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A Clockwork Orange

Dust jacket from the first edition
Author	Anthony Burgess
Language	English/Nadsat
Genre	Science-fiction novella, Satire
Publisher	William Heinemann (UK)
Publication date	1962
Publication place	United Kingdom
Media type	Print (hardback & paperback) & audio book (cassette, CD)
Pages	192 pages (hardback edition) & 176 pages (paperback edition)
ISBN	0434098000
OCLC	4205836

A Clockwork Orange is a 1962 dystopian novella by Anthony Burgess. Written from the perspective of a seemingly unapologetic protagonist, the novel also contains an experiment in language: Burgess creates teenage slang of the not-too-distant future.

Meaning of title

Burgess gave three explanations for the origins of the title. In a prefatory note to A Clockwork Orange: A Play with Music, Burgess wrote that the title was a metaphor for "...an organic entity, full of juice and sweetness and agreeable odour, being turned into an automaton."^[1] In his essay, "Clockwork Oranges" ², Burgess asserts that "this title would be appropriate for a story about the application of Pavlovian or mechanical laws to an organism which, like a fruit, was capable of colour and sweetness". This title alludes to the protagonist's positively conditioned responses to feelings of evil which prevent the exercise of his free will. To reverse this conditioning, the protagonist is subjected to a technique in which his emotional responses to violence are systematically paired with a negative stimulation in the form of nausea caused by an emetic medicine administered just before the presentation of films depicting violent, and "ultra-violent" situations.

Plot summary

Part 1: Alex's world

Alex, a young teenager living in near-future socialist England, leads his gang on nightly orgies of opportunistic, random violence. Alex's friends ("droogs" in the novel's Anglo-Russified slang, Nadsat) are Dim, a slow-witted bruiser who is the gang's muscle; Georgie, an ambitious second-in-command; and Pete, who mostly plays along as the droogs indulge their taste for "ultra-violence." Alex, quick-witted and possessing an often disconcerting sense of humour, is the leader of the group, and shows traces of sophistication. He is particularly fond of Beethoven, or "Lovely Ludwig Van."

The novel begins with the droogs sitting in their favourite hangout, drinking drugged milk to hype themselves for the night's mayhem. They assault a scholar walking home from the library, stomp a panhandling derelict, scuffle with a rival gang, then rob a newsstand and leave its owners bloodied and unconscious. Joyriding through the countryside in a stolen car, they break into an isolated cottage and maul the young couple living there, beating the husband and raping his wife. In a metafictional touch, the husband is a writer working on a manuscript called "A Clockwork Orange," and Alex contemptuously reads out a paragraph that states the novel's main theme before shredding the manuscript. Back at the milk bar, Alex punishes Dim for some crude behaviour, strains within the gang become apparent. At home in his dreary flat, Alex plays classical music at top volume while bringing himself to climax with fantasies of even more orgiastic violence.

Alex skips school the next day. Following an unexpected visit from P. R. Deltoid, his "post-corrective advisor," Alex meets a pair of underage girls and takes them back to his parents' flat, where he gets them drunk and rapes them. That evening, Alex finds his droogs in a mutinous mood. Georgie challenges Alex for leadership of the gang, demanding that they pull a "man-sized" job. Alex quells the rebellion by slashing Dim's hand and fighting with Georgie, then in a show of generosity takes them to a bar, where Alex insists on following through on Georgie's idea of burgle the home of a wealthy old woman. The break-in starts as farce and ends in murder as Alex kills the elderly woman. His escape is blocked by Dim, who leaves him disabled on the front stoop as the police arrive.

Part 2: The Ludovico technique

Sentenced to prison for murder, Alex works in the prison library and gets taken under the wing of the prison chaplain, who mistakes Alex's Bible studies for stirrings of faith. (Alex is actually reading Scripture for the violent passages.) After Alex beats a troublesome cell-mate to death, he is accepted into an experimental behaviour-modification treatment called the Ludovico Technique. The technique is a form of aversion therapy in which Alex is forced to watch graphically violent films, eventually conditioning him to suffer crippling bouts of nausea at the mere thought of violence. As an unintended side effect, the conditioning leaves him unable to listen to classical music. The effectiveness of the technique is demonstrated to a group of VIPs, who watch as Alex collapses before a whalloping bully, and abases himself before a scantily-clad young woman whose presence has aroused his predatory sexual inclinations. Though the prison chaplain rises to accuse the state of stripping Alex of the ability to choose good over evil, the government officials on the scene are pleased with the results, and Alex is released into society.

