Cannabis Ruderalis

thcscience_admin
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Wangi (talk | contribs)
Extended confirmed users
11,701 edits
m Reverted edits by 68.61.156.4 (talk) to last version by Pdeitiker
68.61.156.4 (talk)
RV blanking vandalism
Line 240: Line 240:
A [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]] was held in memory of the victims at [[Candelária Church]] in the center of [[Rio de Janeiro]] on 4 June. More than 500 people were reported to have attended.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090604/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/brazil_plane|title=Brazil: Crash investigation eyes probe, sensors|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=2009-06-04|accessdate=2009-06-05}}</ref> On Saturday 6 June, Bishop Riocreux of the [[Diocese of Pontoise]] held a ceremony at Roissy-en-France Church; four diocese members were on the flight. On Sunday 7 June an international ceremony for the AF447 victims occurred at [[Notre Dame de Paris]]. On Monday 8 June Bishop James of the the [[Diocese of Beauvais, Noyon and Senlis]] conducted a ceremony at the Senlis Cathedral; three town councilors of Ermenonville, which is a part of the diocese, were on the flight. A memorial service will be conducted during the [[Paris Air Show]] in [[Le Bourget]] on Sunday 21 June in memorial to the AF 447 victims.<ref name="Pressrelchurch0">{{cite web |url=http://alphasite.airfrance.com/s01/press-releases/?L=1 |title=Religious ceremonies for the victims of flight AF 447|publisher=[[Air France]]|date=2009-06-05|accessdate=2009-06-12}}</ref>
A [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]] was held in memory of the victims at [[Candelária Church]] in the center of [[Rio de Janeiro]] on 4 June. More than 500 people were reported to have attended.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090604/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/brazil_plane|title=Brazil: Crash investigation eyes probe, sensors|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=2009-06-04|accessdate=2009-06-05}}</ref> On Saturday 6 June, Bishop Riocreux of the [[Diocese of Pontoise]] held a ceremony at Roissy-en-France Church; four diocese members were on the flight. On Sunday 7 June an international ceremony for the AF447 victims occurred at [[Notre Dame de Paris]]. On Monday 8 June Bishop James of the the [[Diocese of Beauvais, Noyon and Senlis]] conducted a ceremony at the Senlis Cathedral; three town councilors of Ermenonville, which is a part of the diocese, were on the flight. A memorial service will be conducted during the [[Paris Air Show]] in [[Le Bourget]] on Sunday 21 June in memorial to the AF 447 victims.<ref name="Pressrelchurch0">{{cite web |url=http://alphasite.airfrance.com/s01/press-releases/?L=1 |title=Religious ceremonies for the victims of flight AF 447|publisher=[[Air France]]|date=2009-06-05|accessdate=2009-06-12}}</ref>
{{-}}
{{-}}

==In popular culture==
In the poem "Ode to Flight 447,"<ref>http://flight447.wordpress.com/</ref> the flight was memorialized and compared to the fictional flight [[Lost|Oceanic Flight 815]], which deviated off-course and crashed in the Pacific Ocean.


==Notes==
==Notes==

Revision as of 18:57, 14 June 2009

Template:Fixbunching

Air France Flight 447
Air France Airbus A330-200 aircraft, similar to the one used for Flight 447
Accident
Date1 June 2009 (2009-06)
SummaryUnder investigation
SiteAtlantic Ocean[1]
4°N 30°W / 4°N 30°W / 4; -30 (approximate)
Aircraft typeAirbus A330-200
OperatorAir France
RegistrationF-GZCP
Flight originRio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport
DestinationParis-Charles de Gaulle Airport
Passengers216
Crew12
Fatalities228
Survivors0

Template:Fixbunching

Air France Flight 447 was a scheduled commercial flight from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Paris, France, that crashed on 1 June 2009 over the Atlantic Ocean with the loss of all 216 passengers and 12 crew members onboard.[2]

The aircraft, an Air France Airbus A330-200, took off on 31 May 2009 at 19:03 local time (22:03 UTC). The last contact with the crew was a routine message to Brazilian air traffic controllers at 01:33 UTC, as the aircraft approached the edge of Brazilian radar surveillance over the Atlantic Ocean, en-route to Senegalese-controlled airspace off the coast of West Africa. Forty minutes later, a four-minute-long series of automatic radio messages was received from the plane, indicating numerous problems and warnings. The exact meanings of these messages are still under investigation, but the aircraft is believed to have been lost shortly after it sent the automated messages.[3] After the aircraft failed to contact air traffic control on either continent, a search and rescue operation was initiated.

On 6 June, two bodies and debris from the aircraft were found 680 mi (1,090 km) northeast of the Fernando de Noronha islands off Brazil's northern coast. The debris included a briefcase containing an airline ticket, later confirmed to have been issued for the flight.[4] 48 more bodies have been found since, bringing the total number of recovered bodies to 50.[5] This accident is the deadliest in the history of Air France, surpassing the crash of an Air France charter flight from Paris-Orly Airport to Atlanta on 3 June 1962, and the airline's first fatal crash since Air France Flight 4590 in July 2000.[6][7] Paul-Louis Arslanian, the head of the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA, Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety), described it as the worst accident in French aviation history.[8] It was also the first accident in commercial service resulting in fatalities in the 16-year operating history of the Airbus A330.

Aircraft

The aircraft involved was an Airbus A330-200, powered by two General Electric CF6-80E1 engines.[9] The manufacturer's serial number was 660, and the French aircraft registration was F-GZCP.[9] The first flight of the aircraft was on 25 February 2005 and at the time of the accident it had flown for 18,870 hours.[9] On 17 August 2006, F-GZCP was involved in a ground collision with Airbus A321-211 F-GTAM at Charles de Gaulle Airport, Paris. F-GTAM was substantially damaged and F-GZCP suffered minor damage.[10] F-GZCP underwent a major overhaul on 16 April 2009.[11] Between 5 May 2009 and 31 May the aircraft made 24 flights from Paris to and from 13 different destinations worldwide.[12]

Disappearance

Template:Air France Flight 447/flight path The aircraft departed from Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport on 31 May 2009 at 19:03 local time (22:03 UTC), with a scheduled arrival at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport approximately 11 hours later.

The last verbal contact with the aircraft was at 01:33 UTC, when it was near waypoint INTOL (1°21′39″S 32°49′53″W / 1.36083°S 32.83139°W / -1.36083; -32.83139), located 565 km (351 mi) off Brazil's north-eastern coast. The crew reported that they expected to use airway UN873 and enter Senegalese-controlled airspace at waypoint TASIL (4°0′18″N 29°59′24″W / 4.00500°N 29.99000°W / 4.00500; -29.99000) within 50 minutes, and that the aircraft was flying normally at flight level 350 (a nominal altitude of 35,000 ft (11,000 m)*) and at a speed of 467 knots (865 km/h; 537 mph) (Mach 0.78).[13][14][15] The aircraft left Brazil Atlantic radar surveillance at 01:48 UTC.

Automated messages

An Air France spokesperson stated on 3 June that “the aircraft sent a series of electronic messages over a three-minute period, which represented about a minute of information. Exactly what that data means hasn't been sorted out, yet.”[16] An aviation safety expert explained a few days later that “complete failure would require 100% failure of the electrical system,” which “did not happen early in the flight, because the system was uplinking data to the maintenance facility, indicating there was some electricity on the airplane.”[17]

The messages, sent from an onboard maintenance system, Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS), were made public on 4 June 2009.[18] These transcripts indicate that between 02:10 UTC and 02:14 UTC, 5 failure reports (FLR) and 19 warnings (WRN) were transmitted.[19][20] The messages resulted from equipment failure data, captured by a built-in system for testing and reporting, and cockpit warnings also posted to ACARS.[21] The failures and warnings in the 5 minutes of transmission concerned navigation auto-flight, flight controls, and cabin air-handling (codes beginning with 34, 22 , 37 and 21, respectively).[22]

Among the ACARS transmissions in the first minute is one message that indicates a fault in the pitot-static system (code 34111506).[18][22] Sources close to the investigation have confirmed that “the first automated system-failure message in a string of radio alerts from the crashed jet explicitly indicated that the [airspeed] sensors were faulty”.[23] The twelve warning messages with the same time code indicate that the autopilot and auto-thrust system had disengaged, that the TCAS was in fault mode, and flight mode went from 'normal law' to 'alternate law'.[24][25] The remainder of the messages occurred from 02:11 UTC to 02:14 UTC, containing a fault message for an Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU) and the Integrated Standby Instrument System (ISIS).[25][26] At 02:12 UTC, a warning message NAV ADR DISAGREE indicated that there was a disagreement between the independent air data systems. At 02:13 UTC, a fault message for the flight management guidance and envelope computer was sent.[27] One of the two final messages, transmitted at 02:14 UTC at location 3°34′40″N 30°22′28″W / 3.5777°N 30.3744°W / 3.5777; -30.3744,[28][29][30] was a warning referring to the air data reference system, the other ADVISORY (Code 213100206) was a "cabin vertical speed warning".

Weather conditions

http://www.weathergraphics.com/tim/af447/

East-west cross-section of Atlantic Ocean portion in which Air France Flight 447 crashed, showing depth of the sea floor. The vertical scale is greatly exaggerated for contrast purposes.

A meteorological analysis of the area surrounding the flight path showed a mesoscale convective system extending to an altitude of around 50,000 feet (15 km; 9.5 mi) above the Atlantic Ocean before Flight 447 disappeared.[31]

According to commercial transport pilots familiar with the route, it is likely that the flight crew of the Air France aircraft was aware of the intensity of the storm in the flight path at that altitude long before actually encountering the thunderstorms.[citation needed] Currently, the US NTSB (National Transport Safety Board) is questioning Air France authorities who gave the clearance to fly.[citation needed] From satellite images taken near the time of the incident, it appears that the aircraft encountered a severe thunderstorm, likely containing hail and extreme turbulence.[32]

Detailed analysis of the weather conditions for the flight shows it is possible that the aircraft's final 12 minutes could have been spent "flying through significant turbulence and thunderstorm activity for about 75 mi (121 km)", subject to turbulence and rime icing, possibly to clear ice or graupel.[31] Satellite imagery loops from the CIMSS clarify that the flight was coping with a series of storms, not just one.[33]

Commercial air transport crews routinely encounter this type of storm in this area. Generally, according to pilots familiar with this route, when storms of this type are encountered, a course either circumnavigating the storm or diverting to weaker portions of the storm is normally taken.[citation needed]

In this instance, shortly after the last verbal contact was made with Air Traffic Control about 350 mi (560 km) north-east of Natal, Brazil (station identifier SBNT) the aircraft likely traversed an area of intense deep convection which had formed within a broad band of thunderstorms along the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).[34] Turbulence in the vicinity of these rapidly-developing storms may have contributed to the accident.[31][33][35][36] According to news sources, 12 other flights shared more or less the same route with AF447 at the time of the accident.[37][38]

Search and recovery

Colour bathymetry relief map of the part of Atlantic Ocean into which Air France Flight 447 crashed. Image shows two different data sets with different resolution.[Note 1]

