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A Serbian man was later beaten up in [[Štrpce]] (an ethnically mixed area), allegedly due to being ethnically Serbian; however this has not been confirmed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ajc.com/news/nation-world/nato-peacekeepers-can-fire-1053916.html|work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|accessdate=5 December 2011}}</ref>
A Serbian man was later beaten up in [[Štrpce]] (an ethnically mixed area), allegedly due to being ethnically Serbian; however this has not been confirmed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ajc.com/news/nation-world/nato-peacekeepers-can-fire-1053916.html|work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|accessdate=5 December 2011}}</ref>


As of 29 July, NATO units remained in control of the two border posts. However, they were prevented from returning to their bases by some of the roadblocks set up by hundreds of Serb protesters. The column of 30 armored vehicles then withdrew from the barricade, even though they were given permission to move against the protesters using force, if necessary{{Fact|date=December 2011}}. The decision was made to avoid further bloodshed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.voanews.com/breaking-news/2011/07/29/eu-urges-serbia-and-kosovo-to-reduce-tensions/|title=EU Urges Serbia and Kosovo to Reduce Tensions « VOA Breaking News|work=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=5 December 2011}}</ref>
As of 29 July, NATO units remained in control of the two border posts. However, they were prevented from returning to their bases by some of the roadblocks set up by hundreds of Serb protesters. The column of 30 armored vehicles then withdrew from the barricade, even though they were given permission to move against the protesters using force, if necessary{{Fact|date=December 2011}}.


[[File:Ibarskimost.jpg|thumb|Kosovo police and Italian [[Carabinieri]] near the [[New Bridge in Kosovska Mitrovica|Ibar River Bridge]] on the Kosovar side.]]
[[File:Ibarskimost.jpg|thumb|Kosovo police and Italian [[Carabinieri]] near the [[New Bridge in Kosovska Mitrovica|Ibar River Bridge]] on the Kosovar side.]]

Revision as of 16:21, 8 December 2011

2011 Kosovo–Serbia border clashes

Serbs blockade a road in North Kosovo
Date25 July 2011 – ongoing
Location
North Kosovo
Status

Goals:

Serbia Kosovo Serbs[citation needed] (Kosovo Serb Assembly): North Kosovo remaining in Republic of Serbia[citation needed]; possible Partition of Kosovo[citation needed]. Keeping Kosovo [Albanian] Police out of North Kosovo.
Kosovo Imposition of Pristina-declared laws on the whole territory of Kosovo (see 2008 declaration)
Maintainenance of "law and order."[original research?]
Belligerents
Kosovo Republic of Kosovo[a]
KFOR[b]		 Serbia SerbiaSerb militants[1][2] (North Kosovo Assembly / Kosovo Serb Assembly)[3]
Commanders and leaders
Kosovo Hashim Thaçi
Kosovo Bajram Rexhepi
Erhard Bühler (until 29 Sep)
Erhard Drews (since 29 Sep)
Units involved

Kosovo Kosovo Police (SIU)[4]

KFOR
Strength
100+ Hundreds of protesters
Casualties and losses
First phase
Kosovo 1 killed,[4]
6 wounded
Second phase
58 wounded[5]		 First phase
Unknown
Second phase
1 killed,[6]
158 wounded[7]

The Kosovo-Serbia border clashes between local Serb militants and the Republic of Kosovo [a] started on July 25, 2011 when the Kosovo Police crossed into the Serb municipalities of North Kosovo (which are declared part of Serbia) in an attempt to control several border crossings without the consultation of either Serbia, KFOR or EULEX.[4][8] Though tensions between the two sides eased somewhat after the intervention of NATO's KFOR forces, they continued to remain high amid concern from the EU.[citation needed] Kosovo's initial unilateral move to take control of the border crossings has been criticized, while Serbia's accession to the European Union has been stalled as a result of the conflict.[9][10]

Background

See also: History of Kosovo

Kosovo Assembly declaration of independence

The declaration of independence was made by members of the Kosovo Assembly meeting in Pristina, the capital of Kosovo, on 17 February 2008. It was approved by a unanimous quorum, numbering 109 members. Eleven deputies representing Serbian national minority boycotted the proceedings. All 9 other ethnic minority representatives were part of the quorum.[11] The terms of the declaration state that Kosovo's independence is limited to the principles outlined by the Ahtisaari plan. It prohibits Kosovo from joining any other country, provides for only a limited military capability, states that Kosovo will be under international supervision and provides for the protection of minority ethnic communities.[12]

2008 unrest

Main article: 2008 unrest in Kosovo

Immediately after the unilateral declaration of independence, the Serb municipalities denied transfering themselves to Kosovo, while they asserted control over infrastructure and institutions in their respective regions, forming "parallel" institutions (As described by the Kosovo Assembly). After local elections in May, Kosovo Serb leaders said they intended to form a Kosovo Serb Assembly.[13] The Eparchy of Raška and Prizren, of the Serbian Orthodox Church, serving all of Kosovo, said they would not be in contact with the Kosovo Albanian government, EULEX, or any country which recognizes Kosovo's independence, threatening to sanction any clergy who do so.[14]

A Serb minister[who?] said Serbia planned to have its "own police" in Serb areas as part of an action plan to maintain Serbia's presence in Kosovo.[13] In Northern Kosovo, the ethnic Serb police officers stopped taking orders from Pristina, and came under the command of UNMIK. In the eastern Gnjilane region around 100 Serb officers were suspended from the Kosovo Police Service. Stanko Jakovljevic, Serb mayor of the southern Kosovo region of Štrpce said that local Serb police would "follow the Serbs in North Kosovo", and "only recognise orders from international police."[15] In central Kosovo, 126 Serb police officers withdrew from the Kosovo Police force.[16] Members of the Kosovo Police said ethnic Serb officers were being intimidated to leave the police force.[17]

On March 3, 2008, Serbian railway workers declared they no longer worked for Kosovo after blocking the passage of freight trains from central to northern Kosovo. The head of Serbia's state railroad company Serbian Railways said Serbia was "taking over its responsibilities after nine years" and that the northern part of the railway would be integrated into Serbia's railway system.[18] On March 5, 2008 UNMIK forces said they reclaimed the railway after blocking the entry of Serbian trains into Northern Kosovo warning that any movement of trains south would "not be tolerated".[19] The next day UNMIK officials met with officials from Serbian Railways in Belgrade to discuss the company's demands to run railways in northern Kosovo. The Managing Director of Serbian Railways Milanko Šarančić said there was no chance of UNMIK running traffic in the north of Kosovo as employees of Serbian Railways terminated their contracts with UNMIK railways. He also said that the company had begun checking lines in the north, as “UNMIK has not maintained the lines properly for nine years.“[20]

Serb protestors blocked ethnic Albanians from working at the northern Kosovska Mitrovica's courts,[13] and Serb judges and court employees demanded that they would be allowed to work at the courts instead.[21]

Cross-border trade bans

The clashes occurred after weeks of a stand-off over cross-border trade. Since the declaration of independence, Kosovo has been unable to export anything to or via Serbia.[4]´The week prior to the incident Kosovo banned cross-border trade[8] following Serbia's ban on Kosovan imports.[22]

Though KFOR had made implementation of the "vague ultimatums" to remove the barricades, Kosovan Serbs had in the past used mountainous tracts to cross between northern Kosovo and Serbia proper. At the same as the bridge dividing Mitrovica was closed from transport to the south, the daily train to southern Serbia had full attedendances. The EU also started to demand Serbia's dismantle "the parallel structures" of government in Northern Kosovo. However, Serbia's Secretary of State for Kosovo, Oliver Ivanović said that: "We don't see these as 'parallel structures', we see these as the only structures, because we do not recognise the independence of Kosovo." He also said that a partition of Kosovo is out of the question, even though Serbian President Boris Tadić said he was open to the possibility.

Prior to the Kosovo Police's unilateral attempt to take over the border crossings on 26 July, the border crossings were held by EULEX and Serbian members of the Kosovo Police.[10]

Goals

North Kosovo location (Orange color)

The municipalities of North Kosovo, as part of the Assembly of the Community of Municipalities of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, respect the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 and defies the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, hence are still declared part of Serbia (the Kosovo Serb enclaves are under the control of institutions that report to the Republic of Serbia), disputed by the Republic of Kosovo Assembly. The unilaterally proclaimed Republic of Kosovo, which does not have any power in North Kosovo, seek to impose its customs officials in the administrative border crossings with Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally launched a Kosovo Police operation on 26 July, which resulted in the present clashes. Local civilian Serbs, backed by the Kosovo Serb Assembly, are putting up road blocks to make travel difficult for the Kosovo Police force and KFOR, as to show that they are part of Serbia.[23]

Timeline

July-August

On 26 July 2011, during the operation to take control of the border posts, Enver Zymbelli, a member of the Kosovo Police's Special Intervention Unit-Kosovo, was killed during a grenade blast near the border. Five more policemen were wounded, with at least one being treated in hospital for severe wounds.[4] It was reported that a KFOR Mi-17 helicopter belonging to the Croatian Army[24] had been fired upon. The same helicopter transported Kosovo police officers to the Jarnjak border post.[25] Though the Kosovo police later withdrew and there was a lull in tensions, some Serbian protesters returned in the evening and attacked the post.[26]

Jarinje administrative border crossing, burnt down on 27 July.

Clashes continued on 27 July after armed Kosovan police took over two border posts to enforce the writ of the central government in Pristina; ethnic Serbs burned down the border post at Jarinje. The mob, which reportedly included "dozens of masked men, armed with crowbars, clubs, axes, Molotov cocktails and handheld flares,"[2] as well as rocks and other debris,[27] were said to have attacked the NATO troops who were a part of KFOR operations. Reports also suggested the troops may have been fired upon.[2] This was the same border post that had been burned down in 2008 after Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence.[28]Following the intervention of KFOR's NATO troops, a NATO operations officer, Lieutenant Colonel Ralf Adametz, said that "the situation is now under control, but tense."[27]

There was a thaw in tensions on 28 July, after all Kosovan units withdrew from North Kosovo, leaving KFOR's NATO troops in charge of maintaining peace in the region. In return, the Serbs removed most of the roadblocks they had created.[29] KFOR took full control of the two crossings and General Erhard Bühler declared the area around the two crossings to be military areas, therefore giving shoot-at-sight orders to his soldiers for anyone crossing the area.[citation needed]

A Serbian man was later beaten up in Štrpce (an ethnically mixed area), allegedly due to being ethnically Serbian; however this has not been confirmed.[30]

As of 29 July, NATO units remained in control of the two border posts. However, they were prevented from returning to their bases by some of the roadblocks set up by hundreds of Serb protesters. The column of 30 armored vehicles then withdrew from the barricade, even though they were given permission to move against the protesters using force, if necessary[citation needed].

Kosovo police and Italian Carabinieri near the Ibar River Bridge on the Kosovar side.

On 31 July, the Serbs continued to man their roadblocks and KFOR soldiers remained isolated at the border crossings they were manning. The Kosovars then organised burnings of Serbian products and General Buhler sent an ultimatum to the Serbs blocking the road.

On 1 August, NATO said that it had cleared three of the roadblocks but claimed that there were still at least five blocks remaining on the two roads leading to Serbia.[31] The Kosovan Interior Minister Bajram Rexhepi ordered Serbia’s Minister for Kosovo and Metohija Goran Bogdanović and the head of the Serbian negotiation team, Borislav Stefanović, to be deported after allegedly having entered Kosovo illegally.[32] The next day, however, some roadblocks remained in place with all major roads being completely sealed off. Agence France Press reported of a severe food crisis and a shortage of medicines in the North.[33] KFOR then requested a battalion of about 700 soldiers to reinforce its troop presence in the north so it could be more capable of dealing with future unrest.[34]

On 3 August, Kosovan Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi reiterated a refusal to back down on his trade ban as some of the roadblocks remained in place across the North. A deal was later struck to allow KFOR to control the border crossings in return for the dismantling of the blockades.[22] KFOR helicopters were then used to bypass the roadblocks and establish a skeletal EULEX and Kosovo Police and Customs presence at the border crossings.[35]

September-present

Peaceful protests in Zvečan, 30 July.

