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| ⚫ | '''Active Measures''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: "Активные мероприятия") are a form of political warfare conducted by the Soviet [[ |
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| ⚫ | '''Active Measures''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: "Активные мероприятия") are a form of political warfare conducted by the Soviet and Russian [[state security]] and [[intelligence]] services ([[Cheka]], [[State Political Directorate|OGPU]], [[NKVD]], [[KGB]], [[GRU]], [[FSB (Russia)|FSB]], and [[SVR]]) to influence a course of world events <ref name="Mitrokhin"> Mitrokhin, Vasili, Christopher Andrew (2000). The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West. Gardners Books. ISBN 0-14-028487-7. </ref>, in addition to collecting intelligence. "Active measures" can be used abroad or domestically. They include [[disinformation]], [[propaganda]], [[counterfeit]]ing official documents, and [[political repression]]s. According to the journalist of the [[Christian Science Monitor]] [[Daniel Schorr]], these tactics were mimicked by [[CIA]].<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0301/p11s02-cods.html]Official US deception: Can it be trusted? By Daniel Schorr [[Christian Science Monitor]] March 01, 2002 edition retrived on February 22, 2007</ref> |
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"Active measures" also include establishment and support of international [[front organizations]] (e.g. the [[World Peace Council]]); foreign [[communist]], [[socialist]] and [[Opposition (politics)|opposition]] parties; [[wars of national liberation]] in the [[Third World]]; and underground, revolutionary, [[insurgency]], [[Crime|criminal]], and [[terrorism|terrorist]] groups. The intelligence agencies of Eastern European and other communist states also contributed in the past to the program, providing operatives and intelligence for assassinations and other types of covert operations. |
"Active measures" also include establishment and support of international [[front organizations]] (e.g. the [[World Peace Council]]); foreign [[communist]], [[socialist]] and [[Opposition (politics)|opposition]] parties; [[wars of national liberation]] in the [[Third World]]; and underground, revolutionary, [[insurgency]], [[Crime|criminal]], and [[terrorism|terrorist]] groups. The intelligence agencies of Eastern European and other communist states also contributed in the past to the program, providing operatives and intelligence for assassinations and other types of covert operations. |
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Most important active measures were usually initiated or approved by the leadership of the [[Soviet Communist Party]]. Some of these measures were implemented using state-controlled mass media, [[Soviet Army]], Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and other governmental institutions, in addition to the state security services. |
Most important active measures were usually initiated or approved by the leadership of the [[Soviet Communist Party]]. Some of these measures were implemented using state-controlled mass media, [[Soviet Army]], Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and other governmental institutions, in addition to the state security services. |
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The use of "active measures" were taught in special courses in the [[Yuri Andropov|Andropov]] Institute of the [[KGB]] {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. |
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Retired KGB Maj. Gen. [[Oleg Kalugin]] described '''"active measures"''' as "the heart and soul of the Soviet intelligence": "Not intelligence collection, but subversion: active measures to weaken the West, to drive wedges in the Western community alliances of all sorts, particularly NATO, to sow discord among allies, to weaken the United States in the eyes of the people of Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and thus to prepare ground in case the war really occurs." <ref name="Kalugin"> [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/21/interviews/kalugin/ Interview of Oleg Kalugin to CNN] </ref> |
Retired KGB Maj. Gen. [[Oleg Kalugin]] described '''"active measures"''' as "the heart and soul of the Soviet intelligence": "Not intelligence collection, but subversion: active measures to weaken the West, to drive wedges in the Western community alliances of all sorts, particularly NATO, to sow discord among allies, to weaken the United States in the eyes of the people of Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and thus to prepare ground in case the war really occurs." <ref name="Kalugin"> [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/21/interviews/kalugin/ Interview of Oleg Kalugin to CNN] </ref> |
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==Puppet rebel forces== |
==Puppet rebel forces== |
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| ⚫ | During "[[Trust Operation]]" ([[1921]]-[[1926]]), [[State Political Directorate]] (OGPU) of the Soviet Union set up a [[false flag|fake anti-Bolshevik underground organization]], "Monarchist Union of Central Russia". The main successes of Trust Operation allegedly were the luring of [[Boris Savinkov]], one of the leader of the [[Socialist-Revolutionary Party]], and [[Sidney Reilly]], [[MI6]] agent, into the Soviet Union where they have been arrested and executed {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. |
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===Trust operation=== |
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| ⚫ | During "[[Trust Operation]]" ([[1921]]-[[1926]]), [[State Political Directorate]] (OGPU) of the Soviet Union set up a fake anti-Bolshevik underground organization, "Monarchist Union of Central Russia". |
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Puppet rebel forces were also widely used by [[NKVD]] during [[Basmachi Revolt]] and operations against the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] <ref name="Bodansk"> [[Yossef Bodansky]] ''The Secret History of the Iraq War'' (Notes: The historical record). Regan Books, 2005, ISBN 0-060-73680-1 </ref> |
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===Basmachi revolt=== |
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During [[Basmachi Revolt]] in Central Asia, special military detachments were masqueraded as Basmachi forces and received support from British and Turkish intelligence services. Operations of these detachments facilitated collapse of Basmachi movement and led to assassination of [[Enver Pasha]] <ref name="Bodansk"> [[Yossef Bodansky]] ''The Secret History of the Iraq War'' (Notes: The historical record). Regan Books, 2005, ISBN 0-060-73680-1 </ref> |
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===Operations against liberation movements after World War II=== |
