This is a list of hottest stars so far discovered (excluding degenerate stars), arranged by decreasing temperature. The stars with temperatures higher than 60,000 K are included.
List
[edit]Star name | Effective Temperature (K) |
Mass (M☉) |
Luminosity (L☉) |
Spectral type | Distance (light-years) |
Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WR 102 | 200,000 | 16.1 | 380,000 | WO2 | 8,610[1] | [2][3] |
WR 142 | 200,000 | 28.6 | 912,000 | WO2 | 5,400 | [3] |
LMC195-1 | 200,000 | 257,000 | WO2 | ~160,000 | [4] | |
BAT99-123 | 170,000 | 7.7 | 158,000 | WO3 | ~160,000 | [5] |
WR 93b | 160,000 | 8.1 | 110,000 | WO3 | 7,470[1] | [3] |
[HC2007] 31 | 160,000? | WO3 | 12,886,000 | [6] | ||
BAT99-53 A | 158,000 | 13 | 224,000 | WC4 | ~160,000 | [7] |
BAT99-7 | 158,000 | 25 | 692,000 | WN4b | ~160,000 | [8] |
IC 1613 DR1 | 150,000 | 20 | 480,000 | WO3 | ~2,380,000 | [9] |
LH41-1042 | 150,000 | 8.4 | 182,000 | WO4 | ~160,000 | [5] |
BAT99-2 | 141,000 | 13 | 234,000 | WN2 | ~160,000 | [8] |
BAT99-94 | 141,000 | 24 | 631,000 | WN3 | ~160,000 | [8] |
WR 2 | 141,000 | 16 | 282,000 | WN2 | 7,830[1] | |
AB8 | 141,000 | 19 | 1,413,000 | WO4 | ~197,000 | [5] |
BA 1-458 | 140,000 | 28.1 | 776,000 | WO4 | 2,500,000 | [10] |
WR 9 (WR) | 139,700 | 9 | 501,000 | WC4 | 14,900[1] | |
WR 30a (WR) | 129,500 | 7.5-9.7 | 195,000 | WO4 | 25,340 | [11] |
WR 38 | 126,000 | 10.4 | 724,000[12] | WC4 | 19,700[12] | [3] |
WR 142a | 125,000 | 7.9 | 110,000 | WC8 | 5,900[12] | [13] |
BAT99-128 | 112,000 | 14 | 275,000 | WN3 | ~160,000 | [8] |
WR 1 | 112,000 | 27 | 759,000 | WN4-s | 10,300[1] | [14] |
WR 18 | 112,000 | 38 | 1,288,000 | WN4-s | 12,500[1] | [14] |
WR 46 | 112,000 | 14 | 263,000 | WN3pw | 13,000 | |
WR 7 | 112,000 | 13 | 214,000 | WN4-s | 14,000 | [14] |
WR 144 | 112,000 | 9.9 | 159,000 | WC4 | 5,710[1] | [3] |
WR 52 | 112,000 | 8.5 | 117,000 | WC4 | 5,710[1] | [3] |
AB7 | 105,000 | 23 | 1,259,000 | WN4 | ~197,000 | [15] |
WR 37 | 100,000 | 34 | 1,122,000 | WN4-s | 21,900[12] | |
NGC 6822-WR 12 | 100,000 | 36 | 1,288,000 | WN4 | ~1,631,000 | [10] |
Gamma Velorum (WR) | 90,000 | 9 | 204,000 | WC8 | 1,100 | [16] |
EZ CMa | 89,100 | 23 | 617,000 | WN4-s | 5,900[citation needed] | [17] |
WR 36 | 89,100 | 12 | 200,000 | WN5-s | 17,700[1] | [14] |
WR 111 | 89,100 | 13 | 245,000 | WC5 | 5,320[1] | [3] |
WR 150 | 89,100 | 24.8 | 724,000 | WC5 | 28,500[1] | [3] |
WR 19 A | 79,400 | 400,000 | WC5d | 14,000[1] | [18][19] | |
WR 44 | 79,400 | 18 | 417,000 | WN4-w | 19,800[1] | [14] |
WR 58 | 79,400 | 8.4 | 89,100 | WN4/WCE | 19,700[1] | [3] |
BAT99-37 | 79,400 | 19 | 447,000 | WN3o | 160,000 | [8] |
WR 45 | 79,400 | 14.1 | 282,000 | WC6 | 13,900[1] | [3] |
WR 136 | 70,800 | 15 | 260,000 | WN6(h)-s | 6,290[1] | |
WR 75 | 63,100 | 18 | 389,000 | WN6-s | 10,800[1] | [14] |
WR 134 | 63,100 | 19 | 400,000 | WN6-s | 6,000 | [14] |
WR 60 | 63,100 | 23 | 631,000 | WC8 | 11,500[1] | [3] |
WR 149 | 63,100 | 14 | 269,000 | WN5-s | 15,900[1] | [14] |
See also
[edit]- List of most massive stars
- List of most luminous stars
- List of least massive stars
- List of coolest stars
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Wolf-Rayet Star Catalogue". pacrowther.staff.shef.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
- ^ Sander, A.; Hamann, W. -R.; Todt, H. (2012). "The Galactic WC stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 540: A144. arXiv:1201.6354. Bibcode:2012A&A...540A.144S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117830. S2CID 119182468.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sander, A. A. C.; Hamann, W.-R.; Todt, H.; Hainich, R.; Shenar, T.; Ramachandran, V.; Oskinova, L. M. (2019-01-01). "The Galactic WC and WO stars. The impact of revised distances from Gaia DR2 and their role as massive black hole progenitors". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 621: A92. arXiv:1807.04293. Bibcode:2019A&A...621A..92S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833712. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Massey, Philip (2014). "A modern search for Wolf–Rayet stars in the Magellanic Clouds: First results". The Astrophysical Journal. 788 (1): 83. arXiv:1404.7441. Bibcode:2014ApJ...788...83M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/788/1/83. S2CID 119177379.
- ^ a b c Tramper, F.; Straal, S. M.; Sanyal, D.; Sