THC Science

Hakim al-Ummat, Mujaddidul Millat
Ashraf Ali Thanwi
Hakim al-Ummat, Mujaddidul Millat Ashraf Ali Thanwi
اشرف علی تھانوی
Personal details
Born	Abd al-Ghani; 19 August 1863; Thana Bhawan, Muzaffarnagar, British India
Died	20 July 1943 (aged 79); Thana Bhawan, Muzaffarnagar, British India
Spouse	2
Parent	Abdul Haq (father);
Alma mater	Darul Uloom Deoband
Personal
Nationality	British Indian
Denomination	Sunni
Jurisprudence	Hanafi
Creed	Maturidi
Movement	Deobandi
Main interest(s)	Sufism, Moral Philosophy, Islamic revival, Tafsir, Fiqh, Hadith, Prophetic biography
Notable work(s)	Majlis-e Dawatul Haq
Senior posting
Disciple of	Imdadullah Muhajir Makki
	Disciples Abdul Hai Arifi, Athar Ali Bengali, Abdul Majid Daryabadi, Aziz al-Hasan Ghouri, Abrarul Haq Haqqi, Shah Ahmad Hasan, Muhammadullah Hafezzi, Khair Muhammad Jalandhari, Masihullah Khan, Maqsudullah, Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri, Habibullah Qurayshi, Sulaiman Nadvi, Shah Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, Zafar Ahmad Usmani;
	Influenced Muhammad Iqbal, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Hakeem Muhammad Akhtar, Badre Alam Merathi;
Literary works	Bayan Ul Quran (1908); Bahishti Zewar; Imdad al-Fatawa; Nashr al-Tib fi Zikr al-Nabi al-Habib (1912);

Ashraf Ali Thanwi (often referred as Hakimul Ummat^[a]^[5] and Mujaddidul Millat^[b] (19 August 1863 – 20 July 1943) was a late-nineteenth and twentieth-century Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist, thinker, reformist and the revival of classical Sufi thought from Indian subcontinent during the British Raj,^[6]^[7] one of the chief proponents of Pakistan Movement.^[5] He was a central figure of Islamic spiritual, intellectual and religious life in South Asia and continues to be highly influential today.^[5] As a prolific author, he completed over a thousand works including Bayan Ul Quran and Bahishti Zewar.^[5] He graduated from Darul Uloom Deoband in 1883 and moved to Kanpur, then Thana Bhawan to direct the Khanqah-i-Imdadiyah, where he resided until the end of his life.^[5] His training in Quran, Hadith, Fiqh studies and Sufism qualified him to become a leading Sunni authority among the scholars of Deoband.^[8] His teaching mixes Sunni orthodoxy, Islamic elements of belief and the patriarchal structure of the society.^[8] He offered a sketch of a Muslim community that is collective, patriarchal, hierarchical and compassion-based.^[8]

Views and ideology

Thanwi was a strong supporter of the Muslim League.^[9] He maintained a correspondence with the leadership of All India Muslim League (AIML), including Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He also sent groups of Muslim scholars to give religious advice and reminders to Jinnah.^[10] His disciples Zafar Ahmad Usmani and Shabbir Ahmad Usmani were key players in religious support for the creation of Pakistan.^[11] During the 1940s, many Deobandi Ulama supported the Congress but Thanwi and some other leading Deobandi scholars including Muhammad Shafi Deobandi and Shabbir Ahmad Usmani were in favour of the Muslim League.^[12]^[13] Thanwi resigned from Darul Uloom Deoband's management committee due to its pro-Congress stance.^[14] His support and the support of his disciples for Pakistan Movement were greatly appreciated by AIML.^[10]

Works and contribution

He led a very active life teaching, preaching, writing, lecturing and making occasional journey. He belonged to a period when Muslims were physically intellectually under attack by the western colonial powers and the Arya Samaj.^[15] His literary life began at Darul Uloom Deoband and that he wrote a Mathnawi titled as "Zeero-bam", in Persian language at the age of eighteenth.^{[citation needed]} For fourteen years he was a teacher in Madrasa Faiz e Aam, in Kanpur, taught, wrote, and gave sermons and issued Fatwa. From the early days of his educational life, he was very much impressed by Rashid Ahmad Gangohi.

Most of his books are in Urdu, Arabic and Persian. There is no branch of Islam in which his book may not be present. It is said that the number of his works is nearly one thousand.^{[citation needed]} The rights of printing of all his books were public. He never earned a single paisa from his books. Millions of individual derived educational and practical benefit from his books and predicatory lectures.

His sermons were written, while they were delivered from city to city and shown to him and published, Muslims benefitted from them. These contained Islamic rules and regulations, stoppage of innovations, facts and figures interesting topics etc. Normally, lectures discussed were about Islamic worship, but he also talked about morals, dealings, practical daily life in his sermons. He kept this in mind in his training of Sulook and Tariqah as well. A list of his major works is given here:

Bayan Ul Quran: It is a three volume tafsir (exegesis) of the Quran. The compilation of this exegesis was started in 1320 AH. It was published in twelve volumes from Matb'a Mujtabai, Delhi in 1908 (1326 AH).^{[citation needed]}
Bahishti Zewar: It is comprehensive handbook of fiqh, Islamic rituals and morals, it is especially aimed at the education of girls and women. The volume describes the Five Pillars of Islam and also highlights more obscure principles. For years it has remained a favorite with the people of the Indian subcontinent as well as Indian Muslim diaspora all over the world.^[16]
Imdad al-Fatawa: It is the collection of Thanwis fatwas, which is a compendium of Hanafi Fiqh containing research-oriented fatwas and fiqhi discourses.^[17]
Nashr al-Tib fi Zikr-un-Nabi Al Habib Sallalahu 'alaihi Wa Salam: During 1911-1912, Thanwi wrote this book on Prophetic biography Sallalahu 'alaihi Wa Salam. He has professed obeisance to the Prophet Sallalahu 'alaihi Wa Salam in the 41 chapters of this book. He has presented him as a boon for the entire universe.^[18]
Imdadul Mustaque^[19]

Influence and legacy

He produced near about 1000 trainees, to whom he permitted for Bay'ah and those spread their influences of Thanwi. Among them are: Sulaiman Nadvi, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Zafar Ahmad Usmani, Abdul Hai Arifi, Athar Ali Bengali, Shah Abd al-Wahhab, Abdul Majid Daryabadi, Aziz al-Hasan Ghouri, Abrarul Haq Haqqi, Muhammadullah Hafezzi, Khair Muhammad Jalandhari, Masihullah Khan, Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri, Habibullah Qurayshi, Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi. Muhammad Iqbal once wrote to a friend of his that on the matter of Rumi's teachings, he held Thanwi as the greatest living authority. ^[20] His biographical works include Ashrafus Sawaneh by Khawaja Azizul Hasan Majzoob and Hakeemul Ummat by Abdul Majid Daryabadi.

References

Notes

^ Spiritual physician of the Muslim Ummah.
^ Reformer of the Nation.

Citations

^ "Maulana Muhammad Ashraf Ali Thanwi".
^ Bruckmayr, Philipp (2020). "Salafī Challenge and Māturīdī Response: Contemporary Disputes over the Legitimacy of Māturīdī kalām". Die Welt des Islams. 60 (2–3). Brill: 293–324. doi:10.1163/15700607-06023P06.
^ Ullah, Ahmad; Qadir, Ridwanul (February 2018). "কুতুবুল আলম হাকীমুন নফস, খলীফায়ে থানভী আল্লামা শাহ আবদুল ওয়াহহাব রহ. (১৮৯৪—১৯৮২) - এর সংক্ষিপ্ত জীবনচরিত". মাশায়েখে চাটগাম. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). 11/1, Islami Tower, Bangla Bazar, Dhaka-1100: Ahmad Prakashan. pp. 35–54. ISBN 978-984-92106-4-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Wahid, Abdul (1982). Maqalat-e-iqbal (in Urdu). Lahore: Tufail Art Printers. p. 180.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Naeem, Fuad (2009), "Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī", The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5
^ Esposito, John L. (2003), "Thanawi, Ashraf Ali", The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0
^ Faruque, Muhammad U. (2021). "Eternity Made Temporal: Ashraf ʿAlī Thānavī, a Twentieth-Century Indian Thinker and the Revival of Classical Sufi Thought". Journal of Sufi Studies. 9 (2): 215–246. doi:10.1163/22105956-bja10009. ISSN 2210-5948. S2CID 242261580.
^ ^a ^b ^c Belhaj, Abdessamad (2014), "Thānvī, Ashraf ʿAlī", The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science and Technology in Islam, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-981257-8
^ Koreishi, Samiullah (13 September 2013). "What's wrong with Pakistan?". Dawn.
^ ^a ^b Khan, Munshi Abdur Rahman (1992). Tehreek e Pakistan aur Ulama e Rabbani (in Urdu). Pakistan: Idara-i Islamiya.
^ Naeem, Fuad (2009), "Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī", The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5, retrieved 7 November 2022
^ Svanberg, Ingvar; Westerlund, David (6 December 2012). Islam Outside the Arab World. Routledge. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-136-11322-2.
^ Jetly, Rajshree (27 April 2012). Pakistan in Regional and Global Politics. Taylor & Francis. pp. 156–. ISBN 978-1-136-51696-2.
^ Robinson, Francis (2000). "Islam and Muslim separatism.". In Hutchinson, John (ed.). Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Anthony D. Smith. Taylor & Francis. pp. 929–930. ISBN 978-0-415-20112-4.
^ "A Brief Biography of Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi". 9 November 2021.
^ Ansari, Usamah (2009). "Producing the Conjugal Patriarchal Family in Maulana Thanvi's Heavenly Ornaments: Biopolotics, 'Shariatic Modernity' and Managing Women". Comparative Islamic Studies. 5 (1): 93–110. doi:10.1558/cis.v5i1.93. ISSN 1743-1638.
^ Ullah, Mohammed (2018). The Contribution of Deoband School to Hanafi Fiqh A Study of Its Response to Modern Issues and Challenges (PhD). India: Jamia Hamdard University. p. 116. hdl:10603/326073.
^ Fakharuddin, Muhammad (2020). "An Analytical Study of the " Nashr al-Tīb fi Zikr-un-Nabi Al-Habib"". Al-Amīr (in Urdu). 1 (1). ISSN 2790-9328.
^ Khan, Abdul Waris (1999). Islāmi Uloom mai Nadwatul Musannifeen ki Khidmāt: Ek mutāla [The contribution of Nadwatul Musannifeen in Islamic studies: A study]. New Delhi: Islamic Book Foundation. pp. 209–210.
^ Maqalat-e-iqbal (in Urdu). Lahore: Tufail Art Printers. 1982. p. 180.

External links

[5] Spiritual physician of the Muslim Ummah.

[7] Reformer of the Nation.

[1] "Maulana Muhammad Ashraf Ali Thanwi".

[2] Bruckmayr, Philipp (2020). "Salafī Challenge and Māturīdī Response: Contemporary Disputes over the Legitimacy of Māturīdī kalām". Die Welt des Islams. 60 (2–3). Brill: 293–324. doi:10.1163/15700607-06023P06.

[ahmad-3] Ullah, Ahmad; Qadir, Ridwanul (February 2018). "কুতুবুল আলম হাকীমুন নফস, খলীফায়ে থানভী আল্লামা শাহ আবদুল ওয়াহহাব রহ. (১৮৯৪—১৯৮২) - এর সংক্ষিপ্ত জীবনচরিত". মাশায়েখে চাটগাম. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). 11/1, Islami Tower, Bangla Bazar, Dhaka-1100: Ahmad Prakashan. pp. 35–54. ISBN 978-984-92106-4-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

[:iqbal-4] Wahid, Abdul (1982). Maqalat-e-iqbal (in Urdu). Lahore: Tufail Art Printers. p. 180.

[:OxfordIW-6] Naeem, Fuad (2009), "Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī", The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5

[OxfordDI-8] Esposito, John L. (2003), "Thanawi, Ashraf Ali", The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0

[9] Faruque, Muhammad U. (2021). "Eternity Made Temporal: Ashraf ʿAlī Thānavī, a Twentieth-Century Indian Thinker and the Revival of Classical Sufi Thought". Journal of Sufi Studies. 9 (2): 215–246. doi:10.1163/22105956-bja10009. ISSN 2210-5948. S2CID 242261580.

[:OxfordPST-10] Belhaj, Abdessamad (2014), "Thānvī, Ashraf ʿAlī", The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science and Technology in Islam, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-981257-8

[Dawn-11] Koreishi, Samiullah (13 September 2013). "What's wrong with Pakistan?". Dawn.

[:0-12] Khan, Munshi Abdur Rahman (1992). Tehreek e Pakistan aur Ulama e Rabbani (in Urdu). Pakistan: Idara-i Islamiya.

[13] Naeem, Fuad (2009), "Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī", The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5, retrieved 7 November 2022

[SvanbergWesterlund2012-14] Svanberg, Ingvar; Westerlund, David (6 December 2012). Islam Outside the Arab World. Routledge. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-136-11322-2.

[Jetly2012-15] Jetly, Rajshree (27 April 2012). Pakistan in Regional and Global Politics. Taylor & Francis. pp. 156–. ISBN 978-1-136-51696-2.

[HutchinsonSmith2000-16] Robinson, Francis (2000). "Islam and Muslim separatism.". In Hutchinson, John (ed.). Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Anthony D. Smith. Taylor & Francis. pp. 929–930. ISBN 978-0-415-20112-4.

[17] "A Brief Biography of Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi". 9 November 2021.

[18] Ansari, Usamah (2009). "Producing the Conjugal Patriarchal Family in Maulana Thanvi's Heavenly Ornaments: Biopolotics, 'Shariatic Modernity' and Managing Women". Comparative Islamic Studies. 5 (1): 93–110. doi:10.1558/cis.v5i1.93. ISSN 1743-1638.

[19] Ullah, Mohammed (2018). The Contribution of Deoband School to Hanafi Fiqh A Study of Its Response to Modern Issues and Challenges (PhD). India: Jamia Hamdard University. p. 116. hdl:10603/326073.

[20] Fakharuddin, Muhammad (2020). "An Analytical Study of the " Nashr al-Tīb fi Zikr-un-Nabi Al-Habib"". Al-Amīr (in Urdu). 1 (1). ISSN 2790-9328.

[21] Khan, Abdul Waris (1999). Islāmi Uloom mai Nadwatul Musannifeen ki Khidmāt: Ek mutāla [The contribution of Nadwatul Musannifeen in Islamic studies: A study]. New Delhi: Islamic Book Foundation. pp. 209–210.

