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{{Short description|City in Atyrau Region, western Kazakhstan}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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| official_name = Atyrau |
| official_name = Atyrau |
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| native_name = Атырау |
| native_name = {{native name|kk|Атырау}} |
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| settlement_type = City |
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Kazakhstan|City]] |
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| image_skyline |
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |
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| photo1a = Урал река.jpg |
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| imagesize = 340px |
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| photo2a = Тенгизшевройл и Марриотт.jpg |
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| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top:''' Central Bridge which connects Europe and Asia during the evening; Stand marking the European side of the city; Orthodox Church; Isatay and Makhambet Monument; [[Manjali Mosque]]; [[Ural River]] at night; Pedestrian Bridge over the [[Ural River]]. |
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| photo2b = Мечеть в Атырау (5695343595).jpg |
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| image_flag = |
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| photo3a = Акимат Атырау .jpg |
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| image_seal = Coat of arms of Atyrau.svg |
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| photo3b = Исатай Махамбет.jpg |
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| image_map = |
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| photo4a = Ortodox Church in Atyrau - panoramio.jpg |
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| map_caption = |
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| photo4b = Kościół w Atyrau.jpg |
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|pushpin_map = Kazakhstan#Europe#Asia |
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| spacing = 2 |
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|pushpin_label_position =bottom |
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| position = center |
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|pushpin_mapsize = 280 |
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| color_border = white |
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|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Kazakhstan##Location in Europe##Location in Asia |
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| color = white |
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|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] |
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| size = 290 |
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|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Kazakhstan|Region]] |
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| foot_montage = |
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|subdivision_name = [[Kazakhstan]] |
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}} |
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|subdivision_name1 = [[Atyrau Region]] |
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| imagesize = 340px |
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| established_title = Founded |
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| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top:''' Central Bridge above the [[Ural River]] which connects Europe and Asia during the evening; The [[Manjali Mosque]]; Isatay and Makhambet Monument; An orthodox church; [[Cathedral of the Transfiguration of Our Lord, Atyrau|Catholic Cathedral]] The city government building; The Marriott Executive Apartment during the morning. |
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| established_date = 1640 |
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| image_flag = Flag of Atyrau, Kazakhstan.svg |
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| established_title2 = City status |
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| image_seal = Coat of arms of Atyrau.svg |
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| established_date2 = 1885 |
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| image_map = |
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| government_type = |
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| map_caption = |
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| leader_title = Akim <small>([[mayor]])</small> |
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| pushpin_map = Kazakhstan#Europe#Asia |
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| leader_name = Nurlybek Ozhaev |
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| pushpin_label_position = bottom |
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(Нурлыбек Ожаев) |
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| pushpin_mapsize = 280 |
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| area_magnitude = |
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kazakhstan##Location in Europe##Location in Asia |
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| area_total_sq_mi = |
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| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] |
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| area_total_km2 = |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Kazakhstan|Region]] |
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| area_land_sq_mi = |
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| subdivision_name = {{flag|Kazakhstan}} |
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| area_land_km2 = |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Atyrau Region]] |
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| area_urban_sq_mi = |
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| established_title = Founded |
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| area_urban_km2 = |
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| established_date = 1640 |
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| area_metro_km2 = |
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| established_title2 = City status |
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| area_metro_sq_mi = |
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| established_date2 = 1885 |
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| population_as_of= 2012 |
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| government_type = |
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| population_footnotes = |
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| leader_title = Akim <small>([[mayor]])</small> |
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| population_total = 163221 |
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| leader_name = Shakir Keikin<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://www.zakon.kz/6399502-naznachen-akim--atyrau.html|title=Назначен аким Атырау|website=www.zakon.kz|date=2023-07-10|access-date=}}</ref> |
