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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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Palmer emigrated to Canada in the mid-1920s from Britain, where she had trained in [[Sheffield]] as a social worker. She operated the Egoist Book Shop in [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]] and began working on behalf of the [[Parents' Information Bureau]] (PIB) in 1936.<ref name="Stephenson" /><ref name="TDSDismissed" /><ref name="Dodd">{{cite journal|last1=Dodd|first1=Dianne|title=The Canadian Birth Control Movement on Trial, 1936-1937|journal=Histoire sociale- Social History|date=November 1983|volume=XVI|issue=32|pages=411-28|url=http://hssh.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/hssh/article/viewFile/38282/34685|accessdate=12 August 2017}}</ref> Funded by [[A. R. Kaufman]], the wealthy owner of the Kaufman Rubber Company in Kitchener, Ontario and prominent [[eugenics]] supporter, the PIB distributed information about family planning and birth control.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Revie|first=Linda|title="More than just boots! The eugenic and commercial concerns behind A. R. Kaufman's birth controlling activities".|journal=Canadian Bulletin of Medical History|year=2006|volume=23|issue=1|pages=119–43}}</ref><ref name="GMKaufmannObit">{{cite news|title=A. R. Kaufman: Industrialist was pioneer in fight to establish birth control clinics|agency=The Globe and Mail|date=2 February 1979|page=40|format=Paywall subscription}}</ref> The organization employed roughly 50 people like Palmer in cities across Canada.<ref name="TDSDismissed" /> Her participation in the PIB aligned with work she had previously undertaken in Britain where she came up with the slogan "If you can't change your tactics, at least use prophylactics," targeted at English soldiers.<ref name="StortzEaton"/> |
Palmer emigrated to Canada in the mid-1920s from Britain, where she had trained in [[Sheffield]] as a social worker. She operated the Egoist Book Shop, at the corner of O'Connor and Laurier, in [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]] and began working on behalf of the [[Parents' Information Bureau]] (PIB) in 1936.<ref name="Stephenson" /><ref name="TDSDismissed" /><ref name="Dodd">{{cite journal|last1=Dodd|first1=Dianne|title=The Canadian Birth Control Movement on Trial, 1936-1937|journal=Histoire sociale- Social History|date=November 1983|volume=XVI|issue=32|pages=411-28|url=http://hssh.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/hssh/article/viewFile/38282/34685|accessdate=12 August 2017}}</ref> Funded by [[A. R. Kaufman]], the wealthy owner of the Kaufman Rubber Company in Kitchener, Ontario and prominent [[eugenics]] supporter, the PIB distributed information about family planning and birth control.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Revie|first=Linda|title="More than just boots! The eugenic and commercial concerns behind A. R. Kaufman's birth controlling activities".|journal=Canadian Bulletin of Medical History|year=2006|volume=23|issue=1|pages=119–43}}</ref><ref name="GMKaufmannObit">{{cite news|title=A. R. Kaufman: Industrialist was pioneer in fight to establish birth control clinics|agency=The Globe and Mail|date=2 February 1979|page=40|format=Paywall subscription}}</ref> The organization employed roughly 50 people like Palmer in cities across Canada.<ref name="TDSDismissed" /> Her participation in the PIB aligned with work she had previously undertaken in Britain where she came up with the slogan "If you can't change your tactics, at least use prophylactics," targeted at English soldiers.<ref name="StortzEaton"/> |
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===Eastview Birth Control Trial=== |
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In September 1936, at the age of 28, Palmer was arrested and charged under section 207 of the Criminal Code, which stated that the selling or advertising of contraceptives was illegal.<ref name = "elliot">{{cite web|last=Elliot|first=Wendy|title=Dorothea Parker: Brave Disseminator of Birth Control Information|work=Canadian History: Suite 101|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> She was arrested for promoting contraception to women in the poor [[Roman Catholic]] Ottawa community of [[Vanier, Ontario|Eastview]]. At the time 1,000 of the 4,000 people living in the area were on social assistance, many with large families.<ref name="TDSDismissed">{{cite news|title=Birth Control Charge Dismissed at Eastview on 'Public Good' Clause|agency=Toronto Daily Star|date=17 March 1937|pages=1-2|format=Paywall subscription}}</ref> During questioning at the police station Palmer expressed her belief that: "A woman should be the master of her own body. She should be the one to say if she wants to become a mother."<ref name="Stephenson" />{{rp|23}} |
In September 1936, at the age of 28, Palmer was arrested and charged under section 207 of the Criminal Code, which stated that the selling or advertising of contraceptives was illegal.<ref name = "elliot">{{cite web|last=Elliot|first=Wendy|title=Dorothea Parker: Brave Disseminator of Birth Control Information|work=Canadian History: Suite 101|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> She was arrested for promoting contraception to women in the poor [[Roman Catholic]] Ottawa community of [[Vanier, Ontario|Eastview]]. At the time 1,000 of the 4,000 people living in the area were on social assistance, many with large families.<ref name="TDSDismissed">{{cite news|title=Birth Control Charge Dismissed at Eastview on 'Public Good' Clause|agency=Toronto Daily Star|date=17 March 1937|pages=1-2|format=Paywall subscription}}</ref> During questioning at the police station Palmer expressed her belief that: "A woman should be the master of her own body. She should be the one to say if she wants to become a mother."<ref name="Stephenson" />{{rp|23}} |
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Palmer had been working with the PIB for six months when she was arrested and had visited approximately 100 families based on doctor referrals. When visiting a home Palmer would explain various contraceptive methods, including demonstrations about how they worked. Those interested in gaining access to the material for their own use would sign a form and later be sent a birth control kit that consisted of [[Spermicide|spermicides]], [[Condom|condoms]] and information about purchasing additional items like [[Diaphragm (birth control)|diaphragms]].<ref name="Hopper" /> |
Palmer had been working with the PIB for six months when she was arrested and had visited approximately 100 families based on doctor referrals. When visiting a home Palmer would explain various contraceptive methods, including demonstrations about how they worked. Those interested in gaining access to the material for their own use would sign a form and later be sent a birth control kit that consisted of [[Spermicide|spermicides]], [[Condom|condoms]] and information about purchasing additional items like [[Diaphragm (birth control)|diaphragms]].<ref name="Hopper" /> |
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The trial attracted both Canada's most prominent advocates for birth control |
The trial resulting from her arrest attracted both Canada's most prominent advocates for birth control, representatives of the major churches, and other birth control opponents. Among them were Dr. [[Brock Chisholm]], [[Mary Elizabeth Hawkins]], founder of the [[Hamilton Birth Control Society]], and Reverand Dr. [[C.E. Silcox]] of the United Church.<ref name="Dodd" /><ref name="Jones" /> Kaufman welcomed the chance to test Canada's laws in court.<ref name="Dodd" /><ref name="Jones" /> He spent the then considerable sum of $25,000 mounting a defence for Palmer in what would later be known as [[The Eastview Birth Control Trial]]. It lasted from 1936 to 1937. During the trial Palmer was the subject of attacks and abuse by those who opposed her. In one incident a man pulled her into an alley and attempted to rape her, telling her that he'd "show you what it's like without any birth control." Palmer managed to knee him in the groin and escape.<ref name="Hopper" /><ref name="Creighton">{{cite news|last1=Creighton|first1=Judy|title=Birth control crusader hasn't changed|agency=Toronto Star|date=31 March 1987|page=E2|format=Paywall subscription}}</ref> |
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On March 17, 1937, the court acquitted Palmer on the basis that her actions had passed the criminal code's ''pro bono publico'' clause: that her actions were done entirely in the interest of the public good.<ref name="StortzEaton">{{cite journal|last1=Stortz|first1=Gerald|last2=Eaton|first2=Murray|title="Pro Bono Publico" The Eastview Birth Control Trial|journal=Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice|date=1 April 1983|volume=8|issue=2|pages=51–60|url=http://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/viewFile/4530/3768|accessdate=12 August 2017|issn=1715-0698}}</ref> Drawing international attention the landmark case gained Palmer the moniker "the [[Marie Stopes]] of Canada" a nod to the woman who co-founded the first birth control clinic in Britain.