This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents "taxonomic systems" used in plant classification.
A taxonomic system is a coherent whole of taxonomic judgments on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa. It is only a "system" if it is applied to a large group of such taxa (for example, all the flowering plants).
There are two main criteria for this list. A system must be taxonomic, that is deal with many plants, by their botanical names. Secondly it must be a system, i.e. deal with the relationships of plants. Although thinking about relationships of plants had started much earlier (see history of plant systematics), such systems really only came into being in the 19th century, as a result of an ever-increasing influx from all over the world of newly discovered plant species. The 18th century saw some early systems, which are perhaps precursors rather than full taxonomic systems.
A milestone event was the publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus which serves as the starting point of binomial nomenclature for plants. By its size this would qualify to be on this list, but it does not deal with relationships, beyond assigning plants into genera.
Note that a system is not necessarily monolithic and often goes through several stages of development, resulting in several versions of the same system. When a system is widely adopted, many authors will adopt their own particular version of the system. The Cronquist system is well known for existing in many versions.
Chronological list of systems[edit]
Pre-Linnaean[edit]
-
- Theophrastus classification
- Historia Plantarum (Enquiry into Plants), c. 300 BC
- Causes of Plants, c. 300 BC
- Dioscorides classification
- De Materia Medica, c. 60 AD
- Albertus Magnus classification
- De Vegetabilibus, c. 1256 [1]
- Caesalpino classification
- De plantis libri XVI, 1583
- John Gerard classification
- Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes, 1597
- Gaspard Bauhin classification
- Pinax theatri botanici, 1623
- John Ray classification
- Historia Plantarum, 1686–1704
- Tournefort classification
- Éléments de botanique, 1694
- Theophrastus classification
From Linnaeus to Darwin (pre-Darwinian)[edit]
- Linnaean systems
- Systema Naturae, 1st edition, 1735.
- Systema Naturae, 10th edition, 1758 (vol. 1), 1759 (vol. 2). Starting point of zoological nomenclature.
- Species Plantarum, 1753. Starting point of botanical nomenclature.
- Genera Plantarum, 1737 (1st ed.), 1753 (5th ed.).
- Philosophia Botanica, 1751.
- Adanson system
- Familles naturelles des plantes, 1763.
- de Jussieu system
- A.L. de Jussieu (1789). Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam. apud viduam Herissant, typographum, viâ novâ B. M. sub signo Crucis aureæ.
- (available online at Gallica)
- de Candolle system
- A. P. de Candolle (1819). Théorie Élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux (2nd ed.).[1]
- A. P. de Candolle; et al. (1824–1873). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta.
- (available online at Gallica)
- Berchtold and Presl system
- Dumortier system
- Dumortier, Barthélemy-Charles (1829). Analyse des familles des plantes :avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent (in French). Tournay: Casterman. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
- Lindley system
- Lindley (1830). An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany.
- (available online at BHL)
- Lindley (1845). The Vegetable Kingdom.
- (available online at BHL)
- Bentham & Hooker system
- G. Bentham & J.D. Hooker (1862–1883). Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. 3 volumes.
- (available online at Gallica)
- Baillon system
- H. Baillon (1867–1894). Histoire des plantes. 13 volumes.
Post Darwinian (Phyletic)[edit]
- Eichler system
- Eichler (1883). Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde (3rd ed.).
- Van Tieghem system
- Van Tieghem, Philippe Édouard Léon; (1884; 2nd ed., 1891) (1891). Traité de botanique (in French). Paris: Savy. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- Van Tieghem, Philippe Édouard Léon; (1884; 2nd ed., 1891) (1891). Traité de botanique (in French). Paris: Savy. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
- Engler system
- A. Engler; K. Prantl & (1887–1915; 2nd edition, 1924–). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. W. Engelmann.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - A. Engler (1892). Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik [or, in further editions, Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien].
- A. Engler; K. Prantl & (1887–1915; 2nd edition, 1924–). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. W. Engelmann.
- Dalla Torre & Harms system
- K.W. von Dalla Torre & H. Harms (1900–1907). Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta. Lipsiae, G. Engelmann.
- Bessey system
- Charles E. Bessey (1907). "A Synopsis of Plant Phyla". Univ. Nebraska Studies 7: 275–358.
- Charles E. Bessey (1915). "The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2 (1/2): 109–164. doi:10.2307/2990030. JSTOR 2990030.
- Wettstein system
- R. Wettstein; (in two volumes, 1901-1908; 2nd edition, 1911; 3rd edition, 1923-24; 4th edition, 1933–35) (1911). "Handbuch der systematischen Botanik". Nature. 87 (2184): 308. Bibcode:1911Natur..87..308W. doi:10.1038/087308a0. hdl:2027/chi.095529285. S2CID 3965720.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- R. Wettstein; (in two volumes, 1901-1908; 2nd edition, 1911; 3rd edition, 1923-24; 4th edition, 1933–35) (1911). "Handbuch der systematischen Botanik". Nature. 87 (2184): 308. Bibcode:1911Natur..87..308W. doi:10.1038/087308a0. hdl:2027/chi.095529285. S2CID 3965720.
- Rendle system
- Alfred Barton Rendle. The Classification of Flowering Plants 1904, 1925
- Lotsy system
- Johannes Paulus Lotsy. Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik. 1907–1911
- Hallier system
- Hallier, H (1912). "L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes exposés à l'aide de leur arbre généalogique". Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Série III. B. 1: 146–234.
- Warming system
- Warming, Eugenius (1912). Frøplanterne (Spermatofyter) (in Danish). Kjøbenhavn: Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
- Hutchinson system
- J. Hutchinson; (two volumes, 1926–1934; 2nd edition 1959; 3rd edition, 1973). The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- J. Hutchinson; (two volumes, 1926–1934; 2nd edition 1959; 3rd edition, 1973). The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny.
- Calestani system
- Calestani, Vittorio (1933). "Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme". Archo. Bot. Sist. Fito-Geogr. Genet. 9: 274–311.
- Kimura system
- Kimura, Yojiro (1956). "Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones". Notulae Systematicae, Herbier du Muséum de Paris. 15: 137–159.
- Benson system
- Lyman David Benson. Plant Classification 1957
- Emberger system
- Chaudefaud, Marius; Emberger, Louis (1960). Traité de Botanique systématique 2 vols. Paris: Masson.
- Melchior system
- H. Melchior (1964). Adolf Engler (ed.). Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (12th edition, II. Band ed.). Berlin-Nikolassee, Gebr. Borntraeger. (also known as modified Engler system, in Angiospermae)
- Takhtajan system
- A. Takhtajan; (in Russian, 1966). A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - A. Takhtajan; (1969, transl. from Russian by C. Jeffrey) (1969). Flowering plants: origin and dispersal. Oliver & Boyd. ISBN 978-0-05-001715-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - A. Takhtajan (1980). "Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophya)". Botanical Review. 46 (3): 225–359. Bibcode:1980BotRv..46..225T. doi:10.1007/BF02861558. S2CID 30764910.
- A. Takhtajan (1997). Diversity and classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10098-4.
- A. Takhtajan; (in Russian, 1966). A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants.
- Cronquist system
- A. Cronquist; (1968; 2nd edition 1988) (1988). The evolution and classification of flowering plants. New York Botanical Garden. ISBN 978-0-89327-332-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - A. Cronquist (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03880-5.
- A. Cronquist; (1968; 2nd edition 1988) (1988). The evolution and classification of flowering plants. New York Botanical Garden. ISBN 978-0-89327-332-3.
- Thorne system
- R.F. Thorne (1968). "Synopsis of a putative phylogenetic classification of flowering plants". Aliso. 6 (4): 57–66. doi:10.5642/aliso.19680604.06.
- R.F. Thorne (1983). "Proposed new alignments in the angiosperms". Nord. J. Bot. 3: 85–117. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01447.x.
- R.F. Thorne (1992). "Classification and geography of flowering plants". Botanical Review. 58 (3): 225–348. Bibcode:1992BotRv..58..225T. doi:10.1007/BF02858611. S2CID 40348158.
- R.F. Thorne (1992). "An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants". Aliso. 13 (2): 365–389. doi:10.5642/aliso.19921302.08. S2CID 85738663.
- R.F. Thorne (2000). "The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae". Botanical Review. 66 (4): 441–647. Bibcode:2000BotRv..66..441T. doi:10.1007/BF02869011. S2CID 43430454.