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| population_urban = |
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| area_magnitude = |
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| population_metro = 221585 |
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| area_total_sq_mi = |
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| area_total_km2 = |
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| area_land_sq_mi = |
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| area_land_km2 = |
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| area_urban_sq_mi = |
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| area_urban_km2 = |
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| area_metro_km2 = |
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| area_metro_sq_mi = |
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| population_as_of = 2020 |
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| population_footnotes = |
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| population_total = 290700 |
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| population_urban = |
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| population_metro = 355117 |
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| population_density_sq_mi = |
| population_density_sq_mi = |
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| population_density_km2 = auto |
| population_density_km2 = auto |
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| timezone = [[UTC+5]] |
| timezone = [[UTC+5]] |
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| utc_offset = +5 |
| utc_offset = +5 |
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| timezone_DST = |
| timezone_DST = |
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| utc_offset_DST = |
| utc_offset_DST = |
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| coordinates = {{coord|47|07|0|N|51|53|0|E|region:KZ|display=inline}} |
| coordinates = {{coord|47|07|0|N|51|53|0|E|region:KZ|display=inline}} |
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| elevation_footnotes= |
| elevation_footnotes = |
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| elevation_m = -20 |
| elevation_m = -20 |
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| elevation_ft = |
| elevation_ft = |
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| postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] |
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] |
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| postal_code |
| postal_code = 060001–060011 |
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| area_code = (+7) 7122 |
| area_code = (+7) 7122 |
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| registration_plate = E, 06 |
| registration_plate = E, 06 |
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| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019) |
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| website = {{URL|http://atyrau.gov.kz/index.php/en/|}} |
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| blank_info_sec1 = 0.804<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{cite web |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |language=en |access-date=2021-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><br/>{{color|green|high}} · [[List of regions of Kazakhstan by Human Development Index|4]] |
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| footnotes = |
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| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{nobold|(nominal)}} |
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}} |
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| blank1_info_sec2 = 2022 |
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'''Atyrau''' ({{lang-kk|Атырау}}, ''{{nowrap|Atyraý}}'', أتيراو, {{IPA-kk|ɑtəˈrɑw|pron}}; {{lang-ru|Атырау}}, {{IPA-ru|ɐtɨˈraʊ|pron}}), formerly known as '''Guryev''' ({{lang-ru|Гурьев}}, {{IPA-ru|ˈɡurʲjɪf|pron}}) until 1991, is a city in [[Kazakhstan]], and the capital of [[Atyrau Region]]. Atyrau is a transcontinental city in [[Eurasia]], located at the mouth of the [[Ural River]] on the [[Caspian Sea]], in both [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], {{convert|2,700|km|mi|abbr=off}} west of [[Almaty]] and {{convert|351|km|mi|abbr=off}} east of the [[Russia]]n city of [[Astrakhan]]. |
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| blank2_name_sec2 = • Total |
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| blank2_info_sec2 = {{increase}} $30,024 billion<br/>([[Kazakhstani tenge|KZT]] 13 725 399,8 million)<ref name=":dosm">{{Cite web |last=DOSM |title=Department of Statistics Kazakhstan |url=https://stat.gov.kz/en/industries/economy/national-accounts/publications/81256/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=stat.gov.kz |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102130402/https://stat.gov.kz/en/industries/economy/national-accounts/publications/81256/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| blank3_name_sec2 = • Per capita |
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| blank3_info_sec2 = {{increase}} $43,693<br/>([[Kazakhstani tenge|KZT]] 19 974,1 thousand) |
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| website = {{URL|http://atyrau.gov.kz/index.php/en/}} |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
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'''Atyrau''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|æ|t|ɪ|ˈ|r|aʊ|,_|-|ˈ|r|ɔː}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|ɑː|t|ɪ|ˈ|r|aʊ|,_|-|ˈ|r|ɔː}}; {{lang-kk|Атырау}}, {{IPA-kk|ɑtəˈrɑw|pron|Kk-atyrau.ogg}}; {{lang-ru|Атырау}}), known until 1991 as '''Guryev''' ({{lang-ru|Гурьев}}), is a city in [[Kazakhstan]] and the capital of [[Atyrau Region]]. Atyrau is a transcontinental city, at the mouth of the [[Ural River]] on the [[Caspian Sea]], between [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], {{convert|2,700|km|mi|abbr=off}} west of [[Almaty]] and {{convert|351|km|mi|abbr=off}} east of the [[Russia]]n city of [[Astrakhan]]. |
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Modern Atyrau is famous for its oil and gas industries. It has 154,100 inhabitants (2007), up from 142,500 (1999 census), 90% ethnic [[Kazakhs]] (up from 80%), the rest being mostly [[Russians]] and other ethnic groups such as [[Tatars]] and [[Ukrainians]]. |
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Atyrau is famous for its oil and gas industries. It has a population of 355,117 as of 2020. It is predominantly made up of [[Kazakhs]], the minorities being [[Russians]], [[Koreans]], [[Tatars]] and [[Uzbeks]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The wooden fort at the mouth of the [[Yaik River]] was founded in 1645 as ''Nizhny Yaitzky gorodok'' (literally, ''Lower Yaik Fort'') by the Russian trader Gury Nazarov, a native of [[Yaroslavl]], who specialized in trade with [[Khiva]] and [[Bukhara]]. The fort was plundered by the [[Yaik Cossacks]], leading the Guriev family to rebuild it in stone (1647–62). [[Tsar Alexis]] sent a garrison of [[Streltsy]] to protect the fort from Cossack incursions. Despite these efforts, the Cossack rebel [[Stepan Razin]] held the town in 1667 and 1668. The fort gradually lost its strategic significance and was demolished in 1810. Between 1708 and 1992 the city was known as ''Guriev''. The Kazakh name '' |