Initial search and reports

Brazilian air traffic controllers contacted air traffic control in Dakar at 02:20 UTC, when they noticed that the plane had not made the required radio call signaling its crossing into Senegalese airspace.[13] The Brazilian Air Force then began a search and rescue operation from the Brazilian archipelago of Fernando de Noronha,[13] and at 19:00 UTC on 1 June, Spain sent a CASA 235 maritime patrol plane in search and rescue operations near Cape Verde.[39] French reconnaissance planes were also dispatched, including one Breguet Atlantic from Dakar,[40] and the French requested satellite equipment from the United States to help find the plane.[41] Brazilian Air Force spokesperson Colonel Henry Munhoz told Brazilian TV that radar on Cape Verde failed to pick up the aircraft over the Atlantic Ocean.[13]

Early on, officials with Air France and the French government presumed that the plane had been lost with no survivors. An Air France spokesperson told L'Express that there was "no hope for survivors,"[42][43][44] and French President Nicolas Sarkozy told relatives of the passengers that there was only a "minimal" chance that anyone survived.[41]

Late on 1 June, the deputy chief of the Brazilian Aeronautical Communications Center, Jorge Amaral, confirmed that 30 minutes after the Air France Airbus had emitted the automatic report, a commercial pilot had reported the sighting of "orange dots" in the middle of the Atlantic, which could indicate the glow of wreckage on fire.[45][46] This sighting was reported by a TAM Airlines crew flying from Europe to Brazil, at approximately 1300 km (700 miles) from Fernando de Noronha.[45][46] Another similar sighting of "something flashing brightly over the ocean then taking a descending vertical trajectory" was reported by the Spanish pilot of Air Comet Flight 974[47] flying from Lima to Madrid. The Brazilian newspaper O Globo reported that wreckage debris was discovered off the Senegalese coast, but that its origin was still uncertain.[48] EarthTimes and news.com.au reported that the crew of the French freighter Douce France spotted debris floating on the ocean in the area earlier indicated by the TAM crew.[49][50]

Aerial search, ships dispatched

File:Busca voo Air France 447 1.jpg
The crew of a C-130 Hercules (Brazilian Air Force) searches for wreckage from the Airbus A330 of Air France Flight 447, while flying at low level 650 km (350 miles) north of Fernando de Noronha islands.
(3 June 2009)

At 15:20 (UTC) on 2 June, the Brazilian Air Force, using an Embraer R-99A Erieye, found wreckage and signs of oil and jet fuel strewn along a 5 km (3 mi) band 650 km (400 mi) north-east of Fernando de Noronha Island, near Saint Peter and Paul Rocks. Spotted wreckage included a plane seat, an orange buoy, a barrel, "white pieces and electrical conductors".[51] Later that day, after meeting with relatives of the Brazilians on the aircraft, Brazilian Defence Minister Nelson Jobim announced that the Air Force believed the wreckage was from Flight 447.[52][53] Brazilian vice-president José Alencar (acting as president since Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was out of the country) declared three days of official mourning.[54][55]

On 2 June, two French Navy vessels, Foudre and Ventôse, were en route to the suspected crash site. Also among the ships sent to the site was the French research vessel Pourquoi Pas?, equipped with two mini-submarines that can descend to 6,000 m (20,000 ft)[56] – the area of the Atlantic in which the plane went down may be as deep as 4,700 m (15,400 ft).[57] A United States Navy Lockheed Martin P3 Orion MR submarine-hunting aircraft was also deployed in the search due to its low altitude endurance and patrol capability, sonar and magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) sensor suite.[58]

On 3 June, the first Brazilian Navy ship, the patrol boat NPa Grajaú, reached the area in which the first debris was spotted. The Brazilian Navy has sent a total of five ships to the debris site; the frigate F Constituição and the corvette Cv Caboclo were scheduled to reach the area on 4 June, the frigate F Bosísio on 6 June and the replenishment oiler NT Almirante Gastão Motta on 7 June.[59][60]

On 5 June, French defence minister Hervé Morin announced that the nuclear submarine Émeraude was being sent to the area, to assist in the search for the missing flight recorders which might be located at great depth.[61] The submarine will use its powerful locator devices to listen for the ultra-sonic signal emitted by the black boxes.[62] On 10 June, the Émeraude reached the crash zone of Air France Flight 447 with plans to trawl 13 sq mi (34 km2) a day, listening for the "pingers". If the boxes are located, the Émeraude will work with the mini-sub Nautile, which can descend to the ocean floor and was a key part of the search for the RMS Titanic. The French submarines will be aided by two U.S. underwater audio devices, capable of picking up signals even at a depth of 20,000 ft (6,100 m).[63]

Conflicting early debris reports

On 4 June, the Brazilian Air Force claimed they had recovered the first debris from the Air France crash site, 340 miles (550 km) northeast of the Fernando de Noronha archipelago.[64]

On 5 June, around 13:00 UTC, Brazilian officials announced that they had not, in fact, recovered anything from Flight 447, as the oil slick and debris field found on 2 June could not have come from the plane.[65] Ramon Borges Cardoso, director of the Air Space Control Department, said that the fuel slicks were not caused by aviation fuel but were believed to have been from a passing ship.[66] Even so, a Brazilian Air Force official maintained that some of the material that had been spotted (but not picked up) was in fact from Flight 447. Poor visibility, however, had prevented search teams from re-locating the material.[67]

Bodies, debris recovered

File:Air France Flight 447 Empennage removal 2.jpg
Recovery of Flight 447's vertical-stabilizer and rudder assembly by the Brazilian military.

On 6 June, five days after Flight 447 first disappeared, it was reported that the Brazilian Air Force had located both "bodies and debris" from the missing aircraft, after they had been spotted by a special search radar-equipped aircraft.[68] The bodies and objects were reportedly found at 08:14 Brasilia time (11:14 UTC), and experts on human remains were sent to investigate. Brazilian Air Force Colonel Jorge Amaral stated that "We confirm the recovery from the water of debris and bodies from the Air France plane. Air France boarding passes for Flight 447 were also found. We can't give more information without confirming what we have."[69] Later it was confirmed that two male bodies were found along with a seat, a nylon backpack containing a computer and vaccination card and a leather briefcase containing a boarding pass for the Air France flight.[70][71][72]

Authorities also corrected the misunderstanding about earlier debris findings: except for the wooden pallet, the debris did come from Flight 447, but rescue aircraft and ships had made the search for possible survivors and bodies a priority, delaying the verification of the origins of the other recovered debris.[73] On 8 June search crews found and eventually recovered the Airbus's vertical stabilizer.[74]

As of 11 June 2009 a total of 44 bodies had been recovered of which 41 have been transported to shore. The first 16 were transported to the islands of Fernando de Noronha by the frigate F Constituição on 9 June 2009[75] before being transferred to Recife on 10 June 2009 for identification.[76] Another 25 bodies were transported to Fernando de Noronha aboard the frigate F Bosísio on 11 June 2009 and are expected to arrive in Recife for identification on 13 June 2009.[77] A further three bodies were found on 11 June 2009 and are currently aboard the frigate F Constituição.[77] On 12 June 2009 the Brazilian Ministry of Defense reported that more bodies have been found but that the number would only be released once the bodies were transferred to a Navy ship in Brazil.[78] The bodies were reportedly found in two distinct groups more than 50 miles (80 km) apart.[79]

Passenger and crew details

A list containing the nationalities of the passengers onboard was released by Air France on 1 June 2009.[80] A partial list containing 75 named crew and passengers on board the plane was released on 3 June 2009.[81]

The aircraft was carrying 216 passengers, and 12 crew members in two cabins of service.[90][91] Three pilots were among the crew. Among the 216 passengers were one infant, seven children, 82 women, and 126 men.[13] 58-year-old flight captain Marc Dubois, who joined Air France in 1988, had approximately 11,000 flight hours, with 1,700 hours on an Airbus A330. The two co-pilots, 37-year-old David Robert and 32-year-old Pierre-Cedric Bonin, had over 9,000 flight hours between them. Of the twelve crew members, eleven were French and one was Brazilian.[92][93]

According to an official list made public by Air France, most of the passengers were French, Brazilian, and German citizens.[94][95] In addition to this, there were some passengers on this flight who may have held multiple citizenship.[Note 2] Brazilian federal police were said to be examining security video of the passengers boarding to help establish their identities.[63]

Notable passengers

People at the Air France counter at the Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport (15:38, 1 June 2009)

Investigation

Coronel Jorge Amaral, deputy head of the Aeronautical Communications Center of the Brazilian Air Force, discussing the search for the aircraft.

The cause of the crash remains unknown. The Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA) is in charge of the official investigation.[106] BEA chief Paul-Louis Arslanian said that he is not optimistic about finding the plane's flight recorders, since they may be under as much as 3,000 m (9,800 ft) of water and the terrain under this portion of the ocean is very rugged.[107] Investigators are hoping to find the aircraft's tail, since the black box is located there.[108] Although France has never recovered a black box from similar depths,[107] there is precedent for such an operation: in 1988, an independent contractor was able to recover the cockpit voice recorder of South African Airways Flight 295 from a depth of 4,900 m (16,100 ft) in a search area of between 80 and 250 square nautical miles (270 and 860 km2).[109][110] The black box contains a water-activated acoustic "pinger", which should remain active for 30 days, allowing search for the location of the signal origin.[citation needed] On 8 Jun the U.S. Navy flew two Towed Pinger Locators, which can detect the pinger beacons to a depth of 6,100 m (20,000 ft), to Brazil for use by two French ships. The French vessels would then use the locators to listen for transmissions from the black box.[111]

The BEA released a press release on 5 June, that stated: [112]

A large quantity of more or less accurate information and attempts at explanations concerning the accident are currently being circulated. The BEA reminds those concerned that in such circumstances, it is advisable to avoid all hasty interpretations and speculation on the basis of partial or non-validated information.

At this stage of the investigation, the only established facts are:

  • the presence near the airplane’s planned route over the Atlantic of significant convective cells typical of the equatorial regions;
  • based on the analysis of the automatic messages broadcast by the plane, there are inconsistencies between the various speeds measured.
— Press release 5 June 2009 - Flight AF 447 on 31 May 2009 , in BEA

Airspeed inconsistency

Prior to the disappearance of the aircraft, the automatic reporting system, ACARS, sent messages indicating disagreement in the indicated air speed (IAS) readings. A spokesperson for Airbus claimed that "the air speed of the aircraft was unclear" to the pilots.[61] Paul-Louis Arslanian, of France's air accident investigation agency, confirmed that F-GZCP previously had problems calculating its speed as did other A330 aircraft stating "We have seen a certain number of these types of faults on the A330 ... There is a programme of replacement, of improvement".[113] The problems primarily occurred on the Airbus A320, but, awaiting a recommendation from Airbus, Air France delayed installing new pitots on A330/A340 yet increased inspection frequencies.[114]

There have been several cases where inaccurate airspeed information led to flight incidences on the A330. Two of those incidences specifically involved pitot probes, one of the types of sensor used to measure airspeed.[115][Note 3] In the first incident, an Air France A340-300 (F-GLZL) en route from Japan to France, experienced an event at 31,000 feet (9,400 m) in which the airspeed was incorrectly reported and the autopilot automatically disengaged. Bad weather together with obstructed drainage holes in all three pitot tubes were subsequently found to be the cause.[116] In the second incident, an Air France A340-300 (F-GLZN) en-route to New York encountered turbulence followed by the autoflight systems going offline, warnings over the accuracy of the reported airspeed and two minutes of stall alerts.[116]

On 6 June 2009, Arslanian said that Air France had not replaced pitot probes as Airbus recommended on F-GZCP, saying that "it does not mean that without replacing the probes that the A330 was dangerous."[114] Air France issued a further clarification of the situation:

"1) Malfunctions in the pitot probes on the A320 led the manufacturer to issue a recommendation in September 2007 to change the probes. This recommendation also applies to long-haul aircraft using the same probes and on which a very few incidents of a similar nature had occurred."

Since it was not an airworthiness directive (AD) the guidelines allow the operator to apply the recommendations at its discretion. However Air France implemented the change on its A320 fleet where the incidences of water ingress were observed.

"2) Starting in May 2008 Air France experienced incidents involving a loss of airspeed data in flight (see two incidences above) in cruise phase on A340s and A330s. These incidents were analysed with Airbus as resulting from pitot probe icing for a few minutes, after which the phenomenon disappeared."

After discussing these with the manufacturer, Air France sought a means of reducing these incidents, and Airbus indicated that the new pitot probe designed for the A320 was not designed to prevent cruise level ice-over. However in 2009 tests suggested that the new probe could improve its reliability prompting Air France to initiate and accelerate the replacement program[117], however not before F-GZCP underwent its major overhaul on April 16.[118]

French Transport Minister, Dominique Bussreau, said "Obviously the pilots [of Flight 447] did not have the right speed showing, which can lead to two bad consequences for the life of the aircraft: under-speed, which can lead to a stall, and over-speed, which can lead to the aircraft breaking up because it is approaching the speed of sound and the structure of the plane is not made for resisting such speeds".[119] On June 11, a spokesman from the BEA reminded that there was no conclusive evidence at the moment linking pitot tubes to the AF447 crash.[120] A former NTSB official[who?] also noted that the fact that the vertical stabiliser (recently located floating in the ocean) had seemed to have been torn off from the fuselage might possibly be related to faulty speed data. Normally, a limiter prevents the rudder from swinging out too far at the high speeds where forces could otherwise wrench it off, but incorrect speed data might have allowed this to occur.[121] On 4 June, Airbus issued an Accident Information Telex to operators of all Airbus models reminding pilots of the recommended Abnormal and Emergency Procedures to be taken in the case of unreliable airspeed indication.[122]

Flight AF 447 has some parallels with incidents involving A330 aircraft flown by other carriers.[123] [124][125][126] Three similar reports are on file at the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB), with two incidents relating to Airbus A330 with the flight computer problems, plus one which involved a Boeing 777.[Note 4][127] In the October 2008 incident, this fault caused injuries to passengers and damage to the aircraft on Qantas Flight 72, en route from Singapore to Perth, Western Australia, which was forced into a dive by a malfunctioning ADIRU. These incidents often started with the autopilot disengaging and sending ADIRU failure messages. Incorrect speed indications were also observed.[127] The type of airframe and model of ADIRU involved in the QF 72 incident were also previously involved in another incident on Qantas Flight 68, 2006.[116] A memo leaked from Airbus suggests that there was no evidence of ADIRU malfunction similar to the failure in the Qantas incidents.[128]

Bomb threat

On 27 May, four days prior to this incident, Air France received a telephoned bomb threat regarding an earlier flight from Buenos Aires in Argentina to Paris. Authorities at Ezeiza Airport in Buenos Aires delayed the flight before take-off while conducting a 90-minute search of the threatened aircraft; passengers remained on the plane throughout. The search conducted by authorities yielded no explosive material, so the authorities allowed the flight to depart.[129] Investigators are examining links with Air France Flight 447.[130] On 3 June, the French ecology minister in charge of transport, Jean-Louis Borloo, noted that there was no indication that a bomb caused the loss of Flight 447.[131] No one has claimed responsibility for any attack on the aircraft.[citation needed]

Memorials

On 3 June 2009, an interfaith ecumenical memorial service for family and friends of the victims, organised by Air France,[132] was held at the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris.[133][134] Roman Catholic, Protestant Christian, Muslim, Orthodox Christian, and Jewish clergy attended the service. Among them were the Archbishop of Paris, André Vingt-Trois; Grand Rabbi and Jewish Chaplain of Air Personnel, Haïm Korsia; French Council of the Muslim Faith president, Mohammed Moussaoui; and Protestant Federation of France president, Claude Baty. The french president Nicolas Sarkozy and his wife Carla Bruni, the french prime minister François Fillon and french former president Jacques Chirac joined the ceremony. Uniformed Air France crew members also attended.[132] The service concluded with a reading of the poem "Footprints in the Sand" (Portuguese: "Passos sobre a areia"), attributed on the Air France site to the Brazilian poet Ademar de Barros. Members of the press were forbidden from attending the ceremony. An audio feed was broadcast to the square outside of the cathedral.[135] Pope Benedict XVI offered his sincere condolences and an apostolic blessing to the victims' families and loved ones in a message sent to the French apostolic nunciature via telegram by the Cardinal Secretary of State, Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone;[136] the message was read at the service.

