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"EU" redirects here. For other uses, see EU (disambiguation).
European UnionTemplate:Fn
Flag of the European Union
Flag of the European Union
Anthem: Ode to Joy (orchestral)
EU institution sites Brussels (CoEU, EC, and EP)
Frankfurt am Main (ECB)
Luxembourg (ECoJ and ECoA)
Strasbourg (2nd EP)
Monetary authority European Central BankTemplate:Fn
Administrative centre Brussels (de facto capital)Template:Fn
Largest cities Berlin, London, Madrid, Paris, Rome (in alphabetical order)
Member states 25 member states
Official languages 20 official languages
Presidencies
European Council Matti Vanhanen
Council of the EU Finland
European Commission José Manuel Durão Barroso
European Parliament Josep Borrell Fontelles
History
Europe Day May 9, 1950
Formation as EEC
 - Signed
 - Enforced 		Treaty of Rome
 - March 25, 1957
 - January 1, 1958
Formation as EU
 - Signed
 - Enforced 		Maastricht Treaty
 - February 7, 1992
 - November 1, 1993
Statistics
Area
 - Total 		7th if rankedTemplate:Fn
3,976,372 km²
1,5352,86 sq mi
Population
 - Total (2006)
 - Density 		3rd if rankedTemplate:Fn
461,500,000
115.6 people/km²
299.4 people/sq mi
GDP (PPP, 2005)
 - Total
 - Per capita 		1st if rankedTemplate:Fn
$12.43 trillionTemplate:Fn
$28,100Template:Fn
HDI (2003) 0.922 (est.) Template:Fn(22nd if rankedTemplate:Fn) – high
Other information
Currencies Euro (EUR or €)Template:Fn

Other currencies:
British pound (GBP or GB£)
Cyprus pound (CYP or C£)
Czech koruna (CZK or Kč)
Danish krone (DKK or kr)
Estonian kroon (EEK or kr)
Hungarian forint (HUF or Ft)
Latvian lats (LVL or Ls)
Lithuanian litas (LTL or Lt)
Maltese lira (MTL or Lm)
Polish złoty (PLN or zł)
Slovak koruna (SKK or Sk)
Slovenian tolar (SIT)
Swedish krona (SEK or kr)

Time zone UTC 0 to +2Template:Fn
Internet TLD .eu
Calling codes Not standardizedTemplate:Fn
Official Website http://europa.eu/
Template:Fnb See other official names
Template:Fnb "The symbols of the EU", Europa.
Template:Fnb Only for Eurozone members and EU institutions
Template:FnbNot de jure - Brussels is unofficialy referred to as The Capital of the European Union because it is the hub of EU institutions: it hosts the European Commission, the European Council, and the European Parliament.
Template:Fnb If counted as a single unit.
Template:Fnb Total: According to IMF Estimations & Reports for 2005; Per capita: According to the CIA World Factbook [1].
Template:FnbEstimated using members' HDI, and weighted by estimated current population.
Template:FnbWould be 9th if member states were not counted.
Template:Fnb +1 to +3 during DST; French overseas départements, UTC −4 to +4
Template:Fnb Plans for a EU-wide +3 prefix were abandoned. The European Telephony Numbering Space, +388 3 is somewhat similar. Current members' codes begin with either +3 or +4.
File:Consttreat.jpg
The constitutional treaty as signed in Rome on 29 October 2004 by representatives from all EU Member States

The European Union (EU) is an intergovernmental and supranational union of 25 democratic member states. The European Union was established under that name in 1992 by the Treaty on European Union (the Maastricht Treaty). However, many aspects of the Union existed before that date through a series of predecessor relationships, dating back to 1951.[1]

The Union currently has a common single market consisting of a customs union, a single currency managed by the European Central Bank (so far adopted by 12 of the 25 member states), a Common Agricultural Policy, a common trade policy, and a Common Fisheries Policy.[2] A Common Foreign and Security Policy was also established as the second of the three pillars of the European Union. The Schengen Agreement abolished passport control, and customs checks were also abolished at many of the EU's internal borders, creating a single space of mobility for EU citizens to live, travel, work and invest. [3]

The most important EU institutions include the Council of Ministers, the European Commission, the European Court of Justice, the European Parliament, the European Council, and the European Central Bank. The European Parliament's origins go back to the 1950s and the founding treaties, and since 1979 its members have been elected by the people they represent. Every five years elections are held in which registered EU citizens may vote.

The European Union's activities cover most areas of public policy, from economic policy to foreign affairs, defence, agriculture and trade. However, the extent of its powers differs greatly among areas. In some the EU may resemble a federation (e.g. on monetary affairs, agricultural, trade and environmental policy, economic and social policy), in others a confederation (e.g. on home affairs), and in yet others an international organisation (e.g. in foreign affairs).

Status

The members of the European Union have transferred to it considerable sovereignty, more than that of any other non-sovereign regional organisation. As has been mentioned, in certain areas the EU begins to take on the character of a federation or confederation. However, in legal terms, member states remain the masters of the Treaties, which means that the Union does not have the power to transfer additional powers from states onto itself without their agreement through further international treaties. Further, in many areas member states have given up relatively little national sovereignty, particularly in key areas of national interest such as foreign relations and defence. Because of this unique structure most simply classify the European Union as a sui generis (unique) entity and leave it at that.

On October 29, 2004, EU member state heads of government and state signed the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. This was later ratified by 13 member states, but the process faltered on May 29 2005 when the majority of French voters rejected the constitution in a referendum by 54.7%. The French rejection was followed three days later by a Dutch one on June 1 when in the Netherlands 61.6% of voters refused the constitution as well. [4]

The current and future status of the European Union therefore continues to be subject of political controversy, with widely differing views both within and between member states. For example, in the United Kingdom one poll suggested that around 50% of the population are indifferent to the European Union and 20% voted for parties that wanted to withdraw from the EU in the 2004 EU elections [5]. Public opinion in Denmark and Austria is similarly Eurosceptic. However, other countries are more in favour of European integration — soon after the Netherlands and the French voted "no" on the constitution, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg voted "yes." What the term "European integration" itself means is also the subject of much debate.

Current issues

Issues currently facing the EU cover its membership, structure, procedures and policies. They include the status and future of the constitutional treaty; enlargement to the south and east; problems of financial probity and democratic accountability; relative economic viability; revision of the rules of the Stability and Growth Pact; and the future budget and the Common Agricultural Policy.

At the December 2005 European Council, which is a semi-annual meeting of the heads of state and government of the EU member states, a decision was taken on how it should allocate the EU budget for the next seven years (2007–2013). Also, the "Financial Perspective" was defined as EU members agreed to fix the common budget to 1.045% of the European GDP.[6] UK Prime Minister Tony Blair agreed to review the British rebate, negotiated by Margaret Thatcher in 1984, despite a promise to the contrary made to the UK Parliament. French President Jacques Chirac declared that this increase in budget will permit Europe to "finance common policies" such as the Common Agricultural Policy or the Research and Technological Development Policy. However, France's demand to lower the VAT in catering was refused.[7]

Issues controversial during budget debates include the British rebate, France's benefits from the Common Agricultural Policy, Germany and the Netherlands' large contributions to the EU budget, and reform of the European Regional Development Funds.

Many commentators believe that these debates represent a major split between governments such as France and Germany, who call for a broader budget and a more federal union, and governments such as that of the UK, who demanded a slimmer budget with more funding transferred to science and research (and whose watchword is modernisation).

The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE), commonly referred to as the European Constitution, is an international treaty intended to create a constitution for the European Union. The failure of the constitution to win popular support in some member states (France and Netherlands[8]) caused other countries to postpone or halt their ratification procedures, and the Constitution now has an uncertain future.[9][10] Had it been ratified, the treaty would have entered into force on November 1, 2006. However, as of May 2006, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain had ratified the constitutional treaty.[11] The two countries due to join the European Union in 2007, Bulgaria and Romania, have already accepted the constitutional treaty too, ratifying their accession treaty.

Origins and History

Main article: History of the European Union

Attempts to unite the disparate nations of Europe precede the modern nation states; they have occurred repeatedly throughout the history of Europe. Two and a half thousand years ago, Europe was dominated by the Celts and other tribes which were not a single political entity, and then conquered and ruled by the Mediterranean-centred Roman Empire. This early union was created by the force of one central state. The Frankish empire of Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire united large areas under a loose administration for hundreds of years. The 1800s customs union under Napoleon and the 1940s conquests of Germany had only transitory existence.

File:Rometreaty.jpg
Signing ceremony of the Treaty of Rome, 1957

Given Europe's collections of languages, cultures and ethnic groups, these attempts usually involved military subjugation of unwilling nations, leading to instability; others have lasted hundreds of years and promulgated large spells of peace and economical and technological progress as in the Roman Empire's Pax Romana. One of the first proposals for peaceful unification through cooperation and equality of membership was made by the pacifist Victor Hugo in 1851. Following the catastrophes of the First World War and the Second World War, the impetus for the founding of (what was later to become) the European Union greatly increased, driven by the determination to rebuild Europe and to eliminate the possibility of another war. This sentiment eventually led to the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community by (West) Germany, France, Italy and the Benelux countries. This was accomplished by the Treaty of Paris, signed in April, 1951, and taking effect in July, 1952. [12]

The first full customs union was originally known as the European Economic Community (informally called the Common Market in the UK), established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and implemented on 1 January 1958. This later changed to the European Community which is now the "first pillar" of the European Union created by the Maastricht treaty. The EU has evolved from a trade body into an economic and political partnership. As president of the Convention on the Future of Europe, the former French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing proposed to change the name of the European Union to United Europe but it was not adopted.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of the European Union

The European Union is a densely populated, culturally diverse union of 25 member states, constantly expanding and developing. Approximately 4.5 percent of the EU population is composed of Muslim (many second and third generation) immigrants, some 20,000,000 persons. These are mainly Magrehbians from North Africa, Turks, and immigrants from the Balkan states. There are small communities of Asians and some scattered sub-saharan populations. Over the next two decades the total population of the EU25 is expected to increase by more than 13 million inhabitants, from 456.8 million on 1 January 2004 to 470.1 million in 2025. Population growth in the EU25 until 2025 will be mainly from net migration, since total deaths in the EU25 will outnumber total births from 2010. The effect of net migration will no longer outweigh the natural decrease after 2025, when the population will start to decline gradually. The population is estimated to be 449.8 million in 2050 - a decrease of more than 20 million inhabitants compared to 2025. Over the whole projection period the EU25 population will decrease by 1.5%, resulting from a 0.4% increase for the EU15 and a 11.7% decrease for the ten new Member States.[13]

Member states and enlargement

Main articles: European Union member states, Enlargement of the European Union, and European Union membership criteria

The European Union's 25 member states covers an area of 3,892,685 square kilometres (15,352,86 sq mi) and has approximately 460 million inhabitants as of December 2004 [14]. The European Union's member states combined represent the world's largest economy by GDP, the seventh largest territory in the world by area and the third largest by population. The EU describes itself as a "a family of democratic European countries",[1] though it doesn't explicitly define "Europe" and "Europeanness".

The European Union has land borders with 22 nations.

Map of EU member states, 2007 admissions and candidate countries
Map of EU member states, 2007 admissions and candidate countries

On 23 July 1952 six founding members formed the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which was transformed into the European Community, later renamed to European Union in waves of accession as follows:

Date History of Country's Membership
25 March 1957 Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, founding members
1 January 1973 Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom
1 January 1981 Greece
1 January 1986 Portugal, Spain
3 October 1990 (The territory of the former German Democratic Republic as part of unified Germany also becomes part of the European Community)
1 January 1995 Austria, Finland, Sweden
1 May 2004 Cyprus1, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia

Template:Life in the European Union

Notes:

Future enlargement and close relationships

Main article: Enlargement of the European Union

Bulgaria and Romania are scheduled to become members on 1 January 2007,[15] provided that they meet the conditions for membership and that the Treaty of Accession for the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania is ratified by parliaments of member states. The treaty was signed by representatives of the EU Member States on 25 April 2005.[15] As of 2005, member state parliaments are taking forward its ratification. On 16 May 2006 an EU report to the European Parliament on the two states entry said that it was still possible for them to enter on schedule but listed areas in which progress had to be made to meet the target date. For Bulgaria this was principally tackling organised crime and for Romania it was in the area of food safety. [16]

Croatia is an official candidate country to join and started accession negotiations in October 2005. In June 2006, the EU officials projected that the accession of Croatia would likely happen in 2010. The closure of negotiations for all chapters of the acquis communautaire is expected in 2008 or 2009, while signing the Accession treaty would happen in the year after.

Turkey is an official candidate to join the European Union. Turkish European ambitions date back to 1963 Ankara Agreements. Turkey started preliminary negotiations on 3 October 2005. However, analysts believe 2015 is the earliest date the country can join the union because of the plethora of economic and social reforms it has to complete, and because the 2007-2013 budget takes no account of the considerable costs Turkey's accession will involve.[17]

Macedonia has been given official candidate status as of December 2005 under the name "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia".[18]

The EFTA states of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway are members of the European Economic Area which allows them to participate in most aspects of the EU single market without joining the EU. Switzerland, the fourth EFTA state, rejected EEA membership in a referendum; however, it has established close ties to the EU by means of bilateral treaties.

Further information: Accession of Bulgaria to the European Union, Accession of Israel to the European Union, Accession of Romania to the European Union, Accession of Croatia to the European Union, Accession of Turkey to the European Union, Accession of the Republic of Macedonia to the European Union, Iceland and the European Union, Norway and the European Union, Ukraine and the European Union, and Third country relationships with the EU

Context — rationale for enlargement and future prospects

Supporters of the European Union argue that the growth of the EU is a force for peace and democracy. They argue that the wars which were a periodic feature of the history of Western Europe have ceased since the formation of the European Economic Community (which later became the EU) in the 1950s. They also claim that in the early 1970s, Greece, Portugal and Spain were all dictatorships, but the desire of the business communities in these three countries to be in the EU created a strong impetus for democracy there. Others argue that peace in Europe since World War II is more because of other causes, such as the moderating influence of the U.S. and NATO, the need for a unified response to the threat from the Soviet Union, a need for reconstruction after World War II, and a collective temporary tiring of waging war, and that the dictatorships cited came to an end for totally different reasons.

In more recent times, the European Union has been extending its influence to the east. It has accepted several new members that were previously behind the Iron Curtain, and has plans to accept several more in the medium-term. It is hoped that in a similar fashion to the entry of Spain, Portugal and Greece in the 1980s, membership for these states will help cement economic and political stability.

As the EU continues to enlarge eastward, the candidate countries' accessions tend to grow more controversial. As previously explained, the EU has finished accession talks with Bulgaria and Romania, and set an entry date for the two countries in 2007. However, the rejection of the EU Constitution by France and the Netherlands, and the EU's slow economic growth, have cast some doubt on whether the EU will be ready to accept new members after 2007.

Institutions and legal framework

EU institutions and bodies

The functioning of the European Union is supported by five major institutions:

The European Council (regular summit with 26 members), which is a regular meeting of the 25 head of member states and the European Commission president is sometimes also listed as an institution, although since it lacks its own staff, budget and the legal powers held by the above 5 institutions, it is better described as a "quasi-institution".

There are two financial bodies[19]:

There are also two advisory committees to the institutions:

There are also a great number of more specialized agencies of the European Union, usually set up by secondary legislation, which exist to implement particular policies. Examples are the EUROPOL (the European Police Office), the European Environment Agency, the European Aviation Safety Agency or the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market, the Political and Security Committee, established in the context of the Common Foreign and Security Policy, monitoring and advising on international issues of global security.

Location of EU institutions

As soon as the European Economic Community (EEC) was established, political and legal wrangling began over where the European institutions should be located. The Member States were unable to reach agreement on where the permanent seats should be, particularly since the concept of a European district, proposed by Jean Monnet, won little support. From 1958, the Commissions of the EEC and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) had their seats in Brussels.

Until such time as the member states reached agreement on a single permanent seat for the Community institutions, European officials were distributed between Brussels, Luxembourg and Strasbourg, leading, in particular, to a considerable increase in overheads. Brussels was chosen as the seat of the Single Commission and the Council of Ministers. In practical terms, this meant that most European officials were employed there. Luxembourg sought compensation for the loss of the High Authority and the Special Council of Ministers of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), both of which were relocated to Brussels. However, Luxembourg became the seat for the new European Investment Bank (EIB) and was given the assurance that certain meetings of the Council of Ministers would be held there, in April, June and September. The Court of Justice, the Central Statistical Office, the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, the Advisory Committee and the financial services of the ECSC and the Secretariat of the Parliamentary Assembly also remained in Luxembourg. Meanwhile, France refused to renounce its claim for Strasbourg as seat of the Parliamentary Assembly. An expensive and inconvenient compromise was reached whereby Parliament’s Members met in plenary session in Strasbourg but meetings of parliamentary committees were held in Brussels. Certain plenary meetings were also held in Luxembourg, which was also the seat of the Secretariat of the European Parliament.

The EU has no official capital and its institutions are divided between several cities:

Legal framework

File:452px-EGKS.png
Founding members of the European Coal and Steel Community

European Union law comprises a large number of overlapping legal and institutional structures. This is a result of its being defined by successive international treaties, with each new treaty amending and supplementing earlier ones. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to consolidate and simplify the treaties, culminating with the final draft of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. If this proposed treaty is adopted, it will replace the set of overlapping treaties that form the current constitution of the EU with a single text.

The earliest EU treaty was the Treaty of Paris of 1951 (took effect in 1952) which established the European Coal and Steel Community between an original group of six European countries. This treaty has since expired, its functions taken up by subsequent treaties. On the other hand, the Treaty of Rome of 1957 is still in effect, though much amended since then, most notably by the Maastricht treaty of 1992, which first established the European Union under that name. The most recent amendments to the Treaty of Rome were agreed as part of the Treaty of Accession of the 10 new member states, which entered into force on 1 May 2004.

The EU member states have recently agreed to the text of a new constitutional treaty that, if ratified by the member states, would have become the first official constitution of the EU, replacing all previous treaties with a single document. Although accepted by many countries, this document was rejected in a French referendum with a 55% majority on 29 May 2005 and in the Dutch referendum with a 62% majority on 1 June 2005.[4]

If the Constitutional Treaty fails to be ratified by all member states, then it might be necessary to reopen negotiations on it. Most politicians and officials agree that the current pre-Constitution structures are inefficient in the medium term for a union of 25 (and growing) member states. Senior politicians in some member states (notably France) have suggested that if only a few countries fail to ratify the Treaty, then the rest of the Union should proceed without them, possibly creating an "Avant Garde" or Inner Union of more committed member states to proceed with "an ever-deeper, ever-wider union". [20]

See also: EU treaties and Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe

The role of the European Community within the Union

European Communities: European Community plus Euratom

The term European Communities refers collectively to two entities — the European Economic Community (now called the European Community) and the European Atomic Energy Community (also known as Euratom) — each founded pursuant to a separate treaty in the 1950s. A third entity, the European Coal and Steel Community, was also part of the European Communities, but ceased to exist in 2002 upon the expiration of its founding treaty. Since 1967, the European Communities have shared common institutions, specifically the Council, the European Parliament, the Commission and the Court of Justice. In 1992, the European Economic Community, which of the three original communities had the broadest scope, was renamed the "European Community" by the Treaty of Maastricht.

European Union: European Communities plus CFSP and PJCC

The European Communities are one of the three pillars of the European Union, being both the most important pillar and the only one to operate primarily through supranational institutions. The other two "pillars" – Common Foreign and Security Policy, and Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters – are looser intergovernmental groupings. Confusingly, these latter two concepts are increasingly administered by the Community (as they are built up from mere concepts to actual practice).

Effect of Constitutional Treaty

If it is ratified, the proposed new Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe would abolish the three-pillar structure and, with it, the distinction between the European Union and the European Community, bringing all the Community's activities under the auspices of the European Union and transferring the Community's legal personality to the Union. There is, however, one qualification: it appears that Euratom would remain a distinct entity governed by a separate treaty (because of the strong controversy the issue of nuclear energy causes, and Euratom's relative unimportance, it was considered expedient to leave Euratom alone in the process of EU constitutional reform).

