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On 27 June 1940 ''Espero'', commanded by captain [[Enrico Baroni]], sailed from [[Taranto]] at 22:45 for the first war mission, along with ''Ostro'' and ''Zeffiro''. The three vessels were to transport to [[Tobruk]] two anti-aircraft batteries (10 [[Breda Model 35]] cannons in all), {{convert|120|ST|t|abbr=on}} of ammunition (450,000 rounds) and 162 members of the [[Blackshirts|Voluntary Militia for National Security]].<ref name="oh">O'Hara, p.32</ref> |
On 27 June 1940 ''Espero'', commanded by captain [[Enrico Baroni]], sailed from [[Taranto]] at 22:45 for the first war mission, along with ''Ostro'' and ''Zeffiro''. The three vessels were to transport to [[Tobruk]] two anti-aircraft batteries (10 [[Breda Model 35]] cannons in all), {{convert|120|ST|t|abbr=on}} of ammunition (450,000 rounds) and 162 members of the [[Blackshirts|Voluntary Militia for National Security]].<ref name="oh">O'Hara, p.32</ref> |
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On 28 June 1940 at 12:10, about {{convert|50|mi|nmi km|lk=on|abbr=on}} west of [[Zakynthos]], the convoy was sighted by a British reconnaissance [[Short Sunderland]] plane.<ref name="g0">Green & Massignani, p 63</ref> As they were within striking range of the British 7th Cruiser Squadron, composed of light cruisers {{HMS|Liverpool|C11|2}}, {{HMS|Orion|85|2}}, {{HMS|Neptune|20|2}}, {{HMS|Gloucester|62|2}} and {{HMAS|Sydney|D48|2}}, Admiral John Tovey ordered them to intercept the Italians. The Italian column was sighted by the Allied ships around 18:30, about 100 miles north of [[Tobruk]], and at 18:36 ''Liverpool'' opened fire from {{convert|22000|yd|m|abbr=on}} at the surprised Italian flotilla.<ref name="oh1">O'Hara, p.33</ref> At 18:59 ''Orion'' also opened fire from {{convert|18000|yd|m|abbr=on}}. The Italian destroyers were theoretically faster then the British cruisers, but due to their age and heavy cargo on board their speed advantage was nullified. In addition, ''Espero'''s third boiler turned out to be defective, limiting the destroyer's speed to just {{convert|25|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=oh1/> Captain Baroni, therefore, decided to sacrifice his ship in order to cover the escape of ''Zeffiro'' and ''Ostro'', and ordered them to disengage and sail for [[Benghazi]] at full speed. ''Espero'' laid smokescreens and conducted evasive maneuvers, engaging Liverpool's division with guns, and simultaneously firing three torpedoes at ''Orion''.<ref name=oh1/> While ''Liverpool'' and ''Gloucester'' took on ''Espero'', the other three cruisers tried to get around the smokescreens to attack the fleeing ''Ostro'' and ''Zeffiro'', but were ordered to abandon their pursuit and concentrate on ''Espero'' instead. Due to zigzagging ''Espero'' managed to avoid being hit, but by 19:20 the range between her and ''Liverpool'' had shortened to {{convert|14000|yd|m|abbr=on}}. In fact, Italians drew first blood, when a single Italian {{convert|4.7|in|mm|abbr=on}} shell hit ''Liverpool'' just 3 ft above the waterline, with splinters penetrating the warheads of two torpedoes, but caused little damage otherwise.<ref name="g1">Green & Massignani, p 65</ref><ref name=oh1/> Despite heavy firing, ''Espero'' was not hit until 20:00, when her engine rooms were struck bringing the vessel to a stop. The 7th Squadron expended about 5,000 shells, more than 1,600 of main caliber, before the Italian destroyer was sunk, after 130 minutes of fierce fighting. |
On 28 June 1940 at 12:10, about {{convert|50|mi|nmi km|lk=on|abbr=on}} west of [[Zakynthos]], the convoy was sighted by a British reconnaissance [[Short Sunderland]] plane.<ref name="g0">Green & Massignani, p 63</ref> As they were within striking range of the British 7th Cruiser Squadron, composed of light cruisers {{HMS|Liverpool|C11|2}}, {{HMS|Orion|85|2}}, {{HMS|Neptune|20|2}}, {{HMS|Gloucester|62|2}} and {{HMAS|Sydney|D48|2}}, Admiral John Tovey ordered them to intercept the Italians. The Italian column was sighted by the Allied ships around 18:30, about 100 miles north of [[Tobruk]], and at 18:36 ''Liverpool'' opened fire from {{convert|22000|yd|m|abbr=on}} at the surprised Italian flotilla.<ref name="oh1">O'Hara, p.33</ref> At 18:59 ''Orion'' also opened fire from {{convert|18000|yd|m|abbr=on}}. The Italian destroyers were theoretically faster then the British cruisers, but due to their age and heavy cargo on board their speed advantage was nullified. In addition, ''Espero'''s third boiler turned out to be defective, limiting the destroyer's speed to just {{convert|25|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=oh1/> Captain Baroni, therefore, decided to sacrifice his ship in order to cover the escape of ''Zeffiro'' and ''Ostro'', and ordered them to disengage and sail for [[Benghazi]] at full speed. ''Espero'' laid smokescreens and conducted evasive maneuvers, engaging Liverpool's division with guns, and simultaneously firing three torpedoes at ''Orion''.<ref name=oh1/> While ''Liverpool'' and ''Gloucester'' took on ''Espero'', the other three cruisers tried to get around the smokescreens to attack the fleeing ''Ostro'' and ''Zeffiro'', but were ordered to abandon their pursuit and concentrate on ''Espero'' instead. Due to zigzagging ''Espero'' managed to avoid being hit, but by 19:20 the range between her and ''Liverpool'' had shortened to {{convert|14000|yd|m|abbr=on}}. In fact, Italians drew first blood, when a single Italian {{convert|4.7|in|mm|abbr=on}} shell hit ''Liverpool'' just 3 ft above the waterline, with splinters penetrating the warheads of two torpedoes, but caused little damage otherwise.<ref name="g1">Green & Massignani, p 65</ref><ref name=oh1/> Despite heavy firing, ''Espero'' was not hit until 20:00, when her engine rooms were struck bringing the vessel to a stop. The 7th Squadron expended about 5,000 shells, more than 1,600 of main caliber, before the Italian destroyer was sunk, after 130 minutes of fierce fighting. After giving orders for the [[scuttling]] and the abandonment of the ship, Captain Baroni returned to the bridge and [[Captain goes down with the ship|went down with his ship]]. He was posthumously awarded the [[Gold Medal of Military Valor]].<ref>[http://www.marina.difesa.it/storiacultura/storia/medaglie/Pagine/EnricoBaroni.aspx Enrico Baroni]</ref> |
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From a total of 255 crew and troops aboard ''Espero'', ''Sydney'' picked up 47 survivors, three of whom later died of wounds; an unknown number of survivors boarded liferafts after the sinking, but only one of these rafts was eventually rescued by the Italian submarine [[Italian submarine Topazio|''Topazio'']] after two weeks adrift, with only six survivors from the original 36 occupants. Overall, 205 men were lost, with fifty survivors.<ref>[http://conlapelleappesaaunchiodo.blogspot.it/2017/11/espero.html Espero]</ref> |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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Revision as of 16:04, 18 March 2018
| File:Espero 1.jpg | |
| History | |
|---|---|
 Kingdom of Italy | |
| Name | Espero |
| Namesake | Espero, westerly wind |
| Builder | Ansaldo, Genoa |
| Laid down | 29 April 1925 |
| Launched | 4 April 1927 |
| Completed | 31 August 1927 |
| Identification | ES |
| Fate | Sunk, 28 June 1940 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Template:Sclass- |
| Displacement | |
| Length | 307 ft 6 in (93.7 m)[1] |
| Beam | 30.5 ft (9.3 m)[1] |
| Draught | 10.75 ft (3.3 m)[1] |
| Installed power |
|
| Propulsion | 2 shafts, Parsons geared steam turbines |
| Speed | 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph)[1] |
| Range | 3,800 nmi (7,000 km; 4,400 mi) at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) |
| Complement |
|
| Armament |
|
Italian destroyer Espero was a Template:Sclass- built for the Royal Italian Navy (Regia Marina) during late 1920s. She was named after a westerly wind, Espero, or Ponente, common in summer in the Mediterranean. Espero was the first Italian destroyer to be lost in World War II.
Description and Construction
Template:Sclass- warships were built in 1927-1928 and contained characteristics that can be described as transitional between the ships of the post-World War I period and those built in 1930s. Compared to both of their predecessors, Template:Sclass- and Template:Sclass- vessels, their hull was elongated to accommodate a more powerful propulsion system to gain about 10% more power and increase their speed by 1 knot. Additional side fuel tanks were added which allowed to increase fuel stowage to 446 tons of fuel oil.
Espero like all other Turbine-class boats had a significant overload: their design standard displacement was 1,073 long tons (1,090 t) but in practice it was around 1,220 long tons (1,240 t). Her deep load was 1,670 long tons (1,700 t) as designed, and ended up being 1,715 long tons (1,743 t) as built. The ship had an overall length of 307.5 feet (93.7 m), a beam of 30.5 feet (9.3 m) and a draught of 10.75 feet (3.3 m). She was powered by 2 Parsons geared steam turbines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of 40,000 shaft horsepower (30,000 kW) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph).[1] During the trials the contract speed was exceeded, Espero was clocked at 38.4 knots (71.1 km/h; 44.2 mph) during trials,[1] but at full load the vessel could reach no more than 33 knots (61 km/h; 38 mph). Steam for the turbines was provided by three Thornycroft 3-drum boilers. Espero carried a maximum of 446 long tons (453 t) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 3,800 nautical miles (7,000 km; 4,400 mi) at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph).
The ship mounted four 45-calibre 120 mm (4.7 in) guns in twin mounts. For anti-aircraft (AA) defense, three 40 mm/39 pom-pom cannons in single mounts were deployed at the time of launching. In early 1930s one of the 40 mm/39 pom-pom guns was removed, and a single mount twin 13.2 mm machine guns were installed. She was fitted with two above-water triple 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tube mounts, and could also carry 52 mines.
Espero was built at the Ansaldo shipyard in Genoa. She was laid down on 29 April 1925 and launched on 4 April 1927. The ship was completed on 31 August 1927 and after sea trials officially entered the service with Regia Marina.
Service
Together with Ostro, Zeffiro and Borea, after completion Espero was assigned to the 1st Squadron of the I Destroyer Flotilla, based in La Spezia.[2] In 1934 Espero, along with Ostro, Zeffiro and Borea formed the 4th Destroyer Squadron, part of the 2nd Naval Division.[3]
World War II
At the time of Italy entrance into World War II on 10 June 1940, Espero together with sister ships Zeffiro, Ostro and Borea formed 2nd Destroyer Squadron based at Taranto.
On 27 June 1940 Espero, commanded by captain Enrico Baroni, sailed from Taranto at 22:45 for the first war mission, along with Ostro and Zeffiro. The three vessels were to transport to Tobruk two anti-aircraft batteries (10 Breda Model 35 cannons in all), 120 short tons (110 t) of ammunition (450,000 rounds) and 162 members of the Voluntary Militia for National Security.[4]
On 28 June 1940 at 12:10, about 50 mi (43 nmi; 80 km) west of Zakynthos, the convoy was sighted by a British reconnaissance Short Sunderland plane.[5] As they were within striking range of the British 7th Cruiser Squadron, composed of light cruisers Liverpool, Orion, Neptune, Gloucester and Sydney, Admiral John Tovey ordered them to intercept the Italians. The Italian column was sighted by the Allied ships around 18:30, about 100 miles north of Tobruk, and at 18:36 Liverpool opened fire from 22,000 yd (20,000 m) at the surprised Italian flotilla.[6] At 18:59 Orion also opened fire from 18,000 yd (16,000 m). The Italian destroyers were theoretically faster then the British cruisers, but due to their age and heavy cargo on board their speed advantage was nullified. In addition, Espero's third boiler turned out to be defective, limiting the destroyer's speed to just 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph).[6] Captain Baroni, therefore, decided to sacrifice his ship in order to cover the escape of Zeffiro and Ostro, and ordered them to disengage and sail for Benghazi at full speed. Espero laid smokescreens and conducted evasive maneuvers, engaging Liverpool's division with guns, and simultaneously firing three torpedoes at Orion.[6] While Liverpool and Gloucester took on Espero, the other three cruisers tried to get around the smokescreens to attack the fleeing Ostro and Zeffiro, but were ordered to abandon their pursuit and concentrate on Espero instead. Due to zigzagging Espero managed to avoid being hit, but by 19:20 the range between her and Liverpool had shortened to 14,000 yd (13,000 m). In fact, Italians drew first blood, when a single Italian 4.7 in (120 mm) shell hit Liverpool just 3 ft above the waterline, with splinters penetrating the warheads of two torpedoes, but caused little damage otherwise.[7][6] Despite heavy firing, Espero was not hit until 20:00, when her engine rooms were struck bringing the vessel to a stop. The 7th Squadron expended about 5,000 shells, more than 1,600 of main caliber, before the Italian destroyer was sunk, after 130 minutes of fierce fighting. After giving orders for the scuttling and the abandonment of the ship, Captain Baroni returned to the bridge and went down with his ship. He was posthumously awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor.[8]
From a total of 255 crew and troops aboard Espero, Sydney picked up 47 survivors, three of whom later died of wounds; an unknown number of survivors boarded liferafts after the sinking, but only one of these rafts was eventually rescued by the Italian submarine Topazio after two weeks adrift, with only six survivors from the original 36 occupants. Overall, 205 men were lost, with fifty survivors.[9]
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h McMurtrie, Francis (1937). Jane's Fighting Ships: 1937. p. 280.
- ^ Pier Paolo Ramoino. "La Regia Marina Tra le due Guerre Mondiali" (PDF). p. 74. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
- ^ Pier Paolo Ramoino. "La Regia Marina Tra le due Guerre Mondiali" (PDF). p. 84. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
- ^ O'Hara, p.32
- ^ Green & Massignani, p 63
- ^ a b c d O'Hara, p.33
- ^ Green & Massignani, p 65
- ^ Enrico Baroni
- ^ Espero
References
- Greene, Jack & Massignani, Alessandro: The Naval War in the Mediterranean, 1940–1943, Chatam Publishing, London, 1998. ISBN 1-86176-057-4.
- De la Sierra, Luis: La Guerra Naval en el Mediterráneo, Editorial Juventud, Barcelona, 1976. ISBN 84-261-0264-6. Template:Es icon
- O'Hara, Vincent P. (2009). Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-648-3.
- Brown, David (2013). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: Vol.I: September 1939 - October 1940. Routledge. ISBN 978-1135281540.
External links
 Regia Marina | |
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 Kriegsmarine |
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Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in June 1940 | |
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| Shipwrecks |
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| Other incidents |
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