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| ⚫ | The highest-ranking Soviet Bloc Romanian intelligence defector, Lt. Gen. [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]] described a conversation he had with [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]], who told him about "ten international leaders the Kremlin killed or tried to kill": [[Laszlo Rajk]] and [[Imre Nagy]] from Hungary; [[Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu]] and [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]] from Romania; [[Rudolf Slansky]] and [[Jan Masaryk]] from Czechoslovakia; the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Iran]]; [[Palmiro Togliatti]] from Italy; [[John F. Kennedy]]; and [[Mao Zedong]]. Pacepa alleges some aditional details, such as a plot to kill Mao Zedong with the help of [[Lin Biao]] organized by the [[KGB]] and notes that "among the leaders of Moscow’s satellite intelligence services there was unanimous agreement that the KGB had been involved in the assassination of President Kennedy." <ref name="Pacepa0"> [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MzY4NWU2ZjY3YWYxMDllNWQ5MjQ3ZGJmMzg3MmQyNjQ= The Kremlin’s Killing Ways] - by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review Online, November 28, 2006</ref> |
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Soon after [[World War II]], various ethnic militant groups in the Baltic States and Poland resisted Communist occupation. Many [[NKVD]] agents and coopting nationalist leaders were sent to join and penetrate the nationalist movements. Many puppet rebel forces were created by the NKVD and permitted to attack local Soviet authorities to gain credibility and exfiltrate senior NKVD agents to the West. <ref name="Bodansk"/> |
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The second President of [[Afghanistan]] [[Hafizullah Amin]] was killed by KGB [[OSNAZ]] forces. |
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===Russian apartment bombings=== |
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In [[September 4]] [[1999]] a series of four [[Russian apartment bombings]] has began. Three FSB agents were caught while planting a large bomb at the basement of an apartment complex in the town of Ryazan in [[September 22]]. That was last of the bombings. Russian Minister of [[Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs|Internal Affairs]] Rushailo congratulated police with preventing the terrorist act, but FSB Director [[Nikolai Patrushev]] had declared that the incident was a training exercise just an hour later, when he had learned that the FSB agents are caught. |
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== Italian Mitrokhin Commission == |
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Next day, [[Boris Yeltsin]] received a demand from 24 Russian governors to transfer all state powers to Prime Minister [[Vladimir Putin]], according to [[Sergei Yushenkov]] <ref name="Alex"> [http://www.hro.org/editions/yushenkov/02_06_03.htm Sergei Yushenkov: That was a coup in 1999].</ref> [[Second Chechen War]] began in [[September 24]]. This war made Prime Minister [[Vladimir Putin]] very popular, although he was previously unknown to the public, and helped him to win a landslide victory in the presidential elections in [[March 26]] [[2000]]. |
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{{main|Italian Mitrokhin Commission}} |
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The controversed Italian Mitrokhin Commission, headed by senator [[Paolo Guzzanti]] ([[Forza Italia]]), worked on the Mitrokhin Archives from 2003 to March 2006. In a draft report, senator Guzzanti revived the "Bulgarian connection" theory concerning [[Mehmet Ali Agca]]'s 1981 assassination attempt against the [[Pope John Paul II]]. Guzzanti declared that "beyond any reasonable doubt" |
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| ⚫ | the KGB was behind the assassination attempt against the Pope John Paul II in 1981 <ref name="Pope"> [http://www.breitbart.com/news/2006/03/02/D8G3J3J00.html Italian Panel: Soviets Behind Pope Attack] </ref> <ref name"Pacepa0107"> [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=YTUzYmJhMGQ5Y2UxOWUzNDUyNWUwODJiOTEzYjY4NzI= "Moscow’s Assault on the Vatican"] - by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review Online, January 25, 2007</ref> The commission draft report has no bearing on any judicial investigations, which have long been closed. The Italian draft report said Soviet military intelligence _ and not the KGB _ was responsible. In Russia, Foreign Intelligence Service spokesman Boris Labusov called the accusation "absurd." <ref name="Pope"> [http://www.breitbart.com/news/2006/03/02/D8G3J3J00.html Italian Panel: Soviets Behind Pope Attack] </ref> The Italian Mitrokhin commission received criticism during and after its existence <ref name=Unit>''[[L'Unità]]'', 1 December, 2006.</ref>. It was closed in March 2006 without any proof brought to its various controversed allegations, including the claim that [[Romano Prodi]], former and current Prime minister of Italy and former [[President of the European Commission]] was the "KGB's man in Europe." One of the informer of Guzzanti, [[Mario Scaramella]], has been arrested for defamation and arms trade end of 2006. <ref name="Guardian"> ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2 December 2006 [http://www.guardian.co.uk/italy/story/0,,1962357,00.html Spy expert at centre of storm] {{en icon}}</ref> |
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==Pacepa's allegations== |
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That was a successful [[coup d'état]] organized by the FSB to bring [[Vladimir Putin]] to power, according to former FSB officer [[Alexander Litvinenko]], lawmaker [[Sergei Yushenkov]], and journalist [[David Satter]], a [[Johns Hopkins University]] and [[Hoover Institute]] scholar <ref name="Litvinenko1"> Yuri Felshtinsky, Alexander Litvinenko, and Geoffrey Andrews. Blowing up Russia : Terror from within. New York 2002. ISBN 1-56171-938-2.</ref> <ref name="Alex"> [http://www.hro.org/editions/yushenkov/02_06_03.htm Sergei Yushenkov: That was a coup in 1999].</ref> <ref name="Satter">David Satter. ''Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State.'' Yale University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-300-09892-8. </ref>. All attempts to independently investigate the [[Russian apartment bombings]] were unsuccessful. Journalist [[Artyom Borovik]] died in a suspicious plane crash. Vice-chairman of [[Sergei Kovalev]] commission created to investigate the bombings [[Sergei Yushenkov]] was assassinated. Another member of this commission [[Yuri Shchekochikhin]] died presumably from poisoning by thallium. Investigator [[Mikhail Trepashkin]] hired by relatives of victims was arrested and convicted by Russian authorities for allegedly disclosing state secrets. |
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| ⚫ | Romanian defector [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]] has made the following allegations. According to him, KGB General Aleksandr Sakharovsky once said: "In today’s world, when nuclear arms have made military force obsolete, terrorism should become our main weapon." <ref name="Pacep2"> [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NjUzMGU4NTMyOTdkOTdmNTA1MWJlYjYyZDliODZkOGM= Russian Footprints] - by [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]], National Review Online, August 24, 2006 </ref> He also claimed that "Airplane hijacking is my own invention". |
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===Dagestan War=== |
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According to defector [[Ion Mihai Pacepa],]in [[1969]] alone 82 planes were hijacked worldwide by the KGB-financed [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]]. <ref name="Pacep2"/> |
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Another provocation designed to start the [[Second Chechen War]] and bring [[Vladimir Putin]] to power was possibly [[Dagestan War]] initiated by terrorist [[Shamil Basayev]]. It was reported that [[Alexander Voloshin]] from Yeltsin administration paid money to Basayev to stage the Dagestan War <ref name="Dunlop1"> [http://www.peaceinthecaucasus.org/reports/paper_dunlop.htm The Second Russo-Chechen War Two Years On] - by John B. Dunlop, ACPC, [[October 17]] [[2001]] </ref> <ref name="Klebnikov"> Paul Klebnikov: Godfather of the Kremlin: The Decline of Russia in the Age of Gangster Capitalism, ISBN 0-15-601330-4 </ref> <ref name="Pribylovsky"> [http://www.lib.ru/HISTORY/FELSHTINSKY/naslednik.txt The Operation "Successor"] by Vladimir Pribylovsky and Yuriy Felshtinsky (in Russian).</ref>, that Basaev worked for Russian [[GRU]] at this time <ref name="Glucksmann"> [http://prima-news.ru/eng/news/articles/2005/3/11/31434.html Western leaders betray Aslan Maskhadov] - by Andre Glucksmann. Prima-News, [[March 11]] [[2005]] </ref> <ref name="Basaev"> [http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=416&issue_id=3848&article_id=2371430 Checehn Parliamentary speaker: Basaev was GRU officer] The Jamestown Foundation, September 08, 2006 </ref> <ref name="Fuller"> |
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[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/03/533b2aa8-dfbd-4837-9dfe-ec64e3206aa6.html Analysis: Has Chechnya's Strongman Signed His Own Death Warrant?] - by Liz Fuller, RFE/RL, [[March 1]] [[2005]] </ref>, and that Russian military forces provided safe passage for Islamic fighters back to [[Chechnya]] from [[Dagestan]] <ref name="Anna"> [http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/16135.ctl Politkovskaya, Anna (2003) ''A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya''] </ref> |
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===Moscow theater hostage crisis=== |
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Former FSB officer [[Aleksander Litvinenko]] and investigator [[Mikhail Trepashkin]] alleged that [[Moscow theater hostage crisis]] was organized by Chechen FSB agents |
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<ref>{{cite web |
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| last = Lazaredes |
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| first = Nick |
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| title = Terrorism takes front stage — Russia’s theatre siege |
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| work = |
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| publisher = SBS |
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| date = [[4 June]] [[2003]] |
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| url = http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/index.php?page=archive&daysum=2003-06-04# |
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| accessdate = 2006-11-28 }}</ref> <ref name="cp1-12">{{ru icon}}{{cite web |
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| title = М. Трепашкин: «Создана очень серьезная группа» |
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| publisher = Chechen Press State News Agency |
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| date = [[1 December]], [[2006]] |
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| url = http://www.chechenpress.info/events/2006/12/01/03.shtml |
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| accessdate = 2006-12-01 }}</ref>. [[Yulia Latynina]] and other journalists accused FSB of staging many smaller [[terrorism]] acts, such as market place bombing in the city of [[Astrakhan]], bus stops bombings in the sity of [[Voronezh]], the blowing up the [[Moscow]]-[[Grozny]] train <ref name="Latyn"> [http://2006.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2006/24n/n24n-s06.shtml Special services stage undermining activities] - by [[Yulia Latynina]], [[Novaya Gazeta]], [[3 April]] [[2006]]. </ref> <ref name="astrakhan"> [http://2005.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/83n/n83n-s10.shtml The marketplace was blown up by photorobots] by Vjacheslav Izmailov, [[Novaya Gazeta]], [[7 November]] [[2005]]. </ref>. These claims have been denied by FSB {{Fact|date=March 2007}}. |
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| ⚫ | Lt. General [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]] alleged the existence of operation "SIG" (“[[Zionist]] Governments”) that was devised in [[1972]], to turn the whole Islamic world against the [[Israel]] and the [[United States]]. KGB chairman [[Yury Andropov]] allegedly explained to Pacepa that "a billion adversaries could inflict far greater damage on America than could a few millions. We needed to instill a [[Nazi]]-style hatred for the [[Jews]] throughout the [[Islamic world]], and to turn this weapon of the emotions into a terrorist bloodbath against [[Israel]] and its main supporter, the [[United States]]." According to [[Yuri Andropov]] citation alleged by [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]], "the Islamic world was a waiting [[petri dish]] in which we could nurture a [[virulent]] [[strain]] of America-hatred, grown from the bacterium of [[Marxist-Leninist]] thought." <ref name="Pacep2"/> |
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===Puppet rebel forces in Chechnya=== |
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Many [[journalists]] and workers of international [[NGO]]s were kidnapped by FSB-affiliated forces in [[Chechnya]] who pretended to be Chechen terrorists: [[Andrei Babitsky]] from [[Radio Free Europe]], [[Arjan Erkel]] and Kenneth Glack from [[Doctors Without Borders]], and others <ref name="delivery"> [http://2005.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/06n/n06n-s02.shtml Special services of delivery (Russian)] - by Vyacheslav Ismailov, [[Novaya Gazeta]] [[27 January]] [[2005]] </ref>. |
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Defector [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]] alleged that the following "liberation" organizations have been established by the KGB: |