- Stebbins system
- Stebbins, G.L. (1974). Flowering plants: evolution above the species level. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, [2]. [System followed by Heywood, V.H. (ed., 1978). Flowering plants of the world. Oxford: Oxford University Press, [3].]
- Dahlgren system
- R.M.T. Dahlgren (1975). "A system of classification of angiosperms to be used to demonstrate the distribution of characters". Bot. Notiser. 128: 119–147.
- R.M.T. Dahlgren (1980). "A revised system of classification of angiosperms". Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 80 (2): 91–124. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x.
- R.M.T. Dahlgren (1983). "General Aspects of Angiosperm Evolution and Macrosystematics". Nordic Journal of Botany. 3: 119–149. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01448.x.
- R.M.T. Dahlgren; et al. (1985). The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-13655-4.
- G. Dahlgren (1989). "An updated Angiosperm Classification". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 100 (3): 197–203. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb01717.x.
- Goldberg system
- Aaron Goldberg (1986). "Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons". Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 58 (58): 1–314. doi:10.5479/si.0081024x.58. (available online: Full text (PDF) here) [there is also a comparison among 11 Dicotyledons systems since 1960 until 1985]
- Aaron Goldberg (1989). "Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Monocotyledons". Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 71 (71): 1–73. doi:10.5479/si.0081024x.71. (available online: Full text (PDF) here)
- Kubitzki system (1990- )
- K. Kubitzki; (1990 ongoing); et al. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants.
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- K. Kubitzki; (1990 ongoing); et al. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants.
- Shipunov system (1991–)
- (Available online: Full text PDF )
- Reveal system (1997)
- Judd system (1999–2016)
- (Modified APG)
- Judd, Walter S. (2008). Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach (3rd ed.). Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- Judd, Walter S. (2016). Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach (4th ed.). Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-1-60535-389-0. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
- APG system
- APG I (1998)
- APG (1998). "An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85 (4): 531–553. doi:10.2307/2992015. JSTOR 2992015.
- W.S. Judd & al.; (1999; 2nd edition, 2002) (2002). Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach. W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-87893-403-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- APG II (2003)
- APG (2003). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (4): 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.
- (Available online: Abstract | Full text (HTML) | Full text (PDF))
- APG III (2009)
- APG (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 399–436. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
- (Available online: [4])
- Chase & Reveal System (2009)
- Chase, Mark W. & Reveal, James L. (2009), "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 122–127, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
- (Available online at doi link.)
- APG IV (2016)
- APG I (1998)
Other systems[edit]
- Bartling system ([5])
- Deyl system
- Endlicher system ([6])
- Fritsch system (algae, [7])
- Gundersen system
- Hallier system
- Hoek, Mann and Jahns system (algae)
- Mez system
- Novák system ([8])
- Pascher system (algae, [9])
- Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group system
- Pulle system
- Rafinesque system ([10])
- Rouleau system
- Smith system (cryptogams – algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes)
- Skottsberg system
- Soó system
- Strasburguer system ([11])
- Tippo system
References[edit]
External links[edit]
- List of systems on a Russian server, by Alexey Shipunov
- Minelli, Alessandro (1993). Biological Systematics. The State of the Art. Chapman & Hall, London. 387 pp. Appendices 2–23, with major systematic works.
- Review of systems 1703–1845, in Lindley, John (1846): The Vegetable Kingdom
- Rao M. M., Reddy, S.M. (2007), Plant Taxonomy: Systems of Classification, in Reddy S. M. et al. (eds.) University Botany – 3, New Age International, pp. 7–32 ISBN 978-81-224-1547-6
Bibliography[edit]
- Dahlgren, Rolf; Clifford, H. T. (1982). The monocotyledons: A comparative study. London and New York: Academic Press. ISBN 9780122006807.
- Reddy, S.M. (2007), University botany: Angiosperms, plant embryology and plant physiology, New Age International, p. 7, ISBN 978-81-224-1547-6
- Stafleu, Frans A.; Cowan, Richard S. (1976–1988). Taxonomic literature: a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types: Taxon. Lit., ed. 2 (TL2) (2nd ed.). Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema. ISBN 90-313-0224-4.
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Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction