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==Erinyes in Mythology== |
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[[Image:Klytaimnestra Erinyes Louvre Cp710.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Clytemnestra]] trying to awake the Erinyes while her son is being purified by [[Apollo]], [[Apulia]]n red-figure [[krater]], 480–470 BC, [[Louvre]] (Cp 710)]] |
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[[Image:DVinfernoMegaeraTisifphoneAlecto m.jpg|thumb|upright|left|150px|The Furies, from Dante's ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno IX]]'', in a [[wood engraving]] by [[Gustave Doré]], 1861]] |
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The Erinyes often stood for the rightness of things within the standard order; for example, [[Heraclitus]] declared that if [[Helios]] decided to change the course of the [[Sun]] through the sky, they would prevent him from doing so. Predominantly, they were understood as the persecutors of mortal men and women who broke natural laws. In particular, those who broke ties of kinship through murdering a mother (matricide), murdering a father (patricide), murdering a brother (fratricide), or other such familial killings brought special attention from the Erinyes. It was believed in early epochs that human beings might not have the right to punish such crimes, instead leaving the matter of retribution to the dead person's Erinyes. |
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The Erinyes were connected with [[Nemesis (mythology)|Nemesis]] as enforcers of a just balance in human affairs. The goddess [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]] originally held a similar role as the bringer of a just victory. When not stalking victims on Earth, the Furies were thought to dwell in [[Tartarus]] where they applied their tortures to the souls of the damned. |
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The Erinyes are particularly known for the [[The Oresteia#The Eumenides|persecution of Orestes for the murder of his mother]], [[Clytemnestra]]. Since [[Apollo]] had told [[Orestes (mythology)|Orestes]] to kill the murderer of his father, [[Agamemnon]], and that person turned out to be his mother, Orestes prayed to him. Athena intervened and the Erinyes turned into the ''Eumenides'' ("kindly ones"), as they were called in instances portraying their more positive, beneficial qualities. |
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Nonetheless, many scholars believe that when they were originally referred to as the Eumenides, it was not to reference their good sides but as a [[euphemism]] to appease them, or to avoid the wrath that would ensue from calling them by their true name. The [[taboo]] in speaking the names of certain uncanny spirits included [[Persephone]], and there are parallels in many cultures (for instance, the tendency to refer to [[Fairy|faeries]] as "the fair folk" or "the [[little people]]"). The Erinyes might also be recognized as ''Semnai'' ("the venerable ones"), the ''Potniae'' ("the Awful Ones"), the ''Maniae'' ("the Madnesses") the ''Praxidikae'' ("the Just-doers") and [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353002 Kampesigounoi] ("bending the knees"). |
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<!--Can we get a reference for the following:"According to one myth [[Tisiphone]] fell in love with [[Cithaeron]]. She caused his death by snakebite, specifically, one of the snakes from her head."-->Another myth says that the Erinyes struck the magical horse [[Balius and Xanthus|Xanthus]] dumb for rebuking [[Achilles]]. |
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The Furies (their [[Roman mythology|Roman name]]) or ''Dirae'' ("the terrible") typically had the effect of driving their victims insane, hence their [[Latin]] name ''furor''. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 04:04, 30 September 2009
Greek deities series |
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Chthonic deities |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Deux_furies.png/150px-Deux_furies.png)
In Greek mythology the Erinýes (Ἐρινύες, pl. of Ἐρινύς, Erinýs; lit. "the angry ones") or Eumenídes (Εὐμενίδες, pl. of Εὐμενίς; lit. "the gracious ones") or Faires in Roman mythology were female, chthonic deities of vengeance or supernatural personifications of the anger of the dead. They represent regeneration and the potency of creation, which both consumes and empowers. A formulaic oath in the Iliad (iii.278ff; xix.260ff) invokes them as "those who beneath the earth punish whosoever has sworn a false oath." Burkert suggests they are "an embodiment of the act of self-cursing contained in the oath".[1]
When the Titan Cronus castrated his father Uranus and threw his genitalia into the sea, the Erinyes emerged from the drops of blood, while Aphrodite was born from the seafoam. According to a variant account, they issued from an even more primordial level—from Nyx, "Night". Their number is usually left indeterminate. Virgil, probably working from an Alexandrian source, recognized three: Alecto ("unceasing," who appeared in Virgil's Aeneid), Megaera ("grudging"), and Tisiphone ("avenging murder"). Dante followed Virgil in depicting the same three-charactered triptych of Erinyes. The heads of the Erinyes were wreathed with serpents (compare Gorgon) and their eyes dripped with blood, rendering their appearance rather horrific. Sometimes they had the wings of a bat or bird and the body of a dog.
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See also
References
- ^ Burkert 1985, p. 198
- Iliad xiv.274-9; xix.259f.
- Virgil, Aeneid vii, 324, 341, 415, 476.
- Burkert, Walter, 1977 (tr. 1985). Greek Religion (Harvard University Press).