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{{Update|date=October 2023|reason=Article is messy and contains out of date information.}}{{Short description|Broadband cellular network technology}} |
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{{About|the mobile telecommunications standard}} |
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{{About|the mobile internet access standard}} |
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{{Out of date|date=March 2011}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}} |
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{{List of mobile phone generations}} |
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'''4G'''<ref>{{Citation |last1=Li |first1=Zhengmao |title=From 5G to 5G+ |date=2020-08-11 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6819-0_3 |work=5G+ |pages=19–33 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Singapore |isbn=978-981-15-6818-3 |access-date=2022-08-03 |last2=Wang |first2=Xiaoyun |last3=Zhang |first3=Tongxu|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-6819-0_3 |s2cid=225014477 }}</ref> is the fourth generation of [[broadband]] [[cellular network]] technology, succeeding [[3G]] and preceding [[5G]]. A 4G system must provide capabilities defined by [[ITU]] in [[IMT Advanced]]. Potential and current applications include amended [[mobile web]] access, [[IP telephony]], gaming services, [[HDTV|high-definition]] [[mobile TV]], [[video conferencing]], and [[3D television]]. |
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However, in December 2010, the [[ITU]] expanded its definition of 4G to include [[LTE (telecommunication)|Long Term Evolution]] (LTE), [[WiMAX|Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access]] (WiMAX), and [[Evolved High Speed Packet Access]] (HSPA+).<ref>{{cite web|title=ITU says LTE, WiMax and HSPA+ are now officially 4G|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/ITU-says-LTE-WiMax-and-HSPA--are-now-officially-4G_id15435|website=phonearena.com|date= December 18, 2010|access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref> |
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In [[telecommunication]]s, '''4G''' is the fourth generation of [[cellular]] [[wireless]] standards. It is a successor to the [[3G]] and [[2G]] families of standards. In 2008, the [[ITU-R]] organization specified the '''IMT-Advanced''' (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G standards, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 [[Megabits per second|Mbit/s]] for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 [[Gigabits per second|Gbit/s]] for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).<ref>http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/index.asp?category=information&rlink=imt-advanced&lang=en</ref> |
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The first-release WiMAX standard was commercially deployed in South Korea in 2006 and has since been deployed in most parts of the world. |
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A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-[[internet protocol|IP]] based [[mobile broadband]] solution to laptop computer [[wireless modem]]s, [[smartphones]], and other mobile devices. [[Facility (telecommunications)|Facilities]] such as [[Ultra Mobile Broadband|ultra-broadband]] Internet access, [[IP telephony]], gaming services, and streamed multimedia may be provided to users. |
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The first-release LTE standard was commercially deployed in [[Oslo]], Norway, and [[Stockholm]], Sweden in 2009, and has since been deployed throughout most parts of the world. However, it has been debated whether the first-release versions should be considered 4G. The 4G wireless cellular standard was defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and specifies the key characteristics of the standard, including transmission technology and data speeds. |
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Pre-4G technologies such as [[mobile WiMAX]] and first-release 3G [[Long term evolution]] (LTE) have been on the market since 2006<ref name="kt">{{Cite web|title=South Korea launches WiBro service|url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=189800030|publisher=[[EE Times]]|date=2006-06-30|accessdate=2010-06-23}}</ref> and 2009<ref name=Unstrung/><ref name=Wallstreet/><ref name=dailymobile/> respectively, and are often branded as 4G. The current versions of these technologies did not fulfill the original [[ITU-R]] requirements of data rates approximately up to 1 Gbit/s for 4G systems. Marketing materials use 4G as a description for Mobile-WiMAX and LTE in their current forms. |
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Each generation of wireless cellular technology has introduced increased bandwidth speeds and network capacity. 4G has speeds of up to 150 Mbit/s download and 50 Mbit/s upload, whereas 3G had a peak speed of 7.2 Mbit/s download and 2 Mbit/s upload.<ref name="4g">{{Cite web |title=How fast are 4G and 5G? - Speeds and UK network performance |url=https://www.4g.co.uk/how-fast-is-4g/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=www.4g.co.uk}}</ref> |
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[[International Mobile Telecommunications-2000|IMT]]-Advanced compliant versions of the above two standards are under development and called “[[LTE Advanced]]” and “[[WirelessMAN-Advanced]]” respectively. ITU has decided that “LTE Advanced” and “WirelessMAN-Advanced” should be accorded the official designation of IMT-Advanced. On December 6, 2010, ITU announced that current versions of LTE, WiMax and other evolved 3G technologies that do not fulfill "IMT-Advanced" requirements could be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed."<ref name="ITUSeminar">{{Cite web | title=ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar highlights future communication technologies | url=http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2010/48.aspx}}</ref> |
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{{As of|2022|post=,}} 4G technology accounted for 60 percent of all mobile connections worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/740442/worldwide-share-of-mobile-telecommunication-technology/|title=Market share of mobile telecommunication technologies worldwide from 2016 to 2025, by generation|website=[[Statista]]|date= February 2022}}</ref> |
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In all suggestions for 4G, the [[CDMA]] [[spread spectrum]] radio technology used in 3G systems and [[IS-95]] is abandoned and replaced by [[OFDMA]] and other [[Single-carrier FDMA|frequency-domain equalization]] schemes.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} This is combined with [[MIMO]] (Multiple In Multiple Out), e.g., multiple antennas, [[dynamic channel allocation]] and [[channel-dependent scheduling]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} |
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== Key Features and Advancements == |
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* Speed: 4G networks offer faster data download and upload speeds compared to 3G. Theoretically, 4G can achieve speeds of up to 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s) for high mobility communication and 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for stationary users. |
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* Latency: Reduced latency, resulting in more responsive user experiences. |
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* Capacity: Enhanced network capacity allowing more simultaneous connections. |
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* Advanced Antenna Techniques: Use of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) and beamforming for better signal quality and improved spectral efficiency. |
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== Technical overview == |
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In November 2008, the [[ITU-R|International Telecommunication Union-Radio communications sector]] (ITU-R) specified a set of requirements for 4G standards, named the International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 [[megabits per second]] (Mbit/s)(=12.5 megabytes per second) for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 [[gigabit per second]] (Gbit/s) for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).<ref name="IMT-Advanced-requirements">[[ITU-R]], [http://www.itu.int/pub/R-REP-M.2134-2008/en Report M.2134, Requirements related to technical performance for IMT-Advanced radio interface(s)], Approved in November 2008</ref> |
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Since the first-release versions of [[Mobile WiMAX]] and [[Long Term Evolution|LTE]] support much less than 1 Gbit/s peak bit rate, they are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often branded 4G by service providers. According to operators, a generation of the network refers to the deployment of a new non-backward-compatible technology. On December 6, 2010, ITU-R recognized that these two technologies, as well as other beyond-3G technologies that do not fulfill the IMT-Advanced requirements, could nevertheless be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced compliant versions and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed".<ref name="ITUSeminar">{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2010/48.aspx |title=ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar highlights future communication technologies |website=International Telecommunication Union |access-date=December 23, 2010 |archive-date=June 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620090430/http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2010/48.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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[[Mobile WiMAX Release 2]] (also known as ''WirelessMAN-Advanced'' or ''IEEE 802.16m'') and [[LTE Advanced]] |
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(LTE-A) are IMT-Advanced compliant backwards compatible versions of the above two systems, standardized during the spring 2011,{{citation needed|date=March 2012}} and promising speeds in the order of 1 Gbit/s. Services were expected in 2013.{{update inline|date=December 2014}} |
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As opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support traditional [[circuit-switched]] telephony service, but instead relies on all-[[Internet Protocol]] (IP) based communication such as [[IP telephony]]. As seen below, the [[spread spectrum]] radio technology used in 3G systems is abandoned in all 4G candidate systems and replaced by [[OFDMA]] [[multi-carrier]] transmission and other [[single-carrier FDMA|frequency-domain equalization]] (FDE) schemes, making it possible to transfer very high bit rates despite extensive [[multipath propagation|multi-path radio propagation]] (echoes). The peak bit rate is further improved by [[smart antenna]] arrays for [[MIMO|multiple-input multiple-output]] (MIMO) communications. |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
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In the field of mobile communications, a "generation" generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-compatible transmission technology, higher peak bit rates, new frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz, and higher capacity for many simultaneous data transfers (higher [[system spectral efficiency]] in [[bit]]/second/Hertz/site). |
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New mobile generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, [[spread spectrum]] transmission and a minimum peak bit rate of 200 [[kbit/s]], in 2011/2012 to be followed by "real" 4G, which refers to all-IP [[packet switching|packet-switched]] networks giving mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access. |
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The fastest 3G based standard in the [[WCDMA]] family is the [[HSPA+]] standard, which was commercially available in 2009 and offers 28 Mbit/s downstreams without [[MIMO]], i.e. only with one antenna (it would offer 56 Mbit/s with 2x2 MIMO), and 22 Mbit/s upstreams. The fastest 3G based standard in the [[CDMA2000]] family is the [[EV-DO Rev. B]], which was available in 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstreams.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}} |
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While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or development work themselves, instead relying on the work of other standard bodies such as IEEE, WiMAX Forum, and 3GPP. |
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In mid 1990s, the [[ITU-R]] organization specified the [[IMT-2000]] specifications for what standards that should be considered [[3G]] systems. However, the cell phone market only brands some of the IMT-2000 standards as 3G (e.g. WCDMA and CDMA2000), but not all ([[3GPP EDGE]], [[DECT]] and mobile-[[WiMAX]] all fulfil the IMT-2000 requirements and are formally accepted as 3G standards, but are typically not branded as 3G). In 2008, ITU-R specified the '''IMT-Advanced''' (''International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced'') requirements for 4G systems. |
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In the mid-1990s, the [[ITU-R]] standardization organization released the [[IMT-2000]] requirements as a framework for what standards should be considered [[3G]] systems, requiring 2000 kbit/s peak bit rate.<ref name=":65">{{cite web |title=IMT-2000 |url=https://networkencyclopedia.com/imt-2000/ |website=Network Encyclopedia |date=September 8, 2019 |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> In 2008, ITU-R specified the [[IMT Advanced]] (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems. |
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== ITU Requirements and 4G wireless standards == |
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This article uses 4G to refer to '''IMT-Advanced''' (''International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced''), as defined by [[ITU-R]]. An IMT-Advanced [[mobile phone|cellular system]] must fulfil the following requirements:<ref name="Vilches, J. 2010">Vilches, J. (2010, April 29). Everything you need to know about 4G Wireless Technology. TechSpot.</ref> |
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* Based on an all-IP packet switched network. |
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* Peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access, according to the ITU requirements. |
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* Dynamically share and utilize the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell. |
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* Scalable channel bandwidth, between 5 and 20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.<ref name="IMT-Advanced-requirements"/><ref name="IMT-Advanced-requirements">[[ITU-R]], [http://www.itu.int/pub/R-REP-M.2134-2008/en Report M.2134, Requirements related to technical performance for IMT-Advanced radio interface(s)], Approved in Nov 2008</ref><ref>[http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5989-9793EN.pdf Moray Rumney, "IMT-Advanced: 4G Wireless Takes Shape in an Olympic Year", Agilent Measurement Journal, September 2008]</ref> |
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* Peak [[link spectral efficiency]] of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75 bit/s/Hz in the uplink (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth). |
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* [[System spectral efficiency]] of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and 2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage.<ref name="IMT-Advanced-requirements"/> |
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* Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks. |
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* Ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support. |
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The fastest 3G-based standard in the [[UMTS]] family is the [[HSPA+]] standard, which has been commercially available since 2009 and offers 21 Mbit/s downstream (11 Mbit/s upstream) without [[MIMO]], i.e. with only one antenna, and in 2011 accelerated up to 42 Mbit/s peak bit rate downstream using either [[Dual-Cell HSDPA|DC-HSPA+]] (simultaneous use of two 5 MHz UMTS carriers)<ref name="LteWorld">[http://lteworld.org/blog/62-commercial-networks-support-dc-hspa-drives-hspa-investments 62 commercial networks support DC-HSPA+, drives HSPA investments] LteWorld February 7, 2012</ref> or |
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In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as 4G candidates.<ref>[http://www.nomor-research.com/home/technology/3gpp-newsletter/2009-12-the-way-of-lte-towards-4g Nomor Research Newsletter: The way of LTE towards 4G]</ref> Basically all proposals are based on two technologies: |
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2x2 MIMO. In theory speeds up to 672 Mbit/s are possible, but have not been deployed yet. The fastest 3G-based standard in the [[CDMA2000]] family is the [[EV-DO Rev. B]], which is available since 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstream. |
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== Frequencies for 4G LTE networks == |
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* [[LTE Advanced]] standardized by the [[3GPP]] |
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''See here: [[LTE frequency bands]]'' |
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* [[802.16m]] standardized by the [[IEEE]] (i.e. WiMAX) |
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== IMT-Advanced requirements == |
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Present implementations of WiMAX and LTE are largely considered a stopgap solution that will offer a considerable boost while WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m spec) and LTE Advanced are finalized. Both technologies aim to reach the objectives traced by the ITU, but are still far from being implemented.<ref name="Vilches, J. 2010"/> |
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This article refers to 4G using IMT-Advanced (''International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced''), as defined by [[ITU-R]]. An IMT-Advanced [[mobile phone|cellular system]] must fulfill the following requirements:<ref name="Vilches, J. 2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.techspot.com/guides/272-everything-about-4g/page3.html |title=Everything You Need To Know About 4G Wireless Technology |last=Vilches |first=J. |website=TechSpot |date=April 29, 2010 |access-date=January 11, 2016}}</ref> |
