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'''Giorgia Meloni''' (born 15 January 1977) is an Italian politician and journalist. A member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] in Italy since 2006, she currently heads the [[right-wing populist]] [[Brothers of Italy]] (FdI) political party, and has been the president of the [[European Conservatives and Reformists Party]] since 2020.
'''Giorgia Meloni''' (born 15 January 1977) is an Italian politician and journalist. A member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] in Italy since 2006, she currently heads the [[far-right politics|far-right]]<ref>https://dw.com/en/italy-election-polls-open-as-far-right-eyes-historic-victory-live-updates/a-63230549</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63022408</ref><ref>https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220724-brothers-of-italy-the-far-right-party-on-the-cusp-of-power</ref> [[Brothers of Italy]] (FdI) political party, and has been the president of the [[European Conservatives and Reformists Party]] since 2020.


Born in [[Rome]], Meloni joined the [[Youth Front (Italy)|Youth Front]], the youth wing of the [[Italian Social Movement]] (MSI), in 1992, while later she became the national leader of the [[Student Action (Italy)|Student Action]], the student movement of [[National Alliance (Italy)|National Alliance]] (AN). She was a councilor of the [[Province of Rome]] from 1998 to 2002, after which she became the president of the [[Youth Action (Italy)|Youth Action]], the youth wing of AN. In 2008, she was appointed [[Italian Minister of Youth|Minister of Youth]] in the [[Berlusconi IV Cabinet]], a role which she held until 2011. In 2012, she co-founded FdI and became its president in 2014. She took part in the [[2014 European Parliament election in Italy|2014 European Parliament election]], and in the [[2016 Rome municipal election]] as a mayoral candidate; she ended up not getting elected in both elections. After the [[2018 Italian general election|2018 general election]], she led FdI into the opposition during the entire [[Legislature_XVIII_of_Italy|parliamentary legislature]], letting FdI grow its popularity in the [[Opinion polling for the 2022 Italian general election|opinion polls]], particularly during the [[Draghi Cabinet]], in which FdI was the only opposition party.
Born in [[Rome]], Meloni joined the [[Youth Front (Italy)|Youth Front]], the youth wing of the [[Italian Social Movement]] (MSI), in 1992, while later she became the national leader of the [[Student Action (Italy)|Student Action]], the student movement of [[National Alliance (Italy)|National Alliance]] (AN). She was a councilor of the [[Province of Rome]] from 1998 to 2002, after which she became the president of the [[Youth Action (Italy)|Youth Action]], the youth wing of AN. In 2008, she was appointed [[Italian Minister of Youth|Minister of Youth]] in the [[Berlusconi IV Cabinet]], a role which she held until 2011. In 2012, she co-founded FdI and became its president in 2014. She took part in the [[2014 European Parliament election in Italy|2014 European Parliament election]], and in the [[2016 Rome municipal election]] as a mayoral candidate; she ended up not getting elected in both elections. After the [[2018 Italian general election|2018 general election]], she led FdI into the opposition during the entire [[Legislature_XVIII_of_Italy|parliamentary legislature]], letting FdI grow its popularity in the [[Opinion polling for the 2022 Italian general election|opinion polls]], particularly during the [[Draghi Cabinet]], in which FdI was the only opposition party.

Revision as of 20:59, 25 September 2022

Giorgia Meloni
Giorgia Meloni at the Conservative Political Action Conference meeting in Florida in February 2022
Meloni in 2022
President of Brothers of Italy
Assumed office
8 March 2014
Preceded byIgnazio La Russa
President of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party
Assumed office
29 September 2020
Preceded byJan Zahradil
Minister of Youth
In office
8 May 2008 – 16 November 2011
Prime MinisterSilvio Berlusconi
Preceded byGiovanna Melandri
Succeeded byAndrea Riccardi
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
Assumed office
28 April 2006
Constituency
Personal details
Born (1977-01-15) 15 January 1977 (age 47)
Rome, Italy
Political partyFdI (since 2012)
Other political
affiliations
  • MSI (1992–1995)
  • AN (1995–2009)
  • PdL (2009–2012)
Domestic partnerAndrea Giambruno
Children1
Websitegiorgiameloni.com

Giorgia Meloni (born 15 January 1977) is an Italian politician and journalist. A member of the Chamber of Deputies in Italy since 2006, she currently heads the far-right[1][2][3] Brothers of Italy (FdI) political party, and has been the president of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party since 2020.