[22] Maqalat-e-iqbal (in Urdu). Lahore: Tufail Art Printers. 1982. p. 180.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{EngvarB|date=October 2022}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
 {{Infobox officeholder
-| honorific_prefix    = Hakim al-Ummat, Mujaddid e Millet
+| honorific_prefix    = Hakim al-Ummat, [[Mujaddid|Mujaddidul Millat]]
 | name                = Ashraf Ali Thanwi
-| image               =
 | native_name         = اشرف علی تھانوی
 | native_name_lang    = ur
 | birth_name          = Abd al-Ghani
-| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=yes|1863|09|19}}
+| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=yes|1863|08|19}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL3189450A/Maulana_Muhammad_Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi|title=Maulana Muhammad Ashraf Ali Thanwi}}</ref>
-| birth_place         = [[Thana Bhawan]], [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
+| birth_place         = [[Thana Bhawan]], Muzaffarnagar, [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
 | death_date          = {{death date and age|df=yes|1943|07|20|1863|09|19}}
 | father              = Abdul Haq
 | mother              =
-| spouse              =
+| spouse              = 2
 | children            =
-| alma_mater   = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
+| alma_mater          = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
 | module2             = {{Infobox religious biography
 |embed          = yes
@@ Line 25: / Line 24: @@
 |main_interests = [[Sufism]], [[Ethics|Moral Philosophy]], [[Islamic revival]], [[Tafsir]], [[Fiqh]], [[Hadith]], [[Prophetic biography]]
 |notable_works  = [[Majlis-e Dawatul Haq]]
-|literary_works = {{Unbulleted list|''[[Bayan Ul Quran]]'' (1908)|''[[Bahishti Zewar]]''}}
+|literary_works = {{Unbulleted list|''[[Bayan Ul Quran]]'' (1908)|''[[Bahishti Zewar]]''|''[[Imdad al-Fatawa]]''|''[[Nashr al-Tib fi Zikr al-Nabi al-Habib]]'' (1912)}}
 |disciple_of    = [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]]
-|influenced     = [[Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Sulaiman Nadvi]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]], [[Abdul Hai Arifi]], [[Athar Ali Bengali]], [[Abdul Majid Daryabadi]], [[Aziz al-Hasan Ghouri]], [[Abrarul Haq Haqqi]], [[Shah Ahmad Hasan]], [[Muhammadullah Hafezzi]], [[Khair Muhammad Jalandhari]], [[Masihullah Khan]], [[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi]], [[Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri]], [[Habibullah Qurayshi]], [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]], [[Hakeem Muhammad Akhtar]]
+|disciples = [[Abdul Hai Arifi]], [[Athar Ali Bengali]], [[Abdul Majid Daryabadi]], [[Aziz al-Hasan Ghouri]], [[Abrarul Haq Haqqi]], [[Shah Ahmad Hasan]], [[Muhammadullah Hafezzi]], [[Khair Muhammad Jalandhari]], [[Masihullah Khan]], [[Maqsudullah]], [[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi]], [[Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri]], [[Habibullah Qurayshi]], [[Sulaiman Nadvi]], [[Shah Abd al-Wahhab]],<ref name="ahmad">{{cite book|url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/115714/alhillul-mufham-asshahihu-limuslim |title=মাশায়েখে চাটগাম|volume=2|author1=Ullah, Ahmad|author2=Qadir, Ridwanul|chapter=কুতুবুল আলম হাকীমুন নফস, খলীফায়ে থানভী আল্লামা শাহ আবদুল ওয়াহহাব রহ. (১৮৯৪—১৯৮২) - এর সংক্ষিপ্ত জীবনচরিত |date=February 2018|publisher=Ahmad Prakashan|location=11/1, Islami Tower, [[Bangla Bazar]], [[Dhaka]]-1100|pages=35–54|isbn=978-984-92106-4-1|edition=1}}</ref> [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]], [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]]
+|influenced     = [[Muhammad Iqbal]],<ref name=":iqbal">{{Cite book |last=Wahid |first=Abdul |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maqalat-e-iqbal-abdul-wahid-ebooks |title=Maqalat-e-iqbal |publisher=Tufail Art Printers |year=1982 |location=Lahore |pages=180 |language=ur}}</ref> [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Hakeem Muhammad Akhtar]], [[Badre Alam Merathi]]
-|website        = {{url|ashrafiya.com}}
 }}
+| death_place         = [[Thana Bhawan]], Muzaffarnagar, [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
 }}
-'''Ashraf Ali Thanwi''' (19 September 1863 – 20 July 1943) often referred as '''Hakim al-Ummat'''{{efn|Spiritual physician of the Muslim Ummah.}}<ref name=":OxfordIW">{{Citation |last=Naeem |first=Fuad |title=Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī |date=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1108 |work=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |doi= |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5}}</ref> and '''Mujaddid e Millet'''{{efn|Reform of the Nation}}{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=8}}, a late-nineteenth and twentieth-century [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholar, thinker, reformist and the revival of classical [[Sufism|sufi]] thought from [[Indian subcontinent]] during the [[British Raj]],<ref name="OxfordDI">{{Citation |last=Esposito |first=John L. |title=Thanawi, Ashraf Ali |date=2003 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-2372 |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faruque |first=Muhammad U. |date=2021 |title=Eternity Made Temporal: Ashraf ʿAlī Thānavī, a Twentieth-Century Indian Thinker and the Revival of Classical Sufi Thought |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jss/9/2/article-p215_3.xml |journal=Journal of Sufi Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=215–246 |doi=10.1163/22105956-bja10009 |issn=2210-5948|language=en}}</ref> one of the chief proponent of [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref name=":OxfordIW"/> He was a central figure of Islamic spiritual, intellectual and religious life in [[South Asia]] and continues to be highly influential today.<ref name=":OxfordIW"/> As a prolific author, he completed over a thousand works including ''[[Bayan Ul Quran]]'' and ''[[Bahishti Zewar]]''.<ref name=":OxfordIW"/> He graduated from [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1883 and moved to [[Kanpur]], then [[Thana Bhawan]] to direct the Khanqah-i-Imdadiyah, where he resided until the end of his life.<ref name=":OxfordIW"/> His training in [[Quran]], [[Hadith]], [[Fiqh]] studies qualified him to become a leading Sunni authority among the scholars of [[Deobandi|Deoband]].<ref name=":OxfordPST">{{Citation |last=Belhaj |first=Abdessamad |title=Thānvī, Ashraf ʿAlī |date=2014 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199812578.001.0001/acref-9780199812578-e-236 |work=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science and Technology in Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |doi= |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8}}</ref> His teaching mixes Sunni orthodoxy, Islamic elements of belief and the patriarchal structure of the society.<ref name=":OxfordPST"/> He offers a sketch of a [[Ummah|Muslim community]] that is collective, patriarchal, hierarchical and compassion-based.<ref name=":OxfordPST"/>
+'''Ashraf Ali Thanwi''' (often referred as '''Hakimul Ummat'''{{efn|Spiritual physician of the Muslim Ummah.}}<ref name=":OxfordIW">{{Citation |last=Naeem |first=Fuad |title=Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī |date=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1108 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |doi= |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5}}</ref> and '''Mujaddidul Millat'''{{efn|Reformer of the Nation.}} (19 August 1863 – 20 July 1943) was a late-nineteenth and twentieth-century [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Muslims|Muslim]] scholar, [[jurist]], thinker, [[Mujaddid|reformist]] and the revival of classical [[Sufism|Sufi]] thought from [[Indian subcontinent]] during the [[British Raj]],<ref name="OxfordDI">{{Citation |last=Esposito |first=John L. |title=Thanawi, Ashraf Ali |date=2003 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-2372 |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faruque |first=Muhammad U. |date=2021 |title=Eternity Made Temporal: Ashraf ʿAlī Thānavī, a Twentieth-Century Indian Thinker and the Revival of Classical Sufi Thought |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jss/9/2/article-p215_3.xml |journal=Journal of Sufi Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=215–246 |doi=10.1163/22105956-bja10009 |s2cid=242261580 |issn=2210-5948|language=en}}</ref> one of the chief proponents of [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref name=":OxfordIW"/> He was a central figure of Islamic [[Spirituality|spiritual]], [[intellectual]] and religious life in [[South Asia]] and continues to be highly influential today.