Part 3: After prison

Barred from returning home (his parents are now renting his room to a lodger), the defenseless Alex wanders the streets and accidentally encounters most of his victims from the first half of the novel, all of whom are keen for revenge. The policemen who come to Alex's rescue turn out to be none other than Dim and former gang rival Billyboy, who take Alex to the town's edge, beat him, and leave him for dead. Dazed and bloodied, Alex collapses at the door of an isolated cottage, realising too late that it is the house he and his droogs invaded in the first half of the story. Because the gang wore masks during the assault, Alex goes unrecognised. The writer, whose name is revealed as F. Alexander, shelters Alex and questions him about the conditioning. During this sequence, it is revealed that Mrs. Alexander died from the injuries inflicted during the gang-rape, and her husband has decided to continue "where her fragrant memory persists" despite the horrid memories. Though F. Alexander, a critic of the government, hopes to use Alex as a symbol of state brutality, he begins to suspect the worst. One of Alexander's radical associates wrangles a semi-confession from Alex, who is then subjected to a relentless barrage of classical music, prompting him to attempt suicide by leaping from a high window.

Alex wakes up in hospital, where he is courted by government officials anxious to counter the bad publicity created by his suicide attempt. With Mr. Alexander safely packed off to a mental institution, Alex is offered a cushy job if he agrees to play ball. As photographers snap pictures, Alex daydreams of orgiastic violence and realises the Ludovico conditioning has been reversed. "I was cured all right."

In the final chapter, Alex has a new trio of droogs, but he has lost his taste for violence. A chance encounter with his old droog Pete, now living the life of a married man, inspires Alex to seek a wife and family of his own. He contemplates the likelihood that any son of his will also be violent, a prospect Alex views fatalistically.

Omission of the final chapter

The book has three parts of seven chapters each. Burgess has stated that the total of 21 chapters was an intentional nod to the age of 21 being recognised as a milestone in human maturation. The 21st chapter was omitted from the editions published in the United States prior to 1986.^[2] In the introduction to the updated American text (these newer editions include the missing 21st chapter), Burgess explains that when he first brought the book to an American publisher, he was told that U.S. audiences would never go for the final chapter, in which Alex sees the error of his ways, decides he has lost all energy for and thrill from violence and resolves to turn his life around (a slow-ripening but classic moment of metanoia—the moment at which one's protagonist realises that everything he thought he knew was wrong).

At the American publisher's insistence, Burgess allowed their editors to cut the redeeming final chapter from the U.S. version, so that the tale would end on a note of bleak despair, with young Alex succumbing to his darker nature—an ending which the publisher insisted would be 'more realistic' and appealing to a U.S. audience. The film adaptation, directed by Stanley Kubrick, is based on this "badly flawed" (Burgess' words, ibid.) American edition of the book. Kubrick called Chapter 21 "an extra chapter" and claimed^[3] that he had not read the original version until he had virtually finished the screenplay, and that he had never given serious consideration to using it. To Kubrick, the final chapter was unconvincing and inconsistent with the book.

Characters

• Alex: The novel's anti-hero and leader among his droogs. He often refers to himself as "Your Humble Narrator". (Having seduced two girls in a music shop, Alex refers to himself as "Alexander the Large" while ravishing them; this was later the basis for Alex's claimed surname DeLarge in the 1971 film.)

• George or Georgie: Effectively Alex's greedy second-in-command. Georgie attempts to undermine Alex's status as leader of the gang. He later dies from a botched robbery attempt during Alex's stay in prison.