A mass was held in memory of the victims at Candelária Church in the center of Rio de Janeiro on 4 June. More than 500 people were reported to have attended.[137] On Saturday 6 June, Bishop Riocreux of the Diocese of Pontoise held a ceremony at Roissy-en-France Church; four diocese members were on the flight. On Sunday 7 June an international ceremony for the AF447 victims occurred at Notre Dame de Paris. On Monday 8 June Bishop James of the the Diocese of Beauvais, Noyon and Senlis conducted a ceremony at the Senlis Cathedral; three town councilors of Ermenonville, which is a part of the diocese, were on the flight. A memorial service will be conducted during the Paris Air Show in Le Bourget on Sunday 21 June in memorial to the AF 447 victims.[138]

In popular culture

In the poem "Ode to Flight 447,"[139] the flight was memorialized and compared to the fictional flight Oceanic Flight 815, which deviated off-course and crashed in the Pacific Ocean.

Notes

  1. ^ The areas showing detailed bathymetry were mapped using multibeam bathymetry sonar. The areas showing very generalised bathymetry were mapped using high-density satellite altimetry.
  2. ^ Numbers in parentheses indicate reports that contradict the official Air France manifest and can probably be attributed to a passenger being a national of more than one country.
  3. ^ For an explanation of how airspeed is measured, see Air Data Reference
  4. ^ Malaysia Airlines 9M-MRG, 1 August 2005, Boeing 777-200; Qantas Flight 68 on 12 September 2006, Airbus A330-300; Qantas Flight 72 7 October 2008, Airbus A330-300; Qantas Flight 71 27 December 2008, Airbus A330-300

References

  1. ^ "Brazilian air force says debris was not from Air France crash". CNN. 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2009-06-04. {{cite news}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  2. ^ "Aviation Safety Network - Accident description". Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  3. ^ "Air France Says 'No Hope' For Missing Jetliner". National Public Radio. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
  4. ^ "UPDATE 1-Brazil crews find 2 bodies from Air France flight". Reuters. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdata= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |data= ignored (|date= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=a7EIkjNzeqVg
  6. ^ "Plane Crash Info". 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  7. ^ "Search intensifies for vanished Air France flight". MSN News. Agence France-Presse. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  8. ^ More debris found from Air France plane crash." CNN. 3 June 2009. Retrieved on 3 June 2009.
  9. ^ a b c "Air France Flight AF 447" (Press release). Airbus. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  10. ^ "All Accident + Incidents 2006". Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  11. ^ "JACDEC Special accident report Air France Flight 447". Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  12. ^ "Last recorded flights of accident aircraft F-GZCP, msn 660". Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre. Retrieved 06-05-2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  13. ^ a b c d e "French plane lost in ocean storm". BBC News. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  14. ^ "Brazilian ministry details last track of missing Air France A330".
  15. ^ Paul Koring (2009-06-02). "Flight 447 vanished without warning". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2009-06-02. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  16. ^ "Concerns over recovering AF447 recorders". Aviation Week. Aviation Week. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2009.
  17. ^ "Data Link Messages Hold Clues to Air France Crash". Aviation Week. Aviation Week. 7 June 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
  18. ^ a b "France2 newscast". France2 Online. France Televisions. 4 June 2009, 20h. Retrieved 7 June 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ http://jt.france2.fr/20h/
  20. ^ http://jt.france2.fr/20h/
  21. ^ "Airbus 330 - Systems - Maintenance System" (PDF). Flight crew operating manual. Retrieved 7 June 2009]]. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  22. ^ a b "Joint aircraft system/component code table and definitions" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration, USA. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
  23. ^ "Air France Captain Dubois Let Down by 1-Pound Part, Pilots Say". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. 11 June 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
  24. ^ "Airbus 330 - Systems - Flight Controls" (PDF). Flight crew operating manual. Retrieved 2009-06-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  25. ^ a b "Crash: Air France A332 over Atlantic on June 1st 2009, aircraft impacted ocean". Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  26. ^ "Airbus ISIS" (PDF). Flight crew operating manual. Retrieved 2009-06-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  27. ^ "Airbus 330 - Systems - Communications" (PDF). Flight crew operating manual. Retrieved 2009-06-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  28. ^ "Crash: Air France A332 over Atlantic on June 1st 2009, aircraft lost". Aviation Herald. 2009-06-02.
  29. ^ "Airbus Flight Control Laws". Airbus. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  30. ^ "Avionics Product Range". Airbus. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  31. ^ a b c Vasquez, Tim (2009-06-03). "Air France Flight 447: A detailed meteorological analysis".
  32. ^ http://features.csmonitor.com/globalnews/2009/06/02/was-air-france-flight-brought-down-by-turbulence-or-hail
  33. ^ a b "Air France Flight #447: did weather play a role in the accident?". Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies. 2009-06-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,524538,00.html
  35. ^ "Le Brésil a commencé à récupérer les débris de l'Airbus" (in French). 2009-06-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ "A Meteosat-9 infrared satellite image". BBC News.
  37. ^ "12 similar flights deepen Air France 447 mystery". 2009-06-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ Two Lufthansa jets to give clues on AirFrance|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE5514KP20090602
  39. ^ "Un avión de la Guardia Civil contra la inmigración también busca el avión desaparecido". El Mundo (in Spanish). 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  40. ^ "Premières précisions sur l'Airbus d'Air France disparu". L'Express (in French). 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  41. ^ a b "Sarkozy: Prospect slim of finding plane survivors". WRAL-TV. Associated Press. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  42. ^ ""Aucun espoir" pour le vol Rio-Paris d'Air France". L'Express (in French). 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  43. ^ "Air France 'loses hope' after plane drops off the radar en route from Brazil to Paris with 228 people on board". Daily Mail. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  44. ^ "French plane crashed over Atlantic". The Guardian. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  45. ^ a b "Piloto de rota comercial viu 'pontos laranjas' no oceano, diz Aeronáutica" (in Portuguese). G1 Notícias. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  46. ^ a b "France and Brazil Press Search for Missing Plane". New York Times. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2009-06-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  47. ^ "Força Aérea: destroços recuperados não são do Airbus" (in Portuguese). 2009-06-05. Retrieved 2009-06-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  48. ^ "Senegal encontra destroços que podem ser do avião da Air France que sumiu no Atlântico" (in Portuguese). O Globo. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  49. ^ "EXTRA: Report: French sailors spot debris in Atlantic". EarthTimes. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2009-06-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  50. ^ "Sailors 'spot debris in Atlantic'". news.com.au. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2009-06-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  51. ^ "Brazilian Air Force Bulletin Number 6" (in Portuguese). 2009-06-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  52. ^ "No survivors found in wreckage of Air France jet, official says". CNN. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  53. ^ "Ocean search finds plane debris". BBC. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  54. ^ "José Alencar decreta três dias de luto oficial por vítimas do Airbus" (in Portuguese). Globo. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  55. ^ "Brazil says debris from crash jet". BBC. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2009-06-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  56. ^ Evaristo Sa (2009-06-03). "Navy ships seek to recover Air France crash debris". Agence France-Presse. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  57. ^ "Mini-subs sent to look for jet". News24. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2009-06-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  58. ^ "AF 447 may have come apart before crash: experts". Associated Press. 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2009-06-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  59. ^ "Brazilian Air Force Finds More Debris from Flight 447". CRI English. 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2009-06-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  60. ^ "Buscas à aeronave do voo AF 447 da Air France". Brazilian Navy. 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2009-06-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  61. ^ a b "France sends nuclear sub to hunt for jet wreckage". CBC News. 2009-06-05. Retrieved 2009-06-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  62. ^ "More bodies found near Air France crash site". Reuters. 2009-06-07. Retrieved 2009-06-08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  63. ^ a b Sibaja, Marco (2009-06-10). "Submarine at air crash scene to hunt black boxes". Associated Press. Yahoo! News. Retrieved 2009-06-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  64. ^ "First debris recovered from Air France crash". USA Today. 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2009-06-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  65. ^ "Air France says it's replacing flight instruments". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. 2009-06-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  66. ^ "Air France plane: debris 'is not from lost aircraft'". Telegraph.co.uk. 2009-06-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  67. ^ "No wreckage found from doomed Air France plane". Google News. Associated Press. 2009-06-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  68. ^ "Corpos de possíveis passageiros do Airbus chegam amanhã a Fernando de Noronha". Alex Rodrigues. Agencia Brasil. June 6, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  69. ^ "Bodies 'found' from missing plane". BBC News Online. BBC. June 6, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  70. ^ "Brazil: Bodies found near Air France crash site". MSNBC. 2009-06-06. Retrieved 2009-06-06. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  71. ^ "Brazilian Air Force's maps of the search" (PDF) (in Portugese). 2009-06-06. Retrieved 2009-06-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  72. ^ Bremner, Charles (June 7, 2009). "Air France searchers find three more bodies". Times Online. The Times. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  73. ^ "DECEA reinforces that the debris identified in the first days of the search are part of the Air France craft". Brazilian Ministry of Defense. 2009-06-05. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  74. ^ "Air France tail section recovered".