<ref name=":OxfordIW"/> As a prolific author, he completed over a thousand works including ''[[Bayan al-Quran|Bayan Ul Quran]]'' and ''[[Bahishti Zewar]]''.<ref name=":OxfordIW"/> He graduated from [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1883 and moved to [[Kanpur]], then [[Thana Bhawan]] to direct the Khanqah-i-Imdadiyah, where he resided until the end of his life.<ref name=":OxfordIW"/> His training in [[Quran]], [[Hadith]], [[Fiqh]] studies and [[Sufism]] qualified him to become a leading Sunni authority among the scholars of [[Deobandi|Deoband]].<ref name=":OxfordPST">{{Citation |last=Belhaj |first=Abdessamad |title=Thānvī, Ashraf ʿAlī |date=2014 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199812578.001.0001/acref-9780199812578-e-236 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science and Technology in Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |doi= |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8}}</ref> His teaching mixes Sunni orthodoxy, Islamic elements of belief and the patriarchal structure of the society.<ref name=":OxfordPST"/> He offered a sketch of a [[Ummah|Muslim community]] that is collective, patriarchal, hierarchical and compassion-based.<ref name=":OxfordPST"/>
-== Personal life ==
-Ashraf Ali Thanwi was born in 19 September 1863 in Thana Bhawan, Muzaffarnagar U.P. His lineage can be traced back to the second caliph ‘Umar bin al-Khattab.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wani |first=Bilal Ahmad |date=2016 |title=Tafsir Bayan al-Quran of Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi: An Estimate |url=http://www.ajms.co.in/sites/ajms2015/index.php/ajms/article/view/1645 |journal=Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=197 |issn=2348-7186 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720092920/http://www.ajms.co.in/sites/ajms2015/index.php/ajms/article/view/1645 |archive-date=20 July 2020}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/3.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License]].</ref> He attained his early education under his maternal uncle Wajid Ali and Fateh Muhammad in Thana Bhawan and also memorized the Quran at a very young age from Hafiz
-Hussain of Meeruth.{{Sfn|Wani|2016|p=197}} In 1295 A.H he took admission in Darul Ulum Deoband and graduated in 1301 A.H. He practiced Tajvid and Qirat at Makkah under the guidance of Qari Muhammad Abdullah.{{Sfn|Wani|2016|p=197}} After graduation he first became a head-teacher in Madrasa-i Faiz-i-Aam at Kanpur in 1301 A.H and then graced the Masnad of Principal-
-ship in Madrasa-e-Jamia al-Ulum. His teaching was so famous that student used to flock to him from far off places. In 1315 A.H he resigned from
-service and took abode in Khanqah-i-Imdadiyah at Thana Bhawan.{{Sfn|Wani|2016|p=197}}
+== Views and ideology ==
-Thanwi was Haji Imdadullah’s spiritual successor. The circle of his allegiance and esoteric guidance is very wide and thousands of people received edification and training from him.{{Sfn|Wani|2016|p=197}}
+{{Main|Political views of Ashraf Ali Thanwi}}
+Thanwi was a strong supporter of the Muslim League.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news |last=Koreishi |first=Samiullah |date=13 September 2013 |title=What's wrong with Pakistan? |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1042583 |access-date=}}</ref> He maintained a correspondence with the leadership of [[All-India Muslim League|All India Muslim League]] (AIML), including [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. He also sent groups of Muslim scholars to give religious advice and reminders to Jinnah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Munshi Abdur Rahman |url=https://archive.org/details/toobaa-research-library-TameerEPakistan |title=Tehreek e Pakistan aur Ulama e Rabbani |publisher=Idara-i Islamiya |year=1992 |location=Pakistan |language=ur}}</ref> His disciples [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]] and [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] were key players in religious support for the creation of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Naeem |first=Fuad |title=Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī |date=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1108 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |access-date=2022-11-07}}</ref> During the 1940s, many [[Deobandi]] [[Ulama]] supported the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] but Thanwi and some other leading Deobandi scholars including [[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi]] and [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] were in favour of the Muslim League.<ref name="SvanbergWesterlund2012">{{cite book|first1=Ingvar|last1=Svanberg|first2=David|last2=Westerlund|title=Islam Outside the Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt8rBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA224|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-11322-2|page=224}}</ref><ref name="Jetly2012">{{cite book|first=Rajshree|last=Jetly|title=Pakistan in Regional and Global Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojQznTkR09kC&pg=PA156|date=27 April 2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-51696-2|pages=156–}}</ref> Thanwi resigned from [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]'s management committee due to its pro-Congress stance.<ref name="HutchinsonSmith2000">{{cite book|first=Francis|last=Robinson|editor-first=John|editor-last=Hutchinson|others=Anthony D. Smith|title=Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NN0m_c8p6fgC&pg=PA930|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-20112-4|pages=929–930|chapter=Islam and Muslim separatism.}}</ref> His support and the support of his disciples for [[Pakistan Movement]] were greatly appreciated by AIML.<ref name=":0" />
-He died on 16th Rajab 1362 A.H. He was buried in Thana Bhawan, near the grave of Zamin Shahid, in his own garden which he had endowed in the name of Khanqah-e-Imdadiya.{{Sfn|Wani|2016|p=197}}
-== Views and thoughts ==
-=== Shariat and Tariqat ===
-Thanwi was an exponent of Islamic Moral Philosophy and Tasawwuf, conditions high among the Muslim intellectuals of his time and conquers a different position between them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naz |first=Kehkashan |date=2021 |title=Shariat And Tariqat in the Thought Of Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi |url=http://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/ijmer/pdf/volume10/volume10-issue5(5)/2.pdf |journal=International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Educational Research |volume=10 |issue=5 (1) |pages=7 |issn=2277-7881|language=en}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is [http://ijmer.in/journal-policies.aspx available] under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License]].</ref> He was basically left no field of Islamic knowledge and its diverse features in their various glooms of thought. Which he has not discovered and clarified.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=7}} He is a comprehensive author who had a profound perception into Islamic views and as such has allocated with them in aspect touching virtually every feature, i.e., Social, Economical, political, mental, moral and spiritual and has allocated to its suitable place, value and weight from the view point of directions of The Quran and Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad and the sayings of great saints and sages who had a deep insight into Islamic teachings.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=7}} Shariat and Tariqat are inter-related and inter-connected. Thanwi deals with the varied phases of Tasawwuf, their intricacies and subtleties separately and independently, analyses their essentials and assigns to each stage and state its particular position and then on synthesis gives a comprehensive view about Tasawwuf which in other words he calls meaningful jurisprudence constituting integral part of Shariah.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=7}}
