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Volkish Kurden (talk | contribs) rvv, extreme pan iranic edits previously, dedicated to wiping out kurdic history, whilst the short explanation on the Corduene wiki about Carduchoi exists, it is insufficient. Tags: Reverted Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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[[File:Map of Roman dependency of Sophene, Corduene, Commagene, and Osrhoene as of 31 BC.png|thumb|320x320px|Map of Roman dependency of Sophene, Corduene, Commagene, and Osrhoene as of 31 BC]] |
[[File:Map of Roman dependency of Sophene, Corduene, Commagene, and Osrhoene as of 31 BC.png|thumb|320x320px|Map of Roman dependency of Sophene, Corduene, Commagene, and Osrhoene as of 31 BC]] |
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The '''Carduchi'''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Larned|first=Josephus Nelson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54chAQAAMAAJ&hl=en&redir_esc=y|title=History for Ready Reference ...|date=1895|publisher=C.A. Nichols Company|language=en}}</ref> or ([[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]]: ''Καρδοῦχοι'' or ''Γορδυαῖοι,'' [[Latin|lat]].: ''Kardoûkhoi'') were warlike tribes that in ancient times occupied the rolling hills along the upper [[Tigris]], near the borders of [[Assyria]] and [[Media (region)|Media]], in modern [[Syrian Kurdistan|western Kurdistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foundation|first=Encyclopaedia Iranica|title=CARDUCHI|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/Carduchi-latin-form-of-greek-kardokhoi|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=iranicaonline.org|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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The '''Carduchi''' were a group of warlike tribes that lived in the mountains near the upper part of the [[Tigris River]], now located in present-day western [[Kurdistan]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|p=806}} |
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== Origin == |
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According to Arshak Safrastian, the [[Medes]] and [[Scythians]] mentioned in classical Greek literature existed only as preconceived notions. Equating the Carduchi with the [[Gutians]], he adds that the moment the Ten Thousand began to skirt the lower slopes of the [[Hamrin Mountains]], they were in contact with the tribes of [[Gutian people|Gutium]] which are presented here as [[Medes]] or [[Scythians]].<ref>A. Safrastian, ''Kurds and Kurdistan'', The Harvill Press, 1948, p. 29</ref> A direct Gutian connection, however, is unknown, as the Gutians were not [[Indo-Iranians]] and only known to have lived in southern Mesopotamia.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=8VnAk14pODsC&pg=PA171&dq=The+First+Indo-Europeans+in+History+Henning+Guti&sig=v6HSKC2kfV9TdT3kwg9vxbuEiW4 Patton, Laurie L., et al. (2004) The Indo-Aryan Controversy</ref> |
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{{reflist}} |
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== History == |
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The Carduchi are first mentioned at the beginning of the 4th century BC by [[Xenophon]], who described them as living in villages and engaged in agriculture, viticulture, crafts and animal husbandry. The Carduchi were probably conquered by [[Cyrus the Great]], but they often rebelled against the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenids]], and by the end of the 5th century BC. Under [[Artaxerxes II]], they were no longer under Persian control. They even defeated a large army sent against them and sometimes made treaties with Persian satraps. In 401, 10,000 Greek mercenaries of [[Cyrus the Younger]] fought their way through the territory of the Carduchi. In the Roman period, [[Diodorus Siculus]] called the northern spurs of the [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]] the Carduchian mountains, but [[Strabo]] called the tribes who lived there Gordiens. It has been repeatedly argued that the Carduchi were the ancestors of the [[Kurds]], but the [[Cyrtians]] (''Cyrtii'')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Кардухи {{!}} Симпосий Συμπόσιον|url=http://www.simposium.ru/ru/node/4117#:~:text=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8.%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%CC%81%D1%85%D0%B8.%20(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87.%20%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%B9),%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5,%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%20%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0|access-date=2021-12-19|website=www.simposium.ru}}</ref> mentioned by [[Polybius]], [[Livy]] and [[Strabo]] are more likely.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foundation|first=Encyclopaedia Iranica|title=Carduchi|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/Carduchi-latin-form-of-greek-kardokhoi|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=iranicaonline.org|language=en-US}}</ref> The Carduchi were residents of the province of [[Corduene]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Хантингдонский|first=Генрих|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKZWDwAAQBAJ&hl=en&redir_esc=y|title=История Англов|date=2018-12-20|publisher=Litres|isbn=978-5-04-111720-7|pages=76|language=ru}}</ref> The Carduchi probably spoke Persian.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prichard|first=James Cowles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPNFAQAAMAAJ&hl=en&redir_esc=y|title=Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind: Researches into the history of the Asiatic nations|date=1844|publisher=Houlston and Stoneman|pages=564|language=en}}</ref> |
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{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFDandamayev1990}} |