  75. ^ "INFORMATION ON SEARCHES OF THE AIR FRANCE FLIGHT 447". Brazilian Ministry of Defense. 2009-06-09. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  76. ^ "INFORMATION ON SEARCHES OF THE AIR FRANCE FLIGHT 447". Brazilian Ministry of Defense. 2009-06-10. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  77. ^ a b "INFORMATION ON SEARCHES OF THE AIR FRANCE FLIGHT 447". Brazilian Ministry of Defense. 2009-06-11. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  78. ^ "INFORMATION ON SEARCHES OF THE AIR FRANCE FLIGHT 447". Brazilian Ministry of Defense. 2009-06-12. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  79. ^ Campbell, Matthew (2009-06-14). "Crash jet 'split in two at high altitude'". The Times. News International. Retrieved 2009-06-14. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  80. ^ "Press release N° 5". Air France. 1 June 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
  81. ^ "List of passengers aboard lost Air France flight". Associated Press. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  82. ^ a b "Zeisterse in verdwenen Air France vlucht" (in Dutch). rtvutrecht.nl. 2 juni 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  83. ^ "Airbus-Absturz: Jetzt 28 Tote". 4 June 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
  84. ^ a b "Alexander kommer aldri tilbake på skolen[[Category:Articles containing Norwegian-language text]]" (in Norwegian). [[[Dagbladet]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2009-06-03. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  85. ^ http://www.airfrance447.com/tag/tunisian-victims/
  86. ^ http://patrickmadrid.blogspot.com/2009/06/what-happened-to-air-france-flight-447.html
  87. ^ "En el avión desaparecido de Air France iba una azafata argentina[[Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text]]" (in Spanish). [[[Clarín]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2009-06-02. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  88. ^ "Flygplan försvann över Atlanten". Dagens Nyheter. 2009-06-01.
  89. ^ "The Last Resital in Rio de Janerio". Korhan Bircan. 2009-06-06.
  90. ^ "Air France jet with 215 people on board 'drops off radar'". The Times. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
  91. ^ "Air France statement on crashed airliner in the Atlantic". BNO News. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
  92. ^ "Only Canadian man aboard missing Air France flight had 'great life': Family". The Canadian Press. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  93. ^ List of passengers aboard lost Air France flight." Associated Press at Yahoo! News. Wednesday 3 June 2009. Retrieved on 3 June 2009.
  94. ^ "Flight Air France 447 Rio de Janeiro - Paris-Charles de Gaulle".
  95. ^ "Ships head for area where airplane debris spotted". CNN. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  96. ^ "Voo Air France 447: últimas informaçþes" (in Portugese). Veja.abril.com.br. 1 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-02.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  97. ^ "Cotidiano - Família Orleans e Bragança confirma que príncipe brasileiro estava no voo AF 447 - 01/06/2009" (in Portugese). .Folha Online. Agência Brasil. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  98. ^ "Belgisch-Braziliaanse prins onder de slachtoffers". Standaard.be. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  99. ^ Confirmed Victims of AF 447
  100. ^ "Airbus: apólice de US$ 94 mi e seguro incalculável". Monitor Mercantil. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  101. ^ "Lista não oficial de vítimas do voo 447 da Air France inclui executivos, médicos e até um membro da família Orleans e Bragança". O Globo Globo. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  102. ^ "Good Morning--Turkey press scan on June 2". Hürriyet. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
  103. ^ Henry Samuel (11 June 2009). The Telegraph. Meanwhile, two terror suspects who died alongside 226 other passengers on the stricken jet have been ruled out as a cause of the disaster. The two individuals only "shared the same name" as known Islamic radicals, posthumous security checks found. France's interior ministry confirmed that a "deep and wide-ranging investigation has allowed us to clear them", despite the fact that their bodies are yet to be recovered. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Text "http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/5504739/Air-France-plane-broke-up-over-number-of-minutes.html" ignored (help)
  104. ^ French submarine begins Airbus black box search, Reuters through Yahoo news
  105. ^ "Key figures in global battle against illegal arms trade lost in Air France crash." Sunday Herald. 11 June 2009. Retrieved on 11 June 2009.
  106. ^ "Press release 1 June 2009" (Press release). BEA. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  107. ^ a b "Lost jet data 'may not be found'". BBC. 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  108. ^ Negroni, Christine (2009-06-03). "Wreckage of Air France Jet is Found, Brazil says". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  109. ^ Johan Strümpfer (2006-10-16). "Deep Ocean Search Planning: A Case Study of problem Solving". Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  110. ^ "Finding the black box of Air France Flight 447 will be challenging: French probe team". International Business Times. 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  111. ^ "2 bodies, ticket found near Air France crash site". The Guardian. 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2009-06-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  112. ^ "Flight AF 447 on 31 May 2009". Press release 5 June 2009. BEA. 5 June 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
  113. ^ "Lost plane 'sent 24 error alerts'". BBC News. 6 June 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
  114. ^ a b "Air France probe focuses on airspeed instruments". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  115. ^ "SmartCockpit - Airline training guides, Aviation, Operations, Safety -Navigation A330". Retrieved 06-12-2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  116. ^ a b c "Crash: Air France A332 over Atlantic on June 1st 2009, aircraft impacted ocean". The Aviation Herald. Retrieved 06-07-2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  117. ^ "Flight Air France 447 Rio De Janeiro-Paris Charles De Gaulle" (Press release). Air France. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  118. ^ "JACDEC Special accident report Air France Flight 447". Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  119. ^ Bremner, Charles (June 7, 2009). "Air France searchers find three more bodies". Times Online. The Times. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  120. ^ "French air crash probe: 'no link yet' to sensors". AFP. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  121. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090608/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/brazil_plane
  122. ^ Wald, Matthew (4 June 2009). "Clues Point to Speed Issues in Air France Crash". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  123. ^ "A Past Flight May Offer Clues to Air France 447 - TIME".
  124. ^ "Could a Computer Glitch Have Brought Down Air France 447? - TIME". Retrieved 06-12-2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  125. ^ "Airline event reflects industry slump - Los Angeles Times".
  126. ^ "Air France mystery: possible clue in Qantas near-miss - Times Online". Retrieved 06-12-2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  127. ^ a b "AO2008070_interim.pdf" (PDF). Australian Transport Safety Board. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  128. ^ "Crash: Air France A332 over Atlantic on June 1st 2009, aircraft impacted ocean". av-herald. Retrieved 06-08-2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  129. ^ Kannampilly, Ammu (June 3, 2009). "Searchers Find 23-Foot Piece of Airplane in Hunt for Missing Air France Flight". ABC News. ABC. Retrieved 2009-06-06. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  130. ^ Fricker, Martin (June 4, 2009). "Air France bomb threat four days before jet crashed". Mirror.co.uk. Daily Mirror. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  131. ^ Samuel, Henry (June 3, 2009). "Air France crash: plane may have broken up in mid-air". Telegraph.co.uk. Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  132. ^ a b "Ships arrive in Air France flight 447 crash zone". Agence France-Presse. 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2009-06-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  133. ^ "Air France 447 - Cérémonie oecuménique mercredi à Notre-Dame de Paris" (in French). France Soir. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  134. ^ Harlan, Sarah (2009-06-03). "Memorial for Air France flight victims". WFIE-TV. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  135. ^ "Archbishop Of Paris Press Release". Air France. 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  136. ^ "Pope sends telegram for victims of Atlantic air disaster". 2009-06-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  137. ^ "Brazil: Crash investigation eyes probe, sensors". Yahoo! News. 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  138. ^ "Religious ceremonies for the victims of flight AF 447". Air France. 2009-06-05. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  139. ^ http://flight447.wordpress.com/

External links

Template:Fixbunching

Template:Fixbunching

Template:Fixbunching

Press releases

Photographs of the aircraft

Other

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_France_Flight_447&diff=prev&oldid=296397972

Leave a Reply