.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409083147/http://www.xinhuanet.com/2018-04/08/c_1122651375.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2018|title = 海南用好特区立法权为发展"保驾护航"-新华网}}</ref>
+After the 2019 free trade port plan is proposed, Hainan can enact legislation in economic, cultural, local affairs, social management, etc., and implement it in the Hainan Free Trade Zone (port).<ref>[http://www.hainan.gov.cn/zxtadata-8903.html 关于完善扩大海南特区立法权、促进海南自贸区（港）建设的提案]</ref>
 ===Intelligence===
-Per the research conducted by [[Information Warfare Monitor]], Hainan is the physical location of [[GhostNet]].  The Chinese government has officially denied the existence of a cyber war and intelligence apparatus.
+Per the research conducted by [[Information Warfare Monitor]], Hainan is the physical location of [[GhostNet]]. The Chinese government has officially denied the existence of a cyber war and intelligence apparatus.
 ===Administrative===
-In the official [[People's Republic of China|PRC]] territorial claim, Hainan Province includes not just one island, but also some two hundred [[South China Sea Islands]]. Whilst the containment of the South China Sea Islands means that Hainan Province has a very large water body, it has a disproportionally small land area. [[James Shoal]] ({{lang|zh-hans|曾母暗沙}} Zengmu Ansha), which is presently marked by the PRC, signifies the country's southernmost border. But [[Malaysia]] also claims that it is on their continental shelf.
+In the official [[People's Republic of China|PRC]] territorial claim, Hainan Province includes not just one island, but also some two hundred [[South China Sea Islands]]. While the containment of the South China Sea Islands means that Hainan Province has a very large water body, it has a disproportionally small land area. [[James Shoal]] ({{lang|zh-hans|曾母暗沙}}, Zēngmǔ Ànshā), which is presently marked by the PRC, signifies the country's southernmost border. But [[Malaysia]] also claims that it is on their continental shelf.
 ===Subdivisions===
-{{main article|List of administrative divisions of Hainan|List of township-level divisions of Hainan}}
+{{main|List of administrative divisions of Hainan|List of township-level divisions of Hainan}}
-Hainan Province uses a slightly different administrative system than the other [[provinces of China]]. Most other provinces are divided entirely into [[Prefectures of the People's Republic of China|prefecture]]-level divisions, each of which is then divided entirely into [[Counties of the People's Republic of China|county]]-level divisions. County-level divisions generally do not come directly under the province. In Hainan, nearly all county-level divisions (the eight districts excepted) come directly under the province. This method of division is due to Hainan's relatively sparse population of around 8 million people.
+Hainan Province uses a slightly different administrative system than the other [[provinces of China]]. Most other provinces are divided entirely into [[Prefectures of the People's Republic of China|prefecture]]-level divisions, each of which is then divided entirely into [[Counties of the People's Republic of China|county]]-level divisions. County-level divisions generally do not come directly under the province. In Hainan, nearly all county-level divisions (the eight districts excepted) come directly under the province. This method of division is due to Hainan's relatively sparse population, totaling 9.26 million as of 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2018/indexch.htm|script-title=zh:中国统计年鉴—2018|website=www.stats.gov.cn|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"
-! colspan="12" |'''Administrative divisions of Hainan'''
+! colspan="9" |'''Administrative divisions of Hainan'''
 |-
-| colspan="12" style="font-size:larger" |[[File:Hainan prfc map.png|500px|Map of Hainan]]
+| colspan="9" style="font-size:larger" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
+{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Hainan (PRC claimed).svg|width={{{1|781}}}|link=|font-size=85%}}
+{{Image label|x=845|y=180|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Haikou]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=375|y=890|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Sanya]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=1180|y=600|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Sansha]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=360|y=300|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Danzhou]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=410|y=670|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Wuzhishan City|Wuzhishan]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=845|y=470|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Qionghai]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=1025|y=210|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Wenchang]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=775|y=660|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Wanning]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=110|y=585|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Dongfang, Hainan|Dongfang]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=800|y=340|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Ding'an County|Ding'an<br />County]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=655|y=420|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Tunchang County|Tunchang<br />County]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=645|y=245|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Chengmai County|Chengmai<br />County]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=520|y=195|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Lingao County|Lingao<br />County]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=335|y=475|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Baisha Li Autonomous County|Baisha<br />Li AC]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=180|y=475|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Changjiang Li Autonomous County|Changjiang<br />Li AC]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=200|y=740|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Ledong Li Autonomous County|Ledong<br />Li AC]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=610|y=800|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Lingshui Li Autonomous County|Lingshui<br />Li AC]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=415|y=770|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County|Baoting<br />Li and Miao AC]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=500|y=555|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text='''[[Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County|Qiongzhong<br />Li and Miao AC]]'''}}
+{{Image label|x=100|y=100|scale={{{1|781}}}/1420|text=<span style="color: #CCFF99;">'''█'''</span> <span style="color: grey;">'''Provincial administered<br />county-level divisions'''</span>}}
+{{Image label|x=520|y=880|scale={{{1|798}}}/1330|text=<span style="color: grey;">☐ '''Sovereignty over Sansha is disputed, see<br />[[Territorial disputes in the South China Sea]].'''</span>}}
+{{Image label end}}
+</div>
 |-
+!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 |publisher=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] |access-date=11 December 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113603/http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | №
+!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Division
-!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |title=中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 |publisher=中华人民共和国民政部}}</ref>
+!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Area in km<sup>2</sup><ref name="nj2013">{{zh}}{{cite book|language=zh-hans|author=Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |script-title=zh:《深圳统计年鉴2014》|url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm|access-date=29 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512184740/http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm|archive-date=12 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | English name
+!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Population 2020<ref>{{cite book| author1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China| author2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China | script-title=zh:中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料|date=2012|publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2|edition=1}}</ref>
-!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Simplified Chinese|Chinese]]
-!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Pinyin]]
-!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Area in km<sup>2</sup><ref name="nj2013">{{zh}}{{cite book|author=深圳市统计局|publisher=中国统计出版社|title=《深圳统计年鉴2014》|url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm |work= 深圳统计网|date=|accessdate=2015-05-29}}</ref>
-!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Population 2010<ref>{{cite book|last1=shi|first1=Guo wu yuan ren kou pu cha ban gong|last2=council|first2=Guo jia tong ji ju ren kou he jiu ye tong ji si bian = Tabulation on the 2010 population census of the people's republic of China by township / compiled by Population census office under the state|last3=population|first3=Department of|last4=statistics|first4=employment statistics national bureau of|title=Zhongguo 2010 nian ren kou pu cha fen xiang, zhen, jie dao zi liao|date=2012|publisher=Zhongguo tong ji chu ban she|location=Beijing Shi|isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2|edition=Di 1 ban.}}</ref>
 !! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Seat
-!! scope="col" colspan="4" | Divisions<ref>{{cite book |author=中华人民共和国民政部 |title=《中国民政统计年鉴2014》|year=2014.08 |publisher=中国统计出版社 |isbn= 978-7-5037-7130-9}}</ref>
+!! scope="col" colspan="4" | Divisions<ref>{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] |script-title=zh:《中国民政统计年鉴2014》|date=August 2014 |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn= 978-7-5037-7130-9}}</ref>
 |-
 !! scope="col" width="45" | [[District (China)|Districts]]
@@ Line 345: / Line 494: @@
 !! scope="col" width="45" | [[County-level city|CL cities]]
 |- style="font-weight: bold"
+! 460000 !! Hainan Province
-|bgcolor="grey"| &nbsp;
+| 35,191.00 || 10,081,232 || [[Haikou]] city || 10 || 4 || 6 || 5
-! 460000 !! Hainan
-| {{nobold|海南省}} || Hǎinán Shěng || 35400.00 || 8,671,518 || [[Haikou]] || 8 || 4 || 6 || 5
 |-
-! 1 !! 460100 !! [[Haikou]]
+! 460100 !! [[Haikou]] city
-|海口市|| Hǎikǒu Shì || 2304.80 || 2,046,189 || [[Xiuying District]] || 4 ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|
+| 2,304.80 || 2,873,358 || [[Xiuying District]] || 4 ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|
 |-
-! 2 !! 460200 !! [[Sanya]]
+! 460200 !! [[Sanya]] city
-|三亚市|| Sānyà Shì || 1910.67 || 685,408 || [[Jiyang District]] || 4 ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|
+| 1,910.67 || 1,031,396 || [[Jiyang District, Sanya|Jiyang District]] || 4 ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|
 |-
-! 19 !! 460300 !! [[Sansha]] * <sup>#</sup>
+! 460300 !! [[Sansha]] city*
-|三沙市|| Sānshā Shì || ~13.00 || 444 || ''[[Yongxing Town]]'' ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|
+| 788.00 || 2,333 || [[Xisha District]] || 2 ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|
 |-
-! 3 !! 460400 !! [[Danzhou]] <sup>#</sup>
+! 460400 !! [[Danzhou]] city<sup>#</sup>
-|儋州市|| Dānzhōu Shì || 3235.00 || 932,362 || [[Nada, Hainan|''Nada Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|
+| 3,394.00 || 954,259 || ''[[Nada, Hainan|Nada]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|   ||bgcolor="grey"|
 |- style = "background:lightgrey; height: 2pt"
 | colspan = "12" |
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! 469001 !! [[Wuzhishan City|Wuzhishan]] city**
+| 1,131.00 || 112,269 || ''[[Tongza]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! 469002 !! [[Qionghai]] city**
+| 1,710.14 || 528,238 || ''[[Jiaji]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! 469005 !! [[Wenchang]] city**
+| 2,459.18 || 560,894 || ''[[Wencheng, Wenchang|Wencheng]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! 469006 !! [[Wanning]] city**
+| 1,899.90 || 545,992 || ''[[Wancheng, Wanning|Wancheng]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! 469007 !! [[Dongfang, Hainan|Dongfang]] city**
+| 2,272.29 || 444,458 || ''[[Basuo]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! 469021 !! [[Ding'an County]]**
+| 1,187.00 || 284,690 || ''[[Dingcheng, Hainan|Dingcheng]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! 469022 !! [[Tunchang County]]**
+| 1,223.97 || 255,335 || ''[[Tuncheng]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! 469023 !! [[Chengmai County]]**
+| 2,076.28 || 497,953 || ''[[Jinjiang, Hainan|Jinjiang]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! 469024 !! [[Lingao County]]**
+| 1,343.33 || 420,594 || ''[[Lincheng, Hainan|Lincheng]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! 469025 !! [[Baisha Li Autonomous County]]**
+| 2,117.20 || 164,699 || ''[[Yacha, Hainan|Yacha]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! 469026 !! [[Changjiang Li Autonomous County]]**
+| 1,617.70 || 232,124 || ''[[Shilu, Hainan|Shilu]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! 469027 !! [[Ledong Li Autonomous County]]**
+| 2,763.53 || 464,435 || ''[[Baoyou]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! 469028 !! [[Lingshui Li Autonomous County]]**
+| 1,121.24 || 372,511 || ''[[Yelin]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! 469029 !! [[Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County]]**
+| 1,166.78 || 156,108 || ''[[Baocheng, Hainan|Baocheng]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! 469030 !! [[Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County]]**
+| 2,704.00 || 179,586 || ''[[Yinggen]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
+|-
+| colspan = "12" | <nowiki>*</nowiki> – Sovereignty over Sansha (including the Paracel, Spratly and Zhongsha Islands) is disputed as of {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}.<br />
+<nowiki>**</nowiki> – Directly administered county-level divisions<br />
+<nowiki>#</nowiki> – direct-piped cities – does not contain any county-level divisions
+|}
+{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-font:90%; width:auto; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
+! colspan="5" |Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
 |-
+! English !! Chinese !! Pinyin !! Hainanese Romanzation
-! 6 !! 469001 !! [[Wuzhishan City|Wuzhishan]] **
-|五指山市|| Wǔzhǐshān Shì || 1128.98 || 104,122 || [[Tongshen|''Tongshen Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
 |-
+| '''Hainan Province''' || {{nobold|{{lang|zh|海南省}}}} || '''Hǎinán Shěng''' || '''Hai Nam Teng'''
-! 4 !! 469002 !! [[Qionghai]] **
-|琼海市|| Qiónghǎi Shì || 1710.40 || 483,217 || [[Jiaji|''Jiaji Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
 |-
+| [[Haikou]] city || {{lang|zh|海口市}} || Hǎikǒu Shì || Hai Khau Si
-! 8 !! 469005 !! [[Wenchang]] **