<ref name="Stephenson">{{cite journal|last1=Stephenson|first1=Bill|title=The great birth-control trial. A Maclean's flashback|journal=Maclean's|date=23 November 1957|volume=70|issue=23|format=Paywall subscription}}</ref> Although contraception was not fully legalized in Canada until 1969, no other person was ever prosecuted for distributing information about birth control in the country.<ref name = "elliot"/><ref name="Hollobon">{{cite news|last1=Hollobon|first1=Joan|title=Did dirty work for men at trial, pioneer of birth control says|agency=The Globe and Mail|date=30 November 1978|page=T3|format=Paywall subscription}}</ref> Palmer spoke publicly about the position she was placed in by men involved with the birth control movement and the trial expressing that she had done the "dirty work" on their behalf.<ref name="Dodd" /><ref name="Hollobon" /> In a 1978 interview she explained: "Doctors weren't allowed to prescribe birth control themselves. If they found a damn fool woman to do it, well okay. That's the way of men, isn't it? If it's anything tough, find a good woman to do it."<ref name="Hopper" /> |
On March 17, 1937, the court acquitted Palmer on the basis that her actions had passed the criminal code's ''pro bono publico'' clause: that her actions were done entirely in the interest of the public good.<ref name="StortzEaton">{{cite journal|last1=Stortz|first1=Gerald|last2=Eaton|first2=Murray|title="Pro Bono Publico" The Eastview Birth Control Trial|journal=Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice|date=1 April 1983|volume=8|issue=2|pages=51–60|url=http://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/viewFile/4530/3768|accessdate=12 August 2017|issn=1715-0698}}</ref> Drawing international attention the landmark case gained Palmer the moniker "the [[Marie Stopes]] of Canada" a nod to the woman who co-founded the first birth control clinic in Britain.<ref name="Stephenson">{{cite journal|last1=Stephenson|first1=Bill|title=The great birth-control trial. A Maclean's flashback|journal=Maclean's|date=23 November 1957|volume=70|issue=23|format=Paywall subscription}}</ref> Although contraception was not fully legalized in Canada until 1969, no other person was ever prosecuted for distributing information about birth control in the country.<ref name = "elliot"/><ref name="Hollobon">{{cite news|last1=Hollobon|first1=Joan|title=Did dirty work for men at trial, pioneer of birth control says|agency=The Globe and Mail|date=30 November 1978|page=T3|format=Paywall subscription}}</ref> Palmer spoke publicly about the position she was placed in by men involved with the birth control movement and the trial expressing that she had done the "dirty work" on their behalf.<ref name="Dodd" /><ref name="Hollobon" /> In a 1978 interview she explained: "Doctors weren't allowed to prescribe birth control themselves. If they found a damn fool woman to do it, well okay. That's the way of men, isn't it? If it's anything tough, find a good woman to do it."<ref name="Hopper" /> |
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===Later life=== |
|||
Due to the public attention and criticism that accompanied the trial, Palmer spent the majority of her adult life out of the public eye, relocating to another address and going by her maiden name, Palmer, rather than her married name, Ferguson, in order to shield her husband and their families who disapproved of the work she did with the PIB.<ref name="Hopper">{{cite news|last1=Hopper|first1=Doris|title=Birth-control pioneer ends 42-year exile|agency=Toronto Star|date=30 November 1978|page=D3|format=Paywall subscription}}</ref><ref name="Jones" /><ref name="Hollobon" /> The scrutiny was so serious that she relocated with her husband to Toronto for a time before returning to Ottawa and resuming their lives in a different part of the city.<ref name="Creighton" /> |
Due to the public attention and criticism that accompanied the trial, Palmer spent the majority of her adult life out of the public eye, relocating to another address and going by her maiden name, Palmer, rather than her married name, Ferguson, in order to shield her husband and their families who disapproved of the work she did with the PIB.<ref name="Hopper">{{cite news|last1=Hopper|first1=Doris|title=Birth-control pioneer ends 42-year exile|agency=Toronto Star|date=30 November 1978|page=D3|format=Paywall subscription}}</ref><ref name="Jones" /><ref name="Hollobon" /> The scrutiny was so serious that she relocated with her husband to Toronto for a time before returning to Ottawa and resuming their lives in a different part of the city.<ref name="Creighton" /> After her book store closed to make way for an office tower, Palmer worked as a florist. Together she and her husband had one daughter.<ref name="Stephenson" /><ref name="Hopper" /> |