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* Be based on an all-IP packet switched network. |
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* Have peak data rates of up to approximately 100{{nbsp}}Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access and up to approximately 1{{nbsp}}Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access.<ref name="IMT-Advanced-requirements" /> |
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* Be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell. |
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* Use scalable channel bandwidths of 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.<ref name="IMT-Advanced-requirements" /><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5989-9793EN.pdf |first=Moray |last=Rumney |title=IMT-Advanced: 4G Wireless Takes Shape in an Olympic Year |journal=Agilent Measurement Journal |date=September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117165338/http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5989-9793EN.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2016 }}</ref> |
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* Have peak [[link spectral efficiency]] of 15{{nbsp}}bit/s·Hz in the downlink, and 6.75{{nbsp}}bit/s·Hz in the up link (meaning that 1{{nbsp}}Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth). |
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* [[System spectral efficiency]] is, in indoor cases, 3{{nbsp}}bit/s·Hz·cell for downlink and 2.25{{nbsp}}bit/s·Hz·cell for up link.<ref name="IMT-Advanced-requirements" /> |
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* Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks. |
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In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as 4G candidates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nomor-research.com/home/technology/3gpp-newsletter/2009-12-the-way-of-lte-towards-4g |title=2009-12: The way of LTE towards 4G |work=Nomor Research |access-date=January 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117172311/http://www.nomor-research.com/home/technology/3gpp-newsletter/2009-12-the-way-of-lte-towards-4g |archive-date=January 17, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Basically all proposals are based on two technologies: |
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The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008.<ref>[http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36913.htm 3GPP specification: Requirements for further advancements for E-UTRA (LTE Advanced)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> LTE Advanced will be standardized in 2010 as part of the Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE Advanced will be fully built on the existing LTE specification Release 10 and not be defined as a new specification series. A summary of the technologies that have been studied as the basis for LTE Advanced is included in a technical report.<ref>[http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36912.htm 3GPP Technical Report: Feasibility study for Further Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE Advanced)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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* [[LTE Advanced]] standardized by the [[3GPP]] |
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Current LTE and WiMAX implementations are considered pre-4G, as they don't fully comply with the planned requirements of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile. |
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* [[802.16m]] standardized by the [[IEEE]] |
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Implementations of Mobile WiMAX and first-release LTE were largely considered a stopgap solution that would offer a considerable boost until WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m specification) and LTE Advanced was deployed. The latter's standard versions were ratified in spring 2011. |
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Confusion has been caused by some mobile carriers who have launched products advertised as 4G but which are actually current technologies, commonly referred to as '3.9G', which do not follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards. A common argument for branding 3.9G systems as new-generation is that they use different frequency bands to 3G technologies; that they are based on a new radio-interface paradigm; and that the standards are not backwards compatible with 3G, whilst some of the standards are expected to be forwards compatible with "real" 4G technologies. |
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The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36913.htm |title=3GPP specification: Requirements for further advancements for E-UTRA (LTE Advanced) |website=3GPP |access-date=August 21, 2013}}</ref> LTE Advanced was standardized in 2010 as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. |
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While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or development work themselves, instead relying on the work of other standards bodies such as IEEE, The WiMAX Forum and 3GPP. Recently, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed technologies (LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced)<ref name="ITU paves way for next-generation 4G mobile technologies">[http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2010/40.aspx , "ITU paves way for next-generation 4G mobile technologies", ITU Press Release, 21 October 2010 ]</ref> for inclusion in the ITU’s International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced program), which is focused on global communication systems that would be available several years from now.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} This working party’s objective was not to comment on today’s 4G being rolled out in the United States and in fact, the Working Party itself purposely agreed not to tie their IMT-Advanced work to the term 4G, recognizing its common use in industry already; however, the ITU’s PR department ignored that agreement and used term 4G anyway when issuing their press release.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} |
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Some sources consider first-release LTE and Mobile WiMAX implementations as pre-4G or near-4G, as they do not fully comply with the planned requirements of 1{{nbsp}}Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100{{nbsp}}Mbit/s for mobile. |
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The ITU’s purpose is to foster the global use of communications.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} The ITU is relied upon by developing countries,{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} for example, who want to be assured a technology is standardised and likely to be widely deployed. While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global communications, they do not actually do the standardization or development work themselves, instead relying on the work of other standards bodies such as IEEE, The WiMAX Forum and 3GPP. While the ITU has developed recommendations on IMT-Advanced, those recommendations are not binding on ITU member countries.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} |
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Confusion has been caused by some mobile carriers who have launched products advertised as 4G but which according to some sources are pre-4G versions, commonly referred to as 3.9G, which do not follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards, but today can be called 4G according to ITU-R. [[Vodafone Netherlands]] for example, advertised LTE as 4G, while advertising LTE Advanced as their '4G+' service. A common argument for branding 3.9G systems as new-generation is that they use different frequency bands from 3G technologies; that they are based on a new radio-interface paradigm; and that the standards are not backwards compatible with 3G, whilst some of the standards are forwards compatible with IMT-2000 compliant versions of the same standards. |
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== 4G Predecessors and candidate systems == |
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The wireless telecommunications industry as a whole has early assumed the term 4G as a short hand way to describe those advanced cellular technologies that, among other things, are based on or employ wide channel OFDMA and SC-FDE technologies, [[MIMO]] transmission and an all-IP based architecture.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} Mobile-WiMAX, first release LTE, IEEE 802.20 as well as Flash-OFDM meets these early assumptions, and have been considered as 4G candidate systems, but do not yet meet the more recent ITU-R IMT-Advanced requirements. |
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== System standards == |
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==== LTE Advanced ==== |
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: ''See also: [[4G#3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)|3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)]] below'' |
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=== IMT-2000 compliant 4G standards === |
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[[LTE Advanced]] (Long-term-evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-Advanced standard, formally submitted by the [[3GPP]] organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and expected to be released in 2012. The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the ITU requirements.<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/journal_conference_papers/wireless_access/VTC08F_jading.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |title=LTE Advanced – Evolving LTE towards IMT-Advanced |last1= Parkvall |first1=Stefan |last2= Dahlman |first2=Erik |first3=Anders |last3= Furuskär |first4=Ylva |last4= Jading |first5=Magnus |last5= Olsson |first6=Stefan |last6= Wänstedt |first7=Kambiz |last7= Zangi |conference=[[Vehicular Technology Conference]] Fall 2008 |date= 21–24 September 2008 |location=Stockholm |publisher=[http://www.ericsson.com/article/access_technologies_signal_processing_2048744927_c Ericsson Research] |accessdate=26 November 2010}}</ref> LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new technology but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it more cost effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced which is similar to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of additional spectrum and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system capacity to help handle the enhanced data speeds. Release 10 of LTE is expected to achieve the LTE Advanced speeds. Release 8 currently supports up to 300 Mbit/s download speeds which is still short of the IMT-Advanced standards.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Parkvall |first1=Stefan |last2= Astely |first2=David |date=April 2009 |title=The evolution of LTE toward LTE Advanced |journal=[[Journal of Communications]] |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=146–154 |url=http://ojs.academypublisher.com/index.php/jcm/article/view/0403146154/49 |doi= }}</ref> |
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As of October 2010, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed technologies (LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced)<ref name="ITU paves way for next-generation 4G mobile technologies">{{Cite press release | url =http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2010/40.aspx | title =ITU paves way for next-generation 4G mobile technologies | publisher =ITU | date =21 October 2010 | access-date =January 6, 2011 | archive-date =July 20, 2011 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110720004237/http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2010/40.aspx | url-status =dead }}</ref> for inclusion in the ITU's International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced program ([[IMT-Advanced]] program), which is focused on global communication systems that will be available several years from now. |
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==== LTE Advanced ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" border="1" |
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{{Main|LTE Advanced}} |
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[[LTE Advanced]] (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate for [[IMT-Advanced]] standard, formally submitted by the [[3GPP]] organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and expected to be released in 2013.{{Update inline|date=November 2019}} The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the ITU requirements.<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/journal_conference_papers/wireless_access/VTC08F_jading.pdf |title=LTE Advanced – Evolving LTE towards IMT-Advanced |last1=Parkvall |first1=Stefan |last2=Dahlman |first2=Erik |first3=Anders |last3=Furuskär |first4=Ylva |last4=Jading |first5=Magnus |last5=Olsson |first6=Stefan |last6=Wänstedt |first7=Kambiz |last7=Zangi |conference=[[Vehicular Technology Conference]] Fall 2008 |date=21–24 September 2008 |location=Stockholm |website=Ericsson Research |access-date=November 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307095616/http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/journal_conference_papers/wireless_access/VTC08F_jading.pdf |archive-date=March 7, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new technology, but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it more cost effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced which is similar to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of additional spectrums and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system capacity to help handle the enhanced data speeds. |
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! !! LTE Advanced |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+ Data speeds of LTE-Advanced |
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! !! LTE Advanced |
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| Peak |
| Peak upload || {{0}}500 Mbit/s |
||
|} |
|} |
||
==== IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced ==== |
==== IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced ==== |
||
{{Update section|date=August 2021}} |
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The [[IEEE 802.16m]] or [[WirelessMAN-Advanced]] evolution of 802.16e is under development, with the objective to fulfill the IMT-Advanced criteria of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile reception.<ref>[http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/docs/80216m-08_003r1.pdf] The Draft IEEE 802.16m System Description Document, 2008-04-20</ref> |
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The [[IEEE 802.16m]] or [[WirelessMAN-Advanced]] (WiMAX 2) evolution of 802.16e is under development, with the objective to fulfill the IMT-Advanced criteria of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile reception.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/docs/80216m-08_003r1.pdf |title=The Draft IEEE 802.16m System Description Document |website=ieee802.org |date=April 4, 2008}}</ref> |
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=== Forerunner versions === |
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=== 4G predecessors and discontinued candidate systems === |
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====3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)==== |
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==== Long Term Evolution (LTE) ==== |
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: ''See also: [[4G#LTE Advanced|LTE Advanced]] above'' |
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{{Main|LTE (telecommunication)}} |
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[[File:Samsung 4G LTE modem-4.jpg|thumb|[[TeliaSonera|Telia]]-branded Samsung LTE modem]] |
[[File:Samsung 4G LTE modem-4.jpg|thumb|[[TeliaSonera|Telia]]-branded Samsung LTE modem]] |
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[[File:Huawei 4G+ Modem.jpg|thumb|right|Huawei 4G+ Dual Band Modem]] |
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The pre-4G |
The pre-4G [[3GPP Long Term Evolution]] (LTE) technology is often branded "4G – LTE", but the first LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical [[net bit rate]] capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is used — and more if [[multiple-input multiple-output]] (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used. |
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The physical radio interface was at an early stage named ''High Speed [[OFDM]] Packet Access'' (HSOPA), now named [[Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access]] (E-UTRA). |
The physical radio interface was at an early stage named ''High Speed [[OFDM]] Packet Access'' (HSOPA), now named [[Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access]] (E-UTRA). |
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The first [[ |
The first [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] USB dongles do not support any other radio interface. |
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The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals [[Stockholm]] ([[Ericsson]] |
The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals, [[Stockholm]] ([[Ericsson]] and [[Nokia Solutions and Networks|Nokia Siemens Networks]] systems) and [[Oslo]] (a [[Huawei]] system) on December 14, 2009, and branded 4G. The user terminals were manufactured by Samsung.<ref name="deepak kirdoliya">{{cite web |url=https://quickblogsoft.blogspot.com/2019/01/how-to-download-youtube-videos-in-jio.html |title=how to download youtube videos in jio phone – 4G/LTE — Ericsson, Samsung Make LTE Connection — Telecom News Analysis |website=quickblogsoft.blogspot.com |access-date=January 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103060111/https://quickblogsoft.blogspot.com/2019/01/how-to-download-youtube-videos-in-jio.html |archive-date=January 3, 2019 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> As of November 2012, the five publicly available LTE services in the United States are provided by [[MetroPCS]],<ref name=MetroPCS>{{cite web |url=http://www.metropcs.com/presscenter/articles/mpcs-news-20100921.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924143409/http://www.metropcs.com/presscenter/articles/mpcs-news-20100921.aspx|archive-date=2010-09-24 |title=MetroPCS Launches First 4G LTE Services in the United States and Unveils World's First Commercially Available 4G LTE Phone |website=MetroPCS IR|date=21 September 2010 |access-date=April 8, 2011}}</ref> [[Verizon Wireless]],<ref name=VerizonLTE>{{cite web |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/hiner/how-at-t-and-t-mobile-conjured-4g-networks-out-of-thin-air/7361 |title=How AT&T and T-Mobile conjured 4G networks out of thin air |website=TechRepublic |author =Jason Hiner|date=12 January 2011 |access-date=April 5, 2011}}</ref> [[AT&T Mobility]], [[U.S. Cellular]],<ref name=USCellular>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-57409851-94/meet-u.s-cellulars-first-4g-lte-phone-samsung-galaxy-s-aviator/ |title=Meet U.S. Cellular's first 4G LTE phone: Samsung Galaxy S Aviator |work=CNet |author =Brian Bennet |date=5 April 2012 |access-date=April 11, 2012}}</ref> [[Sprint Corporation|Sprint]],<ref name=SprintTE>{{cite web |title=Sprint 4G LTE Launching in 5 Cities July 15 |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2406401,00.asp |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 3, 2012|date=27 June 2012}}</ref> and [[T-Mobile US]].<ref name="T-MobileLTE">{{cite web |title=We have you covered like nobody else |url=http://t-mobile-coverage.t-mobile.com |website=T-Mobile USA |access-date=April 6, 2013 |date=6 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329064356/http://t-mobile-coverage.t-mobile.com/ |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |
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T-Mobile Hungary launched a public beta test (called ''friendly user test'') on 7 October 2011, and has offered commercial 4G LTE services since 1 January 2012.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} |
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==== Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) ==== |
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The [[Mobile WiMAX]] (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard (also known as [[WiBro]] in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channels {{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}. |
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In South Korea, SK Telecom and LG U+ have enabled access to LTE service since 1 July 2011 for data devices, slated to go nationwide by 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/07/05/sk-telecom-and-lg-u-launch-lte-in-seoul-fellow-south-koreans-s/ |title=SK Telecom and LG U+ launch LTE in Seoul, fellow South Koreans seethe with envy |date=5 July 2011 |access-date=July 13, 2011}}</ref> KT Telecom closed its 2G service by March 2012 and completed nationwide LTE service in the same frequency around 1.8 GHz by June 2012. |
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The world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by [[KT (telecommunication company)|KT]] in Seoul, South Korea on 30 June 2006.<ref name="kt"/> |
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In the United Kingdom, LTE services were launched by [[EE (telecommunications)|EE]] in October 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/ee-launches-superfast-4g-and-fibre-for-uk-consumers-and-businesses-today |title=EE launches Superfast 4G and Fibre for UK consumers and businesses today |website=EE |date=October 30, 2012 |access-date=August 29, 2013 |archive-date=September 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910145340/http://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/ee-launches-superfast-4g-and-fibre-for-uk-consumers-and-businesses-today |url-status=dead }}</ref> by [[O2 (United Kingdom)|O2]] and [[Vodafone UK|Vodafone]] in August 2013,<ref>{{cite web|last=Miller |first=Joe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23868082 |title=Vodafone and O2 begin limited roll-out of 4G networks |website=BBC News |date=August 29, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref> and by [[Three UK|Three]] in December 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Orlowski |first=Andrew |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/12/05/3_offers_free_us_roaming_confirms_stealth_4g_roll_out/ |title=Three offers free US roaming, confirms stealth 4G rollout |website=The Register |date=5 December 2013 |access-date=6 December 2013}}</ref> |
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[[Sprint Nextel]] has begun using Mobile WiMAX, as of September 29, 2008 branded as a "4G" network even though the current version does not fulfil the IMT Advanced requirements on 4G systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engadget.com/2010/03/23/sprint-announces-seven-new-wimax-markets-says-let-atandt-and-ver/|title=Sprint announces seven new WiMAX markets, says 'Let AT&T and Verizon yak about maps and 3G coverage'|publisher=Engadget|date=2010-03-23|accessdate=2010-04-08}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
|||
In Russia, Belarus and Nicaragua WiMax broadband internet access is offered by a Russian company [[Scartel]], and is also branded 4G, [[Yota]]. |
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|+ Data speeds of LTE<ref name="4g"/> |
|||
! !! LTE |
|||
|- |
|||
| Peak download || {{0}}150 Mbit/s |
|||
|- |
|||
| Peak upload || {{0}}{{0}}50 Mbit/s |
|||
|} |
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==== |
==== Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) ==== |
||
The [[Mobile WiMAX]] (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard (also known as [[WiBro]] in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channels. {{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} |
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{{Main|Ultra Mobile Broadband}} |
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In June 2006, the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by [[KT (telecommunication company)|KT]] in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].<ref name="kt">{{cite web |url=http://www.biztechreport.com/story/1619-super-fast-4g-wireless-service-launching-south-korea |title=Super-Fast 4G Wireless Service Launching in South Korea |last=Shukla |first=Anuradha |date=October 10, 2011 |work=Asia-Pacific Business and Technology Report |access-date=November 24, 2011 |archive-date=November 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118210835/http://biztechreport.com/story/1619-super-fast-4g-wireless-service-launching-south-korea |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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UMB ([[Ultra Mobile Broadband]]) was the brand name for a discontinued 4G project within the [[3GPP2]] standardization group to improve the [[CDMA2000]] mobile phone standard for next generation applications and requirements. In November 2008, [[Qualcomm]], UMB's lead sponsor, announced it was ending development of the technology, favouring LTE instead.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSN1335969420081113?rpc=401& Qualcomm halts UMB project], Reuters, November 13th, 2008</ref> The objective was to achieve data speeds over 275 Mbit/s downstream and over 75 Mbit/s upstream. |
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[[Sprint Corporation|Sprint]] has begun using Mobile WiMAX, as of 29 September 2008, branding it as a "4G" network even though the current version does not fulfill the IMT Advanced requirements on 4G systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/03/23/sprint-announces-seven-new-wimax-markets-says-let-atandt-and-ver/ |title=Sprint announces seven new WiMAX markets, says 'Let AT&T and Verizon yak about maps and 3G coverage' |website=Engadget|date=March 23, 2010 |access-date=April 8, 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325023708/http://www.engadget.com/2010/03/23/sprint-announces-seven-new-wimax-markets-says-let-atandt-and-ver/| archive-date=March 25, 2010| url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==== Flash-OFDM ==== |
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At an early stage the [[Flash-OFDM]] system was expected to be further developed into a 4G standard. |
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In Russia, Belarus and Nicaragua WiMax broadband internet access were offered by a Russian company [[Scartel]], and was also branded 4G, [[Yota]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/yota-lte-idUSLDE64K1V920100521|title=UPDATE 1-Russia's Yota drops WiMax in favour of LTE|newspaper=Reuters|date=May 21, 2010}}</ref> |
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==== iBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
|||
The [[iBurst]] system ( or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access) was at an early stage considered as a 4G predecessor. It was later further developed into the [[Mobile Broadband Wireless Access]] (MBWA) system, also known as IEEE 802.20. |
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|+ Data speeds of WiMAX |
|||
! !! WiMAX |
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|- |
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| Peak download || {{0}}128 Mbit/s |
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|- |
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| Peak upload || {{0}}{{0}}56 Mbit/s |
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|} |
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In the latest version of the standard, WiMax 2.1, the standard has been updated to be not compatible with earlier WiMax standard, and is instead interchangeable with LTE-TDD system, effectively merging WiMax standard with LTE. |
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== Data rate comparison == |
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The following table shows a comparison of 4G candidate systems as well as other competing technologies. |
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{{Comparison of mobile Internet standards}} |
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== |
==== TD-LTE for China market ==== |
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{{Synthesis|section|date=April 2017}} |
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=== Objectives assumed in the literature === |
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4G is being developed to accommodate the [[quality of service]] (QoS) and rate requirements set by further development of existing 3G applications like [[mobile broadband]] access, [[Multimedia Messaging Service]] (MMS), [[Videoconferencing|video chat]], [[mobile TV]], but also new services like [[High-definition television|HDTV]]. 4G may allow roaming with wireless local area networks, and may interact with [[digital video broadcasting]] systems. |
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Just as [[3GPP Long Term Evolution|Long-Term Evolution]] (LTE) and WiMAX are being vigorously promoted in the global telecommunications industry, the former (LTE) is also the most powerful 4G mobile communications leading technology and has quickly occupied the Chinese market. [[TD-LTE]], one of the two variants of the LTE air interface technologies, is not yet mature, but many domestic and international wireless carriers are, one after the other turning to TD-LTE. |
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In the literature, the assumed or expected 4G requirements have changed during the years before IMT-Advanced was specified by the ITU-R. These are examples of objectives stated in various sources: |
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IBM's data shows that 67% of the operators are considering LTE because this is the main source of their future market. The above news also confirms IBM's statement that while only 8% of the operators are considering the use of WiMAX, WiMAX can provide the fastest network transmission to its customers on the market and could challenge LTE. |
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* A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves at high speeds relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while client and station are in relatively fixed positions as defined by the [[ITU-R]]<ref name="4Groadmap">{{cite book|first = Kim|last = Young Kyun|coauthors = Prasad, Ramjee|title = 4G Roadmap and Emerging Communication Technologies|publisher = Artech House 2006|pages = 12–13|isbn=1-58053-931-9|year = 2006}}</ref> |
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* A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world<ref name="4Groadmap" /> |
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* Smooth [[handoff]] across heterogeneous networks<ref name="mobilitymanagement">{{cite web | title= Mobility Management Challenges and Issues in 4G Heterogeneous Networks | author=Sadia Hussain, Zara Hamid and Naveed S. Khattak| publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] Proceedings of the first international conference on Integrated internet ad hoc and sensor networks | date= May 30–31, 2006| url=http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/1150000/1142698/a14-hussain.pdf?key1=1142698&key2=8898704611&coll=GUIDE&dl=&CFID=15151515&CFTOKEN=6184618 | accessdate = 2007-03-26 }}</ref> |
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* Seamless connectivity and global [[roaming]] across multiple networks<ref name="beyond3garticle">{{cite web | author= Werner Mohr | year = 2002 | publisher = [[Siemens]] mobile | title= Mobile Communications Beyond 3G in the Global Context | url=http://www.cu.ipv6tf.org/pdf/werner_mohr.pdf | accessdate = 2007-03-26|format=PDF}}</ref> |
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* High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc.)<ref name="beyond3garticle" /> |
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* Interoperability with existing wireless standards<ref name="pathto4g">{{cite web | title= The Path To 4G Will Take Many Turns | url=http://www.wsdmag.com/Articles/ArticleID/10001/10001.html | abstract = Emerging standards, intensive research, and powerful enabling technologies make for an interesting race to 4G mobile broadband. | author = Noah Schmitz| month= March | year= 2005 | accessdate = 2007-03-26 | publisher = [[Wireless Systems Design]]}}</ref> |
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* An all IP, [[packet switched]] network<ref name="beyond3garticle" /> |
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* IP-based [[femtocell]]s (home nodes connected to fixed Internet broadband infrastructure) |
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TD-LTE is not the first 4G wireless mobile broadband network data standard, but it is China's 4G standard that was amended and published by China's largest telecom operator – [[China Mobile]]. After a series of field trials, is expected to be released into the commercial phase in the next two years. Ulf Ewaldsson, Ericsson's vice president said: "the Chinese Ministry of Industry and China Mobile in the fourth quarter of this year will hold a large-scale field test, by then, Ericsson will help the hand." But viewing from the current development trend, whether this standard advocated by China Mobile will be widely recognized by the international market is still debatable. |
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=== Approaches === |
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==== Principal technologies ==== |
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* Physical layer transmission techniques are as follows:<ref name="WWRF WG5">{{cite web |url= http://www.wireless-world-research.org/fileadmin/sites/default/files/about_the_forum/WG/WG5/Briefings/WG5-br2-High_Throughput_WLAN_WPAN-V2004.pdf |title= High Throughput WLAN/WPAN |
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| year= 2004 | publisher= WWRF | author=G. Fettweis, E. Zimmermann, H. Bonneville, W. Schott, K. Gosse, M. de Courville|format=PDF}}</ref> |
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** [[MIMO]]: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency by means of spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO |
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** ''Frequency-domain-equalization'', for example ''Multi-carrier modulation ([[OFDM]]) in the downlink or ''single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization'' (SC-FDE) in the uplink: To exploit the frequency selective channel property without complex equalization. |
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** Frequency-domain statistical multiplexing, for example ([[OFDMA]]) or (Single-carrier FDMA) (SC-FDMA, a.k.a. Linearly precoded OFDMA, LP-OFDMA) in the uplink: Variable bit rate by assigning different sub-channels to different users based on the channel conditions |
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** [[turbo code|Turbo principle]] [[error-correcting code]]s: To minimize the required [[Signal-to-noise ratio|SNR]] at the reception side |
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* [[Channel-dependent scheduling]]: To utilize the time-varying channel. |
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* [[Link adaptation]]: [[Adaptive modulation]] and error-correcting codes |
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* Relaying, including fixed relay networks (FRNs), and [[Cooperative wireless communications|the cooperative relaying concept]], known as multi-mode protocol |
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=== Discontinued candidate systems === |
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== 4G features assumed in early literature == |
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The 4G system was originally envisioned by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} The DARPA selected the distributed architecture, end-to-end Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the network eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems.<ref>Zheng, P., Peterson, L., Davie, B., & Farrel, A. (2009). Wireless Networking Complete. Morgan Kaufmann</ref> Since the 2.5G GPRS system, cellular systems have provided dual infrastructures: packet switched nodes for data services, and circuit switched nodes for voice calls. In 4G systems, the circuit-switched infrastructure is abandoned, and only a packet-switched network is provided, while 2.5G and 3G systems require both packet-switched and circuit-switched [[network node]]s, i.e. two infrastructures in parallel. This means that in 4G, traditional voice calls are replaced by IP telephony. |
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==== UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C) ==== |
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Cellular systems such as 4G allow seamless mobility; thus a file transfer is not interrupted in case a terminal moves from one cell (one base station coverage area) to another, but [[handover]] is carried out. The terminal also keeps the same IP address while moving, meaning that a mobile server is reachable as long as it is within the coverage area of any server. In 4G systems this mobility is provided by the [[mobile IP]] protocol, part of IP version 6, while in earlier cellular generations it was only provided by physical layer and datalink layer protocols. In addition to seamless mobility, 4G provides flexible interoperability of the various kinds of existing wireless networks, such as satellite, cellular wirelss, WLAN, PAN and systems for accessing fixed wireless networks.<ref>Nicopolitidis, P. (2003). WIRELESS NETWORKS (p. 190). Chichester, England ; Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (UK), 2003</ref> |
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{{Main|Ultra Mobile Broadband}} |
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UMB ([[Ultra Mobile Broadband]]) was the brand name for a discontinued 4G project within the [[3GPP2]] standardization group to improve the [[CDMA2000]] mobile phone standard for next generation applications and requirements. In November 2008, [[Qualcomm]], UMB's lead sponsor, announced it was ending development of the technology, favoring LTE instead.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSN1335969420081113?rpc=401& Qualcomm halts UMB project], Reuters, November 13th, 2008</ref> The objective was to achieve data speeds over 275 Mbit/s downstream and over 75 Mbit/s upstream. |
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While maintaining seamless mobility, 4G will offer very high data rates with expectations of 100 Mbit/s wireless service. The increased bandwidth and higher data transmission rates will allow 4G users the ability to utilize high definition video and the video conferencing features of mobile devices attached to a 4G network. The 4G wireless system is expected to provide a comprehensive IP solution where multimedia applications and services can be delivered to the user on an 'Anytime, Anywhere' basis with a satisfactory high data rate, premium quality and high security.<ref>Mishra, A. R. (2007). In Advanced Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation: 2G/2.5G/3G...Evolution to 4G. The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England: John Wiley & Sons.</ref> |
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==== Flash-OFDM ==== |
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4G is described as MAGIC: mobile multimedia, any-time anywhere, global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} |
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At an early stage the [[Flash-OFDM]] system was expected to be further developed into a 4G standard. |
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Some key features (primarily from users' points of view) of 4G mobile networks are: {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} |
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==== iBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems ==== |
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* High usability: anytime, anywhere, and with any technology |
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The [[iBurst]] system (or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access) was at an early stage considered to be a 4G predecessor. It was later further developed into the [[Mobile Broadband Wireless Access]] (MBWA) system, also known as IEEE 802.20. |
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* Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost |
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* Personalization |
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== Principal technologies in all candidate systems == |
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* Integrated services |
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{{more citations needed section|date=August 2015}} |
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=== Key features === |
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The following key features can be observed in all suggested 4G technologies: |
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* Physical layer transmission techniques are as follows:<ref name="WWRF WG5">{{cite web |url=http://www.wireless-world-research.org/fileadmin/sites/default/files/about_the_forum/WG/WG5/Briefings/WG5-br2-High_Throughput_WLAN_WPAN-V2004.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216083847/http://www.wireless-world-research.org/fileadmin/sites/default/files/about_the_forum/WG/WG5/Briefings/WG5-br2-High_Throughput_WLAN_WPAN-V2004.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-16 |title=High Throughput WLAN/WPAN |
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| year=2004 | website=WWRF |author1=G. Fettweis |author2=E. Zimmermann |author3=H. Bonneville |author4=W. Schott |author5=K. Gosse |author6=M. de Courville }}</ref> |
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** [[MIMO]]: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency by means of spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO |
|||
** Frequency-domain-equalization, for example ''multi-carrier modulation'' ([[OFDM]]) in the downlink or ''single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization'' (SC-FDE) in the uplink: To exploit the frequency selective channel property without complex equalization |
|||
** Frequency-domain statistical multiplexing, for example ([[OFDMA]]) or (single-carrier FDMA) (SC-FDMA, a.k.a. linearly precoded OFDMA, LP-OFDMA) in the uplink: Variable bit rate by assigning different sub-channels to different users based on the channel conditions<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dahmen-Lhuissier |first=Sabine |title=4th Generation (LTE) |url=https://www.etsi.org/technologies/mobile/4G?jjj=1719328472364 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=ETSI |language=en-gb}}</ref>. |
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** [[turbo code|Turbo principle]] [[error-correcting code]]s: To minimize the required [[Signal-to-noise ratio|SNR]] at the reception side |
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* [[Channel-dependent scheduling]]: To use the time-varying channel |
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* [[Link adaptation]]: [[Adaptive modulation]] and error-correcting codes |
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* [[Mobile IP]] utilized for mobility |
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* IP-based [[femtocell]]s (home nodes connected to fixed Internet broadband infrastructure) |
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As opposed to earlier generations, 4G systems do not support circuit switched telephony. IEEE 802.20, UMB and OFDM standards<ref>{{cite web |title=4G standards that lack cooperative relaying |url=http://tikonaplans.blogspot.in/2012/07/4g-standards-that-lack-cooperative.html|date=July 5, 2012}}</ref> lack [[soft-handover]] support, also known as [[Cooperative wireless communications|cooperative relaying]]. |
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== Components == |
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=== Access schemes === |
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{{Importance-section|date=May 2010}} |
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As the wireless standards evolved, the access techniques used also exhibited increase in efficiency, capacity and scalability. The first generation wireless standards used plain [[Time division multiple access|TDMA]] and [[FDMA]]. In the wireless channels, TDMA proved to be less efficient in handling the high data rate channels as it requires large guard periods to alleviate the multipath impact. Similarly, FDMA consumed more bandwidth for guard to avoid inter carrier interference. So in second generation systems, one set of standard used the combination of FDMA and TDMA and the other set introduced an access scheme called [[CDMA]]. Usage of CDMA increased the system capacity, but as a theoretical drawback placed a soft limit on it rather than the hard limit (i.e. a CDMA network setup does not inherently reject new clients when it approaches its limits, resulting in a denial of service to all clients when the network overloads; though this outcome is avoided in practical implementations by [[admission control]] of circuit switched or fixed bitrate communication services). Data rate is also increased as this access scheme (providing the network is not reaching its capacity) is efficient enough to handle the multipath channel. This enabled the third generation systems, such as [[IS-2000]], [[UMTS]], [[High Speed Packet Access|HSXPA]], [[1xEV-DO]], [[TD-CDMA]] and [[TD-SCDMA]], to use CDMA as the access scheme. However, the issue with CDMA is that it suffers from poor spectral flexibility and computationally intensive time-domain equalization (high number of multiplications per second) for wideband channels. |
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=== Multiplexing and access schemes === |
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Recently, new access schemes like [[OFDMA|Orthogonal FDMA]] (OFDMA), [[SC-FDMA|Single Carrier FDMA]] (SC-FDMA), [[Interleaved FDMA]] and [[Multi-carrier code division multiple access|Multi-carrier CDMA]] (MC-CDMA) are gaining more importance for the next generation systems. These are based on efficient [[FFT]] algorithms and frequency domain equalization, resulting in a lower number of multiplications per second. They also make it possible to control the bandwidth and form the spectrum in a flexible way. However, they require advanced dynamic channel allocation and traffic adaptive scheduling. |
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{{Importance section|date=May 2010}} |
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Recently, new access schemes like [[OFDMA|Orthogonal FDMA]] (OFDMA), [[SC-FDMA|Single Carrier FDMA]] (SC-FDMA), Interleaved FDMA, and [[Multi-carrier code-division multiple access|Multi-carrier CDMA]] (MC-CDMA) are gaining more importance for the next generation systems. These are based on efficient [[Fast Fourier transform|FFT]] algorithms and frequency domain equalization, resulting in a lower number of multiplications per second. They also make it possible to control the bandwidth and form the spectrum in a flexible way. However, they require advanced dynamic channel allocation and adaptive traffic scheduling. |
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[[WiMax]] is using OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the [[ |
[[WiMax]] is using OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the [[LTE (telecommunication)]], OFDMA is used for the downlink; by contrast, [[Single-carrier FDMA]] is used for the uplink since OFDMA contributes more to the [[Crest factor|PAPR]] related issues and results in nonlinear operation of amplifiers. IFDMA provides less power fluctuation and thus requires energy-inefficient linear amplifiers. Similarly, MC-CDMA is in the proposal for the [[802.20|IEEE 802.20]] standard. These access schemes offer the same efficiencies as older technologies like CDMA. Apart from this, scalability and higher data rates can be achieved. |
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The other important advantage of the above |
The other important advantage of the above-mentioned access techniques is that they require less complexity for equalization at the receiver. This is an added advantage especially in the [[MIMO]] environments since the [[spatial multiplexing]] transmission of MIMO systems inherently require high complexity equalization at the receiver. |
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In addition to improvements in these multiplexing systems, improved [[modulation]] techniques are being used. Whereas earlier standards largely used [[Phase-shift keying]], more efficient systems such as 64[[QAM]] are being proposed for use with the [[3GPP Long Term Evolution]] standards. |
In addition to improvements in these multiplexing systems, improved [[modulation]] techniques are being used. Whereas earlier standards largely used [[Phase-shift keying]], more efficient systems such as 64[[QAM]] are being proposed for use with the [[3GPP Long Term Evolution]] standards. |
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=== IPv6 support === |
=== IPv6 support === |
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Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of [[circuit switched]] and [[packet switched]] network nodes, 4G is based on packet switching ''only''. This requires [[Network latency|low-latency]] data transmission. |
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{{Main|Network layer|Internet protocol|IPv6}} |
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Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of [[circuit switched]] and [[packet switched]] network nodes respectively, 4G will be based on packet switching ''only''. This will require [[Lag|low-latency]] data transmission. |
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As IPv4 addresses are (nearly) [[IPv4 address exhaustion|exhausted]],<ref group=Note>The exact exhaustion status is difficult to determine, as it is unknown how many unused addresses exist at ISPs, and how many of the addresses that are permanently unused by their owners can still be freed and transferred to others.</ref> [[IPv6]] is essential to support the large number of wireless-enabled devices that communicate using IP. By increasing the number of [[IP address]]es available, IPv6 removes the need for [[network address translation]] (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices, which has [[network address translation#Issues and limitations|a number of problems and limitations]]. When using IPv6, some kind of NAT is still required for communication with legacy IPv4 devices that are not also IPv6-connected. |
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{{As of|2009|06}}, [[Verizon]] has posted |
{{As of|2009|06}}, [[Verizon Communications|Verizon]] has posted specifications that require any 4G devices on its network to support IPv6.<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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| url = http://lteuniversity.com/get_trained/expert_opinion1/b/hoomanrazani/archive/2009/06/15/lte-device-requirements-for-verizon-wireless.aspx |
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| title = LTE Device Requirements for Verizon Wireless |
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| date = June 16, 2009 |
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| access-date = April 23, 2024 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180306142655/http://lteuniversity.com/get_trained/expert_opinion1/b/hoomanrazani/archive/2009/06/15/lte-device-requirements-for-verizon-wireless.aspx |
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| archive-date = March 6, 2018 |
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}} |
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</ref><ref> |
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{{cite web |
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| last = Morr |
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| first = Derek |
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| title = Verizon mandates IPv6 support for next-gen cell phones |
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| date =June 9, 2009 |
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| url = http://www.personal.psu.edu/dvm105/blogs/ipv6/2009/06/verizon-mandates-ipv6-support.html |
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| access-date = June 10, 2009 |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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=== Advanced antenna systems === |
=== Advanced antenna systems === |
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{{Main|MIMO| |
{{Main|MIMO|Multi-user MIMO}} |
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The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system, termed [[smart antenna|smart]] or [[intelligent antenna]]. Recently, [[Multiple antenna research|multiple antenna technologies]] are emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range communications. In the early 1990s, to cater for the growing data rate needs of data communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, [[spatial multiplexing]], gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This technology, called [[MIMO]] (as a branch of [[intelligent antenna]]), multiplies the base data rate by (the smaller of) the number of transmit antennas or the number of receive antennas. Apart from this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called ''transmit'' or ''receive diversity''. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at the transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies, which require channel knowledge at the transmitter. |
The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system, termed [[smart antenna|smart]] or [[intelligent antenna]]. Recently, [[Multiple antenna research|multiple antenna technologies]] are emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range communications. In the early 1990s, to cater for the growing data rate needs of data communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, [[spatial multiplexing]], gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This technology, called [[MIMO]] (as a branch of [[intelligent antenna]]), multiplies the base data rate by (the smaller of) the number of transmit antennas or the number of receive antennas. Apart from this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called ''transmit'' or ''receive diversity''. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at the transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies, which require channel knowledge at the transmitter. |
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=== Software-defined radio (SDR) === |
=== Open-wireless Architecture and Software-defined radio (SDR) === |
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One of the key technologies for 4G and beyond is called Open Wireless Architecture (OWA), supporting multiple wireless air interfaces in an [[open architecture]] platform. |
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[[Software-defined radio|SDR]] is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence. |
[[Software-defined radio|SDR]] is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence. |
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== History of 4G and pre-4G technologies == |
== History of 4G and pre-4G technologies == |