-|文昌市|| Wénchāng Shì || 2488.00 || 537,428 || [[Wencheng, Wenchang|''Wencheng Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
 |-
+| [[Sanya]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|三亚市}} || Sānyà Shì || Tam Ah Si
-! 5 !! 469006 !! [[Wanning]] **
-|万宁市|| Wànníng Shì || 4443.60 || 545,597 || [[Wancheng, Wanning|''Wancheng Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
 |-
+| [[Sansha]] city || {{lang|zh|三沙市}} || Sānshā Shì || Tam Sa Si
-! 7 !! 469007 !! [[Dongfang, Hainan|Dongfang]] **
-|东方市|| Dōngfāng Shì || 2266.62 || 408,309 || [[Basuo|''Basuo Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
 |-
+| [[Danzhou]] city || {{lang|zh|儋州市}} || Dānzhōu Shì || Dam Ju Si
-! 11 !! 469021 !! [[Ding'an County]] **
-|定安县|| Dìng'ān Xiàn || 1196.00 || 284,616 || [[Dingcheng, Hainan|''Dingcheng Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|
 |-
+| [[Wuzhishan City|Wuzhishan]] city || {{lang|zh|五指山市}} || Wǔzhǐshān Shì || Ngou Ji Tua Si
-! 12 !! 469022 !! [[Tunchang County]] **
-|屯昌县|| Túnchāng Xiàn || 1224.00 || 256,931 || [[Tuncheng|''Tuncheng Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|
 |-
+| [[Qionghai]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|琼海市}} || Qiónghǎi Shì || Kheng Hai Si
-! 10 !! 469023 !! [[Chengmai County]] **
-|澄迈县|| Chéngmài Xiàn || 2068.00 || 467,161 || [[Jinjiang, Hainan|''Jinjiang Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|
 |-
+| [[Wenchang]] city || {{lang|zh|文昌市}} || Wénchāng Shì || Von Sio Si
-! 9 !! 469024 !! [[Lingao County]] **
-|临高县|| Língāo Xiàn || 1317.00 || 427,873 || [[Lincheng, Hainan|''Lincheng Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|
 |-
+| [[Wanning]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|万宁市}} || Wànníng Shì || Van Neng Si
-! 14 !! 469025 !! [[Baisha Li Autonomous County|Baisha Li<br>Autonomous County]] **
-|白沙黎族自治县|| Báishā Lízú Zìzhìxiàn || 2117.00 || 167,918 || [[Yacha|''Yacha Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
 |-
+| [[Dongfang, Hainan|Dongfang]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|东方市}} || Dōngfāng Shì || Dang Fang Si
-! 13 !! 469026 !! [[Changjiang Li Autonomous County|Changjiang Li<br>Autonomous County]] **
-|昌江黎族自治县|| Chāngjiāng Lízú Zìzhìxiàn || 1596.00 || 223,839 || [[Shilu, Hainan|''Shilu Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
 |-
+| [[Ding'an County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|定安县}} || Dìng'ān Xiàn || Deng An Kuai
-! 18 !! 469027 !! [[Ledong Li Autonomous County|Ledong Li<br>Autonomous County]] **
-|乐东黎族自治县|| Lèdōng Lízú Zìzhìxiàn || 2763.00 || 458,876 || [[Baoyou|''Baoyou Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
 |-
+| [[Tunchang County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|屯昌县}} || Túnchāng Xiàn || Ton Siang Kuai
-! 16 !! 469028 !! [[Lingshui Li Autonomous County|Lingshui Li<br>Autonomous County]] **
-|陵水黎族自治县|| Língshuǐ Lízú Zìzhìxiàn || 1128.00 || 320,468 || [[Yelin|''Yelin Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
 |-
+| [[Chengmai County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|澄迈县}} || Chéngmài Xiàn || Deng Mai Kuai
-! 17 !! 469029 !! [[Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County|Baoting Li and Miao<br>Autonomous County]] **
-|保亭黎族苗族自治县|| Bǎotíng Lízú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn || 1161.00 || 146,684 || [[Baocheng, Hainan|''Baocheng Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
 |-
+| [[Lingao County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|临高县}} || Língāo Xiàn || Liom Ko Kuai
-! 15 !! 469030 !! [[Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County|Qiongzhong Li and Miao<br>Autonomous County]] **
+|-
-|琼中黎族苗族自治县|| Qióngzhōng Lízú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn || 2704.00 || 174,076 || [[Yinggen|''Yinggen Town'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
+| [[Baisha Li Autonomous County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|白沙黎族自治县}} || Báishā Lízú Zìzhìxiàn || Be Tua Loitoc Seji Kuai
-|-
+|-
-| colspan = "12" | <nowiki>*</nowiki> - Sovereignty over Sansha (including the Paracel, Spratly and Zhongsha Islands) is disputed as of {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}.<br>
+| [[Changjiang Li Autonomous County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|昌江黎族自治县}} || Chāngjiāng Lízú Zìzhìxiàn  || Siang Kiang Loitoc Seji Kuai
-<nowiki>**</nowiki> - Directly administered county-level divisions<br>
+|-
-<nowiki>#</nowiki> - direct-piped cities - does not contain any county-level divisions
+| [[Ledong Li Autonomous County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|乐东黎族自治县}} || Lèdōng Lízú Zìzhìxiàn || Loc Dong Loitoc Seji Kuai
+|-
+| [[Lingshui Li Autonomous County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|陵水黎族自治县}} || Língshuǐ Lízú Zìzhìxiàn || Leng Tui Loitco Seji Kuai
+|-
+| [[Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|保亭黎族苗族自治县}} || Bǎotíng Lízú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn || Bo Deng Loitoc Miautoc Seji Kuai
+|-
+| [[Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County]] || {{lang|zh-hans|琼中黎族苗族自治县}} || Qióngzhōng Lízú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn || Kheng Tong Loitoc Miautoc Seji Kuai
 |}
-===Military===
+====Urban areas====
+{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"
-{{Main article|People's Liberation Army Navy}}
+! colspan=5 | Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
-Hainan Island is home to the [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] [[Hainan Submarine Base]] and strategic [[nuclear submarine]] naval harbor at {{Coord|18.221|N|109.686|E|}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,353961,00.html|title=China Builds Secret Nuclear Submarine Base in South China Sea|date=2008-05-02|publisher=[[FoxNews.com]]|accessdate=2009-05-03}}</ref> The naval harbor is estimated to be {{convert|60|ft|m}} high, built into hillsides around a military base. The caverns are capable of hiding up to 20 nuclear submarines from [[Reconnaissance satellite|spy satellite]]s. The harbor houses nuclear ballistic missile submarines and is large enough to accommodate [[aircraft carrier]]s. The [[U.S. Department of Defense]] has estimated that China will have five [[type 094 submarine]]s operational by 2010 with each capable of carrying 12 [[JL-2|JL-2 ballistic missiles]]. Two {{convert|950|m|ft|sing=on}} piers and three smaller ones would be enough to accommodate two [[carrier strike group]]s or [[amphibious assault ship]]s.
+|-
+! # !! Cities !! style="background-color: #aaaaff;"| 2020 Urban area<ref name="2020PRCcensus">{{cite book |author=国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 |date=2022 |script-title=zh:中国2020年人口普查分县资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-9772-9}}</ref> !! style="background-color: #aaaaff;"| 2010 Urban area<ref name="2010PRCcensus">{{cite book |author=国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 |date=2012 |script-title=zh:中国2010年人口普查分县资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6}}</ref> !! style="background-color: #ffaaaa;" | 2020 City proper
+|-
+|1||'''[[Haikou]]'''||2,349,239||1,517,410||2,873,358
+|-
+|2||[[Sanya]]|| 724,854||453,819||1,031,396
+|-
+|3||[[Danzhou]]||516,043||418,834{{efn|name=Danzhou|Danzhou CLC is currently known as Danzhou PLC after 2010 census.}} ||954,259
+|-
+|4||[[Wenchang]]||341,862||251,795||560,894
+|-
+|5||[[Qionghai]]||262,524||194,400||528,238
+|-
+|6||[[Dongfang, Hainan|Dongfang]]||257,936||153,726||444,458
+|-
+|7||[[Wanning]]||225,608||221,263||545,992
+|-
+|8||[[Wuzhishan City|Wuzhishan]]||67,645||53,268||112,269
+|-
+|9||[[Sansha]]||2,333||style="background:lightgrey;"|{{efn|name=Sansha|Xisha, Nansha, and Zhongsha Administrative Zone was under Sanya PLC jurisdiction. Sansha PLC was established after 2010 census.}}||2,333
+|}
+===Military base===
+{{Main|People's Liberation Army Navy}}
+Hainan Island is home to the [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] [[Hainan Submarine Base]] and strategic [[nuclear submarine]] [[Yulin Naval Base|naval harbor]] at [[Yalong Bay]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,353961,00.html|title=China Builds Secret Nuclear Submarine Base in South China Sea|date=2 May 2008|publisher=[[FoxNews.com]]|access-date=3 May 2009}}</ref> The naval base is estimated to be {{convert|60|ft|m}} high, built into hillsides around a military base. The caverns are capable of hiding up to 20 nuclear submarines from [[Reconnaissance satellite|spy satellite]]s. The harbor houses nuclear ballistic missile submarines and is large enough to accommodate [[aircraft carrier]]s. The [[U.S. Department of Defense]] has estimated that China will have five [[type 094 submarine]]s operational by 2010 with each capable of carrying 12 [[JL-2|JL-2 ballistic missiles]]. Two {{convert|950|m|ft|adj=on|sp=us}} piers and three smaller ones would be enough to accommodate two [[carrier strike group]]s or [[amphibious assault ship]]s.
 ==Economy==
+{{multiple image
-:''Further information: [[Hainan#Tourism|Tourism]]''
+  | align        = right
-Hainan's economy is predominantly agricultural, and more than a half of the island's exports are agricultural products. Hainan's elevation to province-level status (1988), however, was accompanied by its designation as China's largest "[[special economic zone]]", the intent being to hasten the development of the island's plentiful resources.
+  | caption_align = center
+  | direction    = vertical
+  | footer_align = center
+  | footer       = A typical example of an urban development. The above images show the same place in [[Guilinyang]] roughly four  and a half years apart.
+  | image1       = Guilinyang downtown 01 - cropped.jpg
+  | caption1     = 2012
+  | width1       = 200
+  | image2       = Guilinyang in 2016 09 - 01 cropped.jpg
+  | caption2     = 2016
+  | width2       = 200
+}}
+[[File:Altstadt von Haikou (Hainan).jpg|thumb|Old town of Haikou, 2021]]
+Hainan's economy is predominantly agricultural, and more than a half of the island's exports are agricultural products. Hainan's elevation to province-level status (1988), however, was accompanied by its designation as China's largest "[[special economic zone]]", the intent being to hasten the development of the island's plentiful resources. Prior to this, the province had a reputation for being a "[[Wild West]]" area, largely untouched by [[industrialisation|industrialization]]; even today there are relatively few [[factories]] in the province. [[Tourism]] plays an important part of Hainan's economy, thanks largely to its tropical beaches and lush forests. The central government has encouraged foreign investment in Hainan and has allowed the island to rely to a large extent on market forces.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 December 2017 |script-title=zh:海南省人民政府关于扩大对外开放积极利用外资的实施意见 <!--2017年12月6日 琼府〔2017〕93号--> |url=http://xxgk.hainan.gov.cn/hi/HI0101/201712/t20171214_2500764.htm |publisher=Hainan People's Government |access-date=18 April 2018 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309190845/http://xxgk.hainan.gov.cn/hi/HI0101/201712/t20171214_2500764.htm |url-status=dead }} or [http://www.hainan.gov.cn/hn/yw/zwdt/tj/201712/t20171217_2502515.html hainan.gov]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
+Hainan's industrial development largely has been limited to the processing of its mineral and agricultural products, particularly [[rubber]] and [[iron ore]]. Since the 1950s, machinery, farm equipment, and [[textiles]] have been manufactured in the [[Haikou]] area for local consumption. A major constraint on industrial expansion has been an inadequate supply of [[electricity]]. Much of the island's generating capacity is [[hydroelectric]], and it is subject to seasonal fluctuations in stream and river flows.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:海南岛综合开发计划(摘要) |url=http://www.hnszw.org.cn/data/news/2011/09/50401/ |website=hnszw.org |date=30 September 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
-Prior to this, the province had a reputation for being a "[[Wild West]]" area, largely untouched by [[industrialisation]]; even today there are relatively few [[factories]] in the province. [[Tourism]] plays an important part of Hainan's economy, thanks largely to its tropical beaches and lush forests.
+In December 2009, the government of China announced that it plans to establish Hainan as an "international tourist destination" by 2020.<ref name="thechinaperspective1">{{cite web |url=http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/hainan-province/ |title=Hainan Province: Economic News and Statistics for Hainan's Economy |publisher=Thechinaperspective.com |access-date=12 November 2011 |archive-date=24 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324220402/http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/hainan-province/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This announcement contributed to a surge in the province's economy, with a year-on-year increase in investment of 136.9% in the first three months of 2010. Hainan's real estate sector accounted for more than one third of the province's economic growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-05/10/content_9829683.htm |title=Hainan officials rule out bubble burst |publisher=Chinadaily.com.cn |date=10 May 2010 |access-date=9 August 2010}}</ref>
-The central government has encouraged foreign investment in Hainan and has allowed the island to rely to a large extent on market forces.
+According to the Statistical Communiqué of National Economic and Social Development of the statistical authority, the [[gross domestic product|GDP]] of Hainan Province in 2017 was 446.3 billion [[Renminbi|yuan]] (66.1 billion [[United States dollar|US dollars]]), up by 7.0 percent over the previous year. Of this total, the [[value added]] of the primary industry was 97.9 billion yuan (14.5 billion US dollars), up by 3.6 percent, that of the secondary industry was 99.7 billion yuan (14.8 billion US dollars), up by 2.7 percent and that of the tertiary industry was 248.6 billion yuan (36.8 billion US dollars), up by 10.2 percent. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 21.95 percent of the GDP; that of the secondary industry accounted for 22.34 percent; and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 55.71 percent. The per capita GDP in 2017 was 48,430 yuan (7,173 US dollars).<ref name="Communiqué2017">{{cite web |script-title=zh:海南省2017年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |url=http://www.hainan.gov.cn/hn/zt/szrdl/2018hnslh/2018lhdt/201801/t20180124_2536344.html |publisher=Hainan People's Government |date=24 January 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [http://www.hinews.cn/news/system/2018/01/24/031403857.shtml hinews.cn (2018-01-24)] or [http://www.wzs.gov.cn/zwgk/tjgb/201802/t20180208_2549286.html wzs.gov (2018-02-08)]{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