Born in Rome, Meloni joined the Youth Front, the youth wing of the Italian Social Movement (MSI), in 1992, while later she became the national leader of the Student Action, the student movement of National Alliance (AN). She was a councilor of the Province of Rome from 1998 to 2002, after which she became the president of the Youth Action, the youth wing of AN. In 2008, she was appointed Minister of Youth in the Berlusconi IV Cabinet, a role which she held until 2011. In 2012, she co-founded FdI and became its president in 2014. She took part in the 2014 European Parliament election, and in the 2016 Rome municipal election as a mayoral candidate; she ended up not getting elected in both elections. After the 2018 general election, she led FdI into the opposition during the entire parliamentary legislature, letting FdI grow its popularity in the opinion polls, particularly during the Draghi Cabinet, in which FdI was the only opposition party.

A right-wing populist and Italian nationalist, her political positions have been described as far-right and radically conservative, although she rejects this label. She is opposed to abortion, to euthanasia and to partnerships, marriages, and parenting by same-sex couples, instead supporting nuclear families. Opposed to the reception of non-European migrants and multiculturalism, she has been accused of xenophobia and Islamophobia. A supporter of NATO, she maintains Eurosceptic views regarding the European Union, and was in favor of better relations with Russia before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, although she condemned the invasion and pledged to keep sending arms to Ukraine. She has expressed controversial views, such as praising Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in 1996, and Giorgio Almirante in 2020, a Nazi collaborator and co-founder of MSI.

Early life

Giorgia Meloni was born in Rome on 15 January 1977.[4][5] Her father came from Sardinia and her mother came from Sicily; her father, a tax advisor, left the family when she was eleven years old moving to Canary Islands.[6] She grew up in the district of Garbatella.[6] In 1992, at 15 years old, Meloni joined the Youth Front, the youth-wing of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI).[4] In these years, she founded the student coordination Gli Antenati (The Ancestors), which took part in the protest against the public education reform promoted by minister Rosa Russo Iervolino.[7]

In 1996, she earned a diploma in the Amerigo Vespucci Institute.[5] Meloni declared that she obtained the high school diploma in languages at the Institute "Amerigo Vespucci" of Rome, with the final mark of 60/60.[8] But it turned out the school was not a foreign language high school (and therefore qualified to issue a diploma in languages), rather a technical high school specialized in the tourist industry.[8][9] This created a controversy on whether she lied about her diploma.[10]

In the same year, she became the national leader of Student Action, the student movement of the national-conservative National Alliance (AN), the heir of the MSI, representing this movement in the Student Associations Forum established by the Italian Ministry of Education.[11] In 1998, after winning the primary election, she was elected as a councilor of the Province of Rome, holding this position until 2002. In 2000, she was elected national director and in 2004 she was the first woman president of Youth Action, the AN youth wing.[12] During these years, Meloni worked as a nanny, waitress, and bartender at the Piper Club, one of the most famous night clubs in Rome.[13][14]

Political career

Minister of Youth

2006 portrait of Meloni for the Chamber of Deputies
Meloni in 2006

In the 2006 Italian general election, Meloni was elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a member of the National Alliance (AN), where she became its youngest ever vice-president.[15] In the same year, she started to work as a journalist.[16] In 2008, she was appointed Minister of Youth in the Berlusconi IV Cabinet, a position she held until 16 November 2011, when the prime minister and media mogul Silvio Berlusconi was forced to resign as the prime minister amid a financial crisis and public protests.[17] She was the youngest-ever minister in the history of united Italy.[18]

In August 2008, Meloni invited Italian athletes to boycott the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games in disagreement with the Chinese policy implemented towards Tibet; this statement was criticised by Berlusconi, as well as the foreign affairs minister Franco Frattini.[19] In 2009, her party merged with Forza Italia (FI) into The People of Freedom (PdL) and she took over the presidency of the united party's youth section, called Young Italy.[18] In the same year, she voted for the decree law against euthanasia.[20]

In November 2010, on behalf of the ministry, she presented a 300 million euro package called the Right to the Future. It was aimed at investing in young people and contained five initiatives, including incentives for new entrepreneurs, bonuses in favour of temporary workers and loans for deserving students.[21] In November 2012, she announced her bid to contest the PdL leadership against Angelino Alfano, in opposition to the party's support of the Monti Cabinet. After the cancellation of the primaries, she teamed up with fellow politicians Ignazio La Russa and Guido Crosetto to set out an anti-Monti policy, asking for renewal within the party and being also critical of the leadership of Berlusconi.[22][23]

Leader of Brothers of Italy

Giorgia Meloni with Guido Crosetto at a FdI rally in 2014
Meloni with Guido Crosetto during an FdI rally in 2014

In December 2012, Meloni, La Russa, and Crosetto founded a new political movement, Brothers of Italy (FdI), whose name comes from the words of the Italian national anthem.[24][25] In the 2013 Italian general election, she stood as part of Berlusconi's centre-right coalition and received 2.0% of the vote and 9 seats.[26] Meloni was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies for Lombardy and was later appointed the party's leader in the house, a position that she would hold until 2014, when she resigned to dedicate herself to the party. She was succeeded by Fabio Rampelli.[27] In March 2014, Meloni became president of FdI, and in April she was nominated for the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy as the leader of the FdI in all the five constituencies. FdI party obtained 3.7% of the votes, not exceeding the threshold of 4%, and she did not become a Member of the European Parliament;[28][29] she received 348,700 votes.[30] On 4 November 2015, she founded Our Land – Italians with Giorgia Meloni, a conservative political committee in support of her campaigns.[31] Our Land is a parallel organisation to FdI,[32] and aimed at enlarging FdI's popular base.[33]

On 30 January 2016, Meloni participated in the Family Day, an anti-LGBT rights demonstration, declaring herself against LGBT adoption. At the same Family Day, Meloni announced that she was pregnant; her daughter Ginevra was born on 16 September.[34] In the 2016 Rome municipal election, she ran for mayor with the support of Us with Salvini, a political party led by Matteo Salvini, and in opposition to the candidate supported by Berlusconi's Forza Italia. Meloni won 20.6% of the vote, almost twice that of FI's candidate, but she did not qualify for the run-off, while FdI obtained 12.3% of the vote.[35] During the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum on the reform promoted by Renzi's government, Meloni founded the "No, Thanks" committee and participated in numerous television debates, including one against the then prime minister Matteo Renzi.[36] As "No" won with almost 60% of the votes, Meloni called for snap elections. When Renzi resigned, she withheld confidence from the next government led by Paolo Gentiloni.[37][38] On 2–3 December 2017 in Trieste, the congress of FdI saw the re-election of Meloni as president of the party, as well as a renewal of the party logo and the joining of Daniela Santanchè, a long-time right-wing politician.[39]

Giorgia Meloni with Matteo Salvini and Silvio Berlusconi in 2018
Meloni with Matteo Salvini and Silvio Berlusconi in 2018

As party leader, Meloni decided to form the alliance with the Lega Nord, led by Salvini, launching several political campaigns with him against the centre-left government led by the Democratic Party, placing FdI in Eurosceptic and right-wing populist positions.[40] In the 2018 Italian general election, FdI stood as part of the centre-right coalition,[41] with Berlusconi's Forza Italia, Salvini's League, and Raffaele Fitto's Us with Italy.[42] Meloni's party obtained 4.4% of the vote and more than three times the seats won in 2013.[43] She was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the single-member constituency of Latina, Lazio, with 41% of the vote.[44] The centre-right alliance, in which the League emerged as the main political force, won a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies; as no political group or party won an outright majority, it resulted in a hung parliament.[45]