The wooden fort at the mouth of the [[Yaik River]] was founded in 1645 as ''Nizhny Yaitzky gorodok'' (literally, ''Lower Yaik Fort'') by the Russian trader Gury Nazarov, a native of [[Yaroslavl]], who specialized in trade with [[Khanate of Khiva|Khiva]] and [[Khanate of Bukhara|Bukhara]]. The fort was plundered by the [[Yaik Cossacks]], leading the Guriev family to rebuild it in stone (1647–62). [[Tsar Alexis]] sent a garrison of [[Streltsy]] to protect the fort from Cossack incursions. Despite these efforts, the Cossack rebel [[Stepan Razin]] held the town in 1667 and 1668. The fort gradually lost its strategic significance and was demolished in 1810. Between 1708 and 1992 the city was known as ''Guriev''. The Kazakh name ''Atyrau'' means '[[river delta]]'. |
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==Geography== |
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Atyrau (together with [[Aktau]]) is Kazakhstan's main [[port|harbour city]] on the [[Caspian Sea]], Atyrau at the [[river delta|delta]] of the [[Ural River]]. Atyrau city is approximately {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=off}} [[above sea level|below sea level]]. The city is considered to be located both in [[Asia]] and [[Europe]], as it is divided by the [[Ural River]]. |
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The city is a hub for the [[petroleum|oil]]-rich [[Caspian Depression]]; because of this, many oil wells have been drilled in the [[Tengiz Field]] and [[Kashagan Field]] areas. An [[oil pipeline]] runs from Atyrau to [[Samara, Russia|Samara]], where it joins the Russian pipeline system. A separate oil pipeline runs from the [[Tengiz field]] to the Russian Black Sea port of [[Novorossiisk]]. |
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Two parts of the world have the city. The side of Samarskaya (right side of the river) lies in Europe and the left bank of Bukharskaya is in Asia. It was established in 1615, by the employer Mikhail Guriev, who applied the decree to tzar Mikhail Fedorovich for a monopoly in the mouth of Ural to fish sturgeons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atyrau|url=https://samarkandtours.com/kazakhstan/atyrau/|url-status=live|access-date=April 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414211123/https://samarkandtours.com/kazakhstan/atyrau/ |archive-date=2021-04-14 }}</ref> |
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== Origin of the name == |
== Origin of the name == |
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Murzaev E. Dictionary of popular geographical terms (1984) states: |
Murzaev E. Dictionary of popular geographical terms (1984) states: |
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| Line 74: | Line 93: | ||
A. Nurmaganbetov and M. Khobdabayev states: |
A. Nurmaganbetov and M. Khobdabayev states: |
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:"The word atyrau, which earlier means" |
:"The word atyrau, which earlier means "island", also grasps the concept of the word saga -" the mouth of the river, "and this is natural, whatever the river, at the point where it enters the ocean or the sea, its mouth branches out, and between each branch appears dry We think that this is the main reason for joint use of Atyrau together with the "mouth of the river". |
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Ecological Kazakh–Russian Dictionary (2001) states: |
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Ecological Kazakh-Russian dictionary (2001) states: |
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:Atyrau is a tract, a cane shoal in the mouth of the Urals. |
:Atyrau is a tract, a cane shoal in the mouth of the Urals. |
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== |
==Geography== |
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Atyrau (together with [[Aktau]]) is Kazakhstan's main [[port|harbour city]] on the [[Caspian Sea]], Atyrau at the [[river delta|delta]] of the [[Ural River]]. Atyrau city is approximately {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=off}} [[above sea level|below sea level]]. The city is considered to be located both in [[Asia]] and [[Europe]], as it is divided by the [[Ural River]]. |
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The city is a hub for the [[petroleum|oil]]-rich [[Caspian Depression]]; because of this, many oil wells have been drilled in the [[Tengiz Field]] and [[Kashagan Field]] areas. An [[oil pipeline]] runs from Atyrau to [[Samara, Russia|Samara]], where it joins the Russian pipeline system. A separate oil pipeline runs from the [[Tengiz field]] to the Russian Black Sea port of [[Novorossiisk]]. |
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==Demographics== |
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At the beginning of 2020, the population of the city is 290,700 people, 355,117 people in the territory of the city akimat. |
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National composition (at the beginning of 2020): |
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Atyrau's climate is [[semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSk''), just shy of being classified as [[Desert climate|arid]] (Köppen climate classification ''BWk''), with hot summers and cold winters. Precipitation is low throughout the year. Snow is common, though light in winter. The lowest temperature on record is {{convert|-37.9|°C|°F}}, recorded in 1909, and the highest temperature is {{convert|42.7|°C|°F}}, recorded in 1984.<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web |
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|url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/35700.htm |
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*[[Kazakhs]] – 313 534 people (88.29%) |
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|title = pogoda.ru.net Погода и Климат |
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*[[Russians]] – 29 466 people (8.30%) |
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|accessdate = January 10, 2012}}</ref> It is much more continental than areas further west on the European continent, with summers characterized by temperatures averaging {{convert|33|C|F}} and lack of precipitation, resembling continental hot-summer [[mediterranean climate|mediterranean]] climates, and [[subarctic climate|subarctic]] winters with little snow but with chilling temperatures. These vast temperature swings are more comparable to [[Siberia]] and the [[North America]]n plains. |
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*[[Koreans]] – 2 987 people (0.84%) |
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*[[Tatars]] – 1 934 people (0.54%) |
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*[[Uzbeks]] – 1 320 people (0.37%) |
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*[[Ukrainians]] – 709 people (0.20%) |
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*[[Karakalpaks]] – 700 people (0.20%) |
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*[[Azerbaijanis]] – 510 people (0.14%) |
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*[[Germans]] – 406 people (0.11%) |
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*[[Karachais]] – 357 people (0.10%) |
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*[[Dargins]] – 229 people (0.06%) |
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*[[Belarusians]] – 210 people (0.06%) |
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*[[Bulgarians]] – 197 people (0.06%) |
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*Others – 2 558 people (0.72%) |
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In total – 355,117 people. |
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==Climate== |
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Atyrau's climate is [[semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSk''), just shy of being classified as [[Desert climate|arid]] (Köppen climate classification ''BWk''), with hot summers and cold winters. Precipitation is low throughout the year. Snow is common, though light in winter. The lowest temperature on record is {{convert|-37.9|°C|°F}}, recorded in 1909, and the highest temperature is {{convert|42.7|°C|°F}}, recorded in 1984.<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web|url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/35700.htm |title = pogoda.ru.net Погода и Климат |access-date = January 3, 2022}}</ref> It is much more continental than areas further west on the European continent, with summers characterized by temperatures averaging {{convert|33|C|F}} and lack of precipitation, resembling continental hot-summer [[mediterranean climate|mediterranean]] climates, and [[subarctic climate|subarctic]] winters with little snow but with chilling temperatures. These vast temperature swings are more comparable to [[Siberia]] and the [[North America]]n plains. |
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{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
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|location = Atyrau |
|location = Atyrau (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present) |
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|metric first = yes |
|metric first = yes |
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|single line = yes |
|single line = yes |
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| Line 93: | Line 131: | ||
|Feb record high C = 15.0 |
|Feb record high C = 15.0 |
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|Mar record high C = 26.3 |
|Mar record high C = 26.3 |
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|Apr record high C = |
|Apr record high C = 34.5 |
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|May record high C = 38. |
|May record high C = 38.9 |
||
|Jun record high C = |
|Jun record high C = 42.8 |
||
|Jul record high C = 42.7 |
|Jul record high C = 42.7 |
||
|Aug record high C = |
|Aug record high C = 44.6 |
||
|Sep record high C = 40.1 |
|Sep record high C = 40.1 |
||
|Oct record high C = 29.6 |
|Oct record high C = 29.6 |
||
|Nov record high C = |
|Nov record high C = 20.0 |
||
|Dec record high C = 11. |
|Dec record high C = 11.9 |
||
|year record high C = |
|year record high C = 44.6 |
||
|Jan high C = - |
|Jan high C = -3.0 |
||
|Feb high C = -1. |
|Feb high C = -1.3 |
||
|Mar high C = |
|Mar high C = 6.8 |
||
|Apr high C = 17. |
|Apr high C = 17.3 |
||
|May high C = |
|May high C = 25.3 |
||
|Jun high C = |
|Jun high C = 31.3 |
||
|Jul high C = 33. |
|Jul high C = 33.7 |
||
|Aug high C = |
|Aug high C = 32.2 |
||
|Sep high C = 24. |
|Sep high C = 24.7 |
||
|Oct high C = 15. |
|Oct high C = 15.6 |
||
|Nov high C = 5. |
|Nov high C = 5.3 |
||
|Dec high C = -1. |
|Dec high C = -1.2 |
||
|year high C = 15. |
|year high C = 15.6 |
||
|Jan mean C = -6.4 |
|Jan mean C = -6.4 |
||
|Feb mean C = - |
|Feb mean C = -5.6 |
||
|Mar mean C = |
|Mar mean C = 1.9 |
||
|Apr mean C = 11. |
|Apr mean C = 11.6 |
||
|May mean C = |
|May mean C = 19.4 |
||
|Jun mean C = |
|Jun mean C = 25.1 |
||
|Jul mean C = |
|Jul mean C = 27.4 |
||
|Aug mean C = |
|Aug mean C = 25.6 |
||
|Sep mean C = 18. |
|Sep mean C = 18.4 |
||
|Oct mean C = |
|Oct mean C = 10.2 |
||
|Nov mean C = 1. |
|Nov mean C = 1.5 |
||
|Dec mean C = -4. |
|Dec mean C = -4.2 |
||
|year mean C = |
|year mean C = 10.4 |
||
|Jan low C = -9. |
|Jan low C = -9.3 |
||
|Feb low C = -9. |
|Feb low C = -9.0 |
||
|Mar low C = - |
|Mar low C = -2.1 |
||
|Apr low C = 6. |
|Apr low C = 6.5 |
||
|May low C = |
|May low C = 13.7 |
||
|Jun low C = 18. |
|Jun low C = 18.8 |
||
|Jul low C = |
|Jul low C = 21.0 |
||
|Aug low C = |
|Aug low C = 19.2 |
||
|Sep low C = 12. |
|Sep low C = 12.7 |
||
|Oct low C = 5. |
|Oct low C = 5.5 |
||
|Nov low C = -1. |
|Nov low C = -1.6 |
||
|Dec low C = -7.0 |
|Dec low C = -7.0 |
||
|year low C = 5. |
|year low C = 5.7 |
||
|Jan record low C = -37.9 |
|Jan record low C = -37.9 |
||
|Feb record low C = -37.4 |
|Feb record low C = -37.4 |
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| Line 156: | Line 194: | ||
|year record low C = -37.9 |
|year record low C = -37.9 |
||
|precipitation colour = green |
|precipitation colour = green |
||
|Jan precipitation mm = |
|Jan precipitation mm = 16 |
||
|Feb precipitation mm = 12 |
|Feb precipitation mm = 12 |
||
|Mar precipitation mm = |
|Mar precipitation mm = 16 |
||
|Apr precipitation mm = |
|Apr precipitation mm = 17 |
||
|May precipitation mm = |
|May precipitation mm = 28 |
||
|Jun precipitation mm = |
|Jun precipitation mm = 17 |
||
|Jul precipitation mm = |
|Jul precipitation mm = 12 |
||
|Aug precipitation mm = |
|Aug precipitation mm = 10 |
||
|Sep precipitation mm = |
|Sep precipitation mm = 9 |
||
|Oct precipitation mm = |
|Oct precipitation mm = 18 |
||
|Nov precipitation mm = |
|Nov precipitation mm = 16 |
||
|Dec precipitation mm = |
|Dec precipitation mm = 16 |
||
|year precipitation mm = |
|year precipitation mm = 186 |
||
|Jan snow depth cm = 3 |
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|Feb snow depth cm = 6 |
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|Mar snow depth cm = 2 |
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|Apr snow depth cm = 0 |
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|May snow depth cm = 0 |
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|Jun snow depth cm = 0 |
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|Jul snow depth cm = 0 |
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|Aug snow depth cm = 0 |
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|Sep snow depth cm = 0 |
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|Oct snow depth cm = 0 |
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|Nov snow depth cm = 1 |
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|Dec snow depth cm = 2 |
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|year snow depth cm = 6 |
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|Jan humidity = 84 |
|Jan humidity = 84 |
||
|Feb humidity = 80 |
|Feb humidity = 80 |
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| Line 182: | Line 233: | ||
|Dec humidity = 84 |
|Dec humidity = 84 |
||
|year humidity = 64 |
|year humidity = 64 |
||
| |
|Jan rain days = 4 |
||
| |
|Feb rain days = 4 |
||
| |
|Mar rain days = 6 |
||
| |
|Apr rain days = 8 |
||
| |
|May rain days = 9 |
||
| |
|Jun rain days = 7 |
||
| |
|Jul rain days = 6 |
||
| |
|Aug rain days = 5 |
||
| |
|Sep rain days = 5 |
||
| |
|Oct rain days = 8 |
||
| |
|Nov rain days = 10 |
||
| |
|Dec rain days = 6 |
||
|year rain days = 78 |
|year rain days = 78 |
||
|Jan snow days = 14 |
|Jan snow days = 14 |
||
| Line 222: | Line 273: | ||
|year sun = 2598 |
|year sun = 2598 |
||
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda" /> |
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda" /> |
||
|source 2 = NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name = NOAA > |
|source 2 = [[NOAA]] (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name = NOAA > |
||
{{cite web |
{{cite web |
||
| url = |
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_II/KS/35700.TXT |
||
| title = Atyrary (Atyrau) Climate Normals 1961–1990 |
| title = Atyrary (Atyrau) Climate Normals 1961–1990 |
||
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |
||
| |
| access-date = 13 May 2015}}</ref> |
||
|date=November 2011 |
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}} |
}} |
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| Line 236: | Line 286: | ||
The third biggest refinery in Kazakhstan is located in Atyrau.<ref>[http://kazworld.info/?p=58130 Company Overview of Atyrau Refinery LLP]</ref> Atyrau Refinery is operated by [[KazMunayGas]] and has a capacity of 16,600 m³/day (2012). A deep oil refining complex is under construction which is the final stage of complete reconstruction of Atyrau Oil Refinery. This project is designed to process 2.4 million tons/year of raw materials (oil and [[vacuum gas oil]]). The project will increase the depth of the oil processing at the refinery by 2016 to 85%. The volume of oil refining will reach 5.5 million tons per year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Japanese Banks Provide $297.5 million Loan to Atyrau Oil Refinery|url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/japanese-banks-provide-2975-million-loan-to-atyrau-oil-refinery/|newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia|date=15 August 2012|publisher=Satrapia}}</ref> |
The third biggest refinery in Kazakhstan is located in Atyrau.<ref>[http://kazworld.info/?p=58130 Company Overview of Atyrau Refinery LLP]</ref> Atyrau Refinery is operated by [[KazMunayGas]] and has a capacity of 16,600 m³/day (2012). A deep oil refining complex is under construction which is the final stage of complete reconstruction of Atyrau Oil Refinery. This project is designed to process 2.4 million tons/year of raw materials (oil and [[vacuum gas oil]]). The project will increase the depth of the oil processing at the refinery by 2016 to 85%. The volume of oil refining will reach 5.5 million tons per year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Japanese Banks Provide $297.5 million Loan to Atyrau Oil Refinery|url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/japanese-banks-provide-2975-million-loan-to-atyrau-oil-refinery/|newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia|date=15 August 2012|publisher=Satrapia}}</ref> |
||
Atyrau is located near [[Tengiz Field|Tengiz field]], which is operated in part by [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chevron.com/worldwide/kazakhstan|title=Kazakhstan |
Atyrau is located near [[Tengiz Field|Tengiz field]], which is operated in part by [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chevron.com/worldwide/kazakhstan|title=Kazakhstan|website=chevron.com|access-date=2016-12-06}}</ref> Most families of Chevron employees live in Dostyk village, a compound that includes housing, recreational facilities, and an [[international school]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daiskz.org|title=DAIS {{!}} Touching Hearts Strengthening Minds|website=www.daiskz.org|access-date=2016-12-06}}</ref> Atyrau also has expatriate populations working for [[Agip]], [[ExxonMobil]], [[Royal Dutch Shell]], and [[ConocoPhillips]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://atyrau.globaloutpostservices.com/about/general-information.dot|title=General Information|website=atyrau.globaloutpostservices.com|access-date=2016-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220090736/https://atyrau.globaloutpostservices.com/about/general-information.dot|archive-date=2016-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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==Education== |
|||
There are three major institutions of higher education in Atyrau (all state-owned): Atyrau Institute of Engineering and Humanities, Atyrau University of Oil and Gas named after Safi Utebayev, and Atyrau University named after Khalel Dosmukhamedov. |
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==Sports== |
==Sports== |
||
The city is home to the basketball team [[BC Barsy Atyrau]]. The team competes in the international [[FIBA Asia Champions Cup]] and the [[Kazakhstan Basketball Championship]]. It plays its home games at the ''Sports and Recreation complex Atyrau''. |
The city is home to the basketball team [[BC Barsy Atyrau]]. The team competes in the international [[FIBA Asia Champions Cup]] and the [[Kazakhstan Basketball Championship]]. It plays its home games at the ''Sports and Recreation complex Atyrau''. There is a multi-use stadium called [[Munaishy Stadium]], which is mostly used for football matches and it is home to the football club [[FC Atyrau]]. The stadium's capacity is 8,900 spectators.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sports.kz/news/kak-obnovitsya-stadion-munayshyi | title=Как обновится стадион "Мунайшы" – Футбол }}</ref> |
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==Transportation== |
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===Air=== |
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[[File:Atma Atyrau Airport.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Entrance to the Atyrau Airport]] |
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[[Atyrau Airport]] {{airport codes|GUW|UATG}} serves the city of Atyrau. The airport is located 8 km northwest of Atyrau. The airport hosts 6 airlines, mostly operating domestic flights, and is the [[focus city]] of the flag carrier airline [[Air Astana]]. In 2019, it was the 5th busiest airport in Kazakhstan, as 937,032 people had passed the airport in that year. There are some international destinations, such as flights to [[Moscow]], operated by [[Aeroflot]], [[Amsterdam]] and [[Istanbul]], both operated by Air Astana. |
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===Railway=== |
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Atyrau state university, http:/asu.edu.kz/ |
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[[File:Atyrau railway station.jpg|thumb|210px|right|Train from Moscow to Almaty staying at the Atyrau Railway Station]] |
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There is a railway station, located northeast of Atyrau. There are mainly domestic routes, such as routes to large cities [[Almaty]], [[Aktobe]] and [[Nur-Sultan]], but there's also international routes, such as a route to [[Russia]]n cities [[Astrakhan]], [[Saratov]], [[Moscow]], [[Volgograd]] and [[Tajikistan]]i cities [[Kulob]], [[Khujand]], [[Dushanbe]] and [[Uzbekistan]]'s capital [[Tashkent]]. |
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==International relations== |
==International relations== |
||
{{ |
{{See also|List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Asia#Kazakhstan|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Kazakhstan}} |
||
===Twin towns === |
===Twin towns === |
||
Atyrau |
Atyrau is twinned with: |
||
* {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Aktau]], [[Kazakhstan]] |
* {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Aktau]], [[Kazakhstan]] |
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| Line 253: | Line 314: | ||
* {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Aktobe]], [[Kazakhstan]] |
* {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Aktobe]], [[Kazakhstan]] |
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* {{flagicon|AZE}} [[Şirvan, Azerbaijan|Shirvan]], [[Azerbaijan]] |
* {{flagicon|AZE}} [[Şirvan, Azerbaijan|Shirvan]], [[Azerbaijan]] |
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* {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Borjomi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] |
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* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Astrakhan]], [[Russia]] |
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Astrakhan]], [[Russia]] |
||
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Syktyvkar]], [[Russia]] |
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Syktyvkar]], [[Russia]] |
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* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Magnitogorsk]], [[Russia]] |
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* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Aberdeen]], [[United Kingdom]] |
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Aberdeen]], [[United Kingdom]] |
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* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Ashdod]], [[Israel]] |
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Ashdod]], [[Israel]] |
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* {{flagicon|TKM}} [[Ashgabat]], [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tumba.kz/zhizn-regiona/11-zhizn-regiona/43012-Est_li_pobratimy_u_Aktau_i_drugih_gorodov_Kazahstan.html|title = Есть ли побратимы у Актау и других городов Казахстана}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Tur}} [[Ashgabat]], [[Turkmenistan]] |
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==Notable people== |
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*{{see also|:Category:People from Atyrau}} |
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===Arts, literature, and entertainment=== |
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[[File:Timur_Bekmambetov_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|right|thumb|140px|[[Timur Bekmambetov]], 2012]] |
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* [[Timur Bekmambetov]] (1961), a [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]]-[[Russia]]n film [[Film director|director]], [[Film producer|producer]], [[screenwriter]], and tech entrepreneur |
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== Bridges of Atyrau == |
== Bridges of Atyrau == |
||
On August 28, 1965, the first real reinforced concrete bridge in the city, passing through the Ural River, was built and put into operation. The bridge is 259 |
On August 28, 1965, the first real reinforced concrete bridge in the city, passing through the Ural River, was built and put into operation. The bridge is {{convert|259|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} long and {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} high. The bridge connects Satpayev Avenue and Abay Street. On the right European coast on Satpayev Avenue, the akimat (mayor's office) of the city and akimat (governor) of the Atyrau region adjoin the bridge. |
||
In 2001, a unique pedestrian suspension bridge was built. The 551 |
In 2001, a unique pedestrian suspension bridge was built. The {{convert|551|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us|adj=mid|-long}} bridge is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the longest pedestrian bridge in the world. From the middle of the bridge over the Urals there are views of Azattyk Avenue and its surroundings. |
||
In 2009, the Sultan Beibars was opened |
In 2009, the Sultan Beibars was opened – a four-lane bridge with a throughput capacity of 5–7 thousand cars a day, {{convert|800|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} long with access roads, {{convert|380.74|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} long and {{convert|22|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} wide. The width of the roadway is {{convert|16|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}, plus two walking paths of {{convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} each. |
||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
| Line 273: | Line 343: | ||
== References == |
== References == |
||
{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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| Line 284: | Line 354: | ||
{{Atyrau Region}} |
{{Atyrau Region}} |
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{{Cities of Kazakhstan}} |
{{Cities of Kazakhstan}} |
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{{coord|47|07|N|51|53|E|region:KZ_type:city|display=title}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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{{Coord|47|07|N|51|53|E|region:KZ_type:city|display=title}} |
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[[Category:Atyrau| ]] |
[[Category:Atyrau| ]] |
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Latest revision as of 11:34, 19 June 2024
Atyrau
Атырау (Kazakh) | |
|---|---|
       Clockwise from top: Central Bridge above the Ural River which connects Europe and Asia during the evening; The Manjali Mosque; Isatay and Makhambet Monument; An orthodox church; Catholic Cathedral The city government building; The Marriott Executive Apartment during the morning. | |
 Flag  Seal | |
  Atyrau Location in Kazakhstan  Atyrau Location in Europe  Atyrau Location in Asia | |
| Coordinates: 47°07′0″N 51°53′0″E / 47.11667°N 51.88333°E | |
| Country |  Kazakhstan |
| Region | Atyrau Region |
| Founded | 1640 |
| City status | 1885 |
| Government | |
| • Akim (mayor) | Shakir Keikin[1] |
| Elevation | −20 m (−70 ft) |
| Population (2020) | |
| • City | 290,700 |
| • Metro | 355,117 |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (UTC+5) |
| Postal code | 060001–060011 |
| Area code | (+7) 7122 |
| Vehicle registration | E, 06 |
| HDI (2019) | 0.804[2] high · 4 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2022 |
| • Total |  $30,024 billion(KZT 13 725 399,8 million)[3] |
| • Per capita | $43,693 (KZT 19 974,1 thousand) |
| Website | atyrau |
Atyrau (UK: /ˌætɪˈraʊ, -ˈrɔː/, US: /ˌɑːtɪˈraʊ, -ˈrɔː/; Kazakh: Атырау, pronounced [ɑtəˈrɑw] ; Russian: Атырау), known until 1991 as Guryev (Russian: Гурьев), is a city in Kazakhstan and the capital of Atyrau Region. Atyrau is a transcontinental city, at the mouth of the Ural River on the Caspian Sea, between Europe and Asia, 2,700 kilometres (1,700 miles) west of Almaty and 351 kilometres (218 miles) east of the Russian city of Astrakhan.