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In 1986 the trial was reenacted as part of the [[CBC Radio One|CBC]] radio series ''Scales of Justice''. The episode script was drafted by Frank Jones, using trial transcripts and related papers held by the [[University of Waterloo#Libraries and museums|University of Waterloo Library]], and featured Canadian actress [[Nicky Guadagni]] as Palmer.<ref name="JonesRadio">{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Frank|title=Birth control trial now a radio drama|accessdate=12 August 2017|agency=Toronto Star|date=13 June 1986|page=F2|format=Paywall subscription}}</ref> |
In 1986 the trial was reenacted as part of the [[CBC Radio One|CBC]] radio series ''Scales of Justice''. The episode script was drafted by Frank Jones, using trial transcripts and related papers held by the [[University of Waterloo#Libraries and museums|University of Waterloo Library]], and featured Canadian actress [[Nicky Guadagni]] as Palmer.<ref name="JonesRadio">{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Frank|title=Birth control trial now a radio drama|accessdate=12 August 2017|agency=Toronto Star|date=13 June 1986|page=F2|format=Paywall subscription}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 20:10, 12 August 2017
Dorothea Palmer Ferguson | |
|---|---|
| Born | Dorothea Palmer 1908 |
| Died | 1992 (aged 83–84) Ottawa, Ontario |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Known for | birth control activism |
Dorothea Palmer (Ferguson) (born 1908 [1] died 1992) was a Canadian who played a prominent role in the effort to legalize birth control in Canada.
Biography
Palmer emigrated to Canada in the mid-1920s from Britain, where she had trained in Sheffield as a social worker. She operated the Egoist Book Shop, at the corner of O'Connor and Laurier, in Ottawa, Ontario and began working on behalf of the Parents' Information Bureau (PIB) in 1936.[2][3][4] Funded by A. R. Kaufman, the wealthy owner of the Kaufman Rubber Company in Kitchener, Ontario and prominent eugenics supporter, the PIB distributed information about family planning and birth control.[5][6] The organization employed roughly 50 people like Palmer in cities across Canada.[3] Her participation in the PIB aligned with work she had previously undertaken in Britain where she came up with the slogan "If you can't change your tactics, at least use prophylactics," targeted at English soldiers.[7]
Eastview Birth Control Trial
In September 1936, at the age of 28, Palmer was arrested and charged under section 207 of the Criminal Code, which stated that the selling or advertising of contraceptives was illegal.[8] She was arrested for promoting contraception to women in the poor Roman Catholic Ottawa community of Eastview. At the time 1,000 of the 4,000 people living in the area were on social assistance, many with large families.[3] During questioning at the police station Palmer expressed her belief that: "A woman should be the master of her own body. She should be the one to say if she wants to become a mother."[2]: 23
Palmer had been working with the PIB for six months when she was arrested and had visited approximately 100 families based on doctor referrals. When visiting a home Palmer would explain various contraceptive methods, including demonstrations about how they worked. Those interested in gaining access to the material for their own use would sign a form and later be sent a birth control kit that consisted of spermicides, condoms and information about purchasing additional items like diaphragms.[9]
The trial resulting from her arrest attracted both Canada's most prominent advocates for birth control, representatives of the major churches, and other birth control opponents. Among them were Dr. Brock Chisholm, Mary Elizabeth Hawkins, founder of the Hamilton Birth Control Society, and Reverand Dr. C.E. Silcox of the United Church.[4][10] Kaufman welcomed the chance to test Canada's laws in court.[4][10] He spent the then considerable sum of $25,000 mounting a defence for Palmer in what would later be known as The Eastview Birth Control Trial. It lasted from 1936 to 1937. During the trial Palmer was the subject of attacks and abuse by those who opposed her. In one incident a man pulled her into an alley and attempted to rape her, telling her that he'd "show you what it's like without any birth control." Palmer managed to knee him in the groin and escape.[9][11]
On March 17, 1937, the court acquitted Palmer on the basis that her actions had passed the criminal code's pro bono publico clause: that her actions were done entirely in the interest of the public good.[7] Drawing international attention the landmark case gained Palmer the moniker "the Marie Stopes of Canada" a nod to the woman who co-founded the first birth control clinic in Britain.[2] Although contraception was not fully legalized in Canada until 1969, no other person was ever prosecuted for distributing information about birth control in the country.[8][12] Palmer spoke publicly about the position she was placed in by men involved with the birth control movement and the trial expressing that she had done the "dirty work" on their behalf.[4][12] In a 1978 interview she explained: "Doctors weren't allowed to prescribe birth control themselves. If they found a damn fool woman to do it, well okay. That's the way of men, isn't it? If it's anything tough, find a good woman to do it."[9]
Later life
Due to the public attention and criticism that accompanied the trial, Palmer spent the majority of her adult life out of the public eye, relocating to another address and going by her maiden name, Palmer, rather than her married name, Ferguson, in order to shield her husband and their families who disapproved of the work she did with the PIB.[9][10][12] The scrutiny was so serious that she relocated with her husband to Toronto for a time before returning to Ottawa and resuming their lives in a different part of the city.[11] After her book store closed to make way for an office tower, Palmer worked as a florist. Together she and her husband had one daughter.[2][9]
In 1986 the trial was reenacted as part of the CBC radio series Scales of Justice. The episode script was drafted by Frank Jones, using trial transcripts and related papers held by the University of Waterloo Library, and featured Canadian actress Nicky Guadagni as Palmer.[13]
Palmer died in Ottawa in November 1992.[10]
See also
- Great Stork Derby - 1926 - 1936
References
- ^ "Dorothea Palmer collection". University of Waterloo: Special Collections.
- ^ a b c d Stephenson, Bill (23 November 1957). "The great birth-control trial. A Maclean's flashback". Maclean's. 70 (23).
{{cite journal}}:|format=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b c "Birth Control Charge Dismissed at Eastview on 'Public Good' Clause". Toronto Daily Star. 17 March 1937. pp. 1–2.
{{cite news}}:|format=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b c d Dodd, Dianne (November 1983). "The Canadian Birth Control Movement on Trial, 1936-1937". Histoire sociale- Social History. XVI (32): 411–28. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ Revie, Linda (2006). ""More than just boots! The eugenic and commercial concerns behind A. R. Kaufman's birth controlling activities"". Canadian Bulletin of Medical History. 23 (1): 119–43.
- ^ "A. R. Kaufman: Industrialist was pioneer in fight to establish birth control clinics". The Globe and Mail. 2 February 1979. p. 40.
{{cite news}}:|format=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b Stortz, Gerald; Eaton, Murray (1 April 1983). ""Pro Bono Publico" The Eastview Birth Control Trial". Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice. 8 (2): 51–60. ISSN 1715-0698. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ a b Elliot, Wendy. "Dorothea Parker: Brave Disseminator of Birth Control Information". Canadian History: Suite 101.
{{cite web}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ a b c d e Hopper, Doris (30 November 1978). "Birth-control pioneer ends 42-year exile". Toronto Star. p. D3.
{{cite news}}:|format=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b c d Jones, Frank (12 November 1992). "History marks a page for Dorothea Palmer". Toronto Star. p. C1.
{{cite news}}:|format=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b Creighton, Judy (31 March 1987). "Birth control crusader hasn't changed". Toronto Star. p. E2.
{{cite news}}:|format=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b c Hollobon, Joan (30 November 1978). "Did dirty work for men at trial, pioneer of birth control says". The Globe and Mail. p. T3.
{{cite news}}:|format=requires|url=(help) - ^ Jones, Frank (13 June 1986). "Birth control trial now a radio drama". Toronto Star. p. F2.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|format=requires|url=(help)
Further reading
- Beswick, Lorne. "'Birth Control or Red Regime': Toronto, Eugenics and the Eastview Birth Control Trial," MA Thesis: Queen's University, 2011.
External links
- "Looking back on the birth control movement". CBC Digital Archives. CBC. 11 November 1962. Retrieved 12 August 2017.