Since February 2021, Meloni has been a member of the Aspen Institute,[46][47] an international think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C., which includes many financiers, businessmen, and politicians.[48][49][50] On 19 February 2021, the University of Siena professor Giovanni Gozzini insulted Meloni calling her vulgar names from a radio; both the president Sergio Mattarella and the prime minister Mario Draghi phoned Meloni and stigmatized Gozzini, who was suspended by the board of his university.[51][52] In October 2021, Meloni signed the Madrid Charter,[53] a 2020 document that describes left-wing groups as enemies of Ibero-America involved in a "criminal project" that are "under the umbrella of the Cuban regime".[54] It was drafted by Vox, a Spanish nationalist party. She also took part at Vox's party congress.[55] In February 2022, Meloni spoke at the annual Conservative Political Action Conference in Florida. She told the attending American conservative activists and officials they must defend their views against progressives.[56] Heading into the 2022 Italian general election, a snap election that was called after the 2022 Italian government crisis,[57][58] it was agreed among the centre-right coalition that the leader of the party receiving the most votes would be put forward as the prime minister candidate.[59] As of July 2022, Meloni's FdI is the first party in the coalition according to opinion polling,[60][61] and is widely expected to become Prime Minister of Italy if the centre-right coalition obtain an absolute majority in Parliament, which could be the most right-wing government in the history of the Italian Republic according to some academics.[62] In an attempt to moderate herself to placate fears among those who describe FdI as neo-fascist or far right,[63] including fears within the European Commission that she could lead Italy towards Hungary under Viktor Orbán,[64] Meloni told the foreign press that Italian fascism is history. As president of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party, she said she shared the experiences and values of the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom, Likud in Israel, and the Republican Party in the United States.[65] Critics were skeptical of her claims, citing her speeches on immigration and LGBT rights.[66] A BBC News article from September 2022 explicitly refers to Meloni as someone who "campaigns against LGBT rights".[67]

Political positions

Giorgia Meloni in 2018

Observers have described Meloni's political positions as far-right.[68][69][70][71] In an interview with Nicholas Farrell of The Spectator, Meloni rejected descriptions of her politics as far-right, calling it a smear campaign by her opponents.[72] Additionally, Meloni has been described as hard-right,[73] right-wing populist[74][75] and nationalist.[76][77] Meloni has been described as being close to Viktor Orbán, the Prime Minister of Hungary and leader of Fidesz, French National Rally, and Spanish Vox political party.[78] Meloni self-described her party, Brothers of Italy (FdI), as a "mainstream conservative" party.[79] Meloni is in favor of presidentialism and supports the change of the Constitution of Italy.[80]

Meloni opposes abortions and laws that recognise same-sex partnerships or marriages.[81] At a rally at the Piazza del Popolo in October 2019, she spoke against same-sex parenting; her speech became viral on Italian social media platforms.[82] Meloni is also opposed to DDL Zan, an anti-homophobia law, declaring that in Italy "there is no homophobia".[83] She had also said that she would "rather not have a gay child" during a Le Iene interview, an Italian television show.[84][85] Meloni is supportive of the anti-gender movement, a belief born in the mid-1990s in the circles of the Opus Dei in order to condemn any social position other than that approved by the Catholic Church, opposing gender studies.[86][87][88] She is supportive of changing the Constitution of Italy in order to make LGBT families illegal and support nuclear families.[89] In March 2018, Meloni argued with The Walt Disney Company for the decision to represent a gay couple in the musical fantasy movie Frozen II, writing on her social networks: "Enough! We are sick of it! Take your hands off the children."[90][91][92] In August 2022, Meloni reposted a pixelized video on Twitter that shows a woman being raped by an asylum seeker. The victim of the violence decried the publication of the video and she declared she was recognised by the video posted.[93] After receiving backlash, Meloni tried to defend herself by accusing other politicians of not having condemned the rape itself.[68] Meloni has been accused of xenophobia,[94][95][96] and Islamophobia.[97][98] She has criticized the Government of Italy's approach towards favoring illegal immigrants,[99] while also endorsing the Great Replacement, a white nationalist conspiracy theory.[100] Meloni is opposed to the reception of non-European migrants and multiculturalism.[101][102] Meloni believes in a planned mass replacement, also known as Kalergi Plan conspiracy theory, from Africa to Europe that wants to replace and eliminate the Italian population.[103][104][105] Meloni has been criticized due to her statements on vaccines and COVID-19, such as not vaccinating her daughter,[106][107][108] and claiming the probability of someone aged 0–19 dying from COVID-19 to be the same as being struck by lightning.[109][110]

As a PdL deputy, Meloni voted in favour of the 2011 military intervention in Libya, but in 2019 she criticised the French rationale for the intervention, claiming it was because of Muammar Gaddafi's opposition to the CFA Franc.[111][112] Meloni is critical of Italian relations with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, stating that these countries "systematically and deliberately spread fundamentalist theories that are the main causes of the growth of Islamic fundamentalism".[113] She opposed the decision to host the Supercoppa Italiana final in Saudi Arabia, and stated that Italy should actively raise the issue of human rights in Saudi Arabia.[114] Meloni advocated for the expulsion of the Indian Ambassador to Italy as a result of the Enrica Lexie case[115] and urged Alessandro Del Piero to refuse to play in the Indian Super League until the detained Italian marines were returned.[116] Following the Asia Bibi blasphemy case, Meloni criticised the "silence of the West" and advocated a stronger stance by the international community against human rights violations in Pakistan.[117] Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Meloni was in favor of better relations with Russia, although since then, she had condemned the invasion and pledged to keep sending arms to Ukraine.[118] Meloni is supportive of NATO,[119] although she maintains eurosceptic towards the European Union.[120] She is a supporter of closer to ties between Italy and Taiwan.[121]

Giorgia Meloni speaking at the CPAC in Florida in 2022
Meloni speaking at the Conservative Political Action Conference in 2022

Meloni has expressed statements that generated controversy.[122][123] She praised Italian dictator Benito Mussolini as "a good politician, the best in the last 50 years" in an interview to the French newscast Soir 3 in 1996.[124][125] In May 2020, she praised Giorgio Almirante, the co-founder of neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI),[126][127] who was a Nazi collaborator and editor-in-chief of the antisemitic and racist magazine La Difesa della Razza,[85][128] which published the "Manifesto of Race" in 1938.[129] In December 2020, the independent journalistic TV program Report revealed through an investigative report that her party "has reached the negative record of arrests for mafia group 'Ndrangheta",[130] and also having among her ranks Mussolini's descendants,[131] as well as fascist nostalgics,[132][133][134] according to a 2021 investigative report by Fanpage.[135][136] In November 2018, Meloni declared that the celebration of the Liberation Day, also known as the Anniversary of Italy's Liberation from Nazi-Fascism on 25 April, and Festa della Repubblica, which celebrates the birth of the Italian Republic on 2 June, should be substituted with the National Unity and Armed Forces Day on 4 November, which commemorates Italy's victory in World War I. She said that Liberation Day and Festa della Repubblica are "two controversial celebrations".[137] She has tried to distance herself[138] from her close ties to Roberto Jonghi Lavarini, a far-right Milanese politician and entrepreneur known as the "Black Barron".[139][140][141]

In 2006, Meloni defended the laws passed by the Berlusconi III Cabinet that benefited Berlusconi's companies and also delayed ongoing trials involving him. Meloni stated "it is necessary to contextualise them. Those are laws that Silvio Berlusconi made for himself. But they are perfectly fair laws."[142] After the formation of FdI in 2012, Meloni decided to add the "tricolour flame" symbol to its flag, a symbol associated with MSI, which derived its name and ideals from the Italian Social Republic (RSI) a "violent, socialising, and revolutionary republican" variant of fascism established as a Nazi puppet state by Mussolini in 1943.[143] The "tricolour flame" represents Mussolini's remains, where a flame is always burning on his tomb in Predappio.[144] While responding to the 2021 investigation, Meloni minimized the investigation, while she also refused to remove openly neo-fascist members of FdI.[145][146] Shortly before the 2022 general election, Meloni sacked a member that openly praised Adolf Hitler.[67] However, FdI had also distanced itself from the Ascoli Piceno section of FdI after it celebrated the anniversary of the March on Rome in 2019.[147]

Personal life

Meloni has a daughter, Ginevra, with her partner Andrea Giambruno,[148][149] a journalist working for Silvio Berlusconi's Mediaset TV channel.[150]

She has said that she is a Christian and has used her religious identity in part to help build her national brand, such as when she said in a speech to a rally in Rome in 2019, "I am Giorgia. I’m a woman, I’m a mother, I’m Italian, I’m Christian".[80][151] In September 2022, she reportedly continued to embrace the old Fascist slogan "God, fatherland and family".[152]