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* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica | volume=4 | fascicle=7 | title = Carduchi | last = Dandamayev | first = Muhammad | url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/Carduchi-latin-form-of-greek-kardokhoi | pages = 806 }} |
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'''Cadusii or Cardusii (Carduchii)''' |
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Among the names of numerous Persian names were the [[Cadusii]], who were probably called "Cardusii"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Swami|first=Bhaktivejanyana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqHBvySDxEQC&hl=en&redir_esc=y|title=Ithihaasa: The Mystery of His Story Is My Story of History|date=2013-01-29|publisher=Author House|isbn=978-1-4772-4273-5|pages=348|language=en}}</ref> or "Carduchii",<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bausani|first=Alessandro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7ZCnwEACAAJ&hl=en&redir_esc=y|title=The Persians, from the Earliest Days to the Twentieth Century|date=1975|publisher=Elek Books|pages=28|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bausani|first=Alessandro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdHLtAEACAAJ&hl=en&redir_esc=y|title=The Persians, from the Earliest Days to the Twentieth Century: Translated from the Italian by J. B. Donne|date=1971|publisher=St. Martin's Press|pages=28|language=en}}</ref> who were the ancient antagonists of [[Xenophon]] and the predecessors of modern [[Kurds]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fletcher|first=James Phillips|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3ha3_YPt0kC&hl=en&redir_esc=y|title=Notes from Nineveh, and Travels in Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Syria|date=1850|publisher=Lea and Blanchard|pages=215|language=en}}</ref> The Cardusii were one of the tribes of the [[Media (region)|Median]] [[Atropatene]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18zXAAAAMAAJ&hl=en&redir_esc=y|title=Islamic studies|date=1992|publisher=Bunyād-i Dāʾirat al-Maʻārif-i Islāmī|pages=7|language=fa}}</ref> |
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== Notes == |
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<references /> |
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[[Category:Historical Iranian peoples]] |
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Revision as of 02:46, 17 May 2023
The Carduchi[1] or (Ancient Greek: Καρδοῦχοι or Γορδυαῖοι, lat.: Kardoûkhoi) were warlike tribes that in ancient times occupied the rolling hills along the upper Tigris, near the borders of Assyria and Media, in modern western Kurdistan.[2]
Origin
According to Arshak Safrastian, the Medes and Scythians mentioned in classical Greek literature existed only as preconceived notions. Equating the Carduchi with the Gutians, he adds that the moment the Ten Thousand began to skirt the lower slopes of the Hamrin Mountains, they were in contact with the tribes of Gutium which are presented here as Medes or Scythians.[3] A direct Gutian connection, however, is unknown, as the Gutians were not Indo-Iranians and only known to have lived in southern Mesopotamia.[4]
History
The Carduchi are first mentioned at the beginning of the 4th century BC by Xenophon, who described them as living in villages and engaged in agriculture, viticulture, crafts and animal husbandry. The Carduchi were probably conquered by Cyrus the Great, but they often rebelled against the Achaemenids, and by the end of the 5th century BC. Under Artaxerxes II, they were no longer under Persian control. They even defeated a large army sent against them and sometimes made treaties with Persian satraps. In 401, 10,000 Greek mercenaries of Cyrus the Younger fought their way through the territory of the Carduchi. In the Roman period, Diodorus Siculus called the northern spurs of the Zagros the Carduchian mountains, but Strabo called the tribes who lived there Gordiens. It has been repeatedly argued that the Carduchi were the ancestors of the Kurds, but the Cyrtians (Cyrtii)[5] mentioned by Polybius, Livy and Strabo are more likely.[6] The Carduchi were residents of the province of Corduene.[7] The Carduchi probably spoke Persian.[8]
Cadusii or Cardusii (Carduchii)
Among the names of numerous Persian names were the Cadusii, who were probably called "Cardusii"[9] or "Carduchii",[10][11] who were the ancient antagonists of Xenophon and the predecessors of modern Kurds.[12] The Cardusii were one of the tribes of the Median Atropatene.[13]
Notes
- ^ Larned, Josephus Nelson (1895). History for Ready Reference ... C.A. Nichols Company.
- ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "CARDUCHI". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ A. Safrastian, Kurds and Kurdistan, The Harvill Press, 1948, p. 29
- ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=8VnAk14pODsC&pg=PA171&dq=The+First+Indo-Europeans+in+History+Henning+Guti&sig=v6HSKC2kfV9TdT3kwg9vxbuEiW4 Patton, Laurie L., et al. (2004) The Indo-Aryan Controversy
- ^ "Кардухи | Симпосий Συμπόσιον". www.simposium.ru. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
- ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Carduchi". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Хантингдонский, Генрих (2018-12-20). История Англов (in Russian). Litres. p. 76. ISBN 978-5-04-111720-7.
- ^ Prichard, James Cowles (1844). Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind: Researches into the history of the Asiatic nations. Houlston and Stoneman. p. 564.
- ^ Swami, Bhaktivejanyana (2013-01-29). Ithihaasa: The Mystery of His Story Is My Story of History. Author House. p. 348. ISBN 978-1-4772-4273-5.
- ^ Bausani, Alessandro (1975). The Persians, from the Earliest Days to the Twentieth Century. Elek Books. p. 28.
- ^ Bausani, Alessandro (1971). The Persians, from the Earliest Days to the Twentieth Century: Translated from the Italian by J. B. Donne. St. Martin's Press. p. 28.
- ^ Fletcher, James Phillips (1850). Notes from Nineveh, and Travels in Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Syria. Lea and Blanchard. p. 215.
- ^ Islamic studies (in Persian). Bunyād-i Dāʾirat al-Maʻārif-i Islāmī. 1992. p. 7.