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Geography and administration[edit]
At its largest extent, the Angevin Empire consisted of the Kingdom of England, the Lordship of Ireland, the duchies of Normandy (which included the Channel Islands), Gascony and Aquitaine,[1] as well as of the counties of Anjou, Poitou, Maine, Touraine, Saintonge, La Marche, Périgord, Limousin, Nantes and Quercy. While the duchies and counties were held with various levels of vassalage to the king of France,[2] the Plantagenets held various levels of control over the Duchies of Brittany and Cornwall, the Welsh princedoms, the county of Toulouse, and the Kingdom of Scotland, although those regions were not formal parts of the empire. Auvergne was also in the empire for part of the reigns of Henry II and Richard I, in their capacity as dukes of Aquitaine. Henry II and Richard I pushed further claims over the County of Berry but these were not completely fulfilled,[3] and the county was lost completely by the time of the accession of John in 1199.[4]
The frontiers of the empire were sometimes well known and therefore easy to mark, such as the dykes constructed between the royal demesne of the king of France and the Duchy of Normandy. In other places these borders were not so clear, particularly the eastern border of Aquitaine, where there was often a difference between the frontier Henry II, and later Richard I, claimed, and the frontier where their effective power ended.[5]
Scotland was an independent kingdom, but after a disastrous campaign led by William the Lion, English garrisons were established in the castles of Edinburgh, Roxburgh, Jedburgh and Berwick in southern Scotland as defined in the Treaty of Falaise.[6]
Administration and government[edit]
The Angevin Empire, rather than being administered directly by the ruling monarch, saw power delegated to specially appointed subjects in different areas.[7] Supported by what W. L. Warren called a "self-regulating administrative machine," these subjects had varied political and military powers.[8][9]
[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]
References[edit]
- ^ Hallam (1983), p. 74.
- ^ Hallam (1983), p. 64: "Then in 1151 Henry Plantagenet paid homage for the duchy to Louis VII in Paris, homage he repeated as king of England in 1156".
- ^ Gillingham (2001), pp. 40–41.
- ^ Gillingham (2001), p. 89.
- ^ Gillingham (2001), p. 50.
- ^ Carpenter (2003), p. 226.
- ^ Gillingham (2001), p. 75.
- ^ Warren (2000), p. 149.
- ^ Gillingham (2000), pp. 51, 54, 55.
- ^ Reilly (2003), p. 60.
- ^ Empey (2005), pp. 58–59.
- ^ Moss (1999), pp. 38–58.
- ^ Bolton (1999), p. 31.
- ^ de Diceto (2012), p. 293.
- ^ Davis (2013), p. 9.
- ^ Powicke (1913), p. 182.
- ^ Bradbury (1998), p. 38.
- ^ Power (2007), p. 67.
Bibliography[edit]
- Bolton, J.L. (1999). Church, S.D. (ed.). "The English Economy in the Early Thirteenth Century". King John: New Interpretations. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. ISBN 9780851157368.
- Bradbury, Jim (1998). Philip Augustus: King of France 1180–1223. Harlow: Longman. ISBN 9780582060593.
- Carpenter, David (2003). The Struggle for Mastery. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780140148244.
- Davis, R.H.C. (2013). King Stephen 1135–1154 (Paperback ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 9780582040007.
- de Diceto, Ralph (2012) [1876]. Stubbs, William (ed.). "Radulfi de Diceto Decani Lundoniensis opera historica" [The Historical Works of Master Ralph de Diceto, Dean of London]. Cambridge Library Collection - Rolls (in Latin). 1. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139226271.
- Elliott, John H. (2018). Scots and Catalans: Union and Disunion. Yale University Press. doi:10.12987/9780300240719. ISBN 9780300240719.
- Empey, Adrian (2005). Duffy, Sean (ed.). "Butler-Ormond". Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415940528.
- Everard, J.A. (2006). Brittany and the Angevins: Province and Empire 1158–1203. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521026925.
- Gillingham, John (2001). The Angevin Empire (2nd ed.). London: Hodder Arnold. ISBN 9780340741153.
- Gillingham, John (2002). Richard I (Paperback ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300094046.
- Hallam, Elizabeth M. (1983). Capetian France 987–1328. Longman. ISBN 9780582489103.
- Moss, Vincent (1999). Ormrod, Mark; Bonney, Margaret; Bonney, Richard (eds.). "The Norman fiscal revolution, 1193–8". Crises, Revolutions and Self-sustained Growth: Essays in European Fiscal History, 1130–1830. Stamford: Paul Watkins Publishing. ISBN 9781871615937.
- Norgate, Kate (1887). England under the Angevin kings. London: Macmillian.
- Power, Daniel (2007). Harper-Bill, Christopher; Van Houts, Elisabeth (eds.). "Angevin Normandy". A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press: 63–85. ISBN 9781843833413.
- Powicke, F.M. (1913). Loss of Normandy, 1198-1204: Studies in the history of the Angevin Empire. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719057403.
- Reilly, Bernard F. (2003). Gerli, E. Michael (ed.). "Alfonso VII, King of Léon-Castile". Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781315161594.
- Warren, W.L. (2000). Henry II (Yale ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300084740.
- Warren, W.L. (1997). King John (Yale ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300073744.