Boeing 737 Next Generation 737-600/-700/-800/-900
The 737-800 is the most common 737NG variant
Role	Narrow-body jet airliner Type of aircraft
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Boeing Commercial Airplanes
First flight	February 9, 1997
Introduction	December 17, 1997 with Southwest Airlines[1]
Status	In service
Primary users	Southwest Airlines Ryanair United Airlines American Airlines
Produced	1996–present
Number built	7,046 as of November 2019[2]
Developed from	Boeing 737 Classic
Variants	Boeing Business Jet Boeing 737 AEW&C Boeing C-40 Clipper Boeing P-8 Poseidon
Developed into	Boeing 737 MAX

The Boeing 737 Next Generation, commonly abbreviated as 737NG,^[3] or 737 Next Gen, is a twin-engine jet airliner developed by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Launched in 1993 as the third generation derivative of the Boeing 737, it has been produced since 1997^[4] and is an upgrade of the 737 Classic (−300/-400/-500) series.

It features a redesigned wing with a larger area, a wider wingspan, a greater fuel capacity and higher MTOWs. It is equipped with CFM International CFM56-7 series engines, a glass cockpit, and features upgraded and redesigned interior configurations. It has a longer range and larger variants than its predecessor: the series includes four models, the −600/-700/-800/-900, seating between 108 and 215 passengers. The 737NG's primary competition is with the Airbus A320 family.

As of 31 May 2019, a total of 7,097 737NG aircraft have been ordered, of which 7,031 have been delivered, the remaining orders are in the -700 BBJ, -800, -800 BBJ and -900ER variants.^[2] The upgraded and re-engined 737 MAX series is to supplant the 737NG, with the first 737 MAX delivered in 2017.

Development

Background

When regular Boeing customer United Airlines bought the more technologically advanced Airbus A320 with fly-by-wire controls, this prompted Boeing to update the slower, shorter-range 737 Classic variants into the more efficient, longer New Generation variants.^[5] In 1991, Boeing initiated development of an updated series of aircraft.^[6] After working with potential customers, the 737 Next Generation (NG) program was announced on November 17, 1993.^[7]

Testing

The first NG to roll out was a 737−700, on December 8, 1996. This aircraft, the 2,843rd 737 built, first flew on February 9, 1997 with pilots Mike Hewett and Ken Higgins. The prototype 737−800 rolled out on June 30, 1997 and first flew on July 31, 1997, piloted by Jim McRoberts and again by Hewett. The smallest of the new variants, the −600 series, is identical in size to the −500, launching in December 1997 with an initial flight occurring January 22, 1998; it was granted FAA certification on August 18, 1998.^[7][8] The flight test program used 10 aircraft: 3 -600s, 4 -700s, and 3 -800s.^[7]

Further developments

In 2004, Boeing offered a Short Field Performance package in response to the needs of Gol Transportes Aéreos, which frequently operates from restricted airports. The enhancements improve takeoff and landing performance. The optional package is available for the 737NG models and standard equipment for the 737-900ER.

In July 2008, Boeing offered Messier-Bugatti-Dowty's new carbon brakes for the Next-Gen 737s, which are intended to replace steel brakes and will reduce the weight of the brake package by 550–700 pounds (250–320 kg) depending on whether standard or high-capacity steel brakes were fitted. A weight reduction of 700 pounds (320 kg) on a 737-800 results in 0.5% reduction in fuel burn.^[9] Delta Air Lines received the first Next-Gen 737 model with this brake package, a 737-700, at the end of July 2008.^[10]

The CFM56-7B Evolution nacelle began testing in August 2009 to be used on the new 737 PIP (Performance Improvement Package) due to enter service mid-2011. This new improvement is said to shave at least 1% off overall drag and have some weight benefits. Overall, it is claimed to have a 2% improvement on fuel burn on longer stages.^[11]

Structural maintenance

In 2005, three ex-Boeing employees filed a lawsuit on behalf of the U.S. government, claiming that dozens of 737NG contained defective structural elements supplied by airframe manufacturer Ducommun, allegations denied by Boeing.^[12][13] The federal judge presiding the case sided with Boeing, and a subsequent court of appeal also ruled in favor of the company.^[14] A 2010 documentary by Al Jazeera alleged that in three crashes involving 737 NGs – Turkish Airlines Flight 1951, American Airlines Flight 331, and AIRES Flight 8250 – the fuselage broke up following impact with the ground because of the defective structural components that were the subject of the 2005 lawsuit.^[15] However, the accident investigations in all three cases did not highlight any link between post-impact structural failures and manufacturing issues.

During an inspection of a 737NG that has 35,000 flights, fatigue cracks were found on a fuselage to wing attachment known as a "pickle fork", designed to last a lifetime of 90,000 flights. Boeing reported the issue to the FAA at the end of September 2019, and more planes showed similar cracking after inspection.^[16] The cracks were found in an airliner with more than 33,500 flights, when it was stripped down for conversion to freighter. Aircraft with more than 30,000 flights (15 years at 2,000 flights per year) should be inspected within one week, while those with over 22,600 flights (11 years) should be inspected within one year.^[17] The FAA Airworthiness Directive (AD) was issued on October 3, 2019.^[18]

Of the 500 first inspected aircraft, 5% (25) had cracks and were grounded; Boeing expects to repair the first aircraft in three weeks, serving as the template for the resulting Service bulletin.^[19] Of the 810 examined aircraft over 30,000 cycles, 38 had structural cracks (4.7%), leaving 1,911 737NGs over 22,600 cycles to be inspected within their next 1,000 cycles, most of the US in-service fleet of 1,930.^[20] By early November, 1,200 aircraft were inspected, with cracks on about 60 (5%). Cracks were discovered near fasteners outside the original area in four airplanes. On November 5, Boeing recommended to expand the checks to include them, to be mandated in a November 13 FAA AD. Aircraft below 30,000 cycles have to be re-inspected within within 1,000 cycles, within 60 days above. About one quarter global NG fleet of 6,300 have to be inspected.^[21]

Southwest Airlines withdrew two of its aircraft from service after finding pickle fork cracks during the inspections.^[22] Planes were also grounded by the Australian Qantas ^[23] and the Irish RyanAir ^[24] for the same reason.^{[importance?]}

Following the uncontained engine failure of the Southwest Airlines Flight 1380 on 17 April 2018, the NTSB recommended on 19 November 2019 to redesign and retrofit its nacelle for the 6,800 planes in service.^[25]

Production rate

Boeing was to increase 737 production from 31.5 units per month in September 2010 to 35 in January 2012 and to 38 units per month in 2013.^[26] Production rate was 42 units per month in 2014, and was planned to reach rates of 47 units per month in 2017 and 52 units per month in 2018.^[27][28][29]

The monthly production rate could reach 57 units per month in 2019, even to the factory limit of 63 units later. A single airplane is produced in Boeing Renton Factory in 10 days, less than half what it was only a few years ago. The empty fuselage from Spirit AeroSystems in Wichita, Kansas, enters the plant on Day 1. Electrical wiring is installed on Day 2 and hydraulic machinery on Day 3. On Day 4 the fuselage is crane-lifted and rotated 90 degrees, wings are mated to the airplane in a six-hour process, along with landing gear, and the airplane is again rotated 90°. The final assembly process begins on Day 6 with the installation of airline seats, galleys, lavatories, overhead bins, etc. Engines are attached on Day 8. It rolls out of the factory for test flights on Day 10.^[30]

Replacement studies

Since 2006, Boeing has discussed replacing the 737 with a "clean sheet" design (internally named "Boeing Y1") that could follow the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.^[31] A decision on this replacement was postponed, and delayed into 2011.^[32]

Design

The wing was redesigned with a new thinner airfoil section, greater chord, increased wing span by 16 ft (4.9 m) and area by 25%, which increased total fuel capacity by 30%. New quieter and more fuel-efficient CFM56-7B engines are used.^[33] Higher MTOWs are offered. The 737NG includes redesigned vertical stabilizers, and winglets are available on most models.^[34]