-According to Thanwi, Shariat is a very wide term which extends and includes the intact field of human actions in all their transformed stages and systems.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=8}} It defines, recognizes and conditions of decent, venerable and praiseworthy ethical conduct and physical, mental, moral and spiritual plains and combines in itself three main different but closely linked aspects.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=8}} He explains the afore-said occurrence on the equivalence of a tourist who expects to assume a trip. First is the tourist himself, second is the equipage and decorations essential for the path and third is the purpose – the final goal, the objective which he wants to attain and reach. Shariat
-therefore, is the combination of these three basics to smooth the Salik or the seeker of the path to reach the purpose of his pursuit.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=8}}
-Shariat, being the Divine Law, is un-alterable and un-changeable; no human activity can change it or make any flourishes or variation
-in it. There are five fundamentals of Islamic Shariat. The first of them is the belief in God Almighty and in His unity called Tauhid and in the Prophet not by vocal occupation only but by heart that whatever God and the last Prophet has said is certainly correct.The second ingredient is that of Ibadat i.e., offering of prayers, observance of fasts, giving the poor Zakat and performance and pilgrimage (Hajj). The third ingredient is that of Muamilat i.e., mutual dealings in different aspects of life, viz, that
-of marriage and divorce, purchase and sale, lease and contract, cultivation, etc.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=8}} The fourth ingredient deals with social problems as to how to conduct oneself in society in its different fields. The fifth is Tasawwuf which denotes self-reformation (tazaki-a-Nafs).{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=8}} On the other hand, it should not come down to the level that one may begin to restrain one’s self from one’s lawful wedded wife and may abandon things made lawful for him for one’s up keep and necessary maintenance. In between these two states is the third state of reasonableness and balanced conduct.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=8}} In other words, the balanced conduct is that conduct which is in accordance with the laws of Shariat and as such as normal and accepted in its import.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=9}} Therefore, every power and potentiality in human personality involves of three characteristics that of concentration, of decrease and diminution and of moderation and normality.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=9}} "You have become ascetic and a mystic and at the same time a venerable saintly guide. You have become all that but
-alas you have not become a man (Insan) in the real sense of its term".{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=9}} Thanvi states his views in above phrase, in plain terms that the real spirit of Islamic instructions, as laid down in the Quran and the traditions of the Prophet of Islam, is to convert a human-being into a (real) man in its true sense, This can only be done when a man approves a moderate and reasonable arrogance in daily activities of one’s practical life in conformity with the laws of Shariat – its tenets and teachings are the criteria for every man to act, up to it for establishing a sound social order and proper, normal, natural and rational lines. Shariat being self-contained embraces all the different aspects of life and directs one to the goal of peace, affluence and success in every sphere of life and affords its followers real pleasure physical, mental and spiritual.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=9}}
-He was introduced and engaged in wide program, of teaching and exercise
-for self-purification and self-reformation of his disciples.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=9}} He conducted training and teaching program for every class of peoples. He qualified his followers in such way as than principles and manners are automatically improved.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=9}} He approved easy management and knowledge for sickness, which were there because of ignorance of Islamic teaching among the peoples. His disposition consists of the instincts, the emotions and the intellect.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=9}} With the dominance and guidance of the faculty of intellect in him over the first two his activities are normalized. Shariat requires man to follow moderate and natural course of conduct and that is the way to salvation.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=9}} He paid great attention to correction of morality. He used to say that Zikr (remembrance of Allah) is useful and great and poorness of morality and deeds are such a curtain which prevents the spreading of their influences in the soul therefore, unless morality and deeds are set right, remembrance of Allah has little effect.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=9}} He said if someone remembers Allah, and appreciates him, when his morality and deeds are right, remembrance of Allah brings pleasure but good deeds bring pain on you that such fulfill the right and duties of others.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=9}} Prophet Muhammad. Abdullah has quoted him saying “I used to give more attention to morality and religiousness than teaching. I do not look much if somebody prayed with congregation, maybe he has an excuse but anything immoral or improper or source of trouble bothers me very much.”{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=10}} During training he would tell in detail and clearly what were the limits of the Murred and what was beyond limits of the Salik. When someone would present his weakness as he would ask whether it is within limits of the person or beyond limits.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=10}} If the reply was within limits, then he would say leave it, use your foundations and power. If the answer was beyond limits, then he advised to forget it.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=10}} He used to say these things within limits and beyond limits is half sulook or really full sulook. This understanding made it easy to follow the difficulties of Shariah and Tariqah.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=10}} He advised his trainees to examine his daily life and to keep an eye oneself as to how his desire works with people and how in his relationship with Allah his good and bad deeds work. He said every Muslim daily life deal with three things.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=10}} (1) Rights and duties, which are rules of Shariah, (2) Limits, which are following the Sunnah, (3) Safeguards of the limits, which are all as Tariqah.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=10}}
-The job of a Shaikh in Tariqah is to purify the self of the seeker. For this, he suggests the seeker should tell his condition and
-follow him. He examined the minor weakness of seekers and corrected them. He did not ignore them. He looked also at their good points. He used to meet every one very politely and simply.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=10}}
-=== Opposition by Barelvis ===
-In 1906, [[Ahmad Raza Khan]] and other scholars issued a [[fatwa]] against Thanwi and other Deobandi leaders entitled ''[[Husamul Haramain]]'' ({{lang-ur|Sword of The two Holy Mosques}}), calling them unbelievers and Satanists.<ref>[https://sufimanzil.org/arabic-fatwa-against-deobandis/ 'Arabic Fatwa against Deobandis'] Sufi Manzil website, Published 3 May 2010, Retrieved 11 August 2020</ref><ref>Fatawa Hussam-ul-Hermayn by [[Ahmad Raza Khan|Khan, Ahmad Raza Qadri]]</ref><ref>As-samare-ul-Hindiya by Khan, Hashmat Ali</ref>
-Deobandi elders, including those accused in the fatwa, prepared a reply to questions sent to them by the scholars of [[Hijaz]] to clarify the matter in [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]]'s ''[[al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad]]'' ({{Translation|"The Sword on the Disproved"}}), which was written in Arabic and signed by all Deobandi scholars including Thanvi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daruliftaa.com/node/151|title=Al-Muhannad ala 'l-Mufannad {{!}} daruliftaa.com|website=www.daruliftaa.com|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/AlMuhannadalaAlMufannadTranslation|title=Al Muhannad 'ala Al Mufannad Urdu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/AlMuhannadalaAlMufannadTranslation/Al-Muhannad_%27ala_al-Mufannad_Translation#page/n1/mode/2up|title=Al Muhannad 'ala Al Mufannad English|website=archive.org|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref> His disciple [[Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri]] also wrote articles and leaflets in defence of Thanwi.<ref name="hifzuliman">{{cite book |author1=Mawlānā Ashraf Ali Thanwi |title=Hifz al-Iman |publisher=Dar al-Kitab, [[Deoband]] |page=19}}</ref>
-=== Teachings ===
-Thanwi stressed adopting the complete way of Islam to attain salvation. He shunned Sufis who emphasised voluntary worshiping but neglected other important commandments of Islam, including fair dealings and fulfilling the rights of others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ashrafiya.com/2019/09/18/the-essential-instructions-for-mureed/|title=The essential instructions for mureed|last='abd|date=2019-09-18|website=ASHRAFIYA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref>At times, he would caution and stress towards matter that are generally thought to be not related to Islam and spirituality but he would explain the forgotten and ignored link. For example, once he encouraged the son of his close disciple, Mufti Muhammad Shafi, to improve his handwriting so that others may read it with ease, and thereafter remarked that he was nurturing him to become a "Sufi".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sayyidtalhah.wordpress.com/2018/08/05/handwriting-and-spirituality/|title=Handwriting and Spirituality|last=Talhah|first=Sayyid|date=2018-08-05|website=Pearls for Tazkiyah|language=en|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref>
-===Political ideology===
-Thanwi was a strong supporter of the Muslim League.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1042583 | title='What's wrong with Pakistan?' | newspaper=Dawn | date=13 September 2013 | access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref> He maintained a correspondence with the leadership of [[All-India Muslim League|All India Muslim League]] (AIML), including Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He also sent groups of Muslim scholars to give religious advice and reminders to Jinnah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Tehreek e Pakistan aur Ulama e Rabbani|last=Khan|first=Munshi Abdur Rahman|location=Karachi, Pakistan}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi aur Tehreek e Azadi|last=Saeed|first=Professor Ahmad|location=Lahore, Pakistan}}</ref>
-During the 1940s, many Deobandi ''[[ulama]]'' supported the Congress but Ashraf Ali Thanvi and some other leading Deobandi scholars including [[Muhammad Shafi]] and [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] were in favour of the Muslim League.<ref name="SvanbergWesterlund2012">{{cite book|first1=Ingvar|last1=Svanberg|first2=David|last2=Westerlund|title=Islam Outside the Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt8rBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA224|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-11322-2|page=224}}</ref><ref name="Jetly2012">{{cite book|first=Rajshree|last=Jetly|title=Pakistan in Regional and Global Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojQznTkR09kC&pg=PA156|date=27 April 2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-51696-2|pages=156–}}</ref> Thanwi resigned from Deoband's management committee due to its pro-Congress stance.<ref name="HutchinsonSmith2000">{{cite book|first=Francis|last=Robinson|editor-first=John|editor-last=Hutchinson|others=Anthony D. Smith|title=Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NN0m_c8p6fgC&pg=PA930|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-20112-4|pages=929–930|chapter=Islam and Muslim separatism.}}</ref>His support and the support of his disciples for [[Pakistan Movement]] were greatly appreciated by AIML.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
 == Works and contribution ==
-He laid a very active life teaching, preaching, writing, lecturing and making occasional journey.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=8}} He belonged to a period when Muslims were physically intellectually under attack by the western colonial powers and the Ary-e -samaj Hinduism.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=8}} His literary life began at Darul Uloom Deoband and that he wrote a Mathnavi titled as "Zeero-bam", in Persian language at the age of eighteenth.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=8}} For fourteenth years he was a teacher in Madrasa Faiz e Aam, in Kanpur, taught, wrote, and gave sermons and issued Fatwa. From the early days of his educational life, he was very much impressed by Rasheed Ahmed Gangohi.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=8}}
+He led a very active life teaching, preaching, writing, lecturing and making occasional journey. He belonged to a period when Muslims were physically intellectually under attack by the western colonial powers and the [[Arya Samaj]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Brief Biography of Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi|date=9 November 2021 |url=https://islamqa.org/hanafi/daruliftaa-birmingham/171457/a-brief-biography-of-maulana-ashraf-ali-thanwi/}}</ref> His literary life began at Darul Uloom Deoband and that he wrote a [[Mathnawi]] titled as "''Zeero-bam''", in Persian language at the age of eighteenth.{{cn|date=November 2022}} For fourteen years he was a teacher in Madrasa Faiz e Aam, in Kanpur, taught, wrote, and gave sermons and issued Fatwa. From the early days of his educational life, he was very much impressed by [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]].
-Most of his books are in Urdu, Arabic and Persian.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=8}} There is no branch of Islam in which his book may not be present. It is said that the number of his works is nearly one thousand.{{Sfn|Wani|2016|p=197}} The rights of printing of all his books were public. He never earned a single paisa from his books. Millions of individual derived educational and practical benefit from his books and predicatory lectures.{{Sfn|Wani|2016|p=197}}
+Most of his books are in Urdu, Arabic and Persian. There is no branch of Islam in which his book may not be present. It is said that the number of his works is nearly one thousand.{{cn|date=November 2022}} The rights of printing of all his books were public. He never earned a single paisa from his books. Millions of individual derived educational and practical benefit from his books and predicatory lectures.
-His sermons were written, while they were delivered from city to city and shown to him and published, Muslims benefitted from them. These contained Islamic rules and regulations, stoppage of innovations, facts and figures interesting topics etc.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=8}} Normally, lectures discussed were about Islamic worship, but he also talked about morals, dealings, practical daily life in his sermons. He kept this in mind in his training of Sulook and Tariqah as well.{{Sfn|Naz|2021|p=8}}
+His sermons were written, while they were delivered from city to city and shown to him and published, Muslims benefitted from them. These contained Islamic rules and regulations, stoppage of innovations, facts and figures interesting topics etc. Normally, lectures discussed were about Islamic worship, but he also talked about morals, dealings, practical daily life in his sermons. He kept this in mind in his training of Sulook and Tariqah as well. A list of his major works is given here:
+# ''[[Bayan Ul Quran]]'': It is a three volume ''[[tafsir]]'' ([[exegesis]]) of the [[Quran]]. The compilation of this exegesis was started in 1320 [[Hijri year|AH]]. It was published in twelve volumes from Matb'a Mujtabai, [[Delhi]] in 1908 (1326 AH).{{cn|date=November 2022}}