Evolution of the structures of the European Union.
Since the end of World War II, sovereign European countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or pooled sovereignty) in an increasing number of areas, in the European integration project or the construction of Europe (French: la construction européenne). The following timeline outlines the legal inception of the European Union (EU)—the principal framework for this unification. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from the European Communities (EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of the Schuman Declaration.
Legend:
  S: signing
  F: entry into force
  T: termination
  E: expiry
    de facto supersession
  Rel. w/ EC/EU framework:
   de facto inside
   outside 		                  European Union (EU) [Cont.]  
European Communities (EC) (Pillar I)
European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) [Cont.]      
/ / / European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)  
    European Economic Community (EEC)    
            Schengen Rules European Community (EC)
'TREVI' Justice and Home Affairs (JHA, pillar II)  
  / North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) [Cont.] Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCC, pillar II)

Anglo-French alliance 		[Defence arm handed to NATO] European Political Co-operation (EPC)   Common Foreign and Security Policy
(CFSP, pillar III)
Western Union (WU) / Western European Union (WEU) [Tasks defined following the WEU's 1984 reactivation handed to the EU]
     
[Social, cultural tasks handed to CoE] [Cont.]                
      Council of Europe (CoE)
Entente Cordiale
S: 8 April 1904
Dunkirk Treaty[i]
S: 4 March 1947
F: 8 September 1947
E: 8 September 1997
Brussels Treaty[i]
S: 17 March 1948
F: 25 August 1948
T: 30 June 2011
London and Washington treaties[i]
S: 5 May/4 April 1949
F: 3 August/24 August 1949
Paris treaties: ECSC and EDC[ii]
S: 18 April 1951/27 May 1952
F: 23 July 1952/—
E: 23 July 2002/—
Rome treaties: EEC and EAEC
S: 25 March 1957
F: 1 January 1958
WEU-CoE agreement[i]
S: 21 October 1959
F: 1 January 1960
Brussels (Merger) Treaty[iii]
S: 8 April 1965
F: 1 July 1967
Davignon report
S: 27 October 1970
Single European Act (SEA)
S: 17/28 February 1986
F: 1 July 1987
Schengen Treaty and Convention
S: 14 June 1985/19 June 1990
F: 26 March 1995
Maastricht Treaty[iv][v]
S: 7 February 1992
F: 1 November 1993
Amsterdam Treaty
S: 2 October 1997
F: 1 May 1999
Nice Treaty
S: 26 February 2001
F: 1 February 2003
Lisbon Treaty[vi]
S: 13 December 2007
F: 1 December 2009


  1. ^ a b c d e Although not EU treaties per se, these treaties affected the development of the EU defence arm, a main part of the CFSP. The Franco-British alliance established by the Dunkirk Treaty was de facto superseded by WU. The CFSP pillar was bolstered by some of the security structures that had been established within the remit of the 1955 Modified Brussels Treaty (MBT). The Brussels Treaty was terminated in 2011, consequently dissolving the WEU, as the mutual defence clause that the Lisbon Treaty provided for EU was considered to render the WEU superfluous. The EU thus de facto superseded the WEU.
  2. ^ Plans to establish a European Political Community (EPC) were shelved following the French failure to ratify the Treaty establishing the European Defence Community (EDC). The EPC would have combined the ECSC and the EDC.
  3. ^ The European Communities obtained common institutions and a shared legal personality (i.e. ability to e.g. sign treaties in their own right).
  4. ^ The treaties of Maastricht and Rome form the EU's legal basis, and are also referred to as the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), respectively. They are amended by secondary treaties.
  5. ^ Between the EU's founding in 1993 and consolidation in 2009, the union consisted of three pillars, the first of which were the European Communities. The other two pillars consisted of additional areas of cooperation that had been added to the EU's remit.
  6. ^ The consolidation meant that the EU inherited the European Communities' legal personality and that the pillar system was abolished, resulting in the EU framework as such covering all policy areas. Executive/legislative power in each area was instead determined by a distribution of competencies between EU institutions and member states. This distribution, as well as treaty provisions for policy areas in which unanimity is required and qualified majority voting is possible, reflects the depth of EU integration as well as the EU's partly supranational and partly intergovernmental nature.

Intergovernmentalism and supranationalism

A basic tension exists within the European Union between intergovernmentalism and supranationalism. Intergovernmentalism is a method of decision making in international organisations where power is possessed by the member states and decisions are made by unanimity. Independent appointees of the governments or elected representatives have solely advisory or implementational functions. Intergovernmentalism is used by most international organisations today.

An alternative method of decision making in international organisations is supranationalism. In supranationalism power is held by independent appointed officials or by representatives elected by the legislatures or people of the member states. Member state governments still have power, but they must share this power with other actors. Furthermore, decisions are made by majority votes, hence it is possible for a member state to be forced by the other member states to implement a decision against its will.

Some forces in European Union politics favour the intergovernmental approach, while others favour the supranational path. Supporters of supranationalism argue that it allows integration to proceed at a faster pace than would otherwise be possible. Where decisions must be made by governments acting unanimously, decisions can take years to make, if they are ever made. Supporters of intergovernmentalism argue that supra-nationalism is a threat to national sovereignty, and to democracy, claiming that only national governments can possess the necessary democratic legitimacy. Intergovernmentalism is being favoured by more eurosceptic nations such as the United Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden; while more integrationist nations such as the Benelux countries, France, Germany, and Italy have tended to prefer the supranational approach. [21]

The European Union attempts to strike a balance between the two approaches. This balance however is complex, resulting in the often labyrinthine complexity of its decision-making procedures.

Starting in March 2002, a Convention on the Future of Europe again looked at this balance, among other things, and proposed changes. These changes were discussed at an Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) in May 2004 and led to the Constitutional Treaty discussed above.

Supranationalism is closely related to the inter-governmentalism vs. neofunctionalism debate. This is a debate concerning why the process of integration has taken place at all. Intergovernmentalists argue that the process of EU integration is a result of tough bargaining between states. Neofunctionalists, on the other hand, argue that the supranational institutions themselves have been a driving force behind integration.

Main policies

As the changing name of the European Union (from European Economic Community to European Community to European Union) suggests, it has evolved over time from a primarily economic union to an increasingly political one. This trend is highlighted by the increasing number of policy areas that fall within EU competence: political power has tended to shift upwards from the member states to the EU.

Some member states have a domestic tradition of strong regional government. This has led to an increased focus on regional policy and the European regions. A Committee of the Regions was established as part of the Treaty of Maastricht.

EU policy areas cover a number of different forms of co-operation.

The tension between EU and national (or sub-national) competence is an enduring one in the development of the European Union.

All prospective members must enact legislation in order to bring them into line with the common European Union legal framework, known as the Acquis Communautaire. (See also European Free Trade Association (EFTA), European Economic Area (EEA) and Single European Sky.) See table of states participating in some of the initiatives.

Single market

Many of the policies of the EU relate to the development and maintenance of an effective single market. Significant efforts have been made to create harmonised standards designed to bring economic benefits through creating larger, more efficient markets.

The single market has both internal and external aspects:

Internal policies

File:Euro banknotes.jpg
Euro banknotes
  • Free trade of goods and services among member states (an aim further extended to three of the four EFTA states by the European Economic Area, EEA).
  • A common EU competition law controlling anti-competitive activities of companies (through antitrust law and merger control) and member states (through the State Aids regime).
  • The Schengen treaty allowed removal of internal border controls and harmonisation of external controls between its member states. This excludes the UK and Ireland, which have derogations, but includes the non-EU members Iceland and Norway. Switzerland also voted in 2005 to become part of the Schengen zone.
  • Freedom for citizens of its member states to live and work anywhere within the EU with their spouses and children, provided they can support themselves (also extended to the other EEA states and Switzerland). This has led to a gross anomaly whereby family related social welfare benefits are payable by the member state where an EU citizen is employed, even where the family of the worker are resident elsewhere in the Union.
  • Free movement of capital between member states (and other EEA states).
  • Harmonisation of government regulations, corporations law and trademark registrations.
  • Eurozone, a single currency area with the euro (excluding the UK and Denmark, which have derogations). Sweden, although not having a specific opt-out clause, has not joined the ERM II, voluntarily excluding itself from the monetary union.
  • A large amount of environmental policy co-ordination throughout the Union.
  • A Common Agricultural Policy and a Common Fisheries Policy.
  • Common system of indirect taxation, the VAT, as well as common customs duties and excises on various products.
  • Funding for the development of disadvantaged regions — structural and cohesion funds, as well as the emergency financial aid — the solidarity fund.

External policies and Military

Co-operation and harmonisation in other areas

Economy

Main article: Economy of the European Union
Population and GDP per capita of EU member states and candidates.

If considered a single unit, the European Union has the largest economy in the world, with a GDP of 12,427,413 million USD (2005) using Purchasing power parity (PPP) equivalence. The EU economy is expected to grow further over the next decade as more countries join the union — especially considering that the new states are usually poorer than the EU average, and have the capacity to grow at a higher rate. The European Council published estimations on 17 November 2005 that the economy of the European Union will have grown approximately 1.5% in 2005 (1.3% in the eurozone), and 2.3% 2006 (2.1% in the eurozone) surpassing earlier growth predictions. [22] In 2006, it is expected 3½ million jobs will be created in the Eurozone . The European Council is hopeful that the European Union will grow further in the future; economic growth for 2007 is expected to be at 2.7%. Germany, the largest economy in the EU, will grow about: 2.9% in 2006 and 2.9% in 2007. After extremely slow growth, the EU's rate of growth is expected to increase in the next couple of years.

EU member states have agreed a programme called the Lisbon Strategy which aims at making "the EU the world's most dynamic and competitive economy" by 2010.[23]

Economic variation

Below is a table and three graphs showing, respectively, the GDP (PPP), the GDP (PPP) per capita and the GDP (nominal) per capita for the European Union and for each of its 25 member states, sorted by GDP (PPP) per capita. This can be used as a rough gauge to the relative standards of living among member states, with Luxembourg and Ireland the highest; Poland and Latvia the lowest. The two future members Bulgaria and Romania (set for 1 January 2007) are also included in the table, as are the official candidates and officially recognised potential candidates. The data set is for the year 2006 and graphs are for the year 2004. All 2006 data are projections.