The 737NG encompasses the -600, -700, -800, and -900 with improved performance and commonality retained from previous 737 models. The wing, engine, and fuel capacity improvements combined increase the 737's range by 900 nmi (1,700 km) to over 3,000 nmi (5,600 km),^[35] permitting transcontinental service.^[36]

The Speed Trim System, introduced on the 737 Classic, has been updated for the 737NG to include a stall identification function. Originally inhibited in high alpha scenarios, STS operates at any speed on the 737NG. STS is triggered by airspeed sensor and commands Airplane Nose Down as the airplane slows down.^[37]

Interior

The flight deck was upgraded with modern avionics, and passenger cabin improvements similar to those on the Boeing 777, including more curved surfaces and larger overhead bins than previous-generation 737s. The Next Generation 737 interior was also adopted on the Boeing 757-300.^[38][39] This improved on the previous interior of the Boeing 757-200 and the Boeing 737 Classic variants, the new interior became optional on the 757-200.

In 2010, new interior options for the 737NG included the 787-style Boeing Sky Interior.^[11] It introduced new pivoting overhead bins (a first for a Boeing narrow-body aircraft), new sidewalls, new passenger service units, and LED mood lighting. Boeing's newer "Space Bins" can carry 50 percent more than the pivoting bins, thus allowing a 737-800 to hold 174 carry-on bags.^[40] Boeing also offered it as a retrofit for older 737NG aircraft.^[41]

Variants

737-600

The 737-600 was launched by SAS in March 1995 with the first aircraft delivered in September 1998.^[42] A total of 69 have been produced with the last aircraft delivered to WestJet in 2006.^[2] Boeing displayed the 737-600 in its price list until August 2012.^[43] The smallest model offered was then the 737-700. The 737-600 replaces the 737-500 and is similar to the Airbus A318.

Winglets were not an option.^[44] WestJet was to launch the -600 with winglets, but dropped them in 2006.

737-700

In November 1993, Southwest Airlines launched the Next-Generation program with an order for 63 737-700s and took delivery of the first one in December 1997.^[1] It replaced the 737-300, typically seating 126 passengers in two classes to 149 in all-economy configuration, similarly to the Airbus A319.

In long-range cruise, it burns 4,440 lb (2,010 kg) per hour at Mach 0.785 (450 kn; 834 km/h) and FL410, increasing to 4,620–4,752 lb (2,096–2,155 kg) at Mach 0.80 – Mach 0.82 (459–470 kn; 850–871 km/h).^[45] As of July 2018, all -700 series on order, 1,128 -700, 120 -700 BBJ, 20 -700C, and 14 -700W aircraft have been delivered.^[2] By June 2018, around one thousand were in service: half of them with Southwest Airlines, followed by Westjet with 56 and United Airlines with 39. The value of a new -700 stayed around $35 million from 2008 to 2018, a 2003 aircraft was valued for $15.5 million in 2016 and $12 million in 2018 and will be scrapped for $6 million by 2023.^[46]

The 737-700C is a convertible version where the seats can be removed to carry cargo instead. There is a large door on the left side of the aircraft. The United States Navy was the launch customer for the 737-700C under the military designation C-40 Clipper.^[47]

737-700ER

Boeing launched the 737-700ER (Extended Range) on January 31, 2006, with All Nippon Airways as the launch customer. Inspired by the Boeing Business Jet, it features the fuselage of the 737-700 and the wings and landing gear of the 737-800. When outfitted with nine auxiliary fuel tanks, it can hold 10,707 gallons (40,530 L) of fuel, and with a 171,000 lb (77,565 kg) MTOW it has a 5,775 nmi (10,695 km) range with 48 premium seats in one class. This also significantly decreases cargo payload capacity from 966 to 165 cu ft (27.4 to 4.7 m³), trading payload for increased range.^[48] The first was delivered on February 16, 2007, to ANA with 24 business class and 24 premium economy seats only. A 737-700 can typically accommodate 126 passengers in two classes.^[49] It is similar to the Airbus A319LR.

737-800

The Boeing 737-800 is a stretched version of the 737-700. It replaced the 737-400. The Boeing 737-800 competes with the Airbus A320. The 737-800 seats 162 passengers in a two-class layout or 189 passengers in a one-class layout. The 737−800 was launched by Hapag-Lloyd Flug (now TUIfly) in 1994 and entered service in 1998.

Following Boeing's merger with McDonnell Douglas, the 737-800 also filled the gap left by Boeing's decision to discontinue the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 and MD-90 aircraft. For many airlines in the U.S., the 737-800 replaced aging Boeing 727-200 trijets.

The 737-800 burns 850 US gallons (3,200 L) of jet fuel per hour—about 80 percent of the fuel used by an MD-80 on a comparable flight, while carrying more passengers.^[50] The Airline Monitor, an industry publication, quotes a 737-800 fuel burn of 4.88 US gal (18.5 L) per seat per hour, compared to 5.13 US gal (19.4 L) for the A320.^[51] In 2011, United Airlines— flying a Boeing 737-800 from Houston to Chicago—operated the first U.S. commercial flight powered by a blend of algae-derived biofuel and traditional jet fuel to reduce its carbon footprint.^[52]

In early 2017, a new 737-800 was valued at $48.3 million, falling to below $47 million by mid-2018.^[53] By 2025, a 17-year-old 737-800W will be worth $9.5 million and leased for $140,000 per month.^[54]

As of May 2019, Boeing had delivered 4,979 737-800s, 116 737-800As, and 21 737-800 BBJ2s and has 12 737-800 unfilled orders.^[2] The 737-800 is the most common variant of the 737NG and is the most widely used narrowbody aircraft.^[55] Ryanair, an Irish low-cost airline, is among the largest operators of the Boeing 737-800, with a fleet of over 400 737-800 aircraft serving routes across Europe, Middle East and North Africa.^[56]

737-800BCF

In February 2016, Boeing launched a passenger-to-freighter conversion program, with converted aircraft designated as 737-800BCF (for Boeing Converted Freighter). Boeing started the program with orders for 55 conversions, with the first converted aircraft due for late 2017 delivery.^[57] The first converted aircraft was delivered to West Atlantic in April 2018.^[58]

At the 2018 Farnborough Airshow, GECAS announced an agreement for 20 firm orders and 15 option orders for the 737-800BCF, raising the commitment to 50 aircraft. Total orders and commitments include 80 aircraft to over half a dozen customers.^[59] As early 737NG aircraft become available on the market they are actively marketed to be converted to cargo planes via the Boeing Converted Freighter design as the operational economics are attractive due to the low operating costs and availability of certified pilots on a robust airframe.^{[citation needed]}

Modifications to the 737-800 airframe include installing a large cargo door, a cargo handling system, and additional accommodations for non-flying crew or passengers.^[59] The aircraft is designed to fly up to 1,995 nmi (3,695 km) at a MTOW of 174,100 lb (79,000 kg).^[60]

737-900

Boeing later introduced the 737-900, the longest variant to date. Because the −900 retains the same exit configuration of the −800, seating capacity is limited to 189 in a high-density 1-class layout, although the 2-class number is lower at approximately 177. Alaska Airlines launched the 737-900 in 1997 and accepted delivery on May 15, 2001. The 737-900 also retains the MTOW and fuel capacity of the −800, trading range for payload.

737-900ER

The 737-900ER (ER for extended range), which was called the 737-900X prior to launch, is the newest addition and the largest variant of the Boeing 737 NG line and was introduced to meet the range and passenger capacity of the discontinued 757-200 and to directly compete with the Airbus A321. An additional pair of exit doors and a flat rear pressure bulkhead increased seating capacity to 180 passengers in a two-class configuration.

It can accommodate up to 220 passengers.^[61] Some airlines seal the additional exit. Additional fuel capacity and standard winglets improved range to that of other 737NG variants.