+# ''[[Bahishti Zewar]]'': It is comprehensive handbook of [[fiqh]], Islamic rituals and morals, it is especially aimed at the education of girls and women. The volume describes the [[Five Pillars of Islam]] and also highlights more obscure principles. For years it has remained a favorite with the people of the [[Indian subcontinent]] as well as Indian Muslim diaspora all over the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ansari |first=Usamah |date=2009 |title=Producing the Conjugal Patriarchal Family in Maulana Thanvi's Heavenly Ornaments: Biopolotics, 'Shariatic Modernity' and Managing Women |url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/CIS/article/view/9386 |journal=Comparative Islamic Studies |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages= 93–110|doi=10.1558/cis.v5i1.93 |issn=1743-1638}}</ref>
+# ''[[Imdad al-Fatawa]]'': It is the collection of Thanwis fatwas, which is a compendium of Hanafi Fiqh containing research-oriented fatwas and fiqhi discourses.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ullah |first=Mohammed |title=The Contribution of Deoband School to Hanafi Fiqh A Study of Its Response to Modern Issues and Challenges |publisher=Jamia Hamdard University |year=2018 |location=India |language=en |hdl=10603/326073 |type=PhD |page=116}}</ref>
+# ''[[Nashr al-Tib|Nashr al-Tib fi Zikr-un-Nabi Al Habib]] Sallalahu 'alaihi Wa Salam'': During 1911-1912, Thanwi wrote this book on [[Prophetic biography]] Sallalahu 'alaihi Wa Salam. He has professed obeisance to the Prophet Sallalahu 'alaihi Wa Salam in the 41 chapters of this book. He has presented him as a boon for the entire [[universe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fakharuddin |first=Muhammad |date=2020 |title=An Analytical Study of the " Nashr al-Tīb fi Zikr-un-Nabi Al-Habib" |url=https://www.alamir.com.pk/index.php/ojs/article/view/13 |journal=Al-Amīr |language=ur |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages= |issn=2790-9328}}</ref>
+# ''Imdadul Mustaque''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Abdul Waris |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebook-detail/islami-uloom-mein-nadwat-ul-musannifin-ki-khidmaat-ek-mutala-abdul-waris-khan-ebooks |title=Islāmi Uloom mai Nadwatul Musannifeen ki Khidmāt: Ek mutāla |date=1999 |publisher=Islamic Book Foundation |location=New Delhi |pages=209–210 |trans-title=The contribution of Nadwatul Musannifeen in Islamic studies: A study}}</ref>
+== Influence and legacy ==
-* {{Cite book |last=Thānvī |first=Ashraf ʻAlī. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/809075744 |title=A Sufi study of ḥadith |last2=ثانڤي، اشرف علي. |date=2010 |publisher=Turath Publishing |isbn=978-1-906949-04-4 |location=London |oclc=809075744}}
+He produced near about 1000 trainees, to whom he permitted for [[Bay'ah]] and those spread their influences of Thanwi. Among them are: [[Sulaiman Nadvi]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]], [[Abdul Hai Arifi]], [[Athar Ali Bengali]], [[Shah Abd al-Wahhab]], [[Abdul Majid Daryabadi]], [[Aziz al-Hasan Ghouri]], [[Abrarul Haq Haqqi]], [[Muhammadullah Hafezzi]], [[Khair Muhammad Jalandhari]], [[Masihullah Khan]], [[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi]], [[Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri]], [[Habibullah Qurayshi]], [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]]. [[Muhammad Iqbal]] once wrote to a friend of his that on the matter of [[Rumi|Rumi's]] teachings, he held Thanwi as the greatest living authority. <ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maqalat-e-iqbal-abdul-wahid-ebooks |title=Maqalat-e-iqbal |publisher=Tufail Art Printers |year=1982 |location=Lahore |pages=180 |language=ur}}</ref> His biographical works include Ashrafus Sawaneh by Khawaja Azizul Hasan Majzoob and  ''[[Hakeemul Ummat]]'' by Abdul Majid Daryabadi.
-== Influence and Legacy ==
-His edicts and religious teachings have been deemed authoritative even by many of his opponents. Muhammad Iqbal once wrote to a friend of his that on the matter of Rumi's teachings, he held Thanwi as the greatest living authority.<ref>Maqalat-e-Iqbal; Compiled by Syed Abdul Wahid Mueeni</ref> In the words of Syed Suleiman Nadvi:
-“In his effort for reforming the Ummah he
-kept an eye upon every corner of
-educational and practical life; from the
-women folk to the men folk, from the
-ignorant to the learned, from dervishes to
-ascetics, from the poor to the rich, he kept
-all in view for reforming and training. His
-eyes fell on the particulars of births,
-marriages, sorrow and other gatherings,
-and testing them on the criterion of the
-Shari„ah and separated genuine from the
-spurious. Removing every block and stone of
-customs, innovations and crying evils, he
-showed the straight path. The correct image
-of religion was before him. According to it
-wherever there were drawbacks and flaws in
-the picture of the present day life of the
-Muslims, he remained engrossed throughout
-his life in correcting them.”{{Sfn|Wani|2016|p=197}}
 == See also ==
 * [[Bibliography of Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]
+* [[Political views of Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]
+* [[List of Deobandis]]
 == References ==
 === Notes ===
 {{Notelist}}
 === Citations ===
 {{Reflist}}
+== External links ==
-==Further reading==
+{{Sister project links|wikt=no|n=no}}
-* Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/33417145/Ashraf-Ali-Thanawi-Islam-in-Modern-South-Asia-Makers-of-the-Muslim-World Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi: Islam in Modern South Asia (Makers of the Muslim World)], Oneworld, 2007.
+{{Ashraf Ali Thanwi}}
-* [https://archive.org/details/Al-muhannadAlaAl-mufannadaqaidUlamaDeobandByShaykhKhaleelAhmad/ Various Urdu editions of al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad] by Shaykh Khaleel Ahmad Saharanpuri on Archive.org
+{{Hanafi scholars}}
-* [https://archive.org/details/AlMuhannadalaAlMufannadTranslation/ Various translations of al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad] by Shaykh Khaleel Ahmad Saharanpuri on Archive.org
+{{Sufi}}
-* Ahmed, Muniruddin.
-==External links==
-*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141005060649/http://aapkaislam.com/books-by-ashraf-ali-thanvi.html Collection of Ashraf Ali Thanwi] in [[PDF]]-format
-*[https://dilam.org/esref-ali-tehanevinin-eserleri/ esref-ali books]
-{{Authority control}}
 {{Pakistan Movement}}
 {{Maturidi}}
-{{Hanafi scholars}}
+{{Islamic theology}}
+{{Authority control}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Thanwi, Ashraf Ali}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Thanwi, Ashraf Ali}}
+[[Category:Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]
-[[Category:1862 births]]
+[[Category:1863 births]]
 [[Category:1943 deaths]]
 [[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
+[[Category:Deobandis]]
 [[Category:Chishtis]]
 [[Category:Hanafis]]
 [[Category:Maturidis]]
-[[Category:Deobandis]]
 [[Category:Mujaddid]]
-[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
 [[Category:19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
-[[Category:People of British India]]
+[[Category:People from British India]]
 [[Category:People from Shamli district]]
 [[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
@@ Line 145: / Line 91: @@
 [[Category:Students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
 [[Category:Indian writers]]
-[[Category:Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]
+[[Category:Translators of the Quran into Urdu]]
+[[Category:Urdu-language writers]]
+[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
+[[Category:Islam in India]]
+[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
+[[Category:Muslim reformers]]
+[[Category:Quranic exegesis scholars]]
+[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
+[[Category:Hadith scholars]]
+[[Category:Sunni Sufis]]
+[[Category:Supporters of Ibn Arabi]]

Ashraf Ali Thanwi
Personal details	Denomination: Sunni Jurisprudence: Hanafi Creed: Maturidi Movement: Deobandi Education: Darul Uloom Deoband
Notable works	Bayan al-Quran Bahishti Zewar Perfecting Women Imdad al-Fatawa Nashr al-Tib fi Zikr al-Nabi al-Habib
Disciples	Abdul Hai Arifi Athar Ali Bengali Abdul Majid Daryabadi Aziz al-Hasan Ghouri Abrarul Haq Haqqi Shah Ahmad Hasan Muhammadullah Hafezzi Khair Muhammad Jalandhari Masihullah Khan Maqsudullah Muhammad Shafi Deobandi Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri Habibullah Qurayshi Sulaiman Nadvi Shah Abd al-Wahhab Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi Zafar Ahmad Usmani
Legacy	Bibliography Hakeemul Ummat
Category:Ashraf Ali Thanwi

Pakistan Movement
History of Pakistan (timeline: 1947–present)
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