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{{Infobox summit |
{{Infobox summit |
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|summit_name = 3rd Summit of the Americas |
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The ''' 3rd Summit of the Americas''' was a [[Summit (meeting)|summit]] held in [[Quebec City, Quebec]], [[Canada]], on April 20–22, 2001.<ref>[http://www.summit-americas.org/default.htm Summit Americas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625221903/http://www.summit-americas.org/default.htm |date=2009-06-25 }}: [http://www.summit-americas.org/iii_summit.html III summit (3rd)]</ref> |
The ''' 3rd Summit of the Americas''' was a [[Summit (meeting)|summit]] held in [[Quebec City, Quebec]], [[Canada]], on April 20–22, 2001.<ref>[http://www.summit-americas.org/default.htm Summit Americas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625221903/http://www.summit-americas.org/default.htm |date=2009-06-25 }}: [http://www.summit-americas.org/iii_summit.html III summit (3rd)]</ref> |
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This international meeting was a round of negotiations regarding a proposed [[Free Trade Area of the Americas]]. The talks are perhaps better known for the security preparations and demonstrations (known as the Quebec City protest) that surrounded them than for the progress of the negotiations. |
This international meeting was a round of negotiations regarding a proposed [[Free Trade Area of the Americas]]. The talks are perhaps better known for the security preparations and demonstrations (known as the [[2001 Quebec uprising|Quebec City protest]]) that surrounded them than for the progress of the negotiations. |
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==Overview== |
==Overview== |
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The "[[Summits of the Americas]]" is the name for a continuing series of summits bringing together the leaders of [[North America]] and [[South America]]. The function of these summits is to foster discussion of a variety of issues affecting the western hemisphere. These high-level summit meetings have been organized by a number of multilateral bodies under the aegis of the [[Organization of American States]]. In the early 1990s, what were formerly ''ad hoc'' summits came to be institutionalized into a regular "Summits of the Americas" conference program.<ref name="twaddle382">Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=71x7NlQ_xfgC |
The "[[Summits of the Americas]]" is the name for a continuing series of summits bringing together the leaders of [[North America]] and [[South America]]. The function of these summits is to foster discussion of a variety of issues affecting the western hemisphere. These high-level summit meetings have been organized by a number of multilateral bodies under the aegis of the [[Organization of American States]]. In the early 1990s, what were formerly ''ad hoc'' summits came to be institutionalized into a regular "Summits of the Americas" conference program.<ref name="twaddle382">Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=71x7NlQ_xfgC&dq=summit+of+the+Americas&pg=PA382 ''Health Care Reform Around the World,'' p. 382.]</ref> |
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* December 9–11, 1994 <ref name="summits">[[Florida International University]], [http://www.americasnet.net/home/about.htm Summit of the Americas Center] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527040557/http://www.americasnet.net/home/about.htm |date=May 27, 2009 }} (SOAC): [http://www.americasnet.net/home/summits.htm Summits list] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427152152/http://www.americasnet.net/home/summits.htm |date=April 27, 2009 }}</ref> – [[1st Summit of the Americas]] at [[Miami, Florida|Miami]] in the [[United States]].<ref>Summit Americas: [http://www.summit-americas.org/i_summit.html I summit (1st)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612191553/http://www.summit-americas.org/i_summit.html |date=2011-06-12 }}</ref> |
* December 9–11, 1994 <ref name="summits">[[Florida International University]], [http://www.americasnet.net/home/about.htm Summit of the Americas Center] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527040557/http://www.americasnet.net/home/about.htm |date=May 27, 2009 }} (SOAC): [http://www.americasnet.net/home/summits.htm Summits list] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427152152/http://www.americasnet.net/home/summits.htm |date=April 27, 2009 }}</ref> – [[1st Summit of the Americas]] at [[Miami, Florida|Miami]] in the [[United States]].<ref>Summit Americas: [http://www.summit-americas.org/i_summit.html I summit (1st)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612191553/http://www.summit-americas.org/i_summit.html |date=2011-06-12 }}</ref> |
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The talks were the third in the negotiation process for the FTAA. 34 heads of state and government met in Quebec City, representing all the countries of North and South America, except [[Cuba]]. Partially due to resistance from the leaders of some poorer countries, no deal was reached in Quebec City. |
The talks were the third in the negotiation process for the FTAA. 34 heads of state and government met in Quebec City, representing all the countries of North and South America, except [[Cuba]]. Partially due to resistance from the leaders of some poorer countries, no deal was reached in Quebec City. |
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The participants did make a statement titled "The Declaration of Quebec City" which includes the quotation: "We, the democratically elected Heads of State and Government of the Americas, have met in Quebec City at our Third Summit, to renew our commitment to hemispheric integration" <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iin.oea.org/tercera_cumbre_ingles.htm |title=Declaration of Quebec City |access-date=2007-08-12 |archive-url=https://archive. |
The participants did make a statement titled "The Declaration of Quebec City" which includes the quotation: "We, the democratically elected Heads of State and Government of the Americas, have met in Quebec City at our Third Summit, to renew our commitment to hemispheric integration" <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iin.oea.org/tercera_cumbre_ingles.htm |title=Declaration of Quebec City |access-date=2007-08-12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802004629/http://www.iin.oea.org/tercera_cumbre_ingles.htm |archive-date=2012-08-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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== Security and public response == |
== Security and public response == |
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{{Split portions|existing=y|portions=|2001 Quebec protests|date=July 2023}} |
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===Preparations=== |
===Preparations=== |
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===Protests=== |
===Protests=== |
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[[Image:Summit Americas 2001 Sommet des Amériques Quebec Tear Gas Protest.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Tear gas thrown at protesters on 21 April 2001 in Quebec's [[Old Quebec#Upper Town|Haute-Ville]].]] |
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The [[Quebec City |
The [[2001 Quebec uprising|Quebec City protests]] (called A20) were one of the largest anti-globalization demonstrations to that point, attracting some 20,000 protesters from throughout the Americas. Groups represented at the protest included trade unions, civil society groups such as [[Greenpeace]] and the [[Council of Canadians]], [[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic Party]] and [[Parti Québécois]] caucuses, and a great many groups from faith communities, universities and colleges. |
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In addition to the political concerns of the [[anti-globalization movement]], many focused their attention on the division of the city with the security barrier, and what they saw as the draconic nature of police responses. |
In addition to the political concerns of the [[anti-globalization movement]], many focused their attention on the division of the city with the security barrier, and what they saw as the draconic nature of police responses. |
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Protesters began to arrive on Friday, April 20, many being hosted at [[Université Laval]], [[College education in Quebec|college]] campuses, and churches. A number of clashes with police took place on Friday afternoon, with the first perimeter breach on Boulevard René-Lévesque Est, less than 5 minutes after the protesters arrived at the site, and in the evening. Many peaceful gatherings, including a vegan supper and concert underneath the [[Dufferin-Montmorency Autoroute]], also took place. |
Protesters began to arrive on Friday, April 20, many being hosted at [[Université Laval]], [[College education in Quebec|college]] campuses, and churches. A number of clashes with police took place on Friday afternoon, with the first perimeter breach on Boulevard René-Lévesque Est, less than 5 minutes after the protesters arrived at the site, and in the evening. Many peaceful gatherings, including a vegan supper and concert underneath the [[Dufferin-Montmorency Autoroute]], also took place. |
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[[Image:Quebec Summit Americas 2001 Sommet des Amériques Protest 007.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Protesters fill Quebec City's [[Old Quebec#Lower Town|Basse-Ville]] around Jardin de Saint-Roch (now called Jardin Jean-Paul-L'Allier) during the Summit of the Americas in April 2001.]] |
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The primary day of protests was Friday, April 20. It began with the [[Second Peoples' Summit of the Americas]], an educational and political gathering near the Gare du Palais, in the lower city east of the summit site. From there, the protesters marched northwest along [[Boulevard Charest]] towards [[Rue de la Couronne]]. The number of people marching has been estimated at anywhere from 50,000 to 150,000. |
The primary day of protests was Friday, April 20. It began with the [[Second Peoples' Summit of the Americas]], an educational and political gathering near the Gare du Palais, in the lower city east of the summit site. From there, the protesters marched northwest along [[Boulevard Charest]] towards [[Rue de la Couronne]]. The number of people marching has been estimated at anywhere from 50,000 to 150,000. |
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At [[Rue de la Couronne]], the protest march split, with the majority of protesters (the green zone) heading north, towards a main rally at the Colisée.{{sfn|Graeber|2009|pp=152–153}} |
At [[Rue de la Couronne]], the protest march split, with the majority of protesters (the green zone) heading north, towards a main rally at the Colisée.{{sfn|Graeber|2009|pp=152–153}} |
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[[Image:Sommetdesameriques2001.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The mock [[catapult]] used by a group of protesters to throw teddy bears.]] |
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Protesters favouring the yellow or red zones headed south, towards Cap Diamant. Many spread out through the Saint-Jean Baptiste area north of and below the fence; others marched along the edge of the mountain on Côte d'Abraham towards its intersection with the Dufferin-Montmorency Autoroute, through which the fence passed. Peaceful protesters, including individuals running speaker's corners, were in great numbers throughout this area during the afternoon. |
Protesters favouring the yellow or red zones headed south, towards Cap Diamant. Many spread out through the Saint-Jean Baptiste area north of and below the fence; others marched along the edge of the mountain on Côte d'Abraham towards its intersection with the Dufferin-Montmorency Autoroute, through which the fence passed. Peaceful protesters, including individuals running speaker's corners, were in great numbers throughout this area during the afternoon. |
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Protestors who headed towards the yellow and red zones confronted the fence. Approximately 15 minutes after the bulk of the march reached the fence on Boulevard René Lévesque, the fence was brought down by protestors, which the security personnel deemed a clear security threat and danger not only to the conference delegates in the area, but also to |
Protestors who headed towards the yellow and red zones confronted the fence. Approximately 15 minutes after the bulk of the march reached the fence on Boulevard René Lévesque, the fence was brought down by protestors, which the security personnel deemed a clear security threat and danger not only to the conference delegates in the area, but also to the police. |
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A number of people moved into the once fenced-off area, and a catapult that launched teddy bears was rolled in. Eventually, the police line fell back and was replaced by a second line of officers, all wearing gas masks. The protestors were then repulsed by the police. |
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| ⚫ | Police responded to the protesters in the "green zone" by firing [[tear gas]] canisters, [[water cannon]], and [[rubber bullets]],{{sfn|Graeber|2009|p=185}} dispersing large groupings of protesters both violent and peaceful, including teach-ins and teams of medics providing first aid to other protesters. Other tactical interventions aimed at arresting various perceived movement leaders<ref>{{cite web|title=Free Jaggi Singh|url=http://rabble.ca/news/free-jaggi-singh|website=Rabble.ca| |
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[[Image:Sommet des Ameriques Summit of the Americas Quebec City 2001 Protests.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Tear gas thrown at protesters on 21 April 2001 in Quebec's [[Old Quebec#Upper Town|Haute-Ville]].]] |
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| ⚫ | Police responded to the protesters in the "green zone" by firing [[tear gas]] canisters, [[water cannon]], and [[rubber bullets]],{{sfn|Graeber|2009|p=185}} dispersing large groupings of protesters both violent and peaceful, including teach-ins and teams of medics providing first aid to other protesters. Other tactical interventions aimed at arresting various perceived movement leaders<ref>{{cite web|title=Free Jaggi Singh|url=http://rabble.ca/news/free-jaggi-singh|website=Rabble.ca|date=October 10, 2008 |access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> and the expulsion of the independent media centre and protest clinic from their locations. So much tear gas was used that delegates were incommoded inside their meeting halls. The security wall was breached on several occasions, though protester incursion across the perimeter was limited. According to [[David Graeber]] in his book ''[[Direct Action: An Ethnography]]'', "plastic bullets were being used increasingly, and from guns with laser sights so at night people could often see that the cops were intentionally aiming for heads or groins."{{sfn|Graeber|2009|p=178}} |
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Protests continued into the night. In addition to continued peaceful protests and acts of civil disobedience, some protesters vandalized storefronts and advertisements and built bonfires. Police continued to respond with tear gas, in several cases firing at areas beneath the mountain where no protests were taking place, as well as with direct assaults on protester positions. |
Protests continued into the night. In addition to continued peaceful protests and acts of civil disobedience, some protesters vandalized storefronts and advertisements and built bonfires. Police continued to respond with tear gas, in several cases firing at areas beneath the mountain where no protests were taking place, as well as with direct assaults on protester positions. |
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===Response to protest conduct=== |
===Response to protest conduct=== |
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Police claimed that their actions were justified in protecting delegates from "red-zone" attempts to break through the fence, as well as to violent protesters destroying property and attacking the police, the media, and other protesters. |
Police claimed that their actions were justified in protecting delegates from "red-zone" attempts to break through the fence, as well as to violent protesters destroying property and attacking the police, the media, and other protesters. |
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[[Image:Quebec-city-protests--yellow-zone.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Tear gas thrown at protesters on 21 April 2001 near the security wall encircling the meeting site.]] |