On 16 September tensions reignited after the Kosovo Police, EULEX and NATO units airlifted troops from Kosovo-proper to the two border posts in an effort to re-establish control over the North. Kosovoan Serbs then blocked all the major routes leading to the two border crossings, including two major bridges connecting the divided town of Mitrovica and vowed to stay there "until the bitter end" causing all the troops as the border crossings to be virtually isolated from the rest of the Kosovo. The European media reported that youths from both the Albanian and Serbian communities pelted each other with rocks near one of the blocked bridges which then led to a KFOR intervention to stop the violence.[36]

The previous night passed without incident in most of northern Kosovo, except for a minor incident near Zupce and Cabar with shots being fired in the area, because of an increased police presence in Mitrovica. After the shooting, Kosovan Serbs set-up another barricade next to an already existine encampment in Zupce, on the road from Mitrovica to Ribarici; gravel was unloaded across both lanes of the road leading to the southern part of Mitrovica. The next day there were similar clashes at the roadblockes after they were re-inforced with more Serbs protesters and Kosovo Police forces.[37][38] On 18 September, makeshift roadblocks were still visible as Kosovan Serbs continued to block roads, amidst promises to maintain the roadblocks until a dialogue begins about who would man the border crossings and what will happen with the revenue collected from the customs duty.[39]

On 19 September, KFOR helicopters dropped hundreds of leaflets urging Kosovan Serbs to end their roadblocks. The five sentence leaflet, written in Cyrillic Serbian, warned citizens that blocking roads was against the law and therefore such a move "is not in line with peaceful demonstrations. Blocking roads represent[s a] danger for all in extraordinary situations, because there is no possibility to deliver help to those in need." Confirming the air drop, KFOR spokesman Ralph Adametz said that the leaflets were dropped at the barricades close to border crossings 1 and 31. He described the overall situation as unchangeable, but underlined the need for opening blocked roads. KFOR said the mission "recognises the right for peaceful protests and demonstrations" but "blocking roads doesn't represent any accepted way for expressing your concerns." The air drop began hours after the head EULEX, Xavier de Marnhac, visited the two disputed crossings. According to him, both crossings were technically ready to be fully operational but the barricades that had been put up on nearby roads prevented the gates from being utilised.[40]

On 27 September, four soldiers were injured by pipe bomb explosions. NATO spokesman Kai Gudenoge then said that KFOR troops were forced to fire rubber bullets and tear gas in self-defense against Kosovan Serb protesters after being attacked at border crossing Gate 1 following an attempt by Kosovan Serbs to erect a new roadblock after KFOR blocked an alternative road to Serbia proper. Five of the protesters had been arrested. Hospital officials in northern Kosovo said seven Kosovan Serb protesters were also wounded from gunfire which erupted in the afternoon in Jarinje. Head of Mitrovica hospital Milan Jakovljevic said the wounded had been brought to his hospital for medical treatment. "We can't say if anyone has life threatening injures at this moment, since we are assessing their current extent of the injuries." The Kosovan government in Pristina said that it was working with both KFOR and EULEX in the quest to open the barricaded roads in the north. The local media in Mitrovica reported that two EULEX vehicles are set on fire.[41] On 29 September, Erhard Drews took over command of KFOR.[42]

Kosovo's ethnic divisions

KFOR's commander said that his troops would forcibly remove roadblocks on 17 October if Kosovan Serbs did not voluntarily do so.[43] KFOR's General Erhard Drews said that "KFOR is ready and resolved to take action on behalf of freedom of movement."[35] However, Kosovan Serbs said that they would take "defensive action" to counter KFOR's attempts at forcibly removing the roadblocks.[44] Though the deadline passed to remove the roadblocks, KFOR troops who were sent to remove them left without incident in an effort to give the Kosovan Serbs more time to do so themselves. A KFOR commander said that "we've been given orders to go back, as we cannot go through barricades." Drews said that with the defiance of the ultimatum as "the north did not comply with the request to remove the roadblocks." In response, Kosovan Serb politicans said that any KFOR operations would be halted till 19 October for community leaders to discuss a possible compromise solution. Slavisa Ristic, mayor of Zubin Potok, said that "there will be no KFOR actions today or tomorrow until representatives of (Serb) municipalities agree on how to end the impasse."[22][35]

On 19 October, talks began between KFOR and Kosovo Serb officials started. KFOR gave the ultimatum of free movement inside North Kosovo by KFOR and EULEX vehicles. The Kosovo Serbs accepted KFOR movement, but declined EULEX presence. The KFOR officials said that EULEX too, had to be given entry. Because of this, the talks reached no agreement.[45] KFOR Lieutenant colonel Ralf Adamec said that KFOR had no plan of forceful removal of barricades, but that it nevertheless had the right to use force, "for now, we do not need to use force".[46]

In the morning of 20 October, the KFOR and EULEX clashed with Serbs near Brnjak.[47] 22 Serbs were injured, of which 3 seriously, among whom are women. 8 KFOR soldiers were injured. The KFOR entered North Kosovo after failing to reach an agreement of free movement inside four of the Serbian Municipalities of Kosovo and Metohija (which are not recognizing the unilateral Republic of Kosovo) in the north. There were no KFOR-EULEX presence at Jarinje.[48][49] In Dobruša, near Peć, An Albanian murdered one person and injured two people, all of Serb ethnicity, the same day at 12.30 CET, at which time the KFOR tried to remove the barricades in the north. The perpetrator has since given himself up to the Kosovo police.[50] A peaceful protest was held in Gračanica by some thousands of Serbs.[51] At this time, the majority of Serbs south of Ibar, i.e. outside North Kosovo, still depend on Serbia, while only 5% are talking with Kosovo [Albanian] institutions.[51]

On 24 October, at last 21 KFOR soldiers were injured in clashes with Serb protesters opposed to dismantling a roadblock. The demonstrators threw stones and attacked them with trucks, the soldiers responded with tear gas before retreating and to end the operation to avoid "serious losses on both sides." An explosion also damaged three vehicles.[52][53]

Response

Kosovo
Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi said of the initial police operation that it was a "concrete step in establishing the rule of law [in North Kosovo]." He also added that through co-operation with the "international community...the constitution and the sovereignty of my country are sacred for myself and for my countrymen and go beyond any partnership or loyalty."[28]
On 3 August, Kosovo stated that it would not accept a KFOR-Serbia deal which included moving road blocks in northern Kosovo.[54] The next day Foreign Minister Enver Hoxhaj accused Serbia of seeking to exploit the increased tensions to pursue what he called Serbia's "long-held dream of partitioning the region."[55]
Serbia
During the first phase of clashes, Serbia asked Lebanon and Germany to hold an emergency meeting at the UN. Russia and China also supported the Serbian request; however the United States and the United Kingdom were opposed to the move as they wanted the Kosovo issue to be discussed at the UN next month. The UN approved the Serbian request and the UN emergency meeting was to be held on 28 July, and will be held behind closed doors.[56] President Boris Tadić's office also condemned the violence:[57] "The hooligans who are sparking violence are not defending either the people or the Serb state. The people must refrain from violence."[58]
After the first phase of the clashes the State Secretary for Kosovo Oliver Ivanović said that "one act of violence produces more violence. I am afraid we are entering a spiral of violence. Reuters also quoted the chief negotiator of a Serbian team trying to find a solution to the violence, Borko Stefanović as saying that: "This violent act, an act of criminals and extremists, represents a clear attempt to undermine the process we are pursuing and the attempts to resolve all the issues in a peaceful manner. This greatly aggravates the position of Serbs in the north of Kosovo and Metohija and is not contributing to the resolution of the problems which had brought us here in the past couple of days."[28]
Goran Bogdanović, the Serbian Minister of Kosovo and Metohija, said that the Kosovo Serb officials and KFOR needed to sit down and reach an agreement, and asked for KFOR and Serbs to stop violence, as the 19 October-talks had been proven by the Serbs of their willing of a peaceful solution.[59] Vuk Jeremić said that KFOR needed to stop violence, and stressed that the Resolution 1244 be respected, as it secured for a peaceful solution.[60]
KFOR-EULEX
On 19 October, talks between KFOR and Kosovan Serb officials began. KFOR gave the ultimatum of free movement inside North Kosovo by KFOR and EULEX vehicles, which was accepted howeber an EULEX presence was rejected. KFOR officials however insisted that EULEX had to be also be given entry. As a result the talks remained deadlocked.[61] KFOR Lieutenant Colonel Ralf Adamec said that KFOR had no plan to use force to remove the barricades, but that it nevertheless had the right to use force, "for now, we do not need to use force".[62] Goran Bogdanović, the Serbian Minister of Kosovo and Metohija, said that the Kosovan Serb officials and KFOR needed to reach an agreement and asked for KFOR and the Kosovan Serbs to stop the violence.[63] The Serbian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vuk Jeremić, added that KFOR needed to stop its cycle of violence and stressed that UN Resolution 1244 needed to be respected as it sought a peaceful solution.[64]
Supranational bodies
  • The EU's High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton issued a statement after the initial clashes that read: "I strongly condemn the violence that has taken place in northern Kosovo. These latest developments are unacceptable." She also added that it was the "responsibility" of the Serbian and Kosovan government to restore peace between the two "nations." Her Deputy Spokesperson Maja Kocijančič said that Kosovo's unilateral decision to take over the border posts was "not helpful. It was not done in consultation neither with the European Union nor the international community and we do not approve [of] it." (sic)[10] As the clashes were intensified and Serbia's involvement increased, the EU declared a stall to Serbia accession to the union.
  • At the same time, a NATO statement read: "The situation deteriorated at the customs post Jarinje and it was confirmed that an act of arson was committed against that position. There have also been confirmed reports of shots fired at KFOR personnel in the vicinity."[28]
Other people
  • Ali Ahmeti[importance?], the leader of Democratic Union for Integration (the largest Albanian party in Macedonia) said after the initial clashes that if the North of Kosovo was given to Serbia then he would no longer be what he chose to call himself as "Macedonia's guardian of peace." He added that Albanians would have to organise themselves as they had done in 2001.[65]

See also

Notes

  1. ^
    Template:Kosovo-note.
  2. ^
    The neutrality or position of KFOR is disputed.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ Lekic, Slobodan. "EU, NATO condemn attacks by Serb militants against alliance peacekeepers in Kosovo - The Washington Post". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  2. ^ a b c Bytyci, Fatos (20 July 2011). "Ethnic Serbs fire at NATO troops in Kosovo". Reuters. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  3. ^ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2011&mm=12&dd=03&nav_category=640&nav_id=562899
  4. ^ a b c d e Mark Lowen (27 July 2011). "Kosovo tense after deadly clash on Serbian border". BBC. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  5. ^ 4 wounded (27 September),[1] 8 wounded (20 October),[2] 21 wounded (24 November), [3] 25 wounded (28 November),[4] total of 42 wounded
  6. ^ 1 Killed, 2 Wounded in Clashes in Northern Kosovo
  7. ^ 16 wounded (27 September),[5] 40 wounded (20 October),[6] 2 wounded (9 November),[7] 100 wounded (28 November),[8] total of 108 reported wounded
  8. ^ a b Nato Steps In Amid Kosovo-Serbia Border Row
  9. ^ "Germany Dashes Serbia's EU Candidacy Hopes :: Balkan Insight". Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  10. ^ a b c http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2011/07/20117275833470595.html
  11. ^ "Transcript: NGA SEANCA PLENARE E JASHTËZAKONSHME SOLEMNE E KUVENDIT TË KOSOVËS ME RASTIN E SHPALLJES SË PAVARËSISË, TË MBAJTUR MË 17 SHKURT 2008" (PDF). Legjislatura III (in Albanian). Pristina: Republika e Kosovës Kuvendi – Republika Kosova Skupština – Republic of Kosovo Assembly. 17 February 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
  12. ^ "Kosovo MPs proclaim independence", BBC News Online, 17 February 2008
  13. ^ a b c "Serbs bid for Bosnia-style division in Kosovo". Reuters. 29 February 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
  14. ^ "Church in Kosovo cuts ties with Priština, EULEX". B92. 3 March 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
  15. ^ "Serb police in Kosovo reject Albanian command". Reuters. 29 February 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
  16. ^ "Serb police officers in Kosovo demand return to UNMIK command". Southeast European Times. 2 March 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
  17. ^ "Kosovo Serb Police 'Intimidated'". Balkan Insight. 6 March 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  18. ^ "Serb railway workers stop train in northern Kosovo". Xinhua. 3 March 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
  19. ^ "UN 'reclaims' Kosovo rail line". BBC News. 5 March 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
  20. ^ "No agreement between Serbian Railways, UNMIK". B92. 6 March 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
  21. ^ "Serbia's government to discuss whether to stop servicing Kosovo debt". Prince George Citizen. 2 March 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
  22. ^ a b c "Kosovo Serbs defy Nato demands over blockades". BBC News. 18 October 2011.
  23. ^ http://blogs.aljazeera.net/europe/2011/10/16/kosovos-continuing-limbo
  24. ^ "Kosovo: Srbi zapucali na hrvatski helikopter u sastavu KFOR-a?!". Jutarnji (in Serbo-Croat). Retrieved 28 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  25. ^ "РТС :: (Не)мирно на Косову". Rts.rs. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  26. ^ "Serbs attack Kosovo border post as violence flares". BBC News. 27 July 2011.
  27. ^ a b "NATO: Serbs set fire to building along Kosovo border". CNN. 28 July 2011.
  28. ^ a b c d e "EU warns against growing tensions in Kosovo - Europe - Al Jazeera English". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  29. ^ "Nato takes over Kosovo border posts after clashes". BBC News. 28 July 2011.
  30. ^ The Atlanta Journal-Constitution http://www.ajc.com/news/nation-world/nato-peacekeepers-can-fire-1053916.html. Retrieved 5 December 2011. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  31. ^ "NATO Starts Clearing Roadblocks in Kosovo". Fox News. 1 August 2011.
  32. ^ "Kosovo Politician Orders Arrest of Serb Officials :: Balkan Insight". Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  33. ^ "AFP: Kosovo Serbs facing food, medicine shortages: report". Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  34. ^ "NATO Sends More Troops to Kosovo Border". Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  35. ^ a b c "Kosovo Serbs resist NATO call to remove roadblocks". Reuters. 18 October 2011.
  36. ^ http://www.euronews.net/2011/09/17/tension-continues-on-the-serbia-kosovo-border/
  37. ^ [9]
  38. ^ "Quiet, for now". The Economist.
  39. ^ http://rt.com/news/kosovo-pristina-eu-border-841/
  40. ^ http://english.cri.cn/6966/2011/09/20/2941s658994.htm
  41. ^ http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-09/28/c_131163597.htm
  42. ^ http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/infoCountryPage/setimes/resource_centre/bios/erhard_drews?country=EU
  43. ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2011/10/201110167539819979.html
  44. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZtlCNktf6c
  45. ^ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2011&mm=10&dd=19&nav_category=640&nav_id=550647
  46. ^ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2011&mm=10&dd=20&nav_category=640&nav_id=550915
  47. ^ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2011&mm=10&dd=20&nav_category=640&nav_id=550990
  48. ^ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2011&mm=10&dd=20&nav_category=640&nav_id=551043
  49. ^ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2011&mm=10&dd=20&nav_category=640&nav_id=550932
  50. ^ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2011&mm=10&dd=21&nav_category=640&nav_id=551285
  51. ^ a b http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2011&mm=10&dd=20&nav_category=640&nav_id=551017
  52. ^ http://www.romandie.com/news/n/_Explosion_a_Kosovska_Mitrovica_dans_le_nord_du_Kosovo_241120111311.asp
  53. ^ http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/monde/20111124.FAP8318/kosovo-21-soldats-de-l-otan-blesses-dans-des-affrontements-avec-des-manifestants-serbes.html
  54. ^ http://www.publicbroadcasting.net/ksfr/news.newsmain/article/0/0/1836135/World/Kosovo.says.will.not.accept.NATO-Serbia.deal
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  61. ^ "Nema dogovora Srba i Kfora". Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  62. ^ "Kfor: Imamo pravo na silu". Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  63. ^ ""Srbi i Kfor, sedite za sto"". Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  64. ^ "Jeremić poziva na mir i uzdržanost". Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  65. ^ "Kosovo Border Attacks Could Destabilize Macedonia :: Balkan Insight". Retrieved 5 December 2011.

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source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_Kosovo%E2%80%93Serbia_border_clashes&diff=464787218&oldid=464786877

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