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| ⚫ | [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]], [[National Liberation Army (Bolivia)|National Liberation Army of Bolivia]] (created in [[1964]] with help from [[Ernesto Che Guevara]]); [[National Liberation Army (Colombia)|the National Liberation Army of Colombia]], [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] in [[1969]], and the [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia|Secret Army for Liberation of Armenia]] in [[1975]]. <ref name="pacepa4"> [http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=12387 From Russia With Terror], [[FrontPageMagazine.com]], interview with [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]], March 1, 2004 </ref> |
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| ⚫ | The highest-ranking Soviet Bloc intelligence defector, Lt. Gen. [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]] described a conversation he had with [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]], who told him about "ten international leaders the Kremlin killed or tried to kill": [[Laszlo Rajk]] and [[Imre Nagy]] from Hungary; [[Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu]] and [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]] from Romania; [[Rudolf Slansky]] and [[Jan Masaryk]] from |
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The second President of [[Afghanistan]] [[Hafizullah Amin]] was killed by KGB [[OSNAZ]] forces. All elected and appointed presidents of the unrecognized [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] including [[Dzhokhar Dudaev]], [[Zelimkhan Yandarbiev]], [[Aslan Maskhadov]], and [[Abdul-Khalim Saidullaev]] were killed by [[FSB (Russia)|FSB]] and affiliated forces. |
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Other widely publicized cases are murders of Russian communist [[Leon Trotsky]] and Bulgarian writer [[Georgi Markov]]. |
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==Promotion of terrorism worldwide== |
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| ⚫ | KGB General Aleksandr Sakharovsky once said: "In today’s world, when nuclear arms have made military force obsolete, terrorism should become our main weapon." <ref name="Pacep2"> [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NjUzMGU4NTMyOTdkOTdmNTA1MWJlYjYyZDliODZkOGM= Russian Footprints] - by [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]], National Review Online, |
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| ⚫ | Lt. General [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]] |
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==Supporting political movements== |
==Supporting political movements== |
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[[GRU]] alone spent more than $1 billion for [[propaganda]] and [[peace movements]] against [[Vietnam War]], which was a "hugely successful campaign and well worth the cost", according to GRU defector [[Stanislav Lunev]] <ref name="Lunev"> [[Stanislav Lunev]]. Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-89526-390-4 </ref>. He |
[[GRU]] alone spent more than $1 billion for [[propaganda]] and [[peace movements]] against [[Vietnam War]], which was a "hugely successful campaign and well worth the cost", according to the allegations of GRU defector [[Stanislav Lunev]] <ref name="Lunev"> [[Stanislav Lunev]]. Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-89526-390-4 </ref>. He alleged that "the GRU and the KGB helped to fund just about every [[antiwar movement]] and organization in America and abroad". <ref name="Lunev"/> According to defector [[Oleg Kalugin]], "the Soviet intelligence was really unparalleled. ... The KGB programs -- which would run all sorts of [[congress]]es, peace congresses, youth congresses, [[festival]]s, [[women's movement]]s, [[trade union]] movements, campaigns against U.S. missiles in Europe, campaigns against neutron weapons, allegations that [[AIDS]] ... was invented by the [[CIA]] ... all sorts of [[forgeries]] and faked material -- [were] targeted at politicians, the academic community, at the public at large." <ref name="Kalugin"/> |
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==Installing and undermining governments== |
==Installing and undermining governments== |
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According to the allegations of defector Oleg Gordievsky, after [[World War II]] Soviet [[intelligence]] organizations played key role in installing puppet Communist governments in [[Eastern Europe]], [[Mongolia]], [[People's Republic of China]], [[North Korea]], and later [[Afghanistan]]. Gordievsky alleged that, their strategy included mass elimination of opponents and establishment of subordinate secret services in all occupied countries <ref name="Ovseenko"> Antonov-Ovseenko, Anton, Beria, Moscow, 1999 </ref> <ref name="Gordievsky"> Gordievsky, Oleg; Andrew, Christopher (1990). KGB: The Inside Story. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-48561-2. </ref> KGB chairman [[Yuri Andropov]] was an architect of suppression of [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]] and [[Prague Spring]] of [[1968]]. According to claims of [[Yevgenia Albats]], he insisted that "extreme measures" are necessary <ref name="Albats"/>. |
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Some of the active measures were undertaken by the Soviet secret services against their own governments or Communist rulers. Russian historians Anton Antonov-Ovseenko and [[Edvard Radzinsky]] |
Some of the active measures were undertaken by the Soviet secret services against their own governments or Communist rulers. Russian historians Anton Antonov-Ovseenko and [[Edvard Radzinsky]] alleged that [[Stalin]] was killed by associates of [[NKVD]] chief [[Lavrentiy Beria]], based on the allegations of a former Stalin's body guard and circumstances of death. <ref name="Radzinsky"> [[Edvard Radzinsky]] Stalin : The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives (1997) ISBN 0-385-47954-9 </ref>. |
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According to claims of [[Yevgenia Albats]], chief of the [[KGB]] [[Vladimir Semichastny]] was among the coup plotters against [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in [[1964]] <ref name="Albats"/>. KGB chairman [[Yuri Andropov]] reportedly struggled for power with [[Leonid Brezhnev]] <ref name="Soloviev"> Vladimir Solovyov and Elena Klepikova (translated by Guy Daniels) ''Yuri Andropov, a secret passage into the Kremlin'' London : R. Hale, 1984. ISBN 0-709-01630-1 </ref>. [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991]] against [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] was organized by [[KGB]] chairman [[Vladimir Kryuchkov]]. <ref name="Albats"> [[Yevgenia Albats]] and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia--Past, Present, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5. </ref> [[Viktor Pavlovich Barannikov|Gen. Viktor Barannikov]], then the former State Security head, became one of the leaders of uprising against [[Boris Yeltsin]] during [[Russian constitutional crisis of 1993]] <ref name="Albats"/>. Finally, [[FSB (Russia)|FSB]] chairman [[Vladimir Putin]] became the President of Russia after a surprising resignation of [[Boris Yeltsin]] in [[1999]]. |