GDP (PPP), 2004
GDP (PPP) per capita, 2004
GDP (PPP) per capita 2006 showing countries above and below EU average
Member States GDP (PPP)
millions of
int. dollars 		GDP (PPP)
per capita
int. dollars 		GDP (nominal)
per capita
int. dollars
Template:EU-List 12,954,042 28,477 29,763
 Luxembourg 33,436 72,945 76,224
 Ireland 179,516 42,859 49,533
 Denmark 195,788 36,079 48,530
 Austria 286,767 35,002 37,378
 Finland 171,848 32,822 36,928
 Belgium 338,452 32,500 35,843
 Netherlands 524,035 32,062 38,323
 United Kingdom 1,911,943 31,628 36,875
 Germany 2,605,373 31,572 33,356
 Sweden 283,802 31,235 39,562
 France 1,900,467 30,322 33,387
 Italy 1,726,869 29,727 30,144
 Spain 1,145,078 27,542 27,815
 Greece 261,018 23,519 20,545
 Slovenia 46,384 23,250 17,535
 Cyprus 18,563 22,334 20,500
 Malta 8,103 20,365 13,847
 Portugal 210,049 19,949 17,224
 Czech Republic 198,931 19,478 12,587
 Hungary 179,606 18,492 11,375
 Estonia 23,927 17,802 10,342
 Slovakia 93,288 17,239 9,471
 Lithuania 52,705 15,443 8,310
 Poland 526,253 13,797 8,410
 Latvia 31,841 13,784 8,401
Acceding Countries:
 Bulgaria 76,696 10,003 3,686
 Romania 204,412 9,446 5,254
Candidate Countries:
 Croatia 57,983 12,885 8,710
 Turkey 609,987 8,385 5,692
Template:FYROM 16,700 8,080 2,564
Potential Candidate Countries:
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 25,505 6,800 2,561
 Serbia 41,150 5,208 3,183
 Albania 18,329 5,107 2,441
 Montenegro 2,412 3,800 1,784

Source: CIA World Factbook [2]
All other figures, source: IMF web site (2006 GDP PPP, 2006 per capita GDP PPP, 2006 per capita GDP, current prices).

Related Articles and Books

Criticisms

Language barriers

One major criticism of the EU is that it has 20 official languages for 25 member states (although there are only 3 working languages in the European Commission). This results in a potential 380 interpretations needed to translate all statements between all the languages of the EU. Everyone in the European Parliament is entitled to communicate in their own native language and to have this interpreted into other languages.

The European Parliament employs over 4,000 interpreters at a cost of almost one billion euros annually, and translations can take up to a week to be translated into the languages of all member states. One of the problems is that sometimes translating needs to be done across intermediate languages because of a lack of interpreters between certain languages (e.g. Greek-Danish, Portuguese-Greek) which can often lead to a loss of information and clarity, or even worse, errors in the translation. [24]

It has been suggested, most notably by former UK commisioner of the EU Neil Kinnock, that these costs could be ommitted by making English the official language of the EU.[25]

On the other hand, there is a strong democratic argument that all legislation, and indeed all proposed legislation, be available to the public of the EU in their national languages. The EU produces substantial legislation applicable to all member states: debate and accountability would be severely hampered if ordinary people could not have access to documents in their own language. Even worse, this would favour some countries over others.

Common Agricultural Policy

Main article: Common Agricultural Policy

The Common Agricultural Policy, better known as the CAP, is a system of subsidies paid to EU farmers. Its main purposes are to guarantee minimum levels of production, so that Europeans have enough food to eat, and to ensure a fair standard of living for those dependent on agriculture.

The policy has been accused of distorting trade in agricultural products for decades. While the EU guarantees its farmers a price that is several times the world market price, Third World producers struggle in vain to compete in an unfair market. These subsidies, paid for by the EU taxpayers, secures the standard of living for farmers in EU countries, but also endangers Third World jobs, potentially causing increased poverty and malnutrition.[26] [27]

The policy costs around £30bn a year - or half the EU's £60bn annual budget. Common attempts to put the finances into some sort of perspective include examples along the lines of it adding £9 onto a family of four's weekly food bill, or that the annual income of an EU dairy cow exceeds that of half the world's human population. Another problem is that the subsidies cause overproduction. The CAP has also been blamed for encouraging environmentally damaging intensive farming. Critics say that the CAP has become badly unbalanced, with 70% of its funds going to only 20% of Europe's farms - predominantly the largest - and leaves nearly three-quarters of EU farmers surviving on less than £5,000 a year. Small farmers account for about 40% of EU farms, but receive only 8% of available subsidies from Brussels. For example, according to British government figures, five UK farms receive more than £1m a year in subsidies.

Since 2003 fundamental reforms have been implemented, sector by sector, with a view to "de-linking" agricultural support from market-distorting price support. Instead of being paid to produce (and thereby providing an incentive for surpluses which must be disposed of on the world market), farmers will receive payments for services such as conservation and rural development. Although the total financial level of support is not declining, the change in the type of subsidy is substantially reducing negative impacts on non-EU agricultural producers.

France led the anti-reform camp, which includes Spain, the Republic of Ireland and possibly Germany, while Britain, Sweden and the Netherlands were demanding change.

Biodiversity

The European Union has interpreted differently (relative to other advanced nations) the mission of creating a Biodiversity Action Plan under the 1992 Rio Accord. Instead of creating detailed inventories of biota and corresponding threat analyses and action plans for species, the EU has embedded references to protection of biological resources in a set of economic development policies[3] related to fishing, agriculture etc. While this same strategy has been taken by a number of developing countries, the EU has not met the standard set by other advanced nations such as Britain[4], Canada[5] and Australia [6][7][8] in terms of extensive species identification, analysis of pathways of species decline and development of highly specific recovery plans. In constrast a number of individual countries within the EU (such as Sweden) have produced documentation in the spirit of the Rio Accord in a level of detail consistent with other advanced countries.