The first 737-900ER was rolled out of the Renton, Washington factory on August 8, 2006 for its launch customer, Lion Air, an Indonesian low-cost airline. The airline received this aircraft on April 27, 2007 in a special dual paint scheme combining the Lion Air's logo on the vertical stabilizer and the Boeing's livery colors on the fuselage. Lion Air has orders for 103 Boeing 737-900ERs as of September 2017.^[2]

As of May 2019, 52 -900s, 504 -900ERs, and seven -900 BBJ3s have been delivered with 1 unfilled order.^[2]

With a smaller operator base, the -900ER is not as liquid as other variants; in October 2018, a ten-year-old -900ER was worth $19.4 million and leased for $180,000 per month over eight years, below the -800, while there is a premium for the A321 over the A320. By 2025, a seventeen-year-old -900ER will reach $8.5 million with a $120,000 lease, $1 million and $20,000 less per month than a -800W of the same age, and could be parted out or converted to a freighter.^[54] Its operators are primarily US carriers and Lion Air.

Military models

• Boeing 737 AEW&C: The Boeing 737 AEW&C is a 737-700IGW roughly similar to the 737-700ER. This is an Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) version of the 737NG. Australia is the first customer (as Project Wedgetail), followed by Turkey and South Korea.
• C-40 Clipper: The C-40A Clipper is a 737-700C used by the U.S. Navy as a replacement for the C-9B Skytrain II. The C-40B and C-40C are used by the US Air Force for transport of generals and other senior leaders.
• P-8 Poseidon: The P-8 is a 737-800ERX ("Extended Range") that was selected on June 14, 2004 to replace the Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft.^[62] The P-8 is unique in that it has 767-400ER-style raked wingtips, instead of the blended winglets available on 737NG variants. The P-8 is designated 737-800A by Boeing.^[63]

Boeing Business Jet

In the late 1980s, Boeing marketed the Boeing 77-33 jet, a business jet version of the 737-300.^[64] The name was short-lived. After the introduction of the next generation series, Boeing introduced the Boeing Business Jet (BBJ) series. The BBJ1 was similar in dimensions to the 737-700 but had additional features, including stronger wings and landing gear from the 737-800, and has increased range (through the use of extra fuel tanks) over the other various 737 models. The first BBJ rolled out on August 11, 1998 and flew for the first time on September 4.^[65]

On October 11, 1999 Boeing launched the BBJ2. Based on the 737-800, it is 5.84 m (19 ft 2 in) longer than the BBJ1, with 25% more cabin space and twice the baggage space, but has slightly reduced range. It is also fitted with auxiliary belly fuel tanks and winglets. The first BBJ2 was delivered on February 28, 2001.^[65]

The BBJ3 aircraft is based on the 737-900ER aircraft.^[66] In January 2014, three 737-900ER aircraft had been configured as BBJ3 business jets for Saudi Arabian customers. The BBJ3 is approximately 16 feet longer than the 737-800/BBJ2, and has a slightly shorter range.^[67]

Operators

As of July 2018, 6,343 Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft were in commercial service. This comprised 39 -600s, 1,027 -700s, 4,764 -800s and 513 -900s.^[68]

Orders and deliveries

Data through November 30, 2019^[2]

Accidents and incidents

According to the Aviation Safety Network, the Boeing 737 Next Generation series has been involved in 15 hull-loss accidents and 10 hijackings, for a total of 590 fatalities. The worst one involving the aircraft was Air India Express Flight 812 which crashed in 2010.^{[69][70][71][72]} An analysis by Boeing on commercial jet airplane accidents in the period 1959–2017 showed that the Next Generation series had a hull loss rate of 0.17 per million departures versus 0.71 for the classic series and 1.75 for the original series.^[73]

Specifications

See also

• Competition between Airbus and Boeing

Related development

• Boeing 737
• Boeing 737 AEW&C
• Boeing 737 Classic
• Boeing 737 MAX
• Boeing Business Jet
• Boeing C-40 Clipper
• Boeing P-8 Poseidon
• Boeing T-43

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Airbus A320 family
• Boeing 717
• Boeing 757
• Airbus A220/Bombardier CSeries
• Comac C919
• Embraer 195
• Irkut MC-21
• McDonnell Douglas MD-90
• Tupolev Tu-204

Related lists

• List of aircraft

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

• 737 page on Boeing.com
• Chris Brady (September 12, 2016). The Boeing 737 Technical Guide. ISBN 978-1447532736.