• Pete: The most rational and least violent member of the gang. He is the only one who doesn't take particular sides when the droogs fight among themselves. He later meets and marries a girl, renouncing his old ways and even losing his former speech patterns. A chance encounter with Pete in the final chapter influences Alex's wishes to reform and become a productive member of society.

• Dim: An idiotic and thoroughly gormless member of the gang, persistently condescended to by Alex, but respected to some extent by his droogs for his formidable fighting abilities, his weapon of choice being a length of bike chain. He later becomes a police officer, exacting his revenge on Alex for the abuse he once suffered under his command.

• P. R. Deltoid: An anally retentive social worker assigned the task of keeping Alex on the straight and narrow. He seemingly has no clue about dealing with young people, and is devoid of empathy or understanding for his troublesome charge. Indeed, when Alex is arrested for murdering an old woman, and then ferociously beaten by several police officers, Deltoid simply spits on him.

• The prison chaplain: The character who first questions whether or not forced goodness is really better than chosen wickedness. The only character who is truly concerned about Alex's welfare; he is not taken seriously by Alex, though. (He is nicknamed by Alex "prison charlie" or "chaplin", a nod to Charlie Chaplin.)

• Billyboy: A rival of Alex's. Early on in the story, Alex and his droogs battle Billyboy and his droogs, which ends abruptly when the police arrive. Later, after Alex is released from prison, Billyboy (along with Dim, who like Billboy has become a police officer himself) rescue Alex from a mob then subsequently beat him.

• The governor: The man who decides to let Alex "choose" to be the first reformed by the Ludovico technique.

• Dr. Branom: Brodsky's colleague and co-founder of the Ludovico technique. He appears friendly and almost paternal towards Alex at first, before forcing him into the theatre to be psychologically tortured.

• Dr. Brodsky: A malevolent scientist and co-founder of the Ludovico technique. He seems much more passive than Branom, and says considerably less.

• F. Alexander: An author who was in the process of typing his magnum opus A Clockwork Orange, when Alex and his droogs broke into his house, beat him and then brutally gang raped his wife, which caused her subsequent death. He is left deeply scarred by these events, and when he encounters Alex two years later he uses him as a guinea pig in a sadistic experiment intended to prove the inefficiency of the Ludovico technique.

• Otto Skadelig: a fictional Danish composer. The first movement of his third symphony is violent in style. It prompts Alex to attempt suicide. His surname means "harmful" in Danish and Norwegian.^[4]

Analysis

Title

Burgess gave three possible origins for the title:

• That he had overheard the phrase "as queer as a clockwork orange" in a London pub in 1945 and assumed it was a Cockney expression.¹ In Clockwork Marmalade, an essay published in the Listener in 1972, he said that he had heard the phrase several times since that occasion. However, no other record of the expression being used before 1962 has ever appeared.^[1] Kingsley Amis notes in his Memoirs (1991) that no trace of it appears in Eric Partridge's Dictionary of Historical Slang.

• His second explanation was that it was a pun on the Malay word orang, meaning "man". The novel contains no other Malay words or links.^[1]

• In a prefatory note to A Clockwork Orange: A Play with Music, he wrote that the title was a metaphor for "...an organic entity, full of juice and sweetness and agreeable odour, being turned into an automaton."^[1] In his essay, "Clockwork Oranges" ², Burgess asserts that "this title would be appropriate for a story about the application of Pavlovian or mechanical laws to an organism which, like a fruit, was capable of colour and sweetness". This title alludes to the protagonist's positively conditioned responses to feelings of evil which prevent the exercise of his free will.

Point of view

A Clockwork Orange is written using a narrative first-person singular perspective of a seemingly biased and unreliable narrator. The protagonist, Alex, never justifies his actions in the narration, giving a sense that he is somewhat sincere; a narrator who, as unlikeable as he may attempt to seem, evokes pity from the reader by telling of his unending suffering, and later through his realisation that the cycle will never end. Alex's perspective is effective in that the way that he describes events is easy to relate to, even if the situations themselves are not.

Use of slang

The book, narrated by Alex, contains many words in a slang argot which Burgess invented for the book, called Nadsat. It is a mix of modified Slavic words, rhyming slang, derived Russian (like "baboochka"), and words invented by Burgess himself. For instance, these terms have the following meanings in Nadsat- 'droog' means 'friend' ; 'korova' means 'cow'; 'risp' is a shirt; 'golova' (gulliver) means 'head'; 'malchick' or 'malchickiwick' means 'boy'; 'soomka' means 'sack' or 'bag'; 'Bog' means 'God'; 'khorosho' (horrorshow) means 'good', 'prestoopnick' means 'criminal'; 'rooka' (rooker) is 'hand', 'cal' is 'crap', 'veck' ('chelloveck') is 'man' or 'guy'; 'litso' is 'face'; 'malenky' is 'little'; and so on. One of Alex's doctors explains the language to a colleague as "Odd bits of old rhyming slang; a bit of gypsy talk, too. But most of the roots are Slav propaganda. Subliminal penetration." Some words are not derived from anything, but merely easy to guess, e.g. 'in-out, in-out' or 'the old in-out' means sexual intercourse. 'Cutter', however, means money, because 'cutter' rhymes with 'bread-and-butter'; this is rhyming slang, which is intended to be impenetrable to outsiders (especially eavesdropping policemen).

In the first edition of the book, no key was provided, and the reader was left to interpret the meaning from the context. In his appendix to the restored edition, Burgess explained that the slang would keep the book from seeming dated, and served to muffle "the raw response of pornography" from the acts of violence. Furthermore, in a novel where a form of brainwashing plays a role, the narrative itself brainwashes the reader into understanding Nadsat.

The term "ultraviolence", referring to excessive and/or unjustified violence, was coined by Burgess in the book, which includes the phrase "do the ultra-violent". The term's association with aesthetic violence has led to its use in the media.^[5][6][7][8]

Author's dismissal

In 1985, Burgess published the book Flame into Being: The Life and Work of D. H. Lawrence (Heinemann, London), and while discussing Lady Chatterley's Lover in the concluding chapter, he compared that novel's notoriety with A Clockwork Orange: "We all suffer from the popular desire to make the known notorious. The book I am best known for, or only known for, is a novel I am prepared to repudiate: written a quarter of a century ago, a jeu d'esprit knocked off for money in three weeks, it became known as the raw material for a film which seemed to glorify sex and violence. The film made it easy for readers of the book to misunderstand what it was about, and the misunderstanding will pursue me till I die. I should not have written the book because of this danger of misinterpretation, and the same may be said of Lawrence and Lady Chatterley's lover."

Awards and nominations and rankings

• 1983 – Prometheus Award (Preliminary Nominee)
• 1999 – Prometheus Award (Nomination)
• 2002 – Prometheus Award (Nomination)
• 2003 – Prometheus Award (Nomination)
• 2006 – Prometheus Award (Nomination)^[9]
• 2008 – Prometheus Award (Hall of Fame Award)

The novel was chosen by Time magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.^[10]

Adaptations

Cinema

• The best known adaptation of the novel to other forms is the 1971 film A Clockwork Orange by Stanley Kubrick.
• A 1965 film by Andy Warhol entitled Vinyl was an adaptation of Burgess' novel.
• In 1983, Burgess told in an interview with Belgian television, that in the '60s the Rolling Stones - by way of manager Andrew Loog Oldham - were interested to star in a film adaption.

Television

Excerpts from the first two chapters of the novel were dramatised and broadcast on BBC TV's programme Tonight, 1962 (now lost, believed wiped).

Stage

After Kubrick's film was released, Burgess wrote a Clockwork Orange stage play. In it, Dr. Branom defects from the psychiatric clinic when he grasps that the aversion treatment has destroyed Alex's ability to enjoy music. The play restores the novel's original ending.

In 1988, a German adaptation of Clockwork Orange at the intimate theatre of Bad Godesberg featured a musical score by the German punk rock band Die Toten Hosen which, combined with orchestral clips of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and "other dirty melodies" (so stated by the subtitle), was released on the album Ein kleines bisschen Horrorschau. The track Hier kommt Alex became one of the band's signature songs.

In February 1990, another musical version was produced at the Barbican Theatre in London by the Royal Shakespeare Company. Titled 'A Clockwork Orange:2004', it received mostly negative reviews, with John Peter of The Sunday Times of London calling it only an intellectual 'Rocky Horror Show' and John Gross of The Sunday Telegraph calling it a clockwork lemon. Even Burgess himself, who wrote the script based on his novel, was disappointed. According to The Evening Standard, he called the score, written by Bono and the Edge of the rock group U2, neo-wallpaper. Burgess had originally worked alongside the director of the production, Ron Daniels, and envisioned a musical score that was entirely classical. Unhappy with the decision to abandon that score, he heavily criticised the band's experimental mix of Hip Hop, liturgical and gothic music. Lise Hand of The Irish Independent reported U2's The Edge as saying that Burgess's original conception was "a score written by a novelist rather than a songwriter". Calling it "meaningless glitz", Jane Edwardes of 20/20 Magazine said that watching this production was "like being invited to an expensive French Restaurant - and being served with a Big Mac".

In 2001, UNI Theatre (Mississauga, Ontario) presented the Canadian premiere of the play under the direction of Terry Costa.^[11]

In 2002, Godlight Theatre Company presented the New York Premiere adaptation of Anthony Burgess's 'A Clockwork Orange' at Manhattan Theatre Source. The production went on to play at the SoHo Playhouse (2002), Ensemble Studio Theatre (2004), 59E59 Theaters (2005) and the Edinburgh Festival Fringe (2005). While at Edinburgh, the production received rave reviews from the press while playing to sold-out audiences. The production was directed by Godlight's Artistic Director, Joe Tantalo.

In 2003, Los Angeles director Brad Mays^[12] and the ARK Theatre Company ^[13] staged a multi-media adaptation of A Clockwork Orange,^[14] which was named "Pick Of The Week" by the LA Weekly and nominated for three of the 2004 LA Weekly Theater Awards: Direction, Revival Production (of a 20th-century work), and Leading Female Performance. ^[15] Vanessa Claire Smith won Best Actress for her gender-bending portrayal of Alex, the music-loving teenage sociopath.^[16] This inventive production utilized three separate video streams outputted to seven onstage video monitors - six 19 inch and one 40 inch. In order to preserve the first-person narrative of the book, a pre-recorded video stream of Alex, "your humble narrator", was projected onto the 40 inch monitor,^[17] thereby freeing the onstage character during passages which would have been awkward or impossible to sustain in the breaking of the fourth wall.^[18] According to the LA Weekly, "Mays' visceral, fast-paced multimedia show brings into stark relief the Freudian struggle between the primal self and the civilized self for domination over the human spirit. The director deftly conveys the horror of violence by subjecting the audience to an onslaught of images of war, torture and hardcore porn projected on seven TV screens."^[19]

In January 2010 a live and improvised stage adaptation of A Clockwork Orange was performed by the comedy group BOOK CLUB at the I.O. West theater in Hollywood, CA.

Music

The Brazilian heavy metal group Sepultura used the story of A Clockwork Orange for their concept album A-Lex. The name of the album is a pun on the main character's name; in Latin, the expression a-lex means "without law".

Argentinian punk rock band Los Violadores wrote the song "1,2,Ultraviolento" inspired by the story.

German punk rock band Die Toten Hosen wrote an album based on A Clockwork Orange, titled Ein kleines bisschen Horrorschau or "A little bit of Horrorshow."

American cellist Melora Creager has covered "I Want to Marry a Lighthouse Keeper" on her two live albums Melora a la Basilica and The Pregnant Concert.

The Kottonmouth Kings used A Clockwork Orange for the theme for two videos ["Stomp" and "Rampage"] off of their latest album Long Live the Kings.

American punk rock band, Rancid wrote a song called "Clockwork Orange". It was on the album B Sides and C Sides.

American hard rock artist Rob Zombie wrote a song called "Never Gonna Stop [The Red Red Kroovy]" which was based on A Clockwork Orange. In the music video, Zombie portrays Alex in various scenes from the 1971 Stanley Kubrick film.

Release details

• 1962, UK, William Heinemann (ISBN ?), December 1962, Hardcover
• 1962, US, W W Norton & Co Ltd (ISBN ?), 1962, Hardcover
• 1963, US, W W Norton & Co Ltd (ISBN 0-345-28411-9), 1963, Paperback
• 1965, US, Ballantine Books (ISBN 0-345-01708-0), 1965, Paperback
• 1969, US, Ballantine Books (ISBN ?), 1969, Paperback
• 1971, US, Ballantine Books (ISBN 0-345-02624-1), 1971, Paperback
• 1972, UK, Lorrimer, (ISBN 0-85647-019-8), 11 September 1972, Hardcover
• 1972, UK, Penguin Books Ltd (ISBN 0-14-003219-3), 25 January 1973, Paperback
• 1973, US, Caedmon Records, 1973, Vinyl LP (First 4 chapters read by Anthony Burgess)
• 1977, US, Ballantine Books (ISBN 0-345-27321-4), 12 September 1977, Paperback
• 1979, US, Ballantine Books (ISBN 0-345-31483-2), April 1979, Paperback
• 1983, US, Ballantine Books (ISBN 0-345-31483-2), 12 July 1983, Unbound
• 1986, US, W. W. Norton & Company (ISBN 0-393-31283-6), November 1986, Paperback (Adds final chapter not previously available in U.S. versions)
• 1987, UK, W W Norton & Co Ltd (ISBN 0-393-02439-3), July 1987, Hardcover
• 1988, US, Ballantine Books (ISBN 0-345-35443-5), March 1988, Paperback
• 1995, UK, W W Norton & Co Ltd (ISBN 0-393-31283-6), June 1995, Paperback
• 1996, UK, Penguin Books Ltd (ISBN 0-14-018882-7), 25 April 1996, Paperback
• 1996, UK, HarperAudio (ISBN 0-694-51752-6), September 1996, Audio Cassette
• 1997, UK, Heyne Verlag (ISBN 3-453-13079-0), 31 January 1997, Paperback
• 1998, UK, Penguin Books Ltd (ISBN 0-14-027409-X), 3 September 1998, Paperback
• 1999, UK, Rebound by Sagebrush (ISBN 0-8085-8194-5), October 1999, Library Binding
• 2000, UK, Penguin Books Ltd (ISBN 0-14-118260-1), 24 February 2000, Paperback
• 2000, UK, Penguin Books Ltd (ISBN 0-14-029105-9), 2 March 2000, Paperback
• 2000, UK, Turtleback Books (ISBN 0-606-19472-X), November 2000, Hardback
• 2001, UK, Penguin Books Ltd (ISBN 0-14-100855-5), 27 September 2001, Paperback
• 2002, UK, Thorndike Press (ISBN 0-7862-4644-8), October 2002, Hardback
• 2005, UK, Buccaneer Books (ISBN 1-56849-511-0), 29 January 2005, Library Binding

See also

• List of cultural references to A Clockwork Orange
• Aestheticization of violence
• Nadsat

References

• A Clockwork Orange: A Play With Music. Century Hutchinson Ltd. (1987). An extract is quoted on several web sites:^[20][21][22]
• Burgess, Anthony (1978). Clockwork Oranges. In 1985. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-136080-3 (extracts quoted here)
• Vidal, Gore. "Why I Am Eight Years Younger Than Anthony Burgess", in At Home: Essays, 1982-1988, p. 411. New York: Random House, 1988. ISBN 0-394-57020-0.
• Tuck, Donald H. (1974). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Chicago: Advent. p. 72. ISBN 0-911682-20-1.

External links

• Prometheus Hall Of Fame Nominees
• IMDB's 'A Clockwork Orange' page
• A Clockwork Orange title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• A Prophetic and Violent Masterpiece, a City Journal article.
• Comparison of Book and Film
• A Clockwork Orange at Literapedia
• A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess by Ted Gioia at Conceptual Fiction