Meloni is an avowed fan of fantasy, particularly Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, which she called a "sacred text".[153] As a youth activist with the Italian Social Movement (MSI), she attended "Hobbit Camp" and sang along with the extremist folk band "Compagnia dell'Anello" (named after The Fellowship of the Ring).[153] Later, she named her political conference "Atreju", after the hero of the novel The Neverending Story.[153] In Italy, the far right has traditionally associated itself with fantasy, which it considers to share its "vision of spirituality against materialism".[153]

Electoral history

Election House Constituency Party Votes Result
2006 Chamber of Deputies Lazio 1 AN –[a] checkY Elected
2008 Chamber of Deputies Lazio 2 PdL –[a] checkY Elected
2013 Chamber of Deputies Lombardy 3 FdI –[a] checkY Elected
2018 Chamber of Deputies Lazio 2 – Latina FdI 70,268 checkY Elected
2022 Chamber of Deputies Abruzzo – L'Aquila FdI — TBD
  1. ^ a b c She was elected in a closed list proportional representation system.

First-past-the-post elections

2018 general election (C): Latina
Candidate Coalition Votes %
Giorgia Meloni Centre-right coalition 70,268 41.0
Leone Martellucci Five Star Movement 62,563 36.5
Federico Fauttilli Centre-left coalition 26,293 15.3
Others 12,269 7.2
Total 171,393 100.0

Bibliography

  • Meloni, Giorgia (2011). Noi crediamo. Saggi (in Italian). Podda, Stefano (curator) (paperback ed.). Milan: Sperling & Kupfer, Mondadori. pp. XXVII, 164. ISBN 978-8-8200-4932-4. OCLC 898518765. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2022 – via Google Books.
  • Meloni, Giorgia; Meluzzi, Alessandro; Mercurio, Valentina (2019). Mafia nigeriana. Origini, rituali, crimini. I saggi (in Italian) (paperback ed.). Mantova: Oligo Editore. ISBN 978-8-8857-2325-2. Retrieved 14 August 2022 – via Google Books.
  • Meloni, Giorgia (2021). Io sono Giorgia, le mie radici, le mie idee. Saggi (in Italian) (paperback ed.). Rome: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-8-8171-5468-0.

References

  1. ^ https://dw.com/en/italy-election-polls-open-as-far-right-eyes-historic-victory-live-updates/a-63230549
  2. ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63022408
  3. ^ https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220724-brothers-of-italy-the-far-right-party-on-the-cusp-of-power
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  13. ^ "Meloni, da barman a tata.. a ministro: 'Ho fatto tutti i lavori e ne sono fiera'". Blitz Quotidiano (in Italian). 17 January 2013. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022. Updated 17 April 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  14. ^ Guerzoni, Monica (17 January 2013). "Giorgia Meloni : 'Io militante ventenne e i Lego con la figlia di Fiorello'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  15. ^ "Meloni: Italy's far-right 'Christian mother' on brink of power". France 24. 21 September 2022. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  16. ^ "Ordine dei giornalisti del Lazio" (in Italian). Italian Order of Journalists. 2010. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  17. ^ Naím, Moisés (19 September 2022). "Who is Giorgia Meloni?". El País. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  18. ^ a b "Giorgia Meloni". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). 8 February 2013. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  19. ^ "Giorgia Meloni a Tatanka: 'Ho chiesto un gesto, non di non gareggiare'". L'Occidentale (in Italian). 6 August 2008. Archived from the original on 6 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  20. ^ Telese, Luca (8 February 2009). "La Meloni: 'Caro Fini, ecco perché non ti seguo'". Il Giornale (in Italian). Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  21. ^ "Diritto al futuro: 300 milioni di euro per il domani dei giovani". Confini Online (in Italian). 3 December 2010. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
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  23. ^ "Crosetto e Meloni dal Pdl a 'Fratelli d'Italia': trattativa con La Russa su nome e simbolo". La Repubblica (in Italian). 20 December 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  24. ^ Piccolillo, Virginia (16 December 2012). "Pdl, il giorno dei montiani. 'No a scissioni'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). p. 7. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  25. ^ Guerzoni, Monica (17 December 2012). "Appello a Monti e guerra alla sinistra. Il Pdl si ricompatta". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). p. 6. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
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External links

Party political offices
Preceded by President of the Brothers of Italy
2014–present 		Incumbent
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Youth
2008–2011 		Succeeded by
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=&diff=prev&oldid=1112335140

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