Atyrau is famous for its oil and gas industries. It has a population of 355,117 as of 2020. It is predominantly made up of Kazakhs, the minorities being Russians, Koreans, Tatars and Uzbeks.
History[edit]
The wooden fort at the mouth of the Yaik River was founded in 1645 as Nizhny Yaitzky gorodok (literally, Lower Yaik Fort) by the Russian trader Gury Nazarov, a native of Yaroslavl, who specialized in trade with Khiva and Bukhara. The fort was plundered by the Yaik Cossacks, leading the Guriev family to rebuild it in stone (1647–62). Tsar Alexis sent a garrison of Streltsy to protect the fort from Cossack incursions. Despite these efforts, the Cossack rebel Stepan Razin held the town in 1667 and 1668. The fort gradually lost its strategic significance and was demolished in 1810. Between 1708 and 1992 the city was known as Guriev. The Kazakh name Atyrau means 'river delta'.
Two parts of the world have the city. The side of Samarskaya (right side of the river) lies in Europe and the left bank of Bukharskaya is in Asia. It was established in 1615, by the employer Mikhail Guriev, who applied the decree to tzar Mikhail Fedorovich for a monopoly in the mouth of Ural to fish sturgeons.[4]
Origin of the name[edit]
Murzaev E. Dictionary of popular geographical terms (1984) states:
- "The branched coast of a large lake or sea, on which appeared the bay and islands, the estuaries of rivers and capes. The north-eastern coast of the Caspian Sea, including its alyp, the locals still call Atyrau."
A. Nurmaganbetov and M. Khobdabayev states:
- "The word atyrau, which earlier means "island", also grasps the concept of the word saga -" the mouth of the river, "and this is natural, whatever the river, at the point where it enters the ocean or the sea, its mouth branches out, and between each branch appears dry We think that this is the main reason for joint use of Atyrau together with the "mouth of the river".
Ecological Kazakh–Russian Dictionary (2001) states:
- Atyrau is a tract, a cane shoal in the mouth of the Urals.
Geography[edit]
Atyrau (together with Aktau) is Kazakhstan's main harbour city on the Caspian Sea, Atyrau at the delta of the Ural River. Atyrau city is approximately 20 metres (66 feet) below sea level. The city is considered to be located both in Asia and Europe, as it is divided by the Ural River. The city is a hub for the oil-rich Caspian Depression; because of this, many oil wells have been drilled in the Tengiz Field and Kashagan Field areas. An oil pipeline runs from Atyrau to Samara, where it joins the Russian pipeline system. A separate oil pipeline runs from the Tengiz field to the Russian Black Sea port of Novorossiisk.
Demographics[edit]
At the beginning of 2020, the population of the city is 290,700 people, 355,117 people in the territory of the city akimat.
National composition (at the beginning of 2020):
- Kazakhs – 313 534 people (88.29%)
- Russians – 29 466 people (8.30%)
- Koreans – 2 987 people (0.84%)
- Tatars – 1 934 people (0.54%)
- Uzbeks – 1 320 people (0.37%)
- Ukrainians – 709 people (0.20%)
- Karakalpaks – 700 people (0.20%)
- Azerbaijanis – 510 people (0.14%)
- Germans – 406 people (0.11%)
- Karachais – 357 people (0.10%)
- Dargins – 229 people (0.06%)
- Belarusians – 210 people (0.06%)
- Bulgarians – 197 people (0.06%)
- Others – 2 558 people (0.72%)
In total – 355,117 people.
Climate[edit]
Atyrau's climate is semi-arid (Köppen climate classification BSk), just shy of being classified as arid (Köppen climate classification BWk), with hot summers and cold winters. Precipitation is low throughout the year. Snow is common, though light in winter. The lowest temperature on record is −37.9 °C (−36.2 °F), recorded in 1909, and the highest temperature is 42.7 °C (108.9 °F), recorded in 1984.[5] It is much more continental than areas further west on the European continent, with summers characterized by temperatures averaging 33 °C (91 °F) and lack of precipitation, resembling continental hot-summer mediterranean climates, and subarctic winters with little snow but with chilling temperatures. These vast temperature swings are more comparable to Siberia and the North American plains.