Comparison with other regional blocs

Template:Most Active Regional blocs

CIA World Factbook

On December 16, 2004, the CIA World Factbook added an entry for the European Union. [9] According to the CIA, the European Union was added because the EU "continues to accrue more nation-like characteristics for itself". Their reasoning was explained in this small statement in the introduction:

  • The evolution of the European Union (EU) from a regional economic agreement among six neighboring states in 1951 to today's supranational organization of 25 countries across the European continent stands as an unprecedented phenomenon in the annals of history. Dynastic unions for territorial consolidation were long the norm in Europe. On a few occasions even country-level unions were arranged - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Austro-Hungarian Empire were examples - but for such a large number of nation-states to cede some of their sovereignty to an overarching entity is truly unique. Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has many of the attributes associated with independent nations: its own flag, anthem, founding date, and currency, as well as an incipient common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations. In the future, many of these nation-like characteristics are likely to be expanded. Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The World Factbook. However, because of the EU's special status, this description is placed after the regular country entries.

See also

Lists

Other

Further reading

  • The Economist Guide to the European Union (Profile Books 2005) ISBN 1-86197-930-4
  • Guide to European Policies by Nicholas Moussis (European Study Service, 2005 - 11th ed.) ISBN 2-930119-40-3
  • Europe Recast: A History of European Union by Desmond Dinan (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) ISBN 0-333-98734-9
  • Understanding the European Union 3rd ed by John McCormick (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) ISBN 9781403944511
  • The Institutions of the European Union edited by John Peterson, Michael Shackleton (Oxford University Press, 2002) ISBN 0-19-870052-0
  • The Government and Politics of the European Union by Neill Nugent (Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) ISBN 0-333-98461-7
  • The European Union: A Very Short Introduction by John Pinder (Oxford, 2001) ISBN 0-19-285375-9
  • The United States of Europe: The New Superpower and the end of American Supremacy by T.R. Reid (Penguin Press, 2004) ISBN 1-59420-033-5
  • This Blessed Plot: Britain and Europe from Churchill to Blair by Hugo Young (Macmillan, 1998) ISBN 0-333-57992-5
  • The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream by Jeremy Rifkin (Jeremy P. Tarcher, 2004) ISBN 1-58542-345-9
  • The Great Deception: The Secret History of the European Union by Christopher Booker, Richard North (Continuum International Publishing Group — Academi, 2003) ISBN 0-8264-7105-6
  • 'The Ultimate EU Test Book '(John Harper Publishing, 2005)

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b "Panorama of the European Union", Europa. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  2. ^ Activities of the EU — Internal market, Europa. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  3. ^ "Abolition of internal borders and creation of a single EU external frontier", Europa. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  4. ^ a b Arsène, Richard, Pabst, Ronald. (November 17, 2005). "Evaluation of the French Referendum on the EU Constitution" (PDF). Democracy International. Retrieved 2006-04-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Template:PDFlink
  5. ^ http://www.europarl.org.uk/guide/Gelectionsmain.html
  6. ^ "Financial Perspective 2007-2013", Council of the European Union, 17 December 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2006. Template:PDFlink
  7. ^ "Poles block EU deal on lower VAT", Times Online, 31 January 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  8. ^ "Varied reasons behind Dutch 'No'", BBC News, 1 June 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  9. ^ "Q&A: EU constitution's future", BBC News, 10 May 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  10. ^ "EU admits constitution is on ice", BBC News, 21 September 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  11. ^ "EU constitution: Where member states stand", BBC News, 9 May 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  12. ^ History of the European Union at the EUs Europa website
  13. ^ EU25 population projection, accessed July 10, 2006
  14. ^ "Too many people: Europe's population problem", Optimum Population Trust, 3 August 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  15. ^ a b "EU Accessions Bill", BBC News, 27 January 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  16. ^ "EU entry hopefuls 'must do more'", BBC News, 16 May 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  17. ^ "Q&A: Turkey's EU entry talks", BBC News, 4 October 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  18. ^ "The EU and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", Opinion by the Commission on the application from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia for membership of the European Union, 09 November 2005.
  19. ^ None of these bodies are "institutions" in the technical sense of the EU treaty, but they have many of the same powers
  20. ^ "French No an 'unmistakable message'", BBC News, 30 May 2005. Retrieved 10 July 2006.
  21. ^ "The EU's Future: The Federalism/Intergovernmentalism Debate", Big Issue Ground. Retrieved 18 July 2006.
  22. ^ "Commission spring economic forecasts 2006-2007: growth rebounds", European Commission, 8 May 2006. Full report: "Economic Forecasts Spring 2006". Template:PDFlink. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  23. ^ "The Education and Training Contribution to the Lisbon Strategy", European Commission. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  24. ^ "On Communication", 2-2, Retrieved 3 August 2006.
  25. ^ EU translation plan provokes protest, BBC News website, Retrieved 23rd August 2006.
  26. ^ "Bitter Harvest: How EU Sugar Subsidies Devastate Africa, By Maxine Frith, Independent June 22, 2005", Global Policy Forum. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
  27. ^ "Agricultural Subsidies - Global Policy Forum", Global Policy Forum. Retrieved 23 August 2006.

External links and references

Official pages
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source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Union&oldid=74688346

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