-Hainan's industrial development largely has been limited to the processing of its mineral and agricultural products, particularly [[rubber]] and [[iron ore]]. Since the 1950s, machinery, farm equipment, and [[textiles]] have been manufactured in the [[Haikou]] area for local consumption. A major constraint on industrial expansion has been an inadequate supply of [[electricity]]. Much of the island's generating capacity is [[hydroelectric]], and it is subject to seasonal fluctuations in stream and river flows.
+===Agriculture===
-Its [[nominal GDP]] for 2011 was 251.5 billion yuan (US$39.9 billion), making it the 4th smallest in all of the PRC and contributes just 0.53% to the entire country's economy. At that time, its [[GDP per capita]] was 19,166 yuan (US$2,805).
+[[File:Near Xinlong, Hainan - 02.JPG|thumb|right|One of the many rice fields in Hainan]]
+Owing to Hainan's tropical climate, [[paddy rice]] is cultivated extensively in the northeastern lowlands and in the southern mountain valleys.<ref name="thechinaperspective1"/> Leading crops other than rice include [[coconut]], [[palm oil]], [[sisal]], [[tropical fruit]]s (including [[pineapple]]s, of which Hainan is China's leading producer), [[black pepper]], [[coffee]], [[tea]], [[cashews]], and [[sugarcane]].
+The hot [[Hainan yellow lantern chili]], a variety similar to the scotch bonnet, is unique to the island, and is grown in the southeast and southwest.
-By the first quarter of 2010, Hainan had the highest increase in GDP of any province in China, with a year-on-year increase of 25.1%. The GDP of Hainan's Qionghai city grew 58.7%.
+The total tropical crop area of Hainan is 100,000 hectares.<ref name="marketwatch.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/ceis-hsf-release-xinhua-hsf-price-indices-in-s-china-haikou-2018-04-23|title=CEIS, HSF release Xinhua HSF Price Indices in S. China Haikou|access-date=30 April 2018|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625132419/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/ceis-hsf-release-xinhua-hsf-price-indices-in-s-china-haikou-2018-04-23|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-In December 2009, the government of China announced that it plans to establish Hainan as an "international tourist destination" by 2020.<ref name="thechinaperspective1">{{cite web|url=http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/hainan-province/ |title=Hainan Province: Economic News and Statistics for Hainan's Economy |publisher=Thechinaperspective.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref> This announcement contributed to a surge in the province's economy, with a year-on-year increase in investment of 136.9% in the first three months of 2010. Hainan's real estate sector accounted for more than one third of the province's economic growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-05/10/content_9829683.htm |title=Hainan officials rule out bubble burst |publisher=Chinadaily.com.cn |date=2010-05-10 |accessdate=2010-08-09}}</ref>
+Hainan is a major rubber producer. In the early 20th century [[overseas Chinese|Chinese emigrants]] returning from then [[British Malaya]], introduced [[rubber tree]]s to the island; after 1950, state farms were developed, and Hainan now produces a substantial amount of China's rubber. Natural rubber is now grown on 246,000 hectares of land. This ranks 6th in the world in harvest area and 5th in terms of output.<ref name="marketwatch.com"/>
-===Economic and technological development zones===
-* [[Haikou Free Trade Zone]]
-* Haikou New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
-* [[Yangpu Economic Development Zone]]
-===Duty-free program===
-On April 20, 2011, a pilot [[duty-free]] program commenced with the aim of increasing [[Luxury goods of China|luxury goods]] purchases. It permits domestic Chinese visitors to claim tax refunds on imported luxury items purchased within the province. The maximum value is set at 5,000 yuan (US$762), with lowered tax rates on purchases over 5,000 yuan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jingdaily.com/hainan-island-set-to-launch-duty-free-luxury-shopping-program-in-sanya/8889/ |title=The Business of Luxury and Culture in China |publisher=Jing Daily |date=2011-04-18 |accessdate=2013-01-25}}</ref> In October 2012, duty limits were raised to 8,000 yuan ($1,273), and became available to both domestic and international tourists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jingdaily.com/hainan-island-raises-duty-free-limits-to-spur-luxury-consumption/21280/ |title=The Business of Luxury and Culture in China |publisher=Jing Daily |date=2012-10-02 |accessdate=2013-01-25}}</ref>
+Hainan has almost 93,000 hectares of [[Areca catechu|areca palm]]s. The product, the [[areca nut]], is consumed locally and also sent to the mainland. Ninety-five percent of China's production of this nut is produced in Hainan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/global/2019-04/05/content_37455633.htm|title=Public health warning a tough nut to crack – Chinadaily.com.cn|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref>
-The total sales of duty-free products for 2012 was 2.4 billion yuan.<ref>{{cite web|author=F_221 |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90778/8104476.html |title=Hainan tax rebate attracts 1.6 million tourists for shopping - People's Daily Online |publisher=English.peopledaily.com.cn |date= |accessdate=2013-01-25}}</ref>
-The world's largest duty-free shopping complex is scheduled to open in [[Haitang Bay]] in August 2014.<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-03/18/content_16315603.htm HK, Jeju and Okinawa, now Hainan! |Economy |chinadaily.com.cn<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
-===Natural resources===
-Hainan has commercially exploitable reserves of more than 30 [[minerals]]. [[Iron]], first mined by the Japanese during their occupation of the island in [[World War II]], is the most important. Also important are [[titanium]], [[manganese]], [[tungsten]], [[bauxite]], [[molybdenum]], [[cobalt]], [[copper]], [[gold]], and [[silver]]. There are large deposits of [[lignite]] and [[oil shale]] on the island, and significant offshore finds of [[oil]] and [[natural gas]] have been discovered. Virgin forests in the interior mountains contain more than 20 commercially valuable species, including [[teak]] and [[sandalwood]].
-===Agriculture===
-[[File:Near Xinlong, Hainan - 02.JPG |thumb|right|One of the many rice fields in Hainan]]
-Owing to Hainan's tropical climate, [[paddy rice]] is cultivated extensively in the northeastern lowlands and in the southern mountain valleys.<ref name="thechinaperspective1"/> Leading crops other than rice include [[coconuts]], [[palm oil]], [[sisal]], [[tropical fruit]]s (including [[pineapple]]s, of which Hainan is China's leading producer), [[black pepper]], [[coffee]], [[tea]], [[cashews]], and [[sugarcane]]. In the early 20th century [[overseas Chinese|Chinese emigrants]] returning from then [[British Malaya]], introduced [[rubber tree]]s to the island; after 1950, state farms were developed, and Hainan now produces a substantial amount of China's rubber. The hot [[Hainan yellow lantern chili]], a variety unique to the island, is grown in the southeast and southwest.
 Domesticated farm animals comprise mainly goats, cows, water buffalo, chickens, geese and ducks.
-===Fisheries===
+====Fisheries====
 [[File:Fish farms in Chengmai - 01.jpg|thumbnail|[[Fish farm]]s in [[Chengmai]]]]
 Grouper, Spanish mackerel, and tuna{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} constitute the bulk of the catch from offshore fishing grounds. Scallops and pearls are raised in shallow bays and basins for local use and export.
@@ Line 460: / Line 679: @@
 Shrimp production is estimated to have been {{convert|120000|to|150000|MT|ST}} in 2007, more than 50% of which was exported. Hainan has over 400 [[shrimp farm|hatcheries]], most being located between Wenchang and Qionghai.
-Tilapia production in 2008 was {{convert|300000|MT|ST}}. The island has an estimated 100,000 local, commercial fish farming families.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euchinawto.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=314&Itemid=36 |title=Sustainable Aquaculture in South China – Shrimp and Tilapia Farming in Hainan and Guangdong Provinces |publisher=Euchinawto.org |date= |accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref>
+[[Tilapia]] production in 2008 was {{convert|300000|MT|ST}}. The island has an estimated 100,000 local, commercial fish farming families.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euchinawto.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=314&Itemid=36 |title=Sustainable Aquaculture in South China – Shrimp and Tilapia Farming in Hainan and Guangdong Provinces |publisher=Euchinawto.org |access-date=12 November 2011 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807203456/http://www.euchinawto.org/index_php.html?option=com_content&task=view&id=314&Itemid=36 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+===Tourism===
+[[File:HainanSanya4.jpg|thumb|right|Located in Sanya, this beach is typical of those along the entire eastern coast of Hainan]]
+Hainan Island is often divided into eight regions for tourism purposes: Haikou and area (Haikou, [[Qiongshan]], [[Ding'an County|Ding'an]]); the Northeast ([[Wenchang]]); the Central East Coast (Qionghai, Ding'an); the South East Coast; the South (Sanya); the West Coast also called the [[Chinese Riviera]] (Ledong, Dongfang, Xianghsui, Changjiang); the North West ([[Danzhou]], Lingao, Chengmai); and the Central Highlands (Baisha, Qiongzhong, and Wuzhishan/Tongzha).
+Popular tourist destinations include the beaches and resorts in the southern part of the province. Inland is [[Wuzhi Mountain|Five Finger Mountain]], a scenic area. Tourists also visit the capital of Haikou with area visitor attractions such as [[Movie Town Haikou]] and [[Holiday Beach, Hainan|Holiday Beach]].
+====Visa requirements====
+{{see also|Visa policy of China}}
+In 2000, the province initiated a visa-upon-arrival policy for foreign tourist groups. It is available to citizens of twenty-six different countries, and was established in order to attract visitors.
+Beginning 1 May 2018, citizens of 59 countries will be able to visit Hainan for 30 days without requiring a visa, provided that they come on a tour via a travel agency. Countries included among the 59 are: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Spain, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, UAE, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecns.cn/2018/04-18/299615.shtml|title=Hainan to offer 30-day visa-free period for visitors from 59 countries|website=www.ecns.cn}}</ref>
+====Statistics====
+During 2008, 20.6 million tourists visited Hainan, producing total revenues of 19.23 billion yuan (US$2.81 billion). Of these tourists, 979,800 were from overseas with the largest numbers coming from South Korea, Russia and Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eturbonews.com/13871/hainan-way-become-new-hawaii |title=Hainan tourism Hainan on the way to become the new Hawaii ? |publisher=eTurboNews.com |access-date=9 August 2010}}</ref>
+In 2010, the amount of overnight tourists visiting Hainan was 25.87 million, 663,000 of which came from outside China.<ref name="independent.co.uk"/>
+During 2011, more than 30 million tourists visited Hainan, mostly from mainland China. Of the 814,600 overseas tourists, 227,600 of them came from Russia, a 53.3 percent a rise year-on-year.<ref name="news.xinhuanet.com">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-05/01/c_131562175.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503203805/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-05/01/c_131562175.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 May 2012 |title=Sanya big draw for tourists – Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=1 May 2012 |access-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> Total revenue during that year was 32 billion RMB ($4.3 billion US), up 25 percent from 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ttgasia.com/article.php?article_id=3572 |title=Leader in Hotel, Airlines, Tourism and Travel Trade News – Hainan unveils plans to boost infrastructure, flight connectivity |publisher=TTG Asia |date=3 May 2012 |access-date=16 November 2012 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307173856/http://ttgasia.com/article.php?article_id=3572 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+In the first quarter of 2012, the Hainan Provincial Tourism Development Commission reports that Hainan received 208,300 overnight visitors, 25 percent of whom came from Russia.<ref name="news.xinhuanet.com"/>
+In 2014, Hainan received 50.2 million tourists, 660,000 of whom were from overseas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.asiaone.com/news/interview-developing-hainan-tourism-hub|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728121324/http://business.asiaone.com/news/interview-developing-hainan-tourism-hub|title=Interview: Developing Hainan into tourism hub|work=AsiaOne|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref>
+During 2015, Hainan received 53 million visitors.<ref name="traveldailymedia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.traveldailymedia.com/233794/53-million-tourists-flock-to-hainan/|title=53 million tourists flock to Hainan|date=11 March 2016}}</ref>
+In 2016, over 60 million tourists went to Hainan, up 12.9% from 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/hainan-china-tourists-hawaii-dubai/index.html|title=Is the 'Hawaii of China' becoming the new Dubai?|date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
+During 2018, the province received over 76 million domestic and overseas tourists, a year-on-year increase of 11.8%. Revenue also increased 14.5% compared to the previous year for a total of 95 billion RMB (US$14 billion).<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-01/23/c_137768436.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201180853/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-01/23/c_137768436.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2019|title=Hainan receives over 76 mln tourists in 2018 – Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201901/11/WS5c37f00aa3106c65c34e3d7a.html|title=Hainan to promote language learning – Chinadaily.com.cn|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref>
+====Medical tourism====