| Climate data for Atyrau (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 10.5 (50.9) |
15.0 (59.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
34.5 (94.1) |
38.9 (102.0) |
42.8 (109.0) |
42.7 (108.9) |
44.6 (112.3) |
40.1 (104.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
44.6 (112.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −3.0 (26.6) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
6.8 (44.2) |
17.3 (63.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
31.3 (88.3) |
33.7 (92.7) |
32.2 (90.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
15.6 (60.1) |
5.3 (41.5) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
15.6 (60.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.4 (20.5) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
1.9 (35.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
25.1 (77.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
25.6 (78.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
10.2 (50.4) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
10.4 (50.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −9.3 (15.3) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
6.5 (43.7) |
13.7 (56.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
21.0 (69.8) |
19.2 (66.6) |
12.7 (54.9) |
5.5 (41.9) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
5.7 (42.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −37.9 (−36.2) |
−37.4 (−35.3) |
−32.3 (−26.1) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
2.3 (36.1) |
8.1 (46.6) |
4.8 (40.6) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−15.7 (3.7) |
−29.8 (−21.6) |
−35.8 (−32.4) |
−37.9 (−36.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 16 (0.6) |
12 (0.5) |
16 (0.6) |
17 (0.7) |
28 (1.1) |
17 (0.7) |
12 (0.5) |
10 (0.4) |
9 (0.4) |
18 (0.7) |
16 (0.6) |
16 (0.6) |
186 (7.3) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 3 (1.2) |
6 (2.4) |
2 (0.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
2 (0.8) |
6 (2.4) |
| Average rainy days | 4 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 78 |
| Average snowy days | 14 | 11 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 11 | 50 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84 | 80 | 74 | 58 | 50 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 52 | 64 | 80 | 84 | 64 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 98 | 138 | 167 | 245 | 311 | 330 | 343 | 323 | 267 | 196 | 105 | 75 | 2,598 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[5] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[6] | |||||||||||||
Industry[edit]
Oil industry[edit]
The third biggest refinery in Kazakhstan is located in Atyrau.[7] Atyrau Refinery is operated by KazMunayGas and has a capacity of 16,600 m³/day (2012). A deep oil refining complex is under construction which is the final stage of complete reconstruction of Atyrau Oil Refinery. This project is designed to process 2.4 million tons/year of raw materials (oil and vacuum gas oil). The project will increase the depth of the oil processing at the refinery by 2016 to 85%. The volume of oil refining will reach 5.5 million tons per year.[8]
Atyrau is located near Tengiz field, which is operated in part by Chevron.[9] Most families of Chevron employees live in Dostyk village, a compound that includes housing, recreational facilities, and an international school.[10] Atyrau also has expatriate populations working for Agip, ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, and ConocoPhillips.[11]
Education[edit]
There are three major institutions of higher education in Atyrau (all state-owned): Atyrau Institute of Engineering and Humanities, Atyrau University of Oil and Gas named after Safi Utebayev, and Atyrau University named after Khalel Dosmukhamedov.
Sports[edit]
The city is home to the basketball team BC Barsy Atyrau. The team competes in the international FIBA Asia Champions Cup and the Kazakhstan Basketball Championship. It plays its home games at the Sports and Recreation complex Atyrau. There is a multi-use stadium called Munaishy Stadium, which is mostly used for football matches and it is home to the football club FC Atyrau. The stadium's capacity is 8,900 spectators.[12]
Transportation[edit]
Air[edit]
Atyrau Airport (IATA: GUW, ICAO: UATG) serves the city of Atyrau. The airport is located 8 km northwest of Atyrau. The airport hosts 6 airlines, mostly operating domestic flights, and is the focus city of the flag carrier airline Air Astana. In 2019, it was the 5th busiest airport in Kazakhstan, as 937,032 people had passed the airport in that year. There are some international destinations, such as flights to Moscow, operated by Aeroflot, Amsterdam and Istanbul, both operated by Air Astana.
Railway[edit]
There is a railway station, located northeast of Atyrau. There are mainly domestic routes, such as routes to large cities Almaty, Aktobe and Nur-Sultan, but there's also international routes, such as a route to Russian cities Astrakhan, Saratov, Moscow, Volgograd and Tajikistani cities Kulob, Khujand, Dushanbe and Uzbekistan's capital Tashkent.
International relations[edit]
Twin towns[edit]
Atyrau is twinned with:
- Aktau, Kazakhstan
- Oral, Kazakhstan
- Aktobe, Kazakhstan
Shirvan, Azerbaijan
Borjomi, Georgia
Astrakhan, Russia- Syktyvkar, Russia
- Magnitogorsk, Russia
Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Ashdod, Israel
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan[13]
Notable people[edit]
Arts, literature, and entertainment[edit]
- Timur Bekmambetov (1961), a Kazakh-Russian film director, producer, screenwriter, and tech entrepreneur
Bridges of Atyrau[edit]
On August 28, 1965, the first real reinforced concrete bridge in the city, passing through the Ural River, was built and put into operation. The bridge is 259 meters (850 feet) long and 10 meters (33 feet) high. The bridge connects Satpayev Avenue and Abay Street. On the right European coast on Satpayev Avenue, the akimat (mayor's office) of the city and akimat (governor) of the Atyrau region adjoin the bridge.
In 2001, a unique pedestrian suspension bridge was built. The 551-meter-long (1,808-foot) bridge is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the longest pedestrian bridge in the world. From the middle of the bridge over the Urals there are views of Azattyk Avenue and its surroundings.
In 2009, the Sultan Beibars was opened – a four-lane bridge with a throughput capacity of 5–7 thousand cars a day, 800 meters (2,600 feet) long with access roads, 380.74 meters (1,249.1 feet) long and 22 meters (72 feet) wide. The width of the roadway is 16 meters (52 feet), plus two walking paths of 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) each.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Назначен аким Атырау". www.zakon.kz (in Russian). 2023-07-10.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 2021-07-21.
- ^ DOSM. "Department of Statistics Kazakhstan". stat.gov.kz. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
- ^ "Atyrau". Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
- ^ a b "pogoda.ru.net Погода и Климат". Retrieved January 3, 2022.
- ^ "Atyrary (Atyrau) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ^ Company Overview of Atyrau Refinery LLP
- ^ "Japanese Banks Provide $297.5 million Loan to Atyrau Oil Refinery". The Gazette of Central Asia. Satrapia. 15 August 2012.
- ^ "Kazakhstan". chevron.com. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
- ^ "DAIS | Touching Hearts Strengthening Minds". www.daiskz.org. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
- ^ "General Information". atyrau.globaloutpostservices.com. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
- ^ "Как обновится стадион "Мунайшы" – Футбол".
- ^ "Есть ли побратимы у Актау и других городов Казахстана".
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