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The 4G system was originally envisioned by the [[DARPA]], the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} DARPA selected the distributed architecture and end-to-end Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the network, eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zheng |first1=P |title=Wireless Networking Complete |last2=Peterson |first2=L |last3=Davie |first3=B |last4=Farrel |first4=A |publisher=Morgan Kaufmann |year=2009 |isbn=9780123785701}}</ref>{{Rp|needed=yes|date=October 2012}} Since the 2.5G GPRS system, cellular systems have provided dual infrastructures: packet switched nodes for data services, and circuit switched nodes for voice calls. In 4G systems, the circuit-switched infrastructure is abandoned and only a [[packet-switched network]] is provided, while 2.5G and 3G systems require both packet-switched and circuit-switched [[network node]]s, i.e. two infrastructures in parallel. This means that in 4G traditional voice calls are replaced by IP telephony. |
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* In 2002, the strategic vision for 4G—which [[ITU]] designated as IMT-Advanced—was laid out. |
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* In 2002, the strategic vision for 4G—which [[ITU]] designated as [[IMT Advanced]]—was laid out. |
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* In 2004, [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] was first proposed by [[NTT DoCoMo]] of Japan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Alabaster |first=Jay |date=20 August 2012 |title=Japan's NTT DoCoMo signs up 1 million LTE users in a month, hits 5 million total |url=http://www.networkworld.com/news/2012/082012-japan39s-ntt-docomo-signs-up-261759.html |newspaper=Network World |publisher=IDG |access-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010826/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2012/082012-japan39s-ntt-docomo-signs-up-261759.html |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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* In 2005, [[OFDMA]] transmission technology is chosen as candidate for the [[HSOPA]] downlink, later renamed 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) air interface [[E-UTRA]]. |
* In 2005, [[OFDMA]] transmission technology is chosen as candidate for the [[HSOPA]] downlink, later renamed 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) air interface [[E-UTRA]]. |
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* In November 2005, [[KT (telecommunication company)|KT]] demonstrated mobile WiMAX service in Busan, South Korea.<ref name="kt demo">{{ |
* In November 2005, [[KT (telecommunication company)|KT Corporation]] demonstrated mobile WiMAX service in [[Busan]], [[South Korea]].<ref name="kt demo">{{cite web|title=KT Launches Commercial WiBro Services in South Korea |url=http://www.wimaxforum.org/news/831 |website=[[WiMAX#WiMAX Forum|WiMAX Forum]] |date=November 15, 2005 |access-date=June 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529182700/http://www.wimaxforum.org/news/831 |archive-date=May 29, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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* In |
* In April 2006, [[KT Corporation]] started the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service in Seoul, [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/Resources/D2S3P1-HansukKim.ppt |title=KT's Experience In Development Projects|date=March 2011}}</ref> |
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* In mid-2006, [[Sprint |
* In mid-2006, [[Sprint Corporation|Sprint]] announced that it would invest about US$5 billion in a [[WiMAX]] technology buildout over the next few years<ref name=sprint>{{cite web |title=4G Mobile Broadband|url =http://www2.sprint.com/mr/cda_pkDetail.do?id=1260 |publisher=Sprint |access-date=March 12, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222022426/http://www2.sprint.com/mr/cda_pkDetail.do?id=1260| archive-date=February 22, 2008}}</ref> (${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|5000000000|2006}}}} in [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|real]] terms{{Inflation-fn|US}}). Since that time Sprint has faced many setbacks that have resulted in steep quarterly losses. On 7 May 2008, [[Sprint Corporation|Sprint]], [[Imagine Communications|Imagine]], [[Google]], [[Intel]], [[Comcast]], [[Bright House Networks|Bright House]], and [[Time Warner]] announced a pooling of an average of 120 MHz of spectrum; Sprint merged its [[Xohm]] WiMAX division with [[Clearwire]] to form a company which will take the name "Clear". |
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* In February 2007, the [[Japanese company]] [[NTT DoCoMo]] tested a 4G communication system prototype with |
* In February 2007, the [[Japanese company]] [[NTT DoCoMo]] tested a 4G communication system prototype with 4×4 [[MIMO]] called [[VSF-OFCDM]] at 100 [[Mbit]]/s while moving, and 1 [[Gbit]]/s while stationary. NTT DoCoMo completed a trial in which they reached a maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink with 12×12 MIMO using a 100 MHz frequency bandwidth while moving at 10 km/h,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nttdocomo.com/pr/2007/001319.html |date=February 9, 2007 |website=[[NTT DoCoMo]] Press |title=DoCoMo Achieves 5 Gbit/s Data Speed |access-date=July 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925084229/http://www.nttdocomo.com/pr/2007/001319.html |archive-date=September 25, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is planning on releasing the first commercial network in 2010. |
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* In September 2007, NTT Docomo demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 200 Mbit/s with power consumption below 100 mW during the test.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.electronicsweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/14/42179/ntt-docomo-develops-low-power-chip-for-3g-lte-handsets.htm|title=NTT DoCoMo develops low power chip for 3G LTE handsets|last=Reynolds|first=Melanie|work=[[Electronics Weekly]]|date=2007- |
* In September 2007, NTT Docomo demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 200 Mbit/s with power consumption below 100 mW during the test.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.electronicsweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/14/42179/ntt-docomo-develops-low-power-chip-for-3g-lte-handsets.htm |title=NTT DoCoMo develops low power chip for 3G LTE handsets|last=Reynolds|first=Melanie |work=[[Electronics Weekly]]|date=September 14, 2007 |access-date=April 8, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927212306/http://www.electronicsweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/14/42179/ntt-docomo-develops-low-power-chip-for-3g-lte-handsets.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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* In January 2008, a U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) [[spectrum auction]] for the 700 MHz former analog TV frequencies began. As a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wireless.fcc.gov/auctions/default.htm?job=auctions_sched |title=Auctions Schedule | |
* In January 2008, a U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) [[spectrum auction]] for the 700 MHz former analog TV frequencies began. As a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wireless.fcc.gov/auctions/default.htm?job=auctions_sched |title=Auctions Schedule |website=[[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] |access-date=January 8, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124164231/http://wireless.fcc.gov/auctions/default.htm?job=auctions_sched |archive-date=January 24, 2008| url-status=live}}</ref> Both of these companies have stated their intention of supporting [[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]]. |
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* In January 2008, EU commissioner [[Viviane Reding]] suggested re-allocation of 500–800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX.<ref>{{cite news |
* In January 2008, EU commissioner [[Viviane Reding]] suggested re-allocation of 500–800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/communications/0,39044192,62021021,00.htm |title=European Commission proposes TV spectrum for WiMax |website=zdnetasia.com |access-date=January 8, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214014416/http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/communications/0%2C39044192%2C62021021%2C00.htm |archive-date=December 14, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* On 15 February 2008 |
* On 15 February 2008, Skyworks Solutions released a front-end module for e-UTRAN.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-33896688_ITM |title=Skyworks Rolls Out Front-End Module for 3.9G Wireless Applications. (Skyworks Solutions Inc.)|date=February 14, 2008 |work=Wireless News |access-date=September 14, 2008|format=free registration required}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/08/18/cramer-is-skyworks-solutions-depending-on-china.html |title=Wireless News Briefs — February 15, 2008 |date=February 15, 2008 |work=WirelessWeek |access-date=September 14, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819132047/http://www.cnbc.com/2015/08/18/cramer-is-skyworks-solutions-depending-on-china.html |archive-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-33869434_ITM |title=Skyworks Introduces Industry's First Front-End Module for 3.9G Wireless Applications |date=11 February 2008 |work=Skyworks press release |access-date=September 14, 2008}}</ref> |
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* In 2008, [[ITU-R]] established the detailed performance requirements of IMT-Advanced, by issuing a Circular Letter calling for candidate Radio Access Technologies (RATs) for IMT-Advanced.<ref>ITU-R Report M.2134, |
* In November 2008, [[ITU-R]] established the detailed performance requirements of IMT-Advanced, by issuing a Circular Letter calling for candidate Radio Access Technologies (RATs) for IMT-Advanced.<ref>ITU-R Report M.2134, "Requirements related to technical performance for IMT-Advanced radio interface(s)", November 2008.</ref> |
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* In April 2008, just after receiving the circular letter, the 3GPP organized a workshop on IMT-Advanced where it was decided that LTE Advanced, an evolution of current LTE standard, will meet or even exceed IMT-Advanced requirements following the ITU-R agenda. |
* In April 2008, just after receiving the circular letter, the 3GPP organized a workshop on IMT-Advanced where it was decided that LTE Advanced, an evolution of current LTE standard, will meet or even exceed IMT-Advanced requirements following the ITU-R agenda. |
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* In April 2008, LG and Nortel demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 50 Mbit/s while travelling at 110 km/h.<ref> |
* In April 2008, LG and Nortel demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 50 Mbit/s while travelling at 110 km/h.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wireless-watch.com/2008/04/06/nortel-and-lg-electronics-demo-lte-at-ctia-and-with-high-vehicle-speeds/ |title=Nortel and LG Electronics Demo LTE at CTIA and with High Vehicle Speeds :: Wireless-Watch Community |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606063700/http://wireless-watch.com/2008/04/06/nortel-and-lg-electronics-demo-lte-at-ctia-and-with-high-vehicle-speeds/ |archive-date=2008-06-06}}</ref> |
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* On 12 November 2008, [[High Tech Computer|HTC]] announced the first WiMAX-enabled mobile phone, the [[Max 4G]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=Scartel and HTC Launch World's First Integrated GSM/WiMAX Handset|url=http://www.htc.com/www/press.aspx?id=76204&lang=1033 |publisher=HTC Corporation |date=12 November 2008 | |
* On 12 November 2008, [[High Tech Computer|HTC]] announced the first WiMAX-enabled mobile phone, the [[Max 4G]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=Scartel and HTC Launch World's First Integrated GSM/WiMAX Handset |url=http://www.htc.com/www/press.aspx?id=76204&lang=1033 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122174257/http://www.htc.com/www/press.aspx?id=76204&lang=1033 |archive-date=2008-11-22 |publisher=HTC Corporation |date=12 November 2008 |access-date=March 1, 2011}}</ref> |
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* |
* On 15 December 2008, [[San Miguel Corporation]], the largest food and beverage conglomerate in southeast Asia, has signed a memorandum of understanding with Qatar Telecom QSC ([[Qtel]]) to build wireless broadband and mobile communications projects in the Philippines. The joint-venture formed wi-tribe Philippines, which offers 4G in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanmiguel.com.ph/Articles.aspx?ID=1&a_id=748 |title=San Miguel and Qatar Telecom Sign MOU |access-date=2009-02-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218064947/http://sanmiguel.com.ph/Articles.aspx?ID=1&a_id=748 |archive-date=February 18, 2009 |df=mdy }} San Miguel Corporation, December 15, 2008</ref> Around the same time [[Globe Telecom]] rolled out the first WiMAX service in the Philippines. |
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* On 3 March 2009, Lithuania's LRTC announcing the first operational "4G" [[mobile WiMAX]] network in Baltic states.<ref>{{cite press release |title=LRTC to Launch |
* On 3 March 2009, Lithuania's LRTC announcing the first operational "4G" [[mobile WiMAX]] network in Baltic states.<ref>{{cite press release |title=LRTC to Launch Lithuania's First Mobile WiMAX 4G Internet Service |url=http://www.wimaxforum.org/news/837 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612171853/http://www.wimaxforum.org/news/837 |archive-date=2010-06-12 |publisher=WiMAX Forum |date=3 March 2009 |access-date=November 26, 2010}}</ref> |
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* In December 2009, Sprint began advertising "4G" service in selected cities in the United States, despite average download speeds of only 3–6 Mbit/s with peak speeds of 10 Mbit/s (not available in all markets).<ref name=sprint4g>{{cite web |
* In December 2009, Sprint began advertising "4G" service in selected cities in the United States, despite average download speeds of only 3–6 Mbit/s with peak speeds of 10 Mbit/s (not available in all markets).<ref name=sprint4g>{{cite web|url=http://nextelonline.nextel.com/en/stores/popups/4G_coverage_popup.shtml |title=4G Coverage and Speeds |website=[[Sprint Corporation|Sprint]] |access-date=November 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405045344/http://nextelonline.nextel.com/en/stores/popups/4G_coverage_popup.shtml |archive-date=April 5, 2010 }}</ref> |
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* On 14 December 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in the Scandinavian capitals [[Stockholm]] and [[Oslo]] by the Swedish-Finnish network operator [[TeliaSonera]] and its Norwegian brandname [[NetCom (Norway)]]. TeliaSonera branded the network "4G". The modem devices on offer were manufactured by [[Samsung]] (dongle GT-B3710), and the network infrastructure created by [[Huawei]] (in Oslo) and [[Ericsson]] (in Stockholm). TeliaSonera plans to roll out nationwide LTE across Sweden, Norway and Finland.<ref name=Wallstreet>{{cite news|url |
* On 14 December 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in the Scandinavian capitals [[Stockholm]] and [[Oslo]] by the Swedish-Finnish network operator [[TeliaSonera]] and its Norwegian brandname [[NetCom (Norway)]]. TeliaSonera branded the network "4G". The modem devices on offer were manufactured by [[Samsung]] (dongle GT-B3710), and the network infrastructure created by [[Huawei]] (in Oslo) and [[Ericsson]] (in Stockholm). TeliaSonera plans to roll out nationwide LTE across Sweden, Norway and Finland.<ref name=Wallstreet>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20091214-707449.html|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100114110530/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20091214-707449.html|archive-date=2010-01-14 |date=December 14, 2009 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Teliasonera First To Offer 4G Mobile Services |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20121220051323/https://netcom.no/mobiltbredband/4g/4Gengelsk.html NetCom.no] – NetCom 4G (in English)</ref> TeliaSonera used spectral bandwidth of 10 MHz, and single-in-single-out, which should provide physical layer [[net bit rate]]s of up to 50 Mbit/s downlink and 25 Mbit/s in the uplink. Introductory tests showed a [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] [[throughput]] of 42.8 Mbit/s downlink and 5.3 Mbit/s uplink in Stockholm.<ref name=dailymobile>{{cite web |url=http://dailymobile.se/2009/12/15/teliasonera%C2%B4s-4g-speed-test-looking-good/ |title=TeliaSonera's 4G Speed Test – looking good |work=Daily Mobile |access-date=January 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419115311/http://dailymobile.se/2009/12/15/teliasonera%c2%b4s-4g-speed-test-looking-good/ |archive-date=April 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
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* On |
* On 4 June 2010, [[Sprint Corporation|Sprint]] released the first WiMAX smartphone in the US, the [[HTC Evo 4G]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/3791/the-sprint-htc-evo-4g-review |title=The Sprint HTC EVO 4G Review|author=Anand Lal Shimpi |website=[[AnandTech]] |date=June 28, 2010 |access-date=March 19, 2011}}</ref> |
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* On 4 |
* On November 4, 2010, the [[Samsung]] Craft offered by [[MetroPCS]] is the first commercially available LTE smartphone<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2010/09/samsung-craft-first-lte-handset-launches-on-metropcs/ |title=Samsung Craft first LTE handset, launches on MetroPCS|date=September 21, 2010}}</ref> |
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* On 6 December 2010, at the ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar 2010, the [[ITU]] stated that [[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]], [[WiMAX]] and similar "evolved 3G technologies" could be considered "4G".<ref name="ITUSeminar" /> |
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* In July 2010, [[Uzbekistan]]'s [[Mobile TeleSystems|MTS]] deployed LTE in [[Tashkent]].<ref>[http://company.mts.uz/uz/news/5817 МТS kompaniyasi O’zbekistonda 4G tarmog’i ishga tushirilishini e’lon qiladi] (in [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]])</ref> |
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* |
* In 2011, [[Argentina]]'s [[Claro Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay|Claro]] launched a pre-4G HSPA+ network in the country. |
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* In 2011, [[Thailand]]'s [[True Corporation|Truemove-H]] launched a pre-4G HSPA+ network with nationwide availability. |
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* On 6 December 2010, at the ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar 2010, the [[ITU]] stated that [[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]], [[WiMax]] and similar "evolved 3G technologies" could be considered "4G".<ref name="ITUSeminar"/> |
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* On March 17, 2011, the [[HTC Thunderbolt]] offered by Verizon in the U.S. was the second LTE smartphone to be sold commercially.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2011/03/16/verizon-launches-its-first-lte-handset/ |title=Verizon launches its first LTE handset |website=Telegeography.com |date=March 16, 2011 |access-date=July 31, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phonearena.com/news/HTC-ThunderBolt-is-officially-Verizons-first-LTE-handset-come-March-17th_id17455 |title=HTC ThunderBolt is officially Verizon's first LTE handset, come March 17th |website=Phonearena.com |date=2011 |access-date=July 31, 2012}}</ref> |
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* On 12 December 2010, VivaCell-MTS launches in [[Armenia]] 4G/LTE commercial test network with a live demo conducted in [[Yerevan]].<ref>[http://www.vivacell.am/index.php?lng=2&menu=1&page=news&newsID=18542 VivaCell-MTS launches in Armenia 4G/LTE]</ref> |
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* In February 2012, [[Ericsson]] demonstrated [https://androroot.net/mobdro-tv-latest-version-download/ mobile-TV] over LTE, utilizing the new eMBMS service (enhanced [[MBMS|Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ericsson.com/news/1589080 |title=demonstrates Broadcast Video/TV over LTE |publisher=Ericsson |date=February 27, 2012|access-date=July 31, 2012}}</ref> |
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Since 2009, the LTE-Standard has strongly evolved over the years, resulting in many deployments by various operators across the globe. For an overview of commercial LTE networks and their respective historic development see: [[List of LTE networks]]. Among the vast range of deployments, many operators are considering the deployment and operation of LTE networks. A compilation of planned LTE deployments can be found at: [[List of planned LTE networks]]. |
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=== Deployment plans === |
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In May 2005, [[Digiweb]], an Irish fixed and wireless broadband company, announced that they had received a mobile communications license from the Irish Telecoms regulator, [[ComReg]]. This service will be issued the mobile code ''088'' in Ireland and will be used for the provision of 4G Mobile communications.<ref>Press Release: [http://media.digiweb.ie/pr/2007/05/04/digiweb-mobile-takes-088/ Digiweb Mobile Takes 088]</ref><ref>RTÉ News article: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/0405/digiweb.html Ireland gets new mobile phone provider]</ref> Digiweb launched a mobile broadband network using FLASH-OFDM technology at 872 MHz. |
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== Disadvantages == |
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On September 20, 2007, [[Verizon Wireless]] announced plans for a joint effort with the [[Vodafone Group]] to transition its networks to the 4G standard LTE. On December 9, 2008, Verizon Wireless announced their intentions to build and begin to roll out an LTE network by the end of 2009. Since then, Verizon Wireless has said that they will start their rollout by the end of 2010. |
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4G introduces a potential inconvenience for those who travel internationally or wish to switch carriers. In order to make and receive 4G voice calls ([[VoLTE]]), the subscriber handset must not only have a matching [[LTE frequency bands|frequency band]] (and in some cases require [[SIM lock|unlocking]]), it must also have the matching enablement settings for the local carrier and/or country. While a phone purchased from a given carrier can be expected to work with that carrier, making 4G voice calls on another carrier's network (including international roaming) may be impossible without a software update specific to the local carrier and the phone model in question, which may or may not be available (although fallback to 2G/3G for voice calling may still be possible if a 2G/3G network is available with a matching frequency band).<ref name=VOLTE>{{cite web |url=https://www.4g.co.uk/what-is-volte |title=What is VoLTE? |work=4g.co.uk |access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref> |
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== Beyond 4G research == |
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On July 7, 2008, [[South Korea]] announced plans to spend 60 billion [[South Korean won|won]], or US$58,000,000, on developing 4G and even 5G technologies, with the goal of having the highest mobile phone market share by 2012, and the hope of an international standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unwiredview.com/2008/07/08/korea-to-start-working-on-5g/|title=Korea to Begin Developing 5G|publisher=unwiredview.com|date=2008-07-08|accessdate=2010-04-08}}</ref> |
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{{Main|5G}} |
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A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by [[macro-diversity]] techniques, also known as [[cooperative diversity|group cooperative relay]], and also by Beam-Division Multiple Access (BDMA).<ref>IT R&D program of [[Ministry of Knowledge Economy|MKE]]/IITA: 2008-F-004-01 "5G mobile communication systems based on beam-division multiple access and relays with group cooperation".</ref> |
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[[Telus]] and [[Bell Canada]], the major Canadian [[cdmaOne]] and [[EV-DO]] carriers, have announced that they will be cooperating towards building a fourth generation (4G) LTE wireless broadband network in Canada. As a transitional measure, they are implementing 3G [[UMTS]] that went live in November 2009.<ref name="TELUS.com">{{cite web| url = http://www.telusmobility.com/network/ | publisher = TELUS| author = TELUS | title = Next Generation Network Evolution| date = 2008-10-10}}</ref> |
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[[Pervasive network]]s are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly move between them (See [[vertical handoff]], [[IEEE 802.21]]). These access technologies can be [[Wi-Fi]], [[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|UMTS]], [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]], or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio (also known as [[cognitive radio]]) technology to efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of [[Mesh networking|mesh routing]] protocols to create a pervasive network. |
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Sprint offers a 3G/4G connection plan, currently available in select cities in the United States.<ref name=sprint4g/> It delivers rates up to 10 Mbit/s. |
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== The future of 4G == |
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In the [[United Kingdom]], [[Telefónica Europe|Telefónica O<sub>2</sub>]] is to use [[Slough]] as a guinea pig in testing the 4G network and has called upon [[Huawei]] to install LTE technology in six masts across the town to allow people to talk to each other via HD video conferencing and play PlayStation games while on the move.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/6797198/Slough-accepts-the-call-to-be-4G-mobile-phone-trailblazer.html|title=Slough accepts the call to be 4G mobile phone trailblazer|last=Neate|first=Rupert|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=2009-12-12|accessdate=2010-04-08 | location=London}}</ref> |
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As of 2023, many countries and regions have started the transition from 4G to 5G, the next generation of cellular technology. 5G promises even faster speeds, lower latency, and the ability to connect a vast number of devices simultaneously. |
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4G networks are expected to coexist with 5G networks for several years, providing coverage in areas where 5G is not available. |
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Verizon Wireless has announced that it plans to augment its CDMA2000-based EV-DO 3G network in the United States with LTE. [[AT&T Mobility|AT&T]], along with Verizon Wireless, has chosen to migrate toward LTE from 2G/GSM and 3G/HSPA by 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electronista.com/articles/07/09/21/verizon.and.vodafone.4g/|title=AT&T, Verizon, Vodafone to share same 4G network|publisher=Electronista|date=2007-09-21|accessdate=2010-04-08}}</ref> |
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== Past 4G networks == |
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[[Sprint Nextel]] has deployed WiMAX technology which it has labeled 4G as of October 2008. It is currently deploying to additional markets and is the first US carrier to offer a WiMAX phone.<ref>{{cite press release |title=World's First 3G/4G Android Phone, HTC EVO™ 4G, Coming this Summer Exclusively from Sprint |url=http://newsroom.sprint.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1414 |publisher=[[Sprint Nextel|Sprint]] |date=23 March 2010 |accessdate=26 November 2010}}</ref> |
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{{About|[[WiMAX]] & [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] network shutdowns|shutdowns of [[Evolved High Speed Packet Access|HSPA+]] ([[UMTS]]) networks that are sometimes labeled as 4G |3G#Phase-out|section=yes}} |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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|+ |
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! Country |
|||
! Network |
|||
! Shutdown date |
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! Standard |
|||
! Notes |
|||
|- |
|||
| {{flag|Canada}} |
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| [[Xplore Inc.|Xplore Mobile]] |
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| 2022-08-31 |
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| [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] |
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| <ref name="Xplore Mobile CA">{{Cite news |last=Karadeglija |first=Anja |date=2022-07-19 |title=Xplore Mobile shut down is a signal for government to 'stop approving telecom mergers' |language=en |work=National Post |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/xplore-mobile-shut-down-signal-for-government-to-stop-approving-telecom-mergers |access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
| {{flag|Jamaica}} |
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| [[Digicel]] |
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| 2018-10-31 |
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| [[WiMAX]] |
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| <ref name="Digicel JM WiMAX">{{cite web |title=4G Broadband |url=https://www.digicelgroup.com/jm/en/mobile/plans-services/4g-broadband.html |website=Digicel Jamaica |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-date=August 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813145400/https://www.digicelgroup.com/jm/en/mobile/plans-services/4g-broadband.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
| {{flag|Malaysia}} |
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| [[YTL Communications|Yes 4G ]] |
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| 2019-10-01 |
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| [[WiMAX]] |
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| <ref name="Yes 4G WiMAX">{{cite web |title=Yes Introduces the All-New Unlimited Super Postpaid Plans |url=https://site.yes.my/media-centre/yes-introduces-the-all-new-unlimited-super-postpaid-plans/ |website=Yes.my |access-date=1 October 2019 |archive-date=February 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216145621/https://site.yes.my/media-centre/yes-introduces-the-all-new-unlimited-super-postpaid-plans/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Yes 4G WiMAX shutdown">{{cite web |title=Yes says goodbye to WiMAX |url=https://soyacincau.com/2019/10/01/yes-says-goodbye-to-wimax/ |website=soyacincau |access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| {{flag|Nepal}} |
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| [[Nepal Telecom]] |
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| {{fontcolour|red|'''2021-12-??'''}} |
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| [[WiMAX]] |
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| <ref name="NTC WiMAX">{{cite web |title=NTC To End WiMAX Broadband Service This Year |url=https://www.nepalitelecom.com/nepal-telecom-ntc-wimax-shutdown |website=Nepali Telecom |date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} |
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| [[Blink bmobile]] <small>([[TSTT]])</small> |
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| 2015-03-03 |
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| [[WiMAX]] |
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| <ref name="TSTT WiMAX">{{cite web |title=Blink introduces 4GLTE, kills WIMAX |url=https://technewstt.com/blink-lte/ |website=Tech News TT|date=March 3, 2015 }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" | {{flag|United States}} |
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| [[Sprint Corporation|Sprint]] |
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| 2016-03-31 |
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| [[WiMAX]] |
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| <ref name="Sprint WiMAX">{{cite web |last1=Seifert |first1=Dan |title=Sprint to finally shut down its WiMAX network late next year |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/10/9/6951101/sprint-shut-down-wimax-network-november-2015 |website=The Verge |date=October 9, 2014 |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Sprint WiMAX 2">{{cite web |last1=Kinney |first1=Sean |title=Today is the last day of Sprint WiMAX service |url=https://www.rcrwireless.com/20160331/network-infrastructure/today-last-day-sprint-wimax-service-tag17 |website=RCR Wireless |date=March 31, 2016 |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
| [[T-Mobile US|T-Mobile]] (Sprint) |
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| 2022-06-30 |
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| [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] |
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| <ref name="T-Mobile Shutdowns">{{cite web |title=T-Mobile Network Evolution |url=https://www.t-mobile.com/support/coverage/t-mobile-network-evolution |website=T-Mobile |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dano |first1=Mike |title=T-Mobile to shutter Sprint's LTE network on June 30, 2022 |url=https://www.lightreading.com/5g/t-mobile-to-shutter-sprints-lte-network-on-june-30-2022/d/d-id/771269 |website=Light Reading |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Sprint 4G">{{cite web |title=Sprint reaches the finishing line: legacy LTE networks switched off by T-Mobile |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/07/04/sprint-reaches-the-finishing-line-legacy-lte-networks-switched-off-by-t-mobile/ |website=TeleGeography |access-date=2022-07-05 |date=2022-07-04}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|} |
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== See also == |
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The U.S. FCC is exploring the possibility of deployment and operation of a nationwide 4G public safety network which would allow [[first responders]] to seamlessly communicate between agencies and across geographies, regardless of devices. In June 2010 the FCC released a comprehensive white paper which indicates that the 10 MHz of dedicated spectrum currently allocated from the [[700 MHz]] spectrum for public safety will provide adequate capacity and performance necessary for normal communications as well as serious emergency situations.<ref>FCC White Paper. [http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-298799A1.pdf "The Public Safety Nationwide Interoperable Broadband Network, A New Model For Capacity, Performance and Cost"], June 2010.</ref> |
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* [[4G-LTE filter]] |
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* [[Comparison of mobile phone standards]] |
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* [[Comparison of wireless data standards]] |
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* [[Wireless device radiation and health]] |
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== Notes == |
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[[TeliaSonera]] started deploying LTE (branded "4G") in Stockholm and Oslo November 2009 (as seen above), and in several Swedish, Norwegian, and Finnish cities during 2010. In June 2010, Swedish television companies used 4G to broadcast live television from the Swedish Crown Princess' Royal Wedding.<ref>[http://www.telia.net/4G/ TeliaSonera website]</ref> |
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{{reflist|group=Note}} |
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== References == |
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Safaricom, a telecommunication company in East& Central Africa, began its setup of a 4G network in October 2010 after the now retired& Kenya Tourist Board Chairman, Michael Joseph, regarded their 3G network as a white elephant i.e. it failed to perform to expectations. Huawei was given the contract the network is set to go fully commercial by the end of Q1 of 2011 |
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{{reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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[[Telstra]] announced on 15 February 2011, that it intents to upgrade its current Next G network to 4G with Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology in the central business districts of all Australian capital cities and selected regional centres by the end of 2011.<ref>http://www.telstra.com.au/abouttelstra/media-centre/announcements/telstra-to-launch-4g-mobile-broadband-network-by-end-2011.xml</ref> |
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== Beyond 4G research == |
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{{Main|5G}} |
|||
A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by [[macro-diversity]] techniques, also known as [[cooperative diversity|group cooperative relay]], and also by beam-division multiple access.<ref>IT R&D program of [[Ministry of Knowledge Economy|MKE]]/IITA: 2008-F-004-01 “5G mobile communication systems based on beam-division multiple access and relays with group cooperation”.</ref> |
|||
[[Pervasive network]]s are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly move between them (See [[vertical handoff]], [[IEEE 802.21]]). These access technologies can be [[Wi-Fi]], [[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|UMTS]], [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]], or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio (also known as [[cognitive radio]] technology) to efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of [[Mesh networking|mesh routing]] protocols to create a pervasive network. |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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==External links== |
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" [http://4gwifidevices.com/ 4G Wifi Devices] |
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* [http://sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/ 3GPP LTE Encyclopedia] |
* [http://sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/ 3GPP LTE Encyclopedia] |
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*[https://www.3g4g.co.uk/LteA/LteA_WP_0807_Nomor.pdf Nomor Research: Progress on "LTE Advanced" - the new 4G standard] |
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* [http://discusstech.org/2011/03/difference-between-3g-and-4g/ Difference between 3G and 4G] |
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* {{Cite conference |url=http://csdl2.computer.org/comp/proceedings/wetice/2001/1269/00/12690060.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106004823/http://csdl2.computer.org/comp/proceedings/wetice/2001/1269/00/12690060.pdf |archive-date=January 6, 2006 |title=Research Directions for Fourth Generation Wireless |author =Brian Woerner |book-title=Proceedings of the 10th International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE 01) |location=Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA |date=June 20–22, 2001 }} (118kb) |
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* [http://www.supelec.fr/342_p_14379/chaire-en-radio-flexible.html Alcatel-Lucent chair on Flexible Radio], working on the concept of small cells |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121115074637/http://consumers.ofcom.org.uk/4g/ Information on 4G mobile services in the UK – Ofcom] |
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* [http://www.nomor.de/home/technology/white-papers/progress-on-lte-advanced---the-future-4g-standard Nomor Research: White Paper on LTE Advance the new 4G standard] |
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* [http://www.omgroup.edu.in/downloads/files/n57c52e9922d56.pdf The Scope of 4G Technology: A Review] - OM Institute of Technology & Management |
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* {{Cite conference |url= http://csdl2.computer.org/comp/proceedings/wetice/2001/1269/00/12690060.pdf |title= Research Directions for Fourth Generation Wireless |author= Brian Woerner |booktitle= Proceedings of the 10th International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE 01) |location= Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA |date=June 20–22, 2001 |format=PDF}} (118kb) |
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* Sajal Kumar Das, John Wiley & Sons (April 2010): "Mobile Handset Design", ISBN 978-0-470-82467-2 |
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* {{Cite journal |url= http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1252799&isnumber=28028 |title= Challenges in the migration to 4G mobile systems |author= Suk Yu Hui |coauthors= Kai Hau Yeung |publisher= City Univ. of Hong Kong, China |journal= Communications Magazine, [[IEEE]] |month= December | year= 2003 |volume= 41 |pages= 54 |doi= 10.1109/MCOM.2003.1252799}} |
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* {{Cite web |url= http://www.alcatel.com/publications/abstract.jhtml?repositoryItem=tcm%3A172-262211635 |title= 4G Mobile | date= 2005-06-13 | publisher = [[Alcatel-Lucent]]}} |
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* {{Cite web |url= http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7943 |title = 4G prototype testing |date= 2005-09-02 |publisher= [[New Scientist]] |author= Will Knight}} |
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* {{Cite web |url= http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000021/002142.htm |title= Caribbean telecoms to invest in 4G wireless networks |date= 2006-06-27 |publisher= [[Caribbean Net News]]}} |
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* {{Cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/jersey/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_8574000/8574436.stm |title= High speed mobile network to launch in Jersey |date= 2010-03-19 |publisher= [[BBC News]]}} |
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* {{Cite web |url= http://www.ict-befemto.eu/|title= Future use of 4G Femtocells|date= 2010-03-10}} |
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* {{Cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11776901/|title= Date set for 4G airwaves auction |date= 2010-11-17}} |
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{{s-start}} |
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{{s-bef|before=[[3G|3rd Generation (3G)]]}} |
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{{s-ttl |title=[[Mobile telephony|Mobile Telephony Generations]]|years=}} |
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|years=}} |
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{{s-end}} |
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{{s-aft|after=[[5G|5th Generation (5G)]]}} |
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{{s-end}} |
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{{Mobile phones}} |
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{{Mobile telecommunications standards}} |
{{Mobile telecommunications standards}} |
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[[fa:نسل چهارم شبکه تلفن همراه]] |
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Revision as of 15:22, 25 June 2024
Part of a series on the |
Wireless network technologies |
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Analog |
Digital |
Mobile telecommunications |
4G[1] is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system must provide capabilities defined by ITU in IMT Advanced. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, and 3D television.
However, in December 2010, the ITU expanded its definition of 4G to include Long Term Evolution (LTE), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), and Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+).[2]
The first-release WiMAX standard was commercially deployed in South Korea in 2006 and has since been deployed in most parts of the world.
The first-release LTE standard was commercially deployed in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden in 2009, and has since been deployed throughout most parts of the world. However, it has been debated whether the first-release versions should be considered 4G. The 4G wireless cellular standard was defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and specifies the key characteristics of the standard, including transmission technology and data speeds.
Each generation of wireless cellular technology has introduced increased bandwidth speeds and network capacity. 4G has speeds of up to 150 Mbit/s download and 50 Mbit/s upload, whereas 3G had a peak speed of 7.2 Mbit/s download and 2 Mbit/s upload.[3]
As of 2022,[update] 4G technology accounted for 60 percent of all mobile connections worldwide.[4]
Key Features and Advancements
- Speed: 4G networks offer faster data download and upload speeds compared to 3G. Theoretically, 4G can achieve speeds of up to 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s) for high mobility communication and 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for stationary users.
- Latency: Reduced latency, resulting in more responsive user experiences.
- Capacity: Enhanced network capacity allowing more simultaneous connections.
- Advanced Antenna Techniques: Use of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) and beamforming for better signal quality and improved spectral efficiency.
Technical overview
In November 2008, the International Telecommunication Union-Radio communications sector (ITU-R) specified a set of requirements for 4G standards, named the International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s)(=12.5 megabytes per second) for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).[5]
Since the first-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE support much less than 1 Gbit/s peak bit rate, they are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often branded 4G by service providers. According to operators, a generation of the network refers to the deployment of a new non-backward-compatible technology. On December 6, 2010, ITU-R recognized that these two technologies, as well as other beyond-3G technologies that do not fulfill the IMT-Advanced requirements, could nevertheless be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced compliant versions and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed".[6]
Mobile WiMAX Release 2 (also known as WirelessMAN-Advanced or IEEE 802.16m) and LTE Advanced (LTE-A) are IMT-Advanced compliant backwards compatible versions of the above two systems, standardized during the spring 2011,[citation needed] and promising speeds in the order of 1 Gbit/s. Services were expected in 2013.[needs update]
As opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support traditional circuit-switched telephony service, but instead relies on all-Internet Protocol (IP) based communication such as IP telephony. As seen below, the spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems is abandoned in all 4G candidate systems and replaced by OFDMA multi-carrier transmission and other frequency-domain equalization (FDE) schemes, making it possible to transfer very high bit rates despite extensive multi-path radio propagation (echoes). The peak bit rate is further improved by smart antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications.
Background
In the field of mobile communications, a "generation" generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-compatible transmission technology, higher peak bit rates, new frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz, and higher capacity for many simultaneous data transfers (higher system spectral efficiency in bit/second/Hertz/site).
New mobile generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and a minimum peak bit rate of 200 kbit/s, in 2011/2012 to be followed by "real" 4G, which refers to all-IP packet-switched networks giving mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access.
While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or development work themselves, instead relying on the work of other standard bodies such as IEEE, WiMAX Forum, and 3GPP.
In the mid-1990s, the ITU-R standardization organization released the IMT-2000 requirements as a framework for what standards should be considered 3G systems, requiring 2000 kbit/s peak bit rate.[7] In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.
The fastest 3G-based standard in the UMTS family is the HSPA+ standard, which has been commercially available since 2009 and offers 21 Mbit/s downstream (11 Mbit/s upstream) without MIMO, i.e. with only one antenna, and in 2011 accelerated up to 42 Mbit/s peak bit rate downstream using either DC-HSPA+ (simultaneous use of two 5 MHz UMTS carriers)[8] or 2x2 MIMO. In theory speeds up to 672 Mbit/s are possible, but have not been deployed yet. The fastest 3G-based standard in the CDMA2000 family is the EV-DO Rev. B, which is available since 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstream.
Frequencies for 4G LTE networks
See here: LTE frequency bands
IMT-Advanced requirements
This article refers to 4G using IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced), as defined by ITU-R. An IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfill the following requirements:[9]
- Be based on an all-IP packet switched network.
- Have peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access.[5]
- Be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell.
- Use scalable channel bandwidths of 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.[5][10]
- Have peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s·Hz in the downlink, and 6.75 bit/s·Hz in the up link (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth).
- System spectral efficiency is, in indoor cases, 3 bit/s·Hz·cell for downlink and 2.25 bit/s·Hz·cell for up link.[5]
- Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.
In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as 4G candidates.[11] Basically all proposals are based on two technologies:
- LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP
- 802.16m standardized by the IEEE
Implementations of Mobile WiMAX and first-release LTE were largely considered a stopgap solution that would offer a considerable boost until WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m specification) and LTE Advanced was deployed. The latter's standard versions were ratified in spring 2011.
The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008.[12] LTE Advanced was standardized in 2010 as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specification.
Some sources consider first-release LTE and Mobile WiMAX implementations as pre-4G or near-4G, as they do not fully comply with the planned requirements of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile.
Confusion has been caused by some mobile carriers who have launched products advertised as 4G but which according to some sources are pre-4G versions, commonly referred to as 3.9G, which do not follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards, but today can be called 4G according to ITU-R. Vodafone Netherlands for example, advertised LTE as 4G, while advertising LTE Advanced as their '4G+' service. A common argument for branding 3.9G systems as new-generation is that they use different frequency bands from 3G technologies; that they are based on a new radio-interface paradigm; and that the standards are not backwards compatible with 3G, whilst some of the standards are forwards compatible with IMT-2000 compliant versions of the same standards.
System standards
IMT-2000 compliant 4G standards
As of October 2010, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed technologies (LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced)[13] for inclusion in the ITU's International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced program (IMT-Advanced program), which is focused on global communication systems that will be available several years from now.
LTE Advanced
LTE Advanced (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and expected to be released in 2013.[needs update] The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the ITU requirements.[14] LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new technology, but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it more cost effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced which is similar to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of additional spectrums and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system capacity to help handle the enhanced data speeds.
LTE Advanced | |
---|---|
Peak download | 1000 Mbit/s |
Peak upload | 500 Mbit/s |
IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced
The IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced (WiMAX 2) evolution of 802.16e is under development, with the objective to fulfill the IMT-Advanced criteria of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile reception.[15]
Forerunner versions
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg/220px-Samsung_4G_LTE_modem-4.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg/220px-Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg)
The pre-4G 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is often branded "4G – LTE", but the first LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is used — and more if multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used.
The physical radio interface was at an early stage named High Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA), now named Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). The first LTE USB dongles do not support any other radio interface.
The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals, Stockholm (Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Networks systems) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on December 14, 2009, and branded 4G. The user terminals were manufactured by Samsung.[16] As of November 2012, the five publicly available LTE services in the United States are provided by MetroPCS,[17] Verizon Wireless,[18] AT&T Mobility, U.S. Cellular,[19] Sprint,[20] and T-Mobile US.[21]
T-Mobile Hungary launched a public beta test (called friendly user test) on 7 October 2011, and has offered commercial 4G LTE services since 1 January 2012.[citation needed]
In South Korea, SK Telecom and LG U+ have enabled access to LTE service since 1 July 2011 for data devices, slated to go nationwide by 2012.[22] KT Telecom closed its 2G service by March 2012 and completed nationwide LTE service in the same frequency around 1.8 GHz by June 2012.
In the United Kingdom, LTE services were launched by EE in October 2012,[23] by O2 and Vodafone in August 2013,[24] and by Three in December 2013.[25]
LTE | |
---|---|
Peak download | 150 Mbit/s |
Peak upload | 50 Mbit/s |
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)
The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard (also known as WiBro in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channels. [citation needed]
In June 2006, the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by KT in Seoul, South Korea.[26]
Sprint has begun using Mobile WiMAX, as of 29 September 2008, branding it as a "4G" network even though the current version does not fulfill the IMT Advanced requirements on 4G systems.[27]
In Russia, Belarus and Nicaragua WiMax broadband internet access were offered by a Russian company Scartel, and was also branded 4G, Yota.[28]
WiMAX | |
---|---|
Peak download | 128 Mbit/s |
Peak upload | 56 Mbit/s |
In the latest version of the standard, WiMax 2.1, the standard has been updated to be not compatible with earlier WiMax standard, and is instead interchangeable with LTE-TDD system, effectively merging WiMax standard with LTE.
TD-LTE for China market
Just as Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and WiMAX are being vigorously promoted in the global telecommunications industry, the former (LTE) is also the most powerful 4G mobile communications leading technology and has quickly occupied the Chinese market. TD-LTE, one of the two variants of the LTE air interface technologies, is not yet mature, but many domestic and international wireless carriers are, one after the other turning to TD-LTE.
IBM's data shows that 67% of the operators are considering LTE because this is the main source of their future market. The above news also confirms IBM's statement that while only 8% of the operators are considering the use of WiMAX, WiMAX can provide the fastest network transmission to its customers on the market and could challenge LTE.
TD-LTE is not the first 4G wireless mobile broadband network data standard, but it is China's 4G standard that was amended and published by China's largest telecom operator – China Mobile. After a series of field trials, is expected to be released into the commercial phase in the next two years. Ulf Ewaldsson, Ericsson's vice president said: "the Chinese Ministry of Industry and China Mobile in the fourth quarter of this year will hold a large-scale field test, by then, Ericsson will help the hand." But viewing from the current development trend, whether this standard advocated by China Mobile will be widely recognized by the international market is still debatable.
Discontinued candidate systems
UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) was the brand name for a discontinued 4G project within the 3GPP2 standardization group to improve the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next generation applications and requirements. In November 2008, Qualcomm, UMB's lead sponsor, announced it was ending development of the technology, favoring LTE instead.[29] The objective was to achieve data speeds over 275 Mbit/s downstream and over 75 Mbit/s upstream.
Flash-OFDM
At an early stage the Flash-OFDM system was expected to be further developed into a 4G standard.
iBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems
The iBurst system (or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access) was at an early stage considered to be a 4G predecessor. It was later further developed into the Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) system, also known as IEEE 802.20.
Principal technologies in all candidate systems
Key features
The following key features can be observed in all suggested 4G technologies:
- Physical layer transmission techniques are as follows:[30]
- MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency by means of spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO
- Frequency-domain-equalization, for example multi-carrier modulation (OFDM) in the downlink or single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE) in the uplink: To exploit the frequency selective channel property without complex equalization
- Frequency-domain statistical multiplexing, for example (OFDMA) or (single-carrier FDMA) (SC-FDMA, a.k.a. linearly precoded OFDMA, LP-OFDMA) in the uplink: Variable bit rate by assigning different sub-channels to different users based on the channel conditions[31].
- Turbo principle error-correcting codes: To minimize the required SNR at the reception side
- Channel-dependent scheduling: To use the time-varying channel
- Link adaptation: Adaptive modulation and error-correcting codes
- Mobile IP utilized for mobility
- IP-based femtocells (home nodes connected to fixed Internet broadband infrastructure)
As opposed to earlier generations, 4G systems do not support circuit switched telephony. IEEE 802.20, UMB and OFDM standards[32] lack soft-handover support, also known as cooperative relaying.
Multiplexing and access schemes
Recently, new access schemes like Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Interleaved FDMA, and Multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) are gaining more importance for the next generation systems. These are based on efficient FFT algorithms and frequency domain equalization, resulting in a lower number of multiplications per second. They also make it possible to control the bandwidth and form the spectrum in a flexible way. However, they require advanced dynamic channel allocation and adaptive traffic scheduling.
WiMax is using OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the LTE (telecommunication), OFDMA is used for the downlink; by contrast, Single-carrier FDMA is used for the uplink since OFDMA contributes more to the PAPR related issues and results in nonlinear operation of amplifiers. IFDMA provides less power fluctuation and thus requires energy-inefficient linear amplifiers. Similarly, MC-CDMA is in the proposal for the IEEE 802.20 standard. These access schemes offer the same efficiencies as older technologies like CDMA. Apart from this, scalability and higher data rates can be achieved.
The other important advantage of the above-mentioned access techniques is that they require less complexity for equalization at the receiver. This is an added advantage especially in the MIMO environments since the spatial multiplexing transmission of MIMO systems inherently require high complexity equalization at the receiver.
In addition to improvements in these multiplexing systems, improved modulation techniques are being used. Whereas earlier standards largely used Phase-shift keying, more efficient systems such as 64QAM are being proposed for use with the 3GPP Long Term Evolution standards.
IPv6 support
Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and packet switched network nodes, 4G is based on packet switching only. This requires low-latency data transmission.
As IPv4 addresses are (nearly) exhausted,[Note 1] IPv6 is essential to support the large number of wireless-enabled devices that communicate using IP. By increasing the number of IP addresses available, IPv6 removes the need for network address translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices, which has a number of problems and limitations. When using IPv6, some kind of NAT is still required for communication with legacy IPv4 devices that are not also IPv6-connected.
As of June 2009[update], Verizon has posted specifications that require any 4G devices on its network to support IPv6.[33][34]
Advanced antenna systems
The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system, termed smart or intelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna technologies are emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range communications. In the early 1990s, to cater for the growing data rate needs of data communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, spatial multiplexing, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This technology, called MIMO (as a branch of intelligent antenna), multiplies the base data rate by (the smaller of) the number of transmit antennas or the number of receive antennas. Apart from this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at the transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies, which require channel knowledge at the transmitter.
Open-wireless Architecture and Software-defined radio (SDR)
One of the key technologies for 4G and beyond is called Open Wireless Architecture (OWA), supporting multiple wireless air interfaces in an open architecture platform.
SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence.
History of 4G and pre-4G technologies
The 4G system was originally envisioned by the DARPA, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.[citation needed] DARPA selected the distributed architecture and end-to-end Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the network, eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems.[35][page needed] Since the 2.5G GPRS system, cellular systems have provided dual infrastructures: packet switched nodes for data services, and circuit switched nodes for voice calls. In 4G systems, the circuit-switched infrastructure is abandoned and only a packet-switched network is provided, while 2.5G and 3G systems require both packet-switched and circuit-switched network nodes, i.e. two infrastructures in parallel. This means that in 4G traditional voice calls are replaced by IP telephony.
- In 2002, the strategic vision for 4G—which ITU designated as IMT Advanced—was laid out.
- In 2004, LTE was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan.[36]
- In 2005, OFDMA transmission technology is chosen as candidate for the HSOPA downlink, later renamed 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) air interface E-UTRA.
- In November 2005, KT Corporation demonstrated mobile WiMAX service in Busan, South Korea.[37]
- In April 2006, KT Corporation started the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service in Seoul, South Korea.[38]
- In mid-2006, Sprint announced that it would invest about US$5 billion in a WiMAX technology buildout over the next few years[39] ($7.56 billion in real terms[40]). Since that time Sprint has faced many setbacks that have resulted in steep quarterly losses. On 7 May 2008, Sprint, Imagine, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120 MHz of spectrum; Sprint merged its Xohm WiMAX division with Clearwire to form a company which will take the name "Clear".
- In February 2007, the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo tested a 4G communication system prototype with 4×4 MIMO called VSF-OFCDM at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s while stationary. NTT DoCoMo completed a trial in which they reached a maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink with 12×12 MIMO using a 100 MHz frequency bandwidth while moving at 10 km/h,[41] and is planning on releasing the first commercial network in 2010.
- In September 2007, NTT Docomo demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 200 Mbit/s with power consumption below 100 mW during the test.[42]
- In January 2008, a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) spectrum auction for the 700 MHz former analog TV frequencies began. As a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T.[43] Both of these companies have stated their intention of supporting LTE.
- In January 2008, EU commissioner Viviane Reding suggested re-allocation of 500–800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX.[44]
- On 15 February 2008, Skyworks Solutions released a front-end module for e-UTRAN.[45][46][47]
- In November 2008, ITU-R established the detailed performance requirements of IMT-Advanced, by issuing a Circular Letter calling for candidate Radio Access Technologies (RATs) for IMT-Advanced.[48]
- In April 2008, just after receiving the circular letter, the 3GPP organized a workshop on IMT-Advanced where it was decided that LTE Advanced, an evolution of current LTE standard, will meet or even exceed IMT-Advanced requirements following the ITU-R agenda.
- In April 2008, LG and Nortel demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 50 Mbit/s while travelling at 110 km/h.[49]
- On 12 November 2008, HTC announced the first WiMAX-enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G[50]
- On 15 December 2008, San Miguel Corporation, the largest food and beverage conglomerate in southeast Asia, has signed a memorandum of understanding with Qatar Telecom QSC (Qtel) to build wireless broadband and mobile communications projects in the Philippines. The joint-venture formed wi-tribe Philippines, which offers 4G in the country.[51] Around the same time Globe Telecom rolled out the first WiMAX service in the Philippines.
- On 3 March 2009, Lithuania's LRTC announcing the first operational "4G" mobile WiMAX network in Baltic states.[52]
- In December 2009, Sprint began advertising "4G" service in selected cities in the United States, despite average download speeds of only 3–6 Mbit/s with peak speeds of 10 Mbit/s (not available in all markets).[53]
- On 14 December 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in the Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo by the Swedish-Finnish network operator TeliaSonera and its Norwegian brandname NetCom (Norway). TeliaSonera branded the network "4G". The modem devices on offer were manufactured by Samsung (dongle GT-B3710), and the network infrastructure created by Huawei (in Oslo) and Ericsson (in Stockholm). TeliaSonera plans to roll out nationwide LTE across Sweden, Norway and Finland.[54][55] TeliaSonera used spectral bandwidth of 10 MHz, and single-in-single-out, which should provide physical layer net bit rates of up to 50 Mbit/s downlink and 25 Mbit/s in the uplink. Introductory tests showed a TCP throughput of 42.8 Mbit/s downlink and 5.3 Mbit/s uplink in Stockholm.[56]
- On 4 June 2010, Sprint released the first WiMAX smartphone in the US, the HTC Evo 4G.[57]
- On November 4, 2010, the Samsung Craft offered by MetroPCS is the first commercially available LTE smartphone[58]
- On 6 December 2010, at the ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar 2010, the ITU stated that LTE, WiMAX and similar "evolved 3G technologies" could be considered "4G".[6]
- In 2011, Argentina's Claro launched a pre-4G HSPA+ network in the country.
- In 2011, Thailand's Truemove-H launched a pre-4G HSPA+ network with nationwide availability.
- On March 17, 2011, the HTC Thunderbolt offered by Verizon in the U.S. was the second LTE smartphone to be sold commercially.[59][60]
- In February 2012, Ericsson demonstrated mobile-TV over LTE, utilizing the new eMBMS service (enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service).[61]
Since 2009, the LTE-Standard has strongly evolved over the years, resulting in many deployments by various operators across the globe. For an overview of commercial LTE networks and their respective historic development see: List of LTE networks. Among the vast range of deployments, many operators are considering the deployment and operation of LTE networks. A compilation of planned LTE deployments can be found at: List of planned LTE networks.
Disadvantages
4G introduces a potential inconvenience for those who travel internationally or wish to switch carriers. In order to make and receive 4G voice calls (VoLTE), the subscriber handset must not only have a matching frequency band (and in some cases require unlocking), it must also have the matching enablement settings for the local carrier and/or country. While a phone purchased from a given carrier can be expected to work with that carrier, making 4G voice calls on another carrier's network (including international roaming) may be impossible without a software update specific to the local carrier and the phone model in question, which may or may not be available (although fallback to 2G/3G for voice calling may still be possible if a 2G/3G network is available with a matching frequency band).[62]
Beyond 4G research
A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, and also by Beam-Division Multiple Access (BDMA).[63]
Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly move between them (See vertical handoff, IEEE 802.21). These access technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio (also known as cognitive radio) technology to efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.
The future of 4G
As of 2023, many countries and regions have started the transition from 4G to 5G, the next generation of cellular technology. 5G promises even faster speeds, lower latency, and the ability to connect a vast number of devices simultaneously.
4G networks are expected to coexist with 5G networks for several years, providing coverage in areas where 5G is not available.
Past 4G networks
Country | Network | Shutdown date | Standard | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Xplore Mobile | 2022-08-31 | LTE | [64] |
![]() |
Digicel | 2018-10-31 | WiMAX | [65] |
![]() |
Yes 4G | 2019-10-01 | WiMAX | [66][67] |
![]() |
Nepal Telecom | 2021-12-?? | WiMAX | [68] |
![]() |
Blink bmobile (TSTT) | 2015-03-03 | WiMAX | [69] |
![]() |
Sprint | 2016-03-31 | WiMAX | [70][71] |
T-Mobile (Sprint) | 2022-06-30 | LTE | [72][73][74] |
See also
- 4G-LTE filter
- Comparison of mobile phone standards
- Comparison of wireless data standards
- Wireless device radiation and health
Notes
- ^ The exact exhaustion status is difficult to determine, as it is unknown how many unused addresses exist at ISPs, and how many of the addresses that are permanently unused by their owners can still be freed and transferred to others.
References
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External links
- 3GPP LTE Encyclopedia
- Nomor Research: Progress on "LTE Advanced" - the new 4G standard
- Brian Woerner (June 20–22, 2001). "Research Directions for Fourth Generation Wireless" (PDF). Proceedings of the 10th International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE 01). Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 6, 2006. (118kb)
- Information on 4G mobile services in the UK – Ofcom
- The Scope of 4G Technology: A Review - OM Institute of Technology & Management