+The government of Hainan is expanding the province's [[medical tourism]] industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medicaltourism.com/en/news/hainan-steps-up-learning-process-with-spain-visit.html |title=Hainan steps up learning process with Spain visit |publisher=Medicaltourism.com |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=16 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504032100/http://www.medicaltourism.com/en/news/hainan-steps-up-learning-process-with-spain-visit.html |archive-date=4 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/4926/2011/12/06/2041s670374_1.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130116235135/http://english.cri.cn/4926/2011/12/06/2041s670374_1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2013 |title=China Drive |publisher=English.cri.cn |date=7 December 2011 |access-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> The provincial government has established the [[Boao Lecheng International Medical Tourism Pilot Zone]] in the [[Bo'ao]] area. The zone is located six kilometers from the Boao Forum for Asia and covers 20 square kilometers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201804/01/WS5ac0c60aa3105cdcf651592d.html|title=Super Hospital opens in Boao, Hainan – Chinadaily.com.cn|last=代艳|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> This was announced at the [[Boao Forum for Asia]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dong Qingpei (董庆沛) |url=http://www.china.org.cn/travel/2011-04/25/content_22436032.htm |title=China in key position to attract medical tourists |publisher=China.org.cn |date=25 April 2011 |access-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> The State Council has approved the development of [[Lecheng Island]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Qionghai, Hainan |url=http://maps.google.ca/maps?q=19.142995,110.526272&hl=en&num=1&t=m&z=13 |title=19.142995,110.526272 – Google Maps |publisher=Google Maps |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> as a medical tourism-themed destination.<ref>{{cite web|author=((F_100585)) |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/102774/7862196.html |title=Hainan makes foray into int'l medical tourism (2) – People's Daily Online |publisher=English.peopledaily.com.cn |date=2 July 2012 |access-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> Lecheng Island is a small island in the Wanquan River about {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} west of the coastal town of Bo'ao on the west coast of the province. Construction on the 20&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. The zone was begun in December 2014 and will cost a projected 1.5 billion yuan. It was scheduled for completion in 2016 and is the first special zone for medical travel in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.whatsonsanya.com/news-30478-construction-on-hainan-s-boao-lecheng-int-l-medical-travel-zone-to-start-in-2014.html|title=Construction on Hainan's Boao Lecheng Int'l Medical Travel Zone to start in 2014 – What's On Sanya<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-date=30 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430123303/http://www.whatsonsanya.com/news-30478-construction-on-hainan-s-boao-lecheng-int-l-medical-travel-zone-to-start-in-2014.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> As part of the zone, the [[Boao Super Hospital]] opened in 2018.
+====Historical sites====
+{{main|Major national historical and cultural sites (Hainan)}}
+Haikou is the province's capital and contains interesting historic sites. Also known as Coconut City, Haikou is a major port. The [[Five Officials Temple]] ({{zh|c={{linktext|五|公|祠}}|p=Wǔgōng cí}}, {{Coord|20|0|35.79|N|110|21|17.34|E|type:landmark_region:CN-46|display=i}}) consists of five traditional temples and halls that were built in honor of five officials of the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties. These officials were banished to Hainan for periods ranging from 11 days to 11 years for speaking out against what they felt were wrong practices by the emperors. (It is perhaps significant that the establishment of the Five Officials Temple in the late 19th century coincides with a time when China's territorial integrity was under threat, and that several of the officials honored here were exiled for espousing aggressive policies on the recapture of the north of China from the [[Jurchens]] during the Southern [[Song dynasty]].)
+[[Xiuying Fort]] was built in 1891 to defend the southeastern corner of China during the [[Sino-French War]]. The Xiuying Fort Barbette covers about a third of an acre. Its five large cannons are still intact and viewable at the site.
+[[File:Hai Rui tomb 01.jpg|thumb|Tomb of [[Hai Rui]]]]
+The Tomb of [[Hai Rui]] ({{Coord|20|0|29.66|N|110|17|30.18|E|type:landmark_region:CN-46|display=i}}) is a key national cultural protection site. [[Hai Rui]] was a compassionate and popular official of Hainanese origins who lived during the Ming dynasty. He was famous for his lifelong honesty and his willingness to speak out on behalf of local people. In later life, Hai Rui was persecuted and fell out of favor with the emperor. His admirers built the Hai Rui Tomb after his death to commemorate his great works. Construction of the tomb began in 1589.
+The [[Yangpu Ancient Salt Field]] is a heritage site in Yantian village on [[Yangpu Peninsula]]. The area comprises more than 1,000 stones, cut flat on top, used to dry seawater to produce salt.
+====Other attractions and destinations====
+[[File:Hainan 3.JPG|thumb|[[Yalong Bay]], the most expensive and well-known beach in Hainan, and the location of numerous 5-star hotels.|right]]
+Hainan Island has a number of beaches, hot springs and other attractions. Some top scenic sites include Yalong bay National Resort; Dadonghai Tourist Resort; Qizhi Shan (Seven Finger Mountain), Nuilin mountain tropical botanical reserve in Lingshui county, [[Guantang Hot Spring]] Resort, [[Shishan Volcanic Garden]]; the [[Wanquan River]], Baishi Ridge Scenic Zone and Baihua Ridge.
+Other attractions in Hainan include:
+* [[Phoenix Island]], an [[artificial island]] in [[Sanya Bay]].
+* [[Monkey Island, Hainan|Monkey Island]], near the well-known perfume bay or Xiangshui Wan, a popular tourist destination located in [[Lingshui Li Autonomous County|Lingshui]] County, is a state-protected nature reserve for [[macaques]].
+* [[Yalong Bay]] (Crescent Dragon Bay or Yalong Wan), a {{Convert|7|km|abbr=on}} long beach east of Sanya City.
+* [[Xiangshui Bay Scenic Area]], {{Convert|48|km|abbr=on}} from Sanya Tiandu.
+* [[Luobi Cave]], {{Convert|15|km|abbr=on}} north of Sanya City.
+* [[Nanshan Temple (Sanya)|Nanshan Temple]], a Buddhist cultural area west of Sanya featuring a {{Convert|108|m|ft|sp=us}} [[Guan Yin of the South Sea of Sanya|statue of Guanyin]], Buddhist Goddess of Mercy.
+* [[Yanoda]] is a rainforest area. It is open to visitors with guided walking tours, a zipline, and a waterfall climbing activity.
+====Yachting====
+To encourage the international yachting community, new regulations now allow foreign yachts to stay for a total of 183 days each year, with a maximum single stay duration of 30 days. 13 additional ports will be built around the island to accommodate this market.<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/china-opening-up-hainan-island-to-the-world-2257987.html | location=London | work=The Independent | title=China opening up Hainan Island to the world | date=31 March 2011}}</ref>
+===Duty-free program===
+On 20 April 2011, a pilot [[duty-free]] program commenced with the aim of increasing [[Luxury goods of China|luxury goods]] purchases. It permits domestic Chinese visitors to claim tax refunds on imported luxury items purchased within the province. The maximum value is set at 5,000 yuan (US$762), with lowered tax rates on purchases over 5,000 yuan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jingdaily.com/hainan-island-set-to-launch-duty-free-luxury-shopping-program-in-sanya/8889/ |title=The Business of Luxury and Culture in China |publisher=Jing Daily |date=18 April 2011 |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921165153/https://jingdaily.com/hainan-island-set-to-launch-duty-free-luxury-shopping-program-in-sanya/8889/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In October 2012, duty limits were raised to 8,000 yuan ($1,273), and became available to both domestic and international tourists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jingdaily.com/hainan-island-raises-duty-free-limits-to-spur-luxury-consumption/21280/ |title=The Business of Luxury and Culture in China |publisher=Jing Daily |date=2 October 2012 |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807190248/https://jingdaily.com/hainan-island-raises-duty-free-limits-to-spur-luxury-consumption/21280/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+The total sales of duty-free products for 2012 was 2.4 billion yuan.<ref>{{cite web|author=((F_221)) |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90778/8104476.html |title=Hainan tax rebate attracts 1.6 million tourists for shopping – People's Daily Online |publisher=English.peopledaily.com.cn |access-date=25 January 2013}}</ref>
+The world's largest duty-free shopping complex is scheduled to open in [[Haitang Bay]] in August 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-03/18/content_16315603.htm|title=HK, Jeju and Okinawa, now Hainan! – Business – Chinadaily.com.cn|last=李齐|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref>
+During 2018 Spring Festival, Hainan recorded a 25% increase in duty-free revenue, with 450 million yuan ($71 million) in sales. The two duty-free shops, located in Sanya and Haikou, received about 99,000 customers, a 32% gain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.hainan.gov.cn/englishgov/News/201803/t20180320_2583960.html|title=People's Government of HaiNan Province|website=en.hainan.gov.cn}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
+During 2018, the two duty-free shops had sales of more than 10 billion RMB and received 2.88 million customers.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
+===Natural resources===
+Hainan has commercially exploitable reserves of more than 30 [[minerals]]. [[Iron]], first mined by the Japanese during their occupation of the island in [[World War II]], is the most important. Also important are [[titanium]], [[manganese]], [[tungsten]], [[bauxite]], [[molybdenum]], [[cobalt]], [[copper]], [[gold]], and [[silver]]. There are large deposits of [[lignite]] and [[oil shale]] on the island, and significant offshore finds of [[oil]] and [[natural gas]] have been discovered. Virgin forests in the interior mountains contain more than 20 commercially valuable species, including [[teak]] and [[sandalwood]].
 ===Real estate market===
-{{update section|date=April 2014}}
 In 1990, Hainan province was the site of the largest property bust in modern Chinese history<ref name="thechinaperspective1"/> With 2009 and the announcement of the Chinese Government's plan to develop the province into a major international tourist location, property sales rose by 73%, creating the possibility of another bubble in Hainan's property market.<ref name="thechinaperspective1"/>
 Since March 2010, commercial and residential property values in some parts of Hainan have slowed down since the market peaked in February.
-In March, average month-on-month transaction prices dropped 12.82% to 12,280 RMB per square meter, with a reduction in volume to {{convert|627000|m2|sqft|}}, a 19.05% decline. Later in April, prices declined 2.84% to 11,932 yuan per square metre, with a 57.59% decline in volume to {{convert|567200|m2|sqft|sp=us}}. Then in May prices declined a further 29.74% from the previous month to 8,483 yuan per square metre, with a 57.95% decline in volume to {{convert|229000|m2|sqft|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalvue.com/home/CE-news/inset/@10063/post/1197863 |title=CapitalVue News: Hainan Property Market Collapses |publisher=Capitalvue.com |date=2010-06-17 |accessdate=2010-08-09}}</ref> However, property prices in the tourist resort of Sanya remain strong as of January 2011, with prime developments selling at prices of up to 80,000 RMB per square metre.
+In March, average month-on-month transaction prices dropped 12.82% to 12,280 RMB per square meter, with a reduction in volume to {{convert|627000|m2|sqft||sp=us}}, a 19.05% decline. Later in April, prices declined 2.84% to 11,932 yuan per square metre, with a 57.59% decline in volume to {{convert|567200|m2|sqft|sp=us}}. Then in May prices declined a further 29.74% from the previous month to 8,483 yuan per square metre, with a 57.95% decline in volume to {{convert|229000|m2|sqft||sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalvue.com/home/CE-news/inset/@10063/post/1197863 |title=CapitalVue News: Hainan Property Market Collapses |publisher=Capitalvue.com |date=17 June 2010 |access-date=9 August 2010}}</ref> However, property prices in the tourist resort of Sanya remain strong as of January 2011, with prime developments selling at prices of up to 80,000 RMB per square metre.
+Data for 2016 data shows that Hainan saw an increase in house sales of 44%. Volume in sales was 129 billion RMB ($18.82 billion) which is a rise of 51.2 percent year-on-year. During that year in November, commercial apartments in Sanya sold for 20,695 RMB per square meter a rise of 15.75% year-on-year. The total amount of Sanya real estate sold during that time was 212,400 square meters.<ref name="ecns.cn">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecns.cn/business/2017/02-07/244258.shtml|title=Favorable climate in Hainan attracting holiday investors|website=www.ecns.cn}}</ref>
+Out of China's twenty leading real estate developers, eighteen had invested in Hainan during 2016.<ref name="ecns.cn"/>
+In the beginning of 2017, the price for a house in Haikou was approximately 8,000 RMB ($1,170) per square meter and $20,000 RMB ($2,977) per square meter in Sanya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecns.cn/business/2017/02-07/244342.shtml|title=Tips on buying property|website=www.ecns.cn}}</ref>
+====New 2018 regulations====
+On 23 April 2018, new rules came into effect regarding home purchases in Hainan. To be able to buy a house, non-Hainan residents must prove that they have a minimum of one family member who has been paying taxes or social security for at least 2 years.
+Those non-Hainan residents who wish to purchase a house in Haikou, Sanya and Qionghai must prove that they have a minimum of one family member who has been paying taxes or social security for at least 5 years.
+In Wuzhishan, Baoting, Qiongzhong and Baisha (the "central ecological core areas"), houses may only be purchased by local residents.
+When non-residents do buy a property, the down payment must be at least 70 per cent. In order to curb speculation, owners may not sell their property for five years after receiving their ownership certificate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecns.cn/business/2018/04-23/300013.shtml|title=Hainan places tougher restrictions on property purchases|website=www.ecns.cn}}</ref>
 ===Golf industry===
 {{See also|Golf in China#Hainan}}
-This industry is expanding in Hainan, with numerous courses being constructed, including [[Mission Hills Haikou]], which will be one of the largest golf complexes in the world. The golf industry attracts foreign investment, and overseas golfers from such countries as Australia, South Korea, and Japan.
+This industry is expanding in Hainan, with numerous courses being constructed, including [[Mission Hills Haikou]], which is one of the largest golf complexes in the world. The golf industry attracts foreign investment and overseas golfers from such countries as Australia, South Korea, and Japan.
-===Medical tourism===
-The government of Hainan intends to expand the province's [[medical tourism]] industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medicaltourism.com/en/news/hainan-steps-up-learning-process-with-spain-visit.html |title=Hainan steps up learning process with Spain visit |publisher=Medicaltourism.com |date=2011-09-16 |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/4926/2011/12/06/2041s670374_1.htm |title=China Drive |publisher=English.cri.cn |date=2011-12-07 |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref> The provincial government plans to establish the [[Boao Lecheng International Medical Travel Zone]] in the [[Bo'ao]] area. This was announced at the [[Boao Forum for Asia]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|author=董庆沛 |url=http://www.china.org.cn/travel/2011-04/25/content_22436032.htm |title=China in key position to attract medical tourists |publisher=China.org.cn |date=2011-04-25 |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref> The State Council has approved the development of [[Lecheng Island]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Qionghai, Hainan |url=http://maps.google.ca/maps?q=19.142995,110.526272&hl=en&num=1&t=m&z=13 |title=19.142995,110.526272 - Google Maps |publisher=Maps.google.ca |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref> as a medical tourism-themed destination.<ref>{{cite web|author=F_100585 |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/102774/7862196.html |title=Hainan makes foray into int'l medical tourism (2) - People's Daily Online |publisher=English.peopledaily.com.cn |date=2012-07-02 |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref> Lecheng Island is a small island in the Wanquan River about {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} west of the coastal town of Bo'ao on the west coast of the province. Construction on the 20&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. zone is expected to begin in December 2014, will cost a projected 1.5 billion yuan, and is scheduled for completion in 2016. It will be the first special zone for medical travel in China.<ref>[http://www.whatsonsanya.com/news-30478-construction-on-hainan-s-boao-lecheng-int-l-medical-travel-zone-to-start-in-2014.html Construction on Hainan's Boao Lecheng Int'l Medical Travel Zone to start in 2014 - What's On Sanya<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 ===Automotive industry===
-Domestic Chinese manufacturer, [[Haima Automobile]] has its global headquarters in [[Haikou]].
+[[Automotive industry|Automotive manufacturing]] is one of Eight industrial pillar industries. Hainan's automotive output was 39,600 in 2017, down by 41.1 percent over the previous year. Domestic Chinese manufacturer,<ref name="Communiqué2017"/> [[Haima Automobile]] has its global headquarters in [[Haikou]].
-==Transportation==
+===Foreign trade===
+As of 2017, the total value of imports and exports of goods reached 70,237 million [[Renminbi|yuan]] (10,403 million [[United States dollar|US dollars]]). Of which, the value of goods exported was 29,566 million yuan (4,379 million US dollars), the value of goods imported was 40,671 million yuan (6,024 million US dollars).<ref name="Communiqué2017"/>
+[[Asean]] was Hainan's largest export trade partner in 2017, the value of goods exported to Asean was 12,289 yuan (1,820 million US dollars), accounted for 41.56 per cent of the total value of goods exported. Its second-largest foreign trade partner was [[Hong Kong]], the value of goods exported to Hong Kong was 2,966 yuan (439 million US dollars), accounted for 10.03 per cent of that. the 3rd largest partner was EU, the value of goods exported to EU was 2,186 yuan (324 million US dollars), accounted for 7.39 per cent of that.<ref name="Communiqué2017"/>
+===Hainan Free trade port===
+On 13 April 2018, [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] announced a plan to gradually make the island into a pilot free trade zone by 2020, and transform the entire island into a free trade port by 2025. This will involve inviting foreign and multi-national companies to set up their regional and international headquarters in Hainan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecns.cn/business/2018/04-17/299377.shtml|title=Hainan plans good news for free trade|website=www.ecns.cn}}</ref> Goods and services would be subject to low or even no tariffs. The zone will become China's largest free trade zone, and the first trade port since 1949, when the People's Republic of China was founded.<ref name="xinhuanet.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/15/c_137112366.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418001022/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/15/c_137112366.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2018|title=China Focus: Tropical island on forefront of next phase of China's reform, opening-up – Xinhua – English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref> Part of the plan is to establish exchanges in commodities and carbon trading, international energy, and shipping. Emphasis will also be placed on the development of service industries including tourism, the Internet, healthcare, finance, as well as conference and exhibitions hosting.<ref name="xinhuanet.com"/>
+Since the announcement in April 2018, Hainan had signed 159 contracts with major companies. In September 2018, China National Travel Service Group, China's biggest travel business conglomerate, relocated its headquarters from Beijing to Haikou. In October 2018, [[Baidu]] and Hainan signed a deal to build a 10-billion-yuan (US$1.45 billion) eco-village.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2018-11/05/content_37198211.htm|title=Province burns bright as investment hot spot amid industrial boom – Chinadaily.com.cn|last=李齐|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref>
+In September 2018, a symposium was held in Beijing on foreign investment projects in Hainan. During that gathering, the Hainan government signed contracts with 26 international companies including [[Globevisa Group]], [[Merlin Entertainments Group]], [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]], Ikea Group, [[Mapletree Investments]], [[Avis Budget Group]], [[Star Cruises]], and [[Boehringer Ingelheim]].<ref name="auto"/>
+To bring talented workers to Hainan, in November 2018 the Hainan government held a [[Job fair|recruitment fair]] in Beijing in an effort to bring 7,471 people to Hainan to work in government agencies, companies, and other institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201811/07/WS5be2dab7a310eff30328737c.html|title=Hainan to launch major recruitment fair in Beijing – Chinadaily.com.cn|last=刘小卓|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref>
+Established prior to this announcement, and currently in existence, are the following economic and technological development zones:
+* [[Haikou Free Trade Zone]]
+* Haikou New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
+* [[Yangpu Economic Development Zone]]
+In 2021, Hainan Free Trade Port Law of the People's Republic of China was adopted by the [[National People's Congress]] and ratified under the No.85 Order of the [[President of the People's Republic of China]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=IORI |first1=KAWATE |title=China passes law to make Hainan free trade haven |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/China-passes-law-to-make-Hainan-free-trade-haven |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> According to the law, by 2025, ''feng guan'' (封关, which is directly translated into "customs closure") will be fully implemented and all goods sold to other parts of China from Hainan would be treated as imports, in a similar way as [[Hong Kong|Hong Kong SAR]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hainan Free Trade Port Law of the People's Republic of China |url=http://lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=law&id=35676 |website=lawinfochina.com |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref>
+==Transport==
 ===Road===
+Before 1950 there were practically no transport links with the interior of the island. The first roads were built in the early 20th century, but no major road construction was undertaken in the mountains until the 1950s. Parallel north–south roads along the east and west coasts and through the interior of the island constitute most of Hainan's road network.
-[[File:Hainan Island topographical.jpg|thumb|right|Map showing main highways]]
-Before 1950 there were practically no transportation links with the interior of the island. The first roads were built in the early 20th century, but no major road construction was undertaken in the mountains until the 1950s. Parallel north–south roads along the east and west coasts and through the interior of the island constitute most of Hainan's road network.
+Hainan is the only province in China that does not have highway toll stations. This is due to the 1994 "fee-to-tax" reform.<ref name="xinhuanet.com" /> Instead, road maintenance costs are raised through a 60% tax on fuel.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 December 1998|title=Road taxes|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/265369/road-taxes|access-date=12 February 2022|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref>
-===Air===
-Hainan Province has two international airports([[Haikou Meilan International Airport]] and [[Sanya Phoenix International Airport]]) and two domestic airports ([[Qionghai Bo'ao Airport]] and [[Danzhou Airport]], the latter is under construction.)
+There are several major highways and expressways linking Haikou on the north coast with Sanya on the south coast. The [[China National Highway 224|G224]] is 309 kilometers long and runs through the middle of the province. The Hainan Ring Highway has three parts: The [[China National Highway 225|G225]] is {{convert|429|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} long and is the western part. For most of its length, the G225 runs parallel to the [[Hainan western ring railway]]. The [[China National Highway 223|G223]] is the eastern part, running from Haikou to Sanya. It is 323 kilometers long. The [[G98 Hainan Island Ring Expressway|G98]] is a 612.8-kilometer-long orbital expressway that encircles the island. [[Hainan Highway 1]], a new 1,040-km-long scenic highway, will be built around the island, along the coast starting in May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201903/13/WS5c88c7c4a3106c65c34ee715.html|title=New highway lets tourists drive around Hainan Island – Chinadaily.com.cn|website=global.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref>
-===Rail===
-Today's Hainan is ringed by standard-gauge railways. Since 2004, a [[rail ferry]] connects the island's railroad network to the mainland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200301/07/eng20030107_109686.shtml|title=Railway Ferry Service Across Qiongzhou Straits Begins|date=2003-01-08|publisher=[[People's Daily]] Online|accessdate=2008-08-12}}</ref> In 2005, [[Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Communications]] allocated 20 million yuan (US$2.4 million) to set up a committee to research and study the possibility of a bridge or tunnel link connecting the island to the mainland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/119799.htm|title=Hainan Mulls Bridge/ Tunnel Link to Mainland|author=Xinhua News Agency|date=2005-02-03|publisher=China.org.cn|accessdate=2008-08-12}}</ref>
+There are also numerous rural roads within the province. These are typically two-way asphalt roads and connect larger towns. Connecting the thousands of villages to one another and to farms, are concrete roads about 6 meters wide. Many of these were built from roughly from the year 2000 onward, and as of 2019, are still being built.
-From the ferry terminal, located near [[Haikou Railway Station]] (west of Haikou), freight and passenger trains arriving from the mainland can proceed on the [[Hainan Western Ring Railway]] along the island's west coast, via [[Dongfang, Hainan|Dongfang]] to Sanya. This railway line has been developed over several decades, starting with a few short {{RailGauge|3ft6in|lk=on}} [[narrow gauge]] lines constructed during the Japanese occupation in the early 1940s.
+===Bridges===
-The [[Hainan Eastern Ring High-Speed Railway]] links [[Haikou]] and [[Sanya]] along the island's east coast. There are 15 stations in between, either in operation or still under construction. Trains are designed to travel at {{convert|250|km/h|abbr=on}}. Travel time from Haikou to Sanya is approximately 1 hour and 22 minutes.
+While a bridge connecting Hainan to the Leizhou peninsula on the mainland was planned in the early 2000s it never came to fruition. A bridge or tunnel received continued consideration in 2018, as travel by air or ferry can leave residents and visitors isolated when bad weather sets in.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chinaplus.cri.cn/news/china/9/20180223/94355.html|title=Hainan travel chaos: Is it time to build the cross-strait subsea tunnel?|date=8 June 2018|access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref>
-The total length of [[Hainan Eastern Ring High-Speed Railway]] is {{convert|308.11|km|abbr=on}}. The in-between railway stations include [[Haikou East Railway Station|Haikou East]], [[Changliu Railway Station|Changliu]], [[Xiuying Railway Station|Xiuying]], [[Meilan Airport Railway Station|Meilan Airport]], [[Wenchang Railway Station|Wenchang]], [[Qionghai Railway Station|Qionghai]], [[Bo'ao Railway Station|Bo'ao]], [[Wanning Railway Station|Wanning]], [[Shenzhou Railway Station|Shenzhou]], [[Sun and Moon Bay Railway Station|Sun and Moon Bay]], [[Lingshui Railway Station|Lingshui]] and [[Tiandu Railway Station|Tiandu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/13627264.html |title=Hainan Steps into an Era of High Speed Railways (海南吉林迈入"高铁时代") |language=Chinese |publisher=[[People's Daily Online]] |date=December 31, 2010 |accessdate=January 10, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001102416/http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/13627264.html |archivedate=October 1, 2011 }}</ref>
+===Air===
-The first train run started on 30 December 2010 at the price of 114 [[RMB]] for first-class seat and 95 [[RMB]] for a second-class seat for a full journey between [[Haikou]] and [[Sanya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.wenweipo.com/2010/12/28/NN1012280012.htm|title=Hainan's Eastern Ring Railway/Ticket Price|publisher=news.wenweipo.com|date=December 28, 2010|accessdate=January 10, 2012}}</ref>
+Hainan Province has two international airports ([[Haikou Meilan International Airport]] and [[Sanya Phoenix International Airport]]) and two domestic airports ([[Qionghai Bo'ao Airport]] and [[Danzhou Airport]], the latter is under construction.)
+===Rail===
-The [[Hainan Western Ring High-Speed Railway]] is on the west coast of Hainan, roughly paralleling the existing Hainan Western Ring Railway. It links up with the Hainan Eastern Ring Railway at both ends, thus forming a high-speed railway ring around the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auto.ifeng.com/usecar/traffic/20110104/504683.shtml|title=Hainan International Tourism Island Steps into the Age of High Speed Rail Age (海南吉林迈入高铁时代 高铁激活国际旅游岛)|language=Chinese|date=January 4, 2011|accessdate=January 6, 2011}}</ref>
+[[File:Ferry_leaving_South_Port_-_03.jpg|thumb|Train ferry of [[Guangdong–Hainan railway]] leaving South Port, Haikou]]
+Today's Hainan is ringed by standard-gauge railways. Since 2004, a [[Train ferry|rail ferry]] connects the island's railroad network to Guangdong, mainland China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200301/07/eng20030107_109686.shtml|title=Railway Ferry Service Across Qiongzhou Straits Begins|date=8 January 2003|publisher=[[People's Daily]] Online|access-date=12 August 2008}}</ref> In 2005, [[Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Communications]] allocated 20 million yuan (US$2.4 million) to set up a committee to research and study the possibility of a bridge or tunnel link connecting the island to the mainland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/119799.htm|title=Hainan Mulls Bridge/ Tunnel Link to Mainland|author=Xinhua News Agency|date=3 February 2005|publisher=China.org.cn|access-date=12 August 2008}}</ref> From the ferry terminal, located near [[Haikou railway station]] (west of Haikou), freight and passenger trains arriving from the mainland can proceed on the [[Hainan western ring railway]] along the island's west coast, via [[Dongfang, Hainan|Dongfang]] to Sanya. This railway line has been developed over several decades, starting with a few short {{RailGauge|3ft6in|lk=on}} [[Narrow-gauge railway|narrow gauge]] lines constructed during the Japanese occupation in the early 1940s.
+There is a high-speed railway ring around the island, formed by the [[Hainan eastern ring high-speed railway|eastern ring]] and [[Hainan western ring high-speed railway|western ring]] along the island's coast. Both high-speed railways are connected with [[Haikou]] and [[Sanya]]. There are 15 stations along the east coast, and 16 stations along the west coast. Trains are designed to travel at {{convert|250|km/h|abbr=on}} on the east ring, and {{convert|200|km/h|abbr=on}} on the west ring. The total length of eastern ring is {{convert|308.11|km|abbr=on}}, while the western ring is {{Convert|344|km|mi||sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/13627264.html |trans-title=Hainan Steps into an Era of High Speed Railways |script-title=zh:海南吉林迈入"高铁时代" | language = zh-hans |publisher=[[People's Daily Online]] |date=31 December 2010 |access-date=10 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001102416/http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/13627264.html |archive-date=1 October 2011 }}</ref> The first eastern ring high-speed train run started on 30 December 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.wenweipo.com/2010/12/28/NN1012280012.htm|title=Hainan's Eastern Ring Railway/Ticket Price|publisher=news.wenweipo.com|date=28 December 2010|access-date=10 January 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023418/http://news.wenweipo.com/2010/12/28/NN1012280012.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Hainan western ring high-speed railway]] started its operation in 2015.
 ===Seaports===
 [[File:Haikou Xiuying Port 16.jpg|thumb|right|Haikou Xiuying Port]]
-* [[Haikou Xiuying Port]] ({{lang|zh|海口秀英港}}) serves as the main passenger and cargo center.<ref name="english.chinaports.org">{{cite web|url=http://english.chinaports.org/info/201011/000124.html |title=Hainan Harbor & Shipping Holding Co.,Ltd. |publisher=China Ports |date= |accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref>
+* [[Haikou Xiuying Port]] ({{lang|zh|海口秀英港}}) serves as the main passenger and cargo center.<ref name="english.chinaports.org">{{cite web |url=http://english.chinaports.org/info/201011/000124.html |title=Hainan Harbor & Shipping Holding Co., Ltd. |publisher=China Ports |access-date=12 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106145201/http://english.chinaports.org/info/201011/000124.html |archive-date=6 November 2011 }}</ref>
-* [[Haikou New Port]] ({{lang|zh|海口新港}}) opened June 1, 2005<ref name="english.chinaports.org"/>
+* [[Haikou New Port]] ({{lang|zh|海口新港}}) opened 1 June 2005<ref name="english.chinaports.org" />
-* [[Macun Port]] ({{lang|zh-hans|马村港}}) located in [[Chengmai County]]; opened June 1, 2005<ref name="english.chinaports.org"/>
+* [[Macun Port]] ({{lang|zh-hans|馬村港}}) located in [[Chengmai County]]; opened 1 June 2005<ref name="english.chinaports.org" />
-* [[Hainan Strait Port]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ports.com/china/hainan-strait-port/ |title=Hainan Strait Port , China |publisher=ports.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref>
+* [[Hainan Strait Port]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ports.com/china/hainan-strait-port/ |title=Hainan Strait Port, China |publisher=ports.com |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>
 * [[Basuo|Basuo Port]] in [[Dongfang, Hainan|Dongfang]] City is a small port on the west coast of Hainan. One of its main cargos is iron ore from the [[Shilu, Hainan|Shilu]] Mine.
-Hainan received 11,000 tons of products via ports November 2010, up 90.1 percent month-on-month. Between January and November 2010, 102,000 tons of products were exported via Hainan, 34,000 tons of which were exported to the US, and 14,000 tons sent to the EU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whatsonsanya.com/news-14177-china-exports-11k-tons-of-aquatic-products-via-hainan-ports-in-nov.html |title=China exports 11k tons of aquatic products via Hainan ports in Nov – What's On Sanya |publisher=Whatsonsanya.com |date=2010-12-28 |accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref>
+Hainan received 11,000 tons of products via ports November 2010, up 90.1 percent month-on-month. Between January and November 2010, 102,000 tons of products were exported via Hainan, 34,000 tons of which were exported to the US, and 14,000 tons sent to the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whatsonsanya.com/news-14177-china-exports-11k-tons-of-aquatic-products-via-hainan-ports-in-nov.html |title=China exports 11k tons of aquatic products via Hainan ports in Nov – What's On Sanya |publisher=Whatsonsanya.com |date=28 December 2010 |access-date=12 November 2011 |archive-date=2 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602211534/http://www.whatsonsanya.com/news-14177-china-exports-11k-tons-of-aquatic-products-via-hainan-ports-in-nov.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+====Province-wide infrastructure development====
-==Education==
+From 2015 to the present, a widespread program to improve cities and other settlements in Hainan island has been taking place. It includes the removal of litter from towns, villages, and many roadsides. [[Illegal dumping|Small, illegal dumps]] are being removed. However, [[illegal dumping]] of [[construction waste|construction debris]] still occurs on rural roads. Large, plastic dumpsters have been put in place within villages and at countryside road intersections. Towns are being improved with new road and sidewalk surfaces, landscaping features are being created, and many buildings are receiving new façades.
-[[File:Haikou College of Economics - administration and library building 01.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Haikou College of Economics]], Guilinyang campus]]
-{{See also|List of universities and colleges in Hainan}}
-The level of primary and secondary education has improved since 1949, but facilities for higher education remain somewhat inadequate.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}
+This [[Haikou#Massive city-improvement campaign|initiative in Haikou]] has seen entire neighborhoods demolished and rebuilt, sanitation improved, illegal structures used for business removed, roadside vendors banned, roads and sidewalks replaced, and new street crossings with traffic lights installed.
-*[[Hainan University]] (海南大学)
-*[[Hainan Normal University]] (海南师范大学)
-*[[Qiongzhou University]] (琼州大学)
-*[[Hainan Medical Institute]] (海南医学院)
-*[[Haikou College of Economics]] (海口经济学院)
-*South China Tropical Agricultural University (华南热带农业大学, merged into Hainan University on Aug 14, 2007)
+== Hainan Regional Specific Visa-exemption Policy ==
-==Culture==
-[[File:Hainan Museum 01.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Hainan Provincial Museum]]]]
-Hainan has always been on the fringe of the Chinese cultural sphere. Traditionally, the island was a place of [[exile]] for criminals and disgraced officials. As a frontier region celebrated by such exiled poets as [[Su Dongpo]], Hainan acquired an air of mystery and romance. The influx of large numbers of mainlanders after 1950 – particularly in the 1970s, when young Chinese from southern Guangdong were assigned to state farms to help develop Hainan, and in the 1980s, when thousands more came to take advantage of the economic opportunities offered – has perpetuated the frontier atmosphere on the island.
+=== Visa-free Entry ===
-==Media==
+Starting from 1 May 2018, citizens of following 59 countries do not need a visa if they visit Hainan Island and stay no more than 30 days.<ref name="hainanvisa">{{cite news |date=2018-04-18 |title=China Focus: Hainan to offer visa-free access to tourists from 59 countries |publisher=Xinhua |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/18/c_137120441.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418152146/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/18/c_137120441.htm |archive-date=18 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:公安部发布：海南实施59国免签 |url=http://m.sohu.com/news/a/228635597_114731 |publisher=人民网}}</ref> In July 2019, the [[Ministry of Public Security (China)|Chinese Ministry of Public Security]] and [[National Immigration Administration]] announced an update and expansion of the [[Visa-free travel|visa-free]] entry options for foreign nationals in Hainan. In addition to the existing visa-free entry for tourists from 59 countries, foreign nationals are now allowed visa-free entry for various purposes, including business, trade, visiting, family reunification, medical treatment, conferences and exhibitions, sports competitions, and more (excluding work and study). Moreover, the Chinese Ministry of Public Security and National Immigration Administration has extended the visa-free entry into Hainan by allowing individual self-application or entry through an entity invitation, replacing the previous invitation reception mode that involved travel agencies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=公安部、国家移民管理局出台支持海南全面深化改革 |url=https://www.nia.gov.cn/n741435/n907688/n932720/n1008173/n1110208/n1110220/n1110320/c1111338/content.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.nia.gov.cn}}</ref>
-As well as programming from [[Central China Television]] (CCTV), Hainan has a number of local TV stations including [[Hainan Television|Hainan TV]] and [[Haikou Television|Haikou TV]]. The Chinese language ''[[Nanguo Metropolis Daily]]'', ''[[Haikou Evening News]]'', and ''[[Hainan Daily]]'' newspapers are published in Haikou.
+==== Countries eligible ====
-==Cuisine==
+{| style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;"
-[[File:Typical Hainan lunch - 01.jpg|thumb|right|Common dishes served in Hainan]]
+|
-{{Main article|Hainan cuisine}}
+* {{flagicon|European Union|}} All [[European Union citizenship|European Union citizens]]
-Hainan cuisine is said to be "lighter, with mild seasonings." A lot of local taste is mixed with the Han Chinese taste. Seafood predominates the menu, as shrimp, crab, fish and other sea life are widely available.
+{|
-[[Wenchang chicken]] is a dish known throughout the province of Hainan. Although there are many varieties of this dish, the name is usually used to define a type of small, free-range chicken from [[Wenchang]], located on the east coast of the province. As opposed to [[Battery cage|battery]] chickens, its meat has more texture and is somewhat drier.
+|
+* {{flagcountry|Albania}}
+* {{flagcountry|Argentina}}
+* {{flagcountry|Australia}}
+* {{flagcountry|Belarus}}<sup>2</sup>
+* {{flagcountry|Bosnia}}<sup>2</sup>
+* {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
+* {{flagcountry|Brunei}}<sup>2</sup>
+* {{flagcountry|Canada}}
+| valign="top" |
+* {{flagcountry|Chile}}
+* {{flagcountry|Iceland}}
+* {{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
+* {{flagcountry|Japan}}
+* {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}<sup>2</sup>
+* {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
+* {{flagcountry|Mexico}}
+* {{flagcountry|Monaco}}
+| valign="top" |
+* {{flagcountry|Montenegro}}
+* {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
+* {{flag|North Macedonia}}
+* {{flagcountry|Norway}}
+* {{flagcountry|Philippines}}
+* {{flagcountry|Qatar}}<sup>2</sup>
+* {{flagcountry|Russia}}
+* {{flagcountry|Serbia}}<sup>2</sup>
+| valign="top" |
+* {{flagcountry|Singapore}}<sup>2</sup>
+* {{flagcountry|South Korea}}
+* {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
+* {{flagcountry|Thailand}}
+* {{flagcountry|UAE}}<sup>2</sup>
+* {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
+* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}<sup>1</sup>
+* {{flagcountry|United States}}
+|}
+|}
+{{smalldiv|# for British passport holders, only British citizens are eligible.
+# Visa exemption in general}}
+=== Hainan Free Trade Zone Immigration Preferential Policies ===
-[[Hainanese chicken rice|Hainan chicken rice]] is a famous dish in Southeast Asia bearing the region's name. However, whilst many restaurants use  chicken fat to quickly add flavour to the dish, the proper local method is to 'marinate' the rice with chicken soup to add a more full flavour.
+In July 2019, the Chinese Ministry of Public Security and National Immigration Administration announced updated preferential policies that applied to the Hainan Province (Hainan Free Trade Zone), including:<ref name=":1" />
+==== Facilitate Employment and Entrepreneurship for Foreign University Students ====
-==Tourism==
+Foreign students who have obtained a master's or higher degree from Chinese universities can apply for a residency permit of up to 2 years for innovation and entrepreneurship in Hainan with the recommendation of their affiliated universities. Foreign students studying at overseas universities are allowed to engage in regular internships at Hainan's star-rated hotels, hospitals, international schools, and other entities. With the required invitation letter from the relevant entity and proof of enrollment at a foreign university, they can apply for the necessary visas for their internships.<ref name=":1" />
-[[File:HainanSanya4.jpg|thumb|right|Located in Sanya, this beach is typical of those along the entire eastern coast of Hainan]]
-During 2011, more than 30 million tourists visited Hainan, mostly from mainland China. Of the 814,600 overseas tourists, 227,600 of them came from Russia, a 53.3 percent a rise year-on-year.<ref name="news.xinhuanet.com">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-05/01/c_131562175.htm |title=Sanya big draw for tourists - Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=2012-05-01 |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref> Total revenue during that year was 32 billion RMB ($4.3 billion US), up 25 percent from 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ttgasia.com/article.php?article_id=3572 |title=Leader in Hotel, Airlines, Tourism and Travel Trade News - Hainan unveils plans to boost infrastructure, flight connectivity |publisher=TTG Asia |date=2012-05-03 |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref>
+==== Provide Permanent Residency Convenience for Foreigners Working or Investing ====
-In the first quarter of 2012, the Hainan Provincial Tourism Development Commission reports that Hainan received 208,300 overnight visitors, 25 percent of whom came from Russia.<ref name="news.xinhuanet.com"/>
+Chinese of foreign nationalities with a Ph.D. degree working in Hainan, or Chinese of foreign nationalities who have worked continuously in Hainan for at least 4 years with an accumulated residency of no less than 6 months each year, are eligible to apply for permanent residency. Their foreign spouses and minor children can also apply for permanent residency together. Foreign individuals who invest in innovative enterprises in Hainan and maintain stable investments with good tax records for three consecutive years, recommended by the Hainan Provincial People's Government, can apply for permanent residency. Foreign individuals who have worked continuously in Hainan for 4 years and meet the income and personal income tax payment standards in Hainan are eligible to apply for permanent residency.<ref name=":1" />
+==Education==
-In 2000, the province initiated a visa-upon-arrival policy for foreign tourist groups. It is available to citizens of twenty-six different countries, and was established in order to attract visitors.
+[[File:Haikou College of Economics - administration and library building 01.jpg|thumb|[[Haikou University of Economics]], Guilinyang campus]]
+{{See also|List of universities and colleges in Hainan}}
+The level of primary and secondary education has improved since 1949, but facilities for higher education remain somewhat inadequate.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}
+*[[Hainan University]] ({{lang|zh|海南大学}})
-To encourage tourism to Hainan, visitors are allowed to claim a maximum 8,000 yuan tax refund on luxury items purchased within the province.
+*[[Hainan Medical University]] ({{lang|zh|海南医学院}})
+*[[Hainan Normal University]] ({{lang|zh|海南师范大学}})
+*[[Hainan Tropical Ocean University]] ({{lang|zh|海南热带海洋学院}})
+*Qiongtai Normal University ({{lang|zh|琼台师范学院}})
+*[[Haikou University of Economics]] ({{lang|zh|海口经济学院}})
+*[[University of Sanya]] ({{lang|zh|三亚学院}})
+==Settlement==
-Hainan Island is often divided into eight regions for tourism purposes: Haikou and area (Haikou, [[Qiongshan]], [[Ding'an County|Ding'an]]); the Northeast ([[Wenchang]]); the Central East Coast (Qionghai, Ding'an); the South East Coast; the South (Sanya); the West Coast also called the [[Chinese Riviera]] (Ledong, Dongfang, Xianghsui, Changjiang); the North West ([[Danzhou]], Lingao, Chengmai); and the Central Highlands (Baisha, Qiongzhong, and Wuzhishan/Tongzha).
+[[File:Hainan Museum 01.jpg|thumb|[[Hainan Museum|Hainan Provincial Museum]]]]
+As a frontier region celebrated by such exiled poets as [[Su Shi|Su Dongpo]], Hainan acquired an air of mystery and romance. The influx of large numbers of mainlanders after 1950 – particularly in the 1970s, when young Chinese from southern Guangdong were assigned to state farms to help develop Hainan, and in the 1980s, when thousands more came to take advantage of the economic opportunities offered – has perpetuated the frontier atmosphere on the island.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}
+In the late 1960s, the influx of [[sent-down youth]]s (primarily from Guangdong) to Hainan island led to the use of the phrase, "being rooted in Hainan" to refer to commitment to the revolutionary cause.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rodriguez |first=Sarah Mellors |url= |title=Reproductive realities in modern China : birth control and abortion, 1911–2021 |date=2023 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-02733-5 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=152 |oclc=1366057905}}</ref> By the early 1970s, the meaning of the phrase had evolved to refer to getting married and starting a family on the island.<ref name=":0" />
-===Yachting===
-To encourage the international yachting community, new regulations now allow foreign yachts to stay for a total of 183 days each year, with a maximum single stay duration of 30 days. 13 additional ports will be built around the island to accommodate this market.<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/china-opening-up-hainan-island-to-the-world-2257987.html | location=London | work=The Independent | title=China opening up Hainan Island to the world | date=2011-03-31}}</ref>
+==Media==
-===Historical sites===
+As well as programs from [[Central China Television]] (CCTV), Hainan has a number of local TV stations including [[Hainan Television|Hainan TV]] and [[Haikou Television|Haikou TV]]. The Chinese language ''[[Nanguo Metropolis Daily]]'', ''[[Haikou Evening News]]'', and ''[[Hainan Daily]]'' newspapers are published in Haikou.
-{{main article|Major national historical and cultural sites (Hainan)}}
-Haikou is the province's capital and contains interesting historic sites. Also known as Coconut City, Haikou is a major port.  The [[Five Officials Temple]] ({{zh|c={{linktext|五|公|祠}}|p={{linktext|Wŭ|gōng| cí}}}}, {{Coord|20|0|35.79|N|110|21|17.34|E|region:CN-46_type:landmark|display=inline}}) consists of five traditional temples and halls that were built in honour of five officials of the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) dynasties. These officials were banished to Hainan for periods ranging from 11 days to 11 years for speaking out against what they felt were wrong practices by the emperors. (It is perhaps significant that the establishment of the Five Officials Temple in the late 19th century coincides with a time when China's territorial integrity was under threat, and that several of the officials honoured here were exiled for espousing aggressive policies on the recapture of the north of China from the [[Jurchens]] during the Southern [[Song dynasty]].)
+A large film studio is located in the south part of Haikou. [[Movie Town Haikou]] comprises several studio buildings and an artificial town used as filming sets and a visitor attraction.
-[[Xiuying Fort Barbette]] was built in 1891 to defend the southeastern corner of China during the [[Sino-French War]]. The Xiuying Fort Barbette covers about a third of an acre.  Its five large cannons are still intact and viewable at the site.
+==Cuisine==
-[[File:Hai Rui tomb 01.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Tomb of [[Hai Rui]]]]
+[[File:Typical Hainan lunch - 01.jpg|thumb|right|Common dishes served in Hainan]]
-The Tomb of [[Hai Rui]] ({{Coord|20|0|29.66|N|110|17|30.18|E|region:CN-46_type:landmark|display=inline}}) is a key national cultural protection site. [[Hai Rui]] was a compassionate and popular official of Hainanese origins who lived during the Ming Dynasty.  He was famous for his lifelong honesty and his willingness to speak out on behalf of local people.  In later life, Hai Rui was persecuted and fell out of favour with the emperor.  His admirers built the Hai Rui Tomb after his death to commemorate his great works.  Construction of the tomb began in 1589.
+{{Main|Hainan cuisine}}
+Hainan cuisine is said to be "lighter, with mild seasonings." A lot of local taste is mixed with the Han Chinese taste. Seafood predominates the menu, as shrimp, crab, fish and other sea life are widely available.
+[[Wenchang chicken]] is a dish known throughout the province of Hainan. Although there are many varieties of this dish, the name is usually used to define a type of small, free-range chicken from [[Wenchang]], located on the east coast of the province. As opposed to [[Battery cage|battery]] chickens, its meat has more texture and is somewhat drier.
-The [[Yangpu Ancient Salt Field]] is a heritage site in Yantian village on [[Yangpu Peninsula]]. The area comprises more than 1,000 stones, cut flat on top, used to dry seawater to produce salt.
-===Other attractions and destinations===
-[[File:Hainan 3.JPG|thumb|[[Yalong Bay]], the most expensive and well-known beach in Hainan, and location of numerous 5-star hotels.|right]]
-Hainan Island has a number of beaches, hot springs and other attractions. Some top scenic sites include Yalong bay National Resort; Dadonghai Tourist Resort; Qizhi Shan (Seven Finger Mountain), Nuilin mountain tropical botanical reserve in Lingshui county,  [[Guantang Hot Spring]] Resort, [[Shishan Volcanic Garden]]; the [[Wanquan River]], Baishi Ridge Scenic Zone and Baihua Ridge.
-Other attractions in Hainan include:
-* [[Phoenix Island]], an [[artificial island]] in [[Sanya Bay]].
-* [[Monkey Island, Hainan|Monkey Island]], near the well-known perfume bay or Xiangshui Wan, a popular tourist destination located in [[Lingshui Li Autonomous County|Lingshui]] County, is a state-protected nature reserve for [[macaques]].
-* [[Yalong Bay]] (Crescent Dragon Bay or Yalong Wan), a {{Convert|7|km|abbrev=on}} long beach east of Sanya City.
-* [[Xiangshui Bay Scenic Area]], {{Convert|48|km|abbrev=on}} from Sanya Tiandu.
-* [[Luobi Cave]], {{Convert|15|km|abbrev=on}} north of Sanya City.
-* [[Nanshan Temple (Sanya)|Nanshan Temple]], a Buddhist cultural area west of Sanya featuring a {{Convert|108|m|ft}} [[Guan Yin of the South Sea of Sanya|statue of Guanyin]], Buddhist Goddess of Mercy.
-* [[Yanoda]] is a rainforest area. It is open to visitors with guided walking tours, a zipline, and a waterfall climbing activity.
+[[Hainanese chicken rice|Hainan chicken rice / Coibui]] is a famous dish in Southeast Asia, particularly [[Singapore]] and [[Malaysia]],  bearing the region's name. However, while many restaurants use chicken fat to quickly add flavor to the dish, the proper local method is to 'marinate' the rice with chicken soup to add a more full flavor.
-===Statistics===
-.6 million tourists visited Hainan in 2008, producing total revenues of 19.23 billion yuan (US$2.81 billion). Of these tourists, 979,800 were from overseas with the largest numbers coming from South Korea, Russia and Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eturbonews.com/13871/hainan-way-become-new-hawaii?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:%20Eturbonews-TravelAndTourismIndustryNews%20(eTurboNews%20-%20Travel%20and%20Tourism%20Industry%20News) |title=Hainan tourism Hainan on the way to become the new Hawaii ? |publisher=eTurboNews.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-09}}</ref>
-During 2010, the amount of overnight tourists visiting Hainan was 25.87 million, 663,000 of which came from outside China.<ref name="independent.co.uk"/>
 ==Events==
 Numerous events are hosted or sponsored on the island, including:
+* [[Blue Bay LPGA]] – Women's Golf [[LPGA]] tournament, held annually at Jian Lake Blue Bay Golf Course
-* Swatch Girls World Pro China - Annual Elite Women's surfing competition, held at [[Wanning]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.swatchgirlspro.com/en/china/2013/home|title = Swatch Girls World Pro China|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>
-* Hainan International Surfing Festival, held annually at [[Riyue Bay]], [[Wanning]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://hainaninternationalsurfingfestival.com/hainan-classic/|title = Hainan International Surfing Festival|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>
+* Swatch Girls World Pro China – Annual Elite Women's surfing competition, held at [[Wanning]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.swatchgirlspro.com/en/china/2013/home|title = Swatch Girls World Pro China|archive-url = http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20131214061620/http%3A//www.swatchgirlspro.com/en/china/2013/home|archive-date = 14 December 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref>
+* Hainan International Surfing Festival, held annually at [[Riyue Bay]], [[Wanning]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hainaninternationalsurfingfestival.com/hainan-classic|title=Hainan International Surfing Festival}}</ref>
 * [[Miss World]] beauty pageant is regularly held in the city of Sanya.
 * [[Mission Hills Star Trophy]] is an annual golf tournament that started in 2010.
 * [[Tour of Hainan]] bicycle race
-* Hainan Rendez-Vous, an annual four-day event that draws China's ultra high-net-worth individuals to the [[Chinese Riviera]]-like shores of Hainan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hainanrendezvous.com/en/ |title=(Hainan Sanya) – Yachts, Business Jets, Luxury LifeStyle |publisher=Hainan RendezVous |date= |accessdate=2011-11-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007232304/http://hainanrendezvous.com/en/ |archivedate=October 7, 2011 }}</ref>
+* Hainan Rendez-Vous, an annual four-day event that draws China's ultra high-net-worth individuals to the [[Chinese Riviera]]-like shores of Hainan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hainanrendezvous.com/en/ |title=(Hainan Sanya) – Yachts, Business Jets, Luxury LifeStyle |publisher=Hainan RendezVous |access-date=12 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007232304/http://hainanrendezvous.com/en/ |archive-date=7 October 2011 }}</ref>
-* [[Ironman Triathlon|Ironman]] triathlon
+* [[Ironman Triathlon|Ironman triathlon]]
 * [[Boao Forum for Asia]], held in [[Boao]], is an international high-level government, business, and academia forum.
-* H1 Hot Air Balloon Challenge is held annually in Haikou. Balloons from across the nation fly over the Qiongzhou Strait from Haikou to a designated location on the mainland in [[Xunwen County]], Guangdong.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/photo/2011-06/14/c_13927851.htm |title=Hot Air Balloon Challenge held in Haikou |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.360doc.com/content/11/0614/08/363711_126783525.shtml |title=H1 China Hot Air Balloon Challenge kicks off |publisher=360doc.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-12}}</ref>
+* H1 Hot Air Balloon Challenge is held annually in Haikou. Balloons from across the nation fly over the Qiongzhou Strait from Haikou to a designated location on the mainland in [[Xunwen County]], Guangdong.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/photo/2011-06/14/c_13927851.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617232641/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/photo/2011-06/14/c_13927851.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 June 2011 |title=Hot Air Balloon Challenge held in Haikou |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>
 ==Miscellaneous topics==
-*Hainan is a [[sister province]] of [[Jeju-do]] island-province of [[South Korea]] and of the Canadian island-province of [[Prince Edward Island]].
 *The novel, ''[[Red Detachment of Women (ballet)|Red Detachment of Women]]'', by [[Liang Xin]], was set in Hainan. The novel was first adapted to a feature film in the 1950s, and then a ballet in the 1960s as one of the [[Eight model plays]]. Most of the people of that time derived their romanticized image of Hainan Island from the scenes in the ballet, particularly that of the vivid forests of coconut trees, the Five Finger Mountain ([[Wuzhi Shan]]), and the [[Wanquan River]].
-*One of the satellite launch centers of China is located in Hainan near the city of [[Wenchang]]. It is called [[Wenchang Satellite Launch Center]]. It is the closest Chinese launch center to the equator.
-*Parts of the 2010 movie ''[[If you are the One 2]]'' ({{lang|zh-hans|非诚勿扰 2}}) were shot in [[Shimei Bay]] ({{lang|zh-hans|石梅湾}}) near Sanya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://life.globaltimes.cn/travel/2011-01/614134.html|title=China's Top Ten 2011|publisher=[[Global Times]]|date=January 19, 2011|accessdate=January 20, 2011}}</ref>
 *Two notable lighthouses are located on Hainan: the [[Baishamen Lighthouse]] and [[Mulantou Lighthouse]] are among the tallest in the world, the latter being the tallest in China.
-*[[3024 Hainan]], named for the province, is an [[Outer asteroid belt|outer main-belt]] [[asteroid]] discovered in 1981.
+*[[3024 Hainan]], named after the province, is an [[Outer asteroid belt|outer main-belt]] [[asteroid]] discovered in 1981.
-*''[[Hainan Kopi Tales]]'' is an award-winning Singaporean Chinese drama serial set in a famous Hainan coffee shop that explores the Hainanese way of life from the 1960s to the 1980s.
+*''[[Hainan Kopi Tales]]'' is a Singaporean Chinese drama serial set in a famous Hainan coffee shop that explores the Hainanese way of life from the 1960s to the 1980s.
-Hainian Resort is also a multiplayer map in the hit game of 2013 Battlefield 4.
+*Hainan Resort is also a multiplayer map in the 2013 video game ''[[Battlefield 4]]''.
-===Space centre===
+===Space center===
-:''Main article [[Wenchang Satellite Launch Center]]''
+{{main|Wenchang Space Launch Site}}
+One of China's satellite launch centers is located in Hainan east of the city of [[Wenchang]]. The [[Wenchang Space Launch Site]], a {{convert|1200|ha|acre}} facility, is the closest Chinese launch center to the equator. The construction plan was first announced in October 2007. The new launch center began operations on 25 June 2016 with the [[Long March 7]] rocket making its [[maiden flight]].
-China announced in October 2007 that it would build its fourth space launch centre, just a week after it fired off its first lunar orbiter.  The new launch centre, to be built on the eastern island province of Hainan, is scheduled to start operating between 2014 and 2015.  The location of the launch centre in Hainan, a low-latitude coastal region advantageous for orbital launches, will displace more than 6,000 residents that will be relocated to make way for the space centre, which will occupy {{convert|1200|ha|acre}}.
-The site will be mainly used for launching various kinds of satellites and large space stations. The plan has been approved by the government.  A {{convert|407|ha|acre|adj=on}} space themed park will also be constructed near the new launch centre.
 ==Notable residents==
@@ Line 615: / Line 966: @@
 [[Hai Rui]] (1514–1587) was a famous Chinese official of the [[Ming dynasty]]. His name has come down in history as a model of honesty and integrity in office.
-[[Chih-Ping Chen]] (1906-1983) was a distinguished diplomat and statesman for the Republic of China, who served to build the Yunnan-Burma Road, and a diplomatic career that spanned four decades.
+[[Chih-Ping Chen]] (1906–1983) was a distinguished diplomat and statesman for the Republic of China, who served to build the Yunnan-Burma Road, and a diplomatic career that spanned four decades.
+The most well-known native of Hainan is Chinese businessman, [[Charlie Soong]], father of the [[Shanghai]]-born [[Soong sisters]]: [[Soong Ai-ling]], wife of [[H. H. Kung]] (once China's richest man); [[Soong Ching-ling]], wife of [[Sun Yat-Sen]]; and [[Soong Mei-ling]], wife of former [[Republic of China|ROC]] President [[Chiang Kai-shek]].
+[[Fei (singer)|Wang Feifei (Fei)]], singer, actress, entertainer and member of girl group [[Miss A]];
+[[Wu Xuanyi]], member of the South Korean-Chinese girl group [[WJSN]]
-The most well-known native of Hainan is Chinese-American [[Methodist]] minister turned businessman, [[Charlie Soong]], father of the [[Shanghai]]-born [[Soong sisters]]: [[Soong Ai-ling]], wife of [[H. H. Kung]] (once China's richest man); [[Soong Ching-ling]], wife of [[Sun Yat-Sen]]; and [[Soong Mei-ling]], wife of former [[Republic of China|ROC]] President [[Chiang Kai-shek]].
 ==International partnership==
+Hainan has international relationships with the following places:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://enfaohn.hainan.gov.cn/swsqwywb/wsqwbgsSR/wsqwbgsLP/|title=List of Sister States/Provinces of Hainan – Foreign affairs office of hainan province|website=enfaohn.hainan.gov.cn|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526014413/http://enfaohn.hainan.gov.cn/swsqwywb/wsqwbgsSR/wsqwbgsLP/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-Hainan has international relationships with these places:
-<ref>[http://en.hainan.gov.cn/englishgov/Cities/ People’s Government of HaiNan Province<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 {| class="wikitable sortable"
 |-
+! Sister state/province !! Sovereign country !! Date of Establishing Sisterhood Relationship
-!  Region !!Country!! Date
 |-
-|  {{flagicon|Hyogo}} [[Hyogo Prefecture]] ||{{JPN}}|| 1990.09.28
+| {{Flag|Hyogo}}|| Japan|| 28 September 1990
 |-
-|  {{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii]] ||{{USA}}|| 1992.06.30
+| {{Flag|Hawaii}} || United States || 30 June 1992
 |-
+| {{Flag|Jeju}}|| [[South Korea]] || 6 October 1995
-|{{flagicon|Békés County}} [[Békés County]]||{{HUN}}|| 1993.01.02
 |-
+| {{Flag|Crimea}}|| Ukraine || 15 April 1996
-|[[File:Flag of Jejudo.svg|24px|Flag of Jejudo]] [[Jeju Province]] ||{{KOR}}|| 1995.10.06
 |-
-| {{flagicon|Crimea}} [[Crimea]] ||{{UKR}}|| 1996.04.15
+| {{Flag|Cebu}}|| [[Philippines]]|| 9 June 1996
 |-
+| [[Arad, Romania|Arad]] || Romania || 27 September 2000
-|{{flagicon|Cebu}} [[Cebu Province]]||{{PHL}}|| 1997.11.17
 |-
+| [[Salzburg]] || Austria || 24 October 2000
-|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana Province]]||{{BGR}}||1998.02.25
 |-
+| [[Prince Edward Island]] || Canada || 20 June 2001
-|{{flagicon|Arad}} [[Arad County]]||{{ROM}}||1999.09.27
 |-
+| [[South Sinai]] || [[Egypt]]|| 3 August 2002
-|{{flagicon|Salzburg}} [[Salzburg]]||{{AUT}}||2000.10.24
 |-
+| [[Oulu]] || Finland || 11 December 2002
-|{{flagicon|Prince Edward Island}} [[Prince Edward Island]]||{{CAN}}||2001.06.20
 |-
+| [[Balearic Islands|Baleares]] || Spain || 29 July 2004
-|{{flagicon|South Sinai}} [[South Sinai Governorate]]||{{EGY}}||2002.08.03
 |-
+| [[Phuket]] || [[Thailand]]|| 25 September 2005
-|[[File:Oulun läänin vaakuna.svg|19px|Oulun läänin vaakuna]] [[Oulu Province]]||{{FIN}}||2003.01.01
 |-
+| [[Southern Province, Sri Lanka|Southern Province]] || [[Sri Lanka]] || 23 April 2005
-|{{flagicon|Balearic Islands}} [[Balearic Islands]]||{{SPN}}||2004.07.29
 |-
+| [[Gran Canaria|Canary]] || Spain|| 11 November 2005
-|{{flagicon|Southern Province, Sri Lanka}} [[Southern Province, Sri Lanka]]||{{LKA}}||2005.09.25
 |-
+| [[Lubuskie]] || Poland || 24 February 2006
-|{{flagicon|Lubusz Voivodeship}} [[Lubusz Voivodeship]]||{{POL}}||2006.02.24
 |-
-|{{flagicon|East New Britain }} [[East New Britain]]||{{PNG}}||2006.09.28
+| [[East New Britain]] || [[Papua New Guinea]] || 28 September 2006
 |-
+| [[Kampong Cham (city)|Kampong Cham]]|| [[Cambodia]] || 27 March 2006
-|[[Quảng Ninh Province]]||{{VNM}}||2007.04.19
 |-
+| [[Quang Ninh]] || [[Vietnam]] || 19 April 2007
-|{{flagicon|Quintana Roo}} [[Quintana Roo]]||{{MEX}}||2008.09.30
 |-
+| [[Quintana Roo]] || Mexico || 30 September 2008
-|[[File:Kyzylorda province seal.png|21px|Kyzylorda province seal]] [[Kyzylorda Province]]||{{KAZ}}||2009.07.03
 |-
+| [[Kyzylorda]] || [[Kazakhstan]]|| 3 July 2009
-|{{flagicon|Gotland }} [[Gotland County]]||{{SWE}}||2010.11.02
 |-
+|[[Paraná (state)|Parana]]||Brazil || 13 March 2010
-|{{flagicon|Sardinia}} [[Sardegna]]||{{ITA}}||2011.10.13
 |-
+| [[Gotland]]  || Sweden || 2 November 2010
-|{{flagicon|Bali}} [[Bali]]||{{INA}}||2012.02.29
 |-
+| [[Sardinia]] || Italy || 13 October 2011
-|{{flagicon|Penang}} [[Penang]]||{{MYS}}||2013.10.07
 |-
+| [[Bali]] || [[Indonesia]] || 20 October 2011
-|[[Nampula Province]]||{{MOZ}}||2014.09.18
 |-
+| [[Nampula]] || [[Mozambique]] || 18 September 2013
-|{{flagicon|Madeira}} [[Madeira]]||{{PRT}}||2015.05.27
 |-
+| [[Penang]] || [[Malaysia]] || 7 November 2013
-|{{flagicon|South Moravian Region}} [[South Moravian Region]]||{{CZE}}||2016.04.29
 |-
+| [[South Moravian Region]] ||Czech Republic|| 29 April 2016
-|{{flagicon|Pest County}}[[Pest County]]||{{HUN}}||2016.06.12
 |-
-|[[Luang Prabang Province]]||{{LAO}}|| 2016.07.16
+| [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]]  || Hungary || 12 June 2016
+|-
+| [[Luang Prabang]] || [[Laos]] || 16 July 2016
 |}
-==See also==
+== See also ==
+{{portal|Islands|Asia|China}}
+* [[List of islands of China]]
 * [[Hainan Island incident]]
+* [[Sanya]]
-{{portal bar|Islands|Asia|Southeast Asia|China}}
+==Note==
+{{nlist}}
+{{reflist|group=note}}
 ==References==
-{{Reflist|2}}
+{{reflist}}
 ==Further reading==
-*D'Arcy Brown, Liam (2003). ''Green Dragon, Sombre Warrior: travels to China's extremes''. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-6038-1
+* D'Arcy Brown, Liam (2003). ''Green Dragon, Sombre Warrior: travels to China's extremes''. London: John Murray. {{ISBN|0-7195-6038-1}}
-*Edmonds, Richard Louis. ''"Hainan province" and its impact on the geography of China'', Geography, Vol. 74, No. 2 (April 1989), pp.&nbsp;165–169
+* Edmonds, Richard Louis. "Hainan province and its impact on the geography of China", ''Geography'', Vol. 74, No. 2 (April 1989), pp.&nbsp;165–169
 ==External links==
 {{Commons category|Hainan}}
+{{Wiktionary|Hainan|Hai-nan}}
-* [http://www.hi.gov.cn/ Hainan Government Website]
+{{EB1911 poster|Hainan}}
-* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
+{{Wikivoyage}}
+* [http://en.hainan.gov.cn/englishgov/ Hainan Government website (English)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141801/http://en.hainan.gov.cn/englishgov/ |date=4 March 2016 }}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130808220751/http://www.hi.gov.cn/ Hainan Government website (Chinese)]
 * [http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/hainan.htm Economic profile for Hainan] at [[Hong Kong Trade Development Council|HKTDC]]
-*[http://www.howardscott.net/7/ImagesOf_Hainan_2008/index.html Dr Howard M Scott "Hainan"]
+* [http://www.howardscott.net/7/ImagesOf_Hainan_2008/index.html Dr Howard M Scott "Hainan"]
-*[http://libguides.nl.sg/hainan Resources on the Hainanese in the National Library of Singapore]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820011118/http://libguides.nl.sg/hainan Resources on the Hainanese in the National Library of Singapore]
-*[http://www.hainanese.net/ Learn Hainanese Website]
+* [http://www.hainanese.net/ Learn Hainanese Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701153653/http://www.hainanese.net/ |date=1 July 2018 }}
-*[http://en.visithainan.gov.cn/ Hainan Province Official English Language Tourism Website]
+* [http://en.visithainan.gov.cn/ Hainan Province Official English Language Tourism Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003085234/http://en.visithainan.gov.cn/ |date=3 October 2018 }}
 {{Geographic location
 |Centre    = Hainan
-|North     = [[Guangdong]]<br/>''[[Qiongzhou Strait]]''
+|North     = [[Guangdong]]<br />''[[Qiongzhou Strait]]''
-|Northeast = [[Taiwan]]<br/>''[[Qiongzhou Strait]]''
+|Northeast = [[Taiwan]]<br />''[[Qiongzhou Strait]]''
 |East      = ''[[Pratas Islands]]''
 |Southeast = ''[[South China Sea]]''
 |South     = ''[[South China Sea]]''
-|Southwest = ''[[Gulf of Tonkin]]''<br>[[Quảng Trị Province|Quảng Trị]] and [[Thừa Thiên-Huế Province]]s, {{flag|Vietnam}}
+|Southwest = ''[[Gulf of Tonkin]]''<br />[[Quảng Trị Province|Quảng Trị]] and [[Thừa Thiên-Huế Province]]s, {{flag|Vietnam}}
-|West      = ''[[Gulf of Tonkin]]''<br>[[Hà Tĩnh Province|Hà Tĩnh]], [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] and [[Thanh Hóa Province]]s, {{flag|Vietnam}}
+|West      = ''[[Gulf of Tonkin]]''<br />[[Hà Tĩnh Province|Hà Tĩnh]], [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] and [[Thanh Hóa Province]]s, {{flagu|Vietnam}}
-|Northwest = ''[[Gulf of Tonkin]]''<br>[[Haiphong]], [[Nam Định Province|Nam Định]], [[Quảng Ninh Province|Quảng Ninh]] and [[Thái Bình Province]]s, {{flag|Vietnam}}
+|Northwest = ''[[Gulf of Tonkin]]''<br />[[Haiphong]], [[Nam Định Province|Nam Định]], [[Quảng Ninh Province|Quảng Ninh]] and [[Thái Bình Province]]s, {{flagu|Vietnam}}
 }}
@@ Line 720: / Line 1,085: @@
 {{SEZ}}
 {{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
+{{Administrative divisions of Taiwan navbar}}
+{{World's largest islands}}
 {{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Hainan| ]]
 [[Category:South China|.]]
-[[Category:Provinces of the People's Republic of China]]
+[[Category:1988 establishments in China]]
+[[Category:Gulf of Tonkin]]
 [[Category:Islands of China]]
 [[Category:Islands of Hainan]]
 [[Category:Islands of the South China Sea]]
-[[Category:Gulf of Tonkin]]
+[[Category:Provinces of the People's Republic of China]]
-[[Category:1988 establishments in China]]
 [[Category:States and territories established in 1988]]
+[[Category:Territorial disputes of the Republic of China]]

Latest revision as of 04:34, 22 June 2024

Names[edit]

History[edit]

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Imperial Era[edit]

Republic of China[edit]

People's Republic of China[edit]

Geography[edit]

Rivers and lakes[edit]

Islands[edit]

Nearby islands[edit]

Disputed islands[edit]

Environment[edit]

Climate[edit]

Annual fog[edit]

Flora and fauna[edit]

Flora[edit]

Fauna[edit]

Demographics[edit]

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Sociolinguistics[edit]

Life expectancy and longevity[edit]

Government[edit]

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Military base[edit]

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Tourism[edit]

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Statistics[edit]

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Yachting[edit]

Duty-free program[edit]

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New 2018 regulations[edit]

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Foreign trade[edit]

Hainan Free trade port[edit]

Transport[edit]

Road[edit]

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Air[edit]

Rail[edit]

Seaports[edit]

Province-wide infrastructure development[edit]

Hainan Regional Specific Visa-exemption Policy[edit]

Visa-free Entry[edit]

Countries eligible[edit]

Hainan Free Trade Zone Immigration Preferential Policies[edit]

Facilitate Employment and Entrepreneurship for Foreign University Students[edit]

Provide Permanent Residency Convenience for Foreigners Working or Investing[edit]

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