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According to the allegations of Andrei Soldatov and Irina Dorogan from [[Novaya Gazeta]], current Russian [[intelligence]] organization [[FSB (Russia)|FSB]] allegedly works to undermine governments of [[Baltic states]] <ref name="Soldatov2"> [http://2006.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2006/22n/n22n-s15.shtml Special services of Russian Federation work in the former Soviet Union (Russian)] - by Andrei Soldatov and Irina Dorogan, [[Novaya Gazeta]], 27 March, 2006. </ref> and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] <ref name="Giorgadze"> [http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?idr=1&id=703046 Moscow Accused of Backing Georgian Revolt] - by Olga Allenova and Vladimir Novikov, Kommersant, Sep. 07, 2006. </ref>. During [[2006 Georgian-Russian espionage controversy]] several Russian [[GRU]] officers were accused by Georgian authorities of preparations to commit [[sabotage]] and [[terrorist]] acts.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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==Icebreaker strategy== |
==Icebreaker strategy== |
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The term " |
The term "Icebreaker" was coined by Russian writer and historian [[Victor Suvorov]] who argued that [[Stalin]] had planned to use [[Nazi Germany]] as a proxy (the “Icebreaker”) against the West. For this reason [[Stalin]] had provided significant material and political support to [[Hitler]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, and at the same time was preparing the [[Red Army]] to "liberate" the whole of [[Europe]] from Nazi occupation. In the end, [[Stalin]] was able to achieve some of his objectives by establishing Communist regimes in [[Eastern Europe]], [[China]], and [[North Korea]]. |
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| ⚫ | Accroding to the allegations of Romanian defector Ion Mihai Pacepa, after the [[Korean War]], [[Soviet Union]] transferred nuclear technology and weapons to the [[People's Republic of China]] as an adversary of the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] <ref name="bomb"> [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=YmU3NjM4ZTg3NjViMTUyNWJmYWYzMDE4ZmRhOTQxZmI= Tyrants and the Bomb] - by [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]], [[National Review]],October 17, 2006 </ref>. |
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It is alleged by the website http://www.debka.com, that government of [[Vladimir Putin]] also promotes the [[Nuclear program of Iran]] to use Iran as "Icebreaker" against the West. |
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<ref name="debka5"> [http://www.debka.com/article.php?aid=1158 Iran Flaunts Low-Level Enrichment to Conceal High-Powered Weaponizaton Plant] by DEBKAfile</ref> [[Yossef Bodansky]] and some others alleged that Iran may have already purchased nuclear warheads <ref name="Nuke"> [http://www.financialsense.com/stormwatch/geo/pastanalysis/2006/0825.html Russia and the Iranian Bomb] - by J. R. Nyquist, Geopolitical Global Analysis </ref> |
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According to the website http://www.debka.com, whether or not Russian government implements the "Icebreaker" strategy, it apparently provides modern military technology to the outcast governments and terrorist organizations worldwide. |
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<ref name="debka1"> [http://www.debka.com/article.php?aid=1095 Moscow Arms Assad with a Top-Flight Surface Missile] by DEBKAfile </ref> |
<ref name="debka1"> [http://www.debka.com/article.php?aid=1095 Moscow Arms Assad with a Top-Flight Surface Missile] by DEBKAfile </ref> |
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<ref name="debka2"> [http://www.debka.com/article.php?aid=970 Syrian Missile Sale Slots into Secret Russian Air Defense System for Iran] by DEBKAfile</ref> |
<ref name="debka2"> [http://www.debka.com/article.php?aid=970 Syrian Missile Sale Slots into Secret Russian Air Defense System for Iran] by DEBKAfile</ref> |
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<ref name="debka3"> [http://www.debka.com/article.php?aid=965 Through Arms to Syria, Putin Challenges US Middle East Game Rules] by DEBKAfile </ref> |
<ref name="debka3"> [http://www.debka.com/article.php?aid=965 Through Arms to Syria, Putin Challenges US Middle East Game Rules] by DEBKAfile </ref> |
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<ref name ="Korea"> [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/07/09/wkorea09.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/07/09/ixnews.html Russia secretly offered North Korea nuclear technology] - by a Special Correspondent in Pyongyang and Michael Hirst, Telegraph, |
<ref name ="Korea"> [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/07/09/wkorea09.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/07/09/ixnews.html Russia secretly offered North Korea nuclear technology] - by a Special Correspondent in Pyongyang and Michael Hirst, Telegraph, September 7, 2006. </ref> |
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Pakistani journalist [[Hamid Mir]] alleged that Russia and [[Iran]] are providing weapons and money to the [[Taliban]] in 2006, according to his sources in [[Afganistan]] government <ref name="Mir"> [http://www.therant.us/guest/dastych/05082006.htm The Future of Pakistan: An Interview with Journalist Hamid Mir] - by David Dastych, The New Media Journal, May 8, 2006. </ref> |
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Modern Russian-made anti-tank weapons played significant role in [[Hezbollah]] operations against [[Israel Defense Forces]] during [[2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict]]. It was noted that "Israel has been attacked with Soviet Kalashnikovs and Katyushas, Soviet-designed Fajr-1 and [[Fajr-3]] rockets, Soviet [[AT-5 Spandrel]] antitank missiles and [[9M133 Kornet|Kornet antitank rockets]]." <ref name=Pacep2> [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NjUzMGU4NTMyOTdkOTdmNTA1MWJlYjYyZDliODZkOGM= Russian Footprints] - by [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]], National Review Online, [[August 24]] [[2006]] </ref> |
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==Active measures against "Main Adversary"== |
==Active measures against "Main Adversary" according to Mitrokhin== |
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A few examples of active measures against the [[United States]] |
A few examples of active measures against the [[United States]] have been described by Mitrokhin: |
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*Promotion of false [[Kennedy assassination theories|John F. Kennedy assassination theories]] using writer [[Mark Lane (author)|Mark Lane]]. |
*Promotion of false [[Kennedy assassination theories|John F. Kennedy assassination theories]] using writer [[Mark Lane (author)|Mark Lane]].<ref name="Mitrokhin"/> |
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*Discreditation of [[CIA]] using historian [[Philip Agee]] (codenamed PONT) |
*Discreditation of [[CIA]] using historian [[Philip Agee]] (codenamed PONT)<ref name="Mitrokhin"/> |
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*Spreading rumors that [[FBI]] director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] was a homosexual |
*Spreading rumors that [[FBI]] director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] was a homosexual <ref name="Mitrokhin"/> |
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*Attempts to discredit [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] by placing publications portraying him as "[[Uncle Tom]]" who was secretly receiving government subsidies |
*Attempts to discredit [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] by placing publications portraying him as "[[Uncle Tom]]" who was secretly receiving government subsidies <ref name="Mitrokhin"/> |
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*Stiring up racial tensions in the United States by mailing bogus letters from the [[Ku Klux Klan]], placing an exposive package in "the Negro section of New York" (operation PANDORA), and spreading conspiracy theories that [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] assassination had been planned by US government |
*Stiring up racial tensions in the United States by mailing bogus letters from the [[Ku Klux Klan]], placing an exposive package in "the Negro section of New York" (operation PANDORA), and spreading conspiracy theories that [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] assassination had been planned by US government <ref name="Mitrokhin"/> |
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*Fabrication of the story that [[AIDS]] virus was manufactured by US scientists at [[Fort Detrick]]; the story was spread by Russian-born biologist [[Jakob Segal]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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| Line 113: | Line 86: | ||
==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Front organization]] |
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*[[World Peace Council]] |
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*[[Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies]] |
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*[[Mitrokhin Archive]] (smuggled records of KGB) |
*[[Mitrokhin Archive]] (smuggled records of KGB) |
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*[[First Chief Directorate]] |
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*[[OSNAZ]] |
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*[[Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti|FSB]] (the post-Soviet successor organization to the KGB) |
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*[[Agents provocateurs]] |
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*[[Agent of influence]] |
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*[[:Category:Soviet repressions]] |
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*[[:Category:Political repression in the Soviet Union]] |
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*[[:Category:Acts of Soviet repression]] |
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*[[:Category:Victims of Soviet repressions]] |
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[[Category:National security]] |
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[[Category:Intelligence agencies]] |
[[Category:Intelligence agencies]] |
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[[Category:Soviet and Russian intelligence agencies]] |
[[Category:Soviet and Russian intelligence agencies]] |
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'''Bold text''' |
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[[Category:Law enforcement in the Soviet Union]] |
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[[Category:Communist theory]] |
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[[Category:Soviet external politics]] |
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[[Category:Soviet phraseology]] |
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[[Category:Politics]] |
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Revision as of 10:48, 11 April 2007
You must add a |reason= parameter to this Cleanup template – replace it with {{Cleanup|March07|reason=<Fill reason here>}}, or remove the Cleanup template.
Active Measures (Russian: "Активные мероприятия") are a form of political warfare conducted by the Soviet and Russian state security and intelligence services (Cheka, OGPU, NKVD, KGB, GRU, FSB, and SVR) to influence a course of world events [1], in addition to collecting intelligence. "Active measures" can be used abroad or domestically. They include disinformation, propaganda, counterfeiting official documents, and political repressions. According to the journalist of the Christian Science Monitor Daniel Schorr, these tactics were mimicked by CIA.[2]
"Active measures" also include establishment and support of international front organizations (e.g. the World Peace Council); foreign communist, socialist and opposition parties; wars of national liberation in the Third World; and underground, revolutionary, insurgency, criminal, and terrorist groups. The intelligence agencies of Eastern European and other communist states also contributed in the past to the program, providing operatives and intelligence for assassinations and other types of covert operations.
Most important active measures were usually initiated or approved by the leadership of the Soviet Communist Party. Some of these measures were implemented using state-controlled mass media, Soviet Army, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and other governmental institutions, in addition to the state security services.
The use of "active measures" were taught in special courses in the Andropov Institute of the KGB [citation needed].
Retired KGB Maj. Gen. Oleg Kalugin described "active measures" as "the heart and soul of the Soviet intelligence": "Not intelligence collection, but subversion: active measures to weaken the West, to drive wedges in the Western community alliances of all sorts, particularly NATO, to sow discord among allies, to weaken the United States in the eyes of the people of Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and thus to prepare ground in case the war really occurs." [3]
Puppet rebel forces
During "Trust Operation" (1921-1926), State Political Directorate (OGPU) of the Soviet Union set up a fake anti-Bolshevik underground organization, "Monarchist Union of Central Russia". The main successes of Trust Operation allegedly were the luring of Boris Savinkov, one of the leader of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, and Sidney Reilly, MI6 agent, into the Soviet Union where they have been arrested and executed [citation needed].