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Many protesters accuse the police of excessive force, claiming that the police's abundant use of tear gas and rubber bullets was both completely disproportionate to the scale of violence, and primarily directed at unarmed, peaceful demonstrators with dispersal of violent protesters an afterthought. A number of protesters were severely injured by rubber bullets; also, tear gas canisters were fired directly at protesters on numerous occasions, in violation of the protocols governing their use. They also criticize the actions of prison authorities. Altogether, the anti-globalization movement describes the actions of the police in Quebec City as an attempt to suppress dissent. |
Many protesters accuse the police of excessive force, claiming that the police's abundant use of tear gas and rubber bullets was both completely disproportionate to the scale of violence, and primarily directed at unarmed, peaceful demonstrators with dispersal of violent protesters an afterthought. A number of protesters were severely injured by rubber bullets; also, tear gas canisters were fired directly at protesters on numerous occasions, in violation of the protocols governing their use. They also criticize the actions of prison authorities. Altogether, the anti-globalization movement describes the actions of the police in Quebec City as an attempt to suppress dissent. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* {{cite book|last=Graeber|first=David| |
* {{cite book|last=Graeber|first=David|author-link=David Graeber|title=[[Direct Action: An Ethnography]]|publisher=[[AK Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-190485979-6 }} |
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*{{cite book|last=Twaddle|first=Andrew C.|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71x7NlQ_xfgC|title=Health Care Reform Around the World|location=Westport, Connecticut|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-86569-288-6|oclc=48132063}} |
*{{cite book|last=Twaddle|first=Andrew C.|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71x7NlQ_xfgC|title=Health Care Reform Around the World|location=Westport, Connecticut|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-86569-288-6|oclc=48132063}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{Commons category |
{{Commons category}} |
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* [http://www.summit-americas.org/eng-2002/quebeccity-summit.htm Summits of the Americas - Quebec City Summit of the Americas] |
* [http://www.summit-americas.org/eng-2002/quebeccity-summit.htm Summits of the Americas - Quebec City Summit of the Americas] |
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* [http://www.radio4all.net/proginfo.php?id=2970 Collection of reports about the Quebec City anti-FTAA protests] 2 hour-long MP3s |
* [http://www.radio4all.net/proginfo.php?id=2970 Collection of reports about the Quebec City anti-FTAA protests] 2 hour-long MP3s |
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[[Category:Economy of the United States]] |
[[Category:Economy of the United States]] |
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[[Category:History of Quebec City]] |
[[Category:History of Quebec City]] |
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[[Category:Politics of the Americas]] |
[[Category:Politics of the Americas| ]] |
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[[Category:Anti-globalization protests]] |
[[Category:Anti-globalization protests]] |
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[[Category:2001 in Canada]] |
[[Category:2001 in Canada|Summit of the Americas]] |
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[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Canada]] |
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Canada]] |
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[[Category:2001 riots]] |
[[Category:2001 riots|Summit of the Americas]] |
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[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in Canada]] |
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in Canada]] |
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[[Category:21st-century diplomatic conferences]] |
[[Category:21st-century diplomatic conferences (Americas)]] |
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[[Category:2001 in international relations]] |
[[Category:2001 in international relations|Summit of the Americas]] |
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[[Category:2001 in North America]] |
[[Category:2001 in North America|Summit of the Americas]] |
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[[Category:2001 in South America]] |
[[Category:2001 in South America|Summit of the Americas]] |
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[[Category:Organization of American States]] |
[[Category:Organization of American States]] |
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[[Category:2001 in Quebec]] |
[[Category:2001 in Quebec|Summit of the Americas]] |
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[[Category:April 2001 events in Canada]] |
[[Category:April 2001 events in Canada|Summit of the Americas]] |
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[[Category:2000s in Quebec City]] |
[[Category:2000s in Quebec City|Summit of the Americas, 3rd]] |
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Latest revision as of 02:37, 11 January 2024
| 3rd Summit of the Americas | |
|---|---|
 3rd Summit of the Americas logo | |
| Host country | Canada |
| Date | April 20–22, 2001 |
| Follows | 2nd Summit of the Americas |
| Precedes | 4th Summit of the Americas |
The 3rd Summit of the Americas was a summit held in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, on April 20–22, 2001.[1]
This international meeting was a round of negotiations regarding a proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas. The talks are perhaps better known for the security preparations and demonstrations (known as the Quebec City protest) that surrounded them than for the progress of the negotiations.
Overview[edit]
The "Summits of the Americas" is the name for a continuing series of summits bringing together the leaders of North America and South America. The function of these summits is to foster discussion of a variety of issues affecting the western hemisphere. These high-level summit meetings have been organized by a number of multilateral bodies under the aegis of the Organization of American States. In the early 1990s, what were formerly ad hoc summits came to be institutionalized into a regular "Summits of the Americas" conference program.[2]
- December 9–11, 1994 [3] – 1st Summit of the Americas at Miami in the United States.[4]
- December 7–8, 1996 [3] – Summit of the Americas on Sustainable Development at Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Bolivia.[5]
- April 18–19, 1998 [3] – 2nd Summit of the Americas at Santiago in Chile.[6]
Progress of the negotiations[edit]
The talks were the third in the negotiation process for the FTAA. 34 heads of state and government met in Quebec City, representing all the countries of North and South America, except Cuba. Partially due to resistance from the leaders of some poorer countries, no deal was reached in Quebec City.
The participants did make a statement titled "The Declaration of Quebec City" which includes the quotation: "We, the democratically elected Heads of State and Government of the Americas, have met in Quebec City at our Third Summit, to renew our commitment to hemispheric integration" [7]
Security and public response[edit]
Preparations[edit]
From the beginning, the authorities indicated their intent to use very intensive security measures to restrict the ability of anti- and alter-globalization movement protesters to approach the area where the summit was to take place, in light of the well-known previous incidents in Seattle (November 30, 1999), Prague (September 26, 2000), and Montreal (November 20, 2000).
The most controversial of these preparations was the construction of a 3-metre high concrete and wire fence around a large section of La Colline Parlementaire that encircled the meeting site, the National Assembly and many government and residential buildings. Only residents, summit delegates and certain accredited journalists were allowed inside. Businesses and churches within the area were not permitted to open.
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, in collaboration with the Canadian Forces, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Sûreté du Québec and local municipal police forces provided security.
Protests[edit]
The Quebec City protests (called A20) were one of the largest anti-globalization demonstrations to that point, attracting some 20,000 protesters from throughout the Americas. Groups represented at the protest included trade unions, civil society groups such as Greenpeace and the Council of Canadians, New Democratic Party and Parti Québécois caucuses, and a great many groups from faith communities, universities and colleges.
In addition to the political concerns of the anti-globalization movement, many focused their attention on the division of the city with the security barrier, and what they saw as the draconic nature of police responses.
Protesters began to arrive on Friday, April 20, many being hosted at Université Laval, college campuses, and churches. A number of clashes with police took place on Friday afternoon, with the first perimeter breach on Boulevard René-Lévesque Est, less than 5 minutes after the protesters arrived at the site, and in the evening. Many peaceful gatherings, including a vegan supper and concert underneath the Dufferin-Montmorency Autoroute, also took place.
The primary day of protests was Friday, April 20. It began with the Second Peoples' Summit of the Americas, an educational and political gathering near the Gare du Palais, in the lower city east of the summit site. From there, the protesters marched northwest along Boulevard Charest towards Rue de la Couronne. The number of people marching has been estimated at anywhere from 50,000 to 150,000.
Protests were divided into three classes: "green zone," being legal protests with no risk of arrest; "yellow zone," peaceful, unsanctioned protest with some risk of arrest or confrontation with police, and "red zone," being direct acts of civil disobedience carrying a high risk of arrest.[8] This innovative division was developed after the G-20 protest in Montreal in October 2000, which though meant to be peaceful suffered from sporadic violence. A number of riot police on horseback were used to disperse the violent protestors. The zone system was meant to protect those who do not wish to run the risk of arrest or of police violence.
At Rue de la Couronne, the protest march split, with the majority of protesters (the green zone) heading north, towards a main rally at the Colisée.[9]
Protesters favouring the yellow or red zones headed south, towards Cap Diamant. Many spread out through the Saint-Jean Baptiste area north of and below the fence; others marched along the edge of the mountain on Côte d'Abraham towards its intersection with the Dufferin-Montmorency Autoroute, through which the fence passed. Peaceful protesters, including individuals running speaker's corners, were in great numbers throughout this area during the afternoon.
Protestors who headed towards the yellow and red zones confronted the fence. Approximately 15 minutes after the bulk of the march reached the fence on Boulevard René Lévesque, the fence was brought down by protestors, which the security personnel deemed a clear security threat and danger not only to the conference delegates in the area, but also to the police.
A number of people moved into the once fenced-off area, and a catapult that launched teddy bears was rolled in. Eventually, the police line fell back and was replaced by a second line of officers, all wearing gas masks. The protestors were then repulsed by the police.
Police responded to the protesters in the "green zone" by firing tear gas canisters, water cannon, and rubber bullets,[10] dispersing large groupings of protesters both violent and peaceful, including teach-ins and teams of medics providing first aid to other protesters. Other tactical interventions aimed at arresting various perceived movement leaders[11] and the expulsion of the independent media centre and protest clinic from their locations. So much tear gas was used that delegates were incommoded inside their meeting halls. The security wall was breached on several occasions, though protester incursion across the perimeter was limited. According to David Graeber in his book Direct Action: An Ethnography, "plastic bullets were being used increasingly, and from guns with laser sights so at night people could often see that the cops were intentionally aiming for heads or groins."[12]
Protests continued into the night. In addition to continued peaceful protests and acts of civil disobedience, some protesters vandalized storefronts and advertisements and built bonfires. Police continued to respond with tear gas, in several cases firing at areas beneath the mountain where no protests were taking place, as well as with direct assaults on protester positions.
Protests concluded on Sunday, April 22.
Response to protest conduct[edit]
Police claimed that their actions were justified in protecting delegates from "red-zone" attempts to break through the fence, as well as to violent protesters destroying property and attacking the police, the media, and other protesters.
Many protesters accuse the police of excessive force, claiming that the police's abundant use of tear gas and rubber bullets was both completely disproportionate to the scale of violence, and primarily directed at unarmed, peaceful demonstrators with dispersal of violent protesters an afterthought. A number of protesters were severely injured by rubber bullets; also, tear gas canisters were fired directly at protesters on numerous occasions, in violation of the protocols governing their use. They also criticize the actions of prison authorities. Altogether, the anti-globalization movement describes the actions of the police in Quebec City as an attempt to suppress dissent.
Intelligence operations prior to the event were also criticized, For example, Joan Russow, then leader of the Green Party of Canada, was arrested while attempting to photograph the prison where protesters would be held. During the event, some prominent protesters such as Jaggi Singh were arrested by undercover police officers while they were engaging in legal activities in "green-zone" areas.[13]
A formal complaint regarding the RCMP's conduct was filed by New Democrat MP Svend Robinson with the Commission for Public Complaints against the RCMP. On November 13, 2003, the complaint's chairwoman Shirley Heafey found that "RCMP members used excessive and unjustified force in releasing tear gas to move the protesters when a more measured response could have been attempted first." The commission recommended improved crowd-control techniques, disciplinary action against certain officers, and a formal apology to protesters.[14]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Summit Americas Archived 2009-06-25 at the Wayback Machine: III summit (3rd)
- ^ Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World, p. 382.
- ^ a b c Florida International University, Summit of the Americas Center Archived May 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (SOAC): Summits list Archived April 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Summit Americas: I summit (1st) Archived 2011-06-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Summit Americas: Sustainable development Archived September 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Summit Americas: II summit (2nd)
- ^ "Declaration of Quebec City". Archived from the original on August 2, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
- ^ Graeber 2009, p. 65.
- ^ Graeber 2009, pp. 152–153.
- ^ Graeber 2009, p. 185.
- ^ "Free Jaggi Singh". Rabble.ca. October 10, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
- ^ Graeber 2009, p. 178.
- ^ "ZNet - Smears, Lies, and the RNC". Archived from the original on November 13, 2005. Retrieved January 27, 2008.
- ^ RCMP used 'excessive force' at Quebec summit: report
Link to an article detailing some of the events in The Quebec City Riot of April 20, 2001.https://rabble.ca/babble/rabble-news-features/g-20-summit-toronto-and-tear-gas-summit-quebec-city
References[edit]
- Graeber, David (2009). Direct Action: An Ethnography. AK Press. ISBN 978-190485979-6.
- Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 978-0-86569-288-6. OCLC 48132063.