Puppet rebel forces were also widely used by NKVD during Basmachi Revolt and operations against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army [4]
Political assassinations
The highest-ranking Soviet Bloc Romanian intelligence defector, Lt. Gen. Ion Mihai Pacepa described a conversation he had with Nicolae Ceauşescu, who told him about "ten international leaders the Kremlin killed or tried to kill": Laszlo Rajk and Imre Nagy from Hungary; Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu and Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej from Romania; Rudolf Slansky and Jan Masaryk from Czechoslovakia; the Shah of Iran; Palmiro Togliatti from Italy; John F. Kennedy; and Mao Zedong. Pacepa alleges some aditional details, such as a plot to kill Mao Zedong with the help of Lin Biao organized by the KGB and notes that "among the leaders of Moscow’s satellite intelligence services there was unanimous agreement that the KGB had been involved in the assassination of President Kennedy." [5]
The second President of Afghanistan Hafizullah Amin was killed by KGB OSNAZ forces.
Italian Mitrokhin Commission
The controversed Italian Mitrokhin Commission, headed by senator Paolo Guzzanti (Forza Italia), worked on the Mitrokhin Archives from 2003 to March 2006. In a draft report, senator Guzzanti revived the "Bulgarian connection" theory concerning Mehmet Ali Agca's 1981 assassination attempt against the Pope John Paul II. Guzzanti declared that "beyond any reasonable doubt" the KGB was behind the assassination attempt against the Pope John Paul II in 1981 [6] [7] The commission draft report has no bearing on any judicial investigations, which have long been closed. The Italian draft report said Soviet military intelligence _ and not the KGB _ was responsible. In Russia, Foreign Intelligence Service spokesman Boris Labusov called the accusation "absurd." [6] The Italian Mitrokhin commission received criticism during and after its existence [8]. It was closed in March 2006 without any proof brought to its various controversed allegations, including the claim that Romano Prodi, former and current Prime minister of Italy and former President of the European Commission was the "KGB's man in Europe." One of the informer of Guzzanti, Mario Scaramella, has been arrested for defamation and arms trade end of 2006. [9]
Pacepa's allegations
Romanian defector Ion Mihai Pacepa has made the following allegations. According to him, KGB General Aleksandr Sakharovsky once said: "In today’s world, when nuclear arms have made military force obsolete, terrorism should become our main weapon." [10] He also claimed that "Airplane hijacking is my own invention". According to defector [[Ion Mihai Pacepa],]in 1969 alone 82 planes were hijacked worldwide by the KGB-financed PLO. [10]
Papepa claimed that George Habash worked under KGB guidance, and he explained: "Killing one Jew far away from the field of battle is more effective than killing a hundred Jews on the field of battle, because it attracts more attention." [10]
Lt. General Ion Mihai Pacepa alleged the existence of operation "SIG" (“Zionist Governments”) that was devised in 1972, to turn the whole Islamic world against the Israel and the United States. KGB chairman Yury Andropov allegedly explained to Pacepa that "a billion adversaries could inflict far greater damage on America than could a few millions. We needed to instill a Nazi-style hatred for the Jews throughout the Islamic world, and to turn this weapon of the emotions into a terrorist bloodbath against Israel and its main supporter, the United States." According to Yuri Andropov citation alleged by Ion Mihai Pacepa, "the Islamic world was a waiting petri dish in which we could nurture a virulent strain of America-hatred, grown from the bacterium of Marxist-Leninist thought." [10]
Defector Ion Mihai Pacepa alleged that the following "liberation" organizations have been established by the KGB: PLO, National Liberation Army of Bolivia (created in 1964 with help from Ernesto Che Guevara); the National Liberation Army of Colombia, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine in 1969, and the Secret Army for Liberation of Armenia in 1975. [11]
Supporting political movements
GRU alone spent more than $1 billion for propaganda and peace movements against Vietnam War, which was a "hugely successful campaign and well worth the cost", according to the allegations of GRU defector Stanislav Lunev [12]. He alleged that "the GRU and the KGB helped to fund just about every antiwar movement and organization in America and abroad". [12] According to defector Oleg Kalugin, "the Soviet intelligence was really unparalleled. ... The KGB programs -- which would run all sorts of congresses, peace congresses, youth congresses, festivals, women's movements, trade union movements, campaigns against U.S. missiles in Europe, campaigns against neutron weapons, allegations that AIDS ... was invented by the CIA ... all sorts of forgeries and faked material -- [were] targeted at politicians, the academic community, at the public at large." [3]
Installing and undermining governments
According to the allegations of defector Oleg Gordievsky, after World War II Soviet intelligence organizations played key role in installing puppet Communist governments in Eastern Europe, Mongolia, People's Republic of China, North Korea, and later Afghanistan. Gordievsky alleged that, their strategy included mass elimination of opponents and establishment of subordinate secret services in all occupied countries [13] [14] KGB chairman Yuri Andropov was an architect of suppression of Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and Prague Spring of 1968. According to claims of Yevgenia Albats, he insisted that "extreme measures" are necessary [15].
Some of the active measures were undertaken by the Soviet secret services against their own governments or Communist rulers. Russian historians Anton Antonov-Ovseenko and Edvard Radzinsky alleged that Stalin was killed by associates of NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria, based on the allegations of a former Stalin's body guard and circumstances of death. [16]. According to claims of Yevgenia Albats, chief of the KGB Vladimir Semichastny was among the coup plotters against Nikita Khrushchev in 1964 [15]. KGB chairman Yuri Andropov reportedly struggled for power with Leonid Brezhnev [17]. Soviet coup attempt of 1991 against Mikhail Gorbachev was organized by KGB chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov. [15] Gen. Viktor Barannikov, then the former State Security head, became one of the leaders of uprising against Boris Yeltsin during Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 [15]. Finally, FSB chairman Vladimir Putin became the President of Russia after a surprising resignation of Boris Yeltsin in 1999.
According to the allegations of Andrei Soldatov and Irina Dorogan from Novaya Gazeta, current Russian intelligence organization FSB allegedly works to undermine governments of Baltic states [18] and Georgia [19]. During 2006 Georgian-Russian espionage controversy several Russian GRU officers were accused by Georgian authorities of preparations to commit sabotage and terrorist acts.[citation needed]
Icebreaker strategy
The term "Icebreaker" was coined by Russian writer and historian Victor Suvorov who argued that Stalin had planned to use Nazi Germany as a proxy (the “Icebreaker”) against the West. For this reason Stalin had provided significant material and political support to Hitler[citation needed], and at the same time was preparing the Red Army to "liberate" the whole of Europe from Nazi occupation. In the end, Stalin was able to achieve some of his objectives by establishing Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, China, and North Korea.
Accroding to the allegations of Romanian defector Ion Mihai Pacepa, after the Korean War, Soviet Union transferred nuclear technology and weapons to the People's Republic of China as an adversary of the United States and NATO [20].
It is alleged by the website http://www.debka.com, that government of Vladimir Putin also promotes the Nuclear program of Iran to use Iran as "Icebreaker" against the West. [21] Yossef Bodansky and some others alleged that Iran may have already purchased nuclear warheads [22]
According to the website http://www.debka.com, whether or not Russian government implements the "Icebreaker" strategy, it apparently provides modern military technology to the outcast governments and terrorist organizations worldwide. [23] [24] [25] [26]
Pakistani journalist Hamid Mir alleged that Russia and Iran are providing weapons and money to the Taliban in 2006, according to his sources in Afganistan government [27]
Active measures against "Main Adversary" according to Mitrokhin
A few examples of active measures against the United States have been described by Mitrokhin:
- Promotion of false John F. Kennedy assassination theories using writer Mark Lane.[1]
- Discreditation of CIA using historian Philip Agee (codenamed PONT)[1]
- Spreading rumors that FBI director J. Edgar Hoover was a homosexual [1]
- Attempts to discredit Martin Luther King, Jr. by placing publications portraying him as "Uncle Tom" who was secretly receiving government subsidies [1]
- Stiring up racial tensions in the United States by mailing bogus letters from the Ku Klux Klan, placing an exposive package in "the Negro section of New York" (operation PANDORA), and spreading conspiracy theories that Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination had been planned by US government [1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Mitrokhin, Vasili, Christopher Andrew (2000). The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West. Gardners Books. ISBN 0-14-028487-7.
- ^ [1]Official US deception: Can it be trusted? By Daniel Schorr Christian Science Monitor March 01, 2002 edition retrived on February 22, 2007
- ^ a b Interview of Oleg Kalugin to CNN
- ^ Yossef Bodansky The Secret History of the Iraq War (Notes: The historical record). Regan Books, 2005, ISBN 0-060-73680-1
- ^ The Kremlin’s Killing Ways - by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review Online, November 28, 2006
- ^ a b Italian Panel: Soviets Behind Pope Attack
- ^ "Moscow’s Assault on the Vatican" - by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review Online, January 25, 2007
- ^ L'Unità, 1 December, 2006.
- ^ The Guardian, 2 December 2006 Spy expert at centre of storm Template:En icon
- ^ a b c d Russian Footprints - by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review Online, August 24, 2006
- ^ From Russia With Terror, FrontPageMagazine.com, interview with Ion Mihai Pacepa, March 1, 2004
- ^ a b Stanislav Lunev. Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-89526-390-4
- ^ Antonov-Ovseenko, Anton, Beria, Moscow, 1999
- ^ Gordievsky, Oleg; Andrew, Christopher (1990). KGB: The Inside Story. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-48561-2.
- ^ a b c d Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia--Past, Present, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5.
- ^ Edvard Radzinsky Stalin : The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives (1997) ISBN 0-385-47954-9
- ^ Vladimir Solovyov and Elena Klepikova (translated by Guy Daniels) Yuri Andropov, a secret passage into the Kremlin London : R. Hale, 1984. ISBN 0-709-01630-1
- ^ Special services of Russian Federation work in the former Soviet Union (Russian) - by Andrei Soldatov and Irina Dorogan, Novaya Gazeta, 27 March, 2006.
- ^ Moscow Accused of Backing Georgian Revolt - by Olga Allenova and Vladimir Novikov, Kommersant, Sep. 07, 2006.
- ^ Tyrants and the Bomb - by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review,October 17, 2006
- ^ Iran Flaunts Low-Level Enrichment to Conceal High-Powered Weaponizaton Plant by DEBKAfile
- ^ Russia and the Iranian Bomb - by J. R. Nyquist, Geopolitical Global Analysis
- ^ Moscow Arms Assad with a Top-Flight Surface Missile by DEBKAfile
- ^ Syrian Missile Sale Slots into Secret Russian Air Defense System for Iran by DEBKAfile
- ^ Through Arms to Syria, Putin Challenges US Middle East Game Rules by DEBKAfile
- ^ Russia secretly offered North Korea nuclear technology - by a Special Correspondent in Pyongyang and Michael Hirst, Telegraph, September 7, 2006.
- ^ The Future of Pakistan: An Interview with Journalist Hamid Mir - by David Dastych, The New Media Journal, May 8, 2006.
External links
- Bibliography
- Crash Course in KGB/SVR/FSB Disinformation and Active Measures - by The Centre for Counterintelligence and Security Studies, USA
- Disinformation - from Encyclopedia of Intelligence
- Identifying Misinformation - by US State Department
- Disinforming the Public - by Lawrence Bittma
- Soviet Active Measures in the "Post-Cold War" Era 1988-1991 - by US Information Agency
- Russian Secret Services' Links With Al-Qaeda (AIA information agency)
See also
- Mitrokhin Archive (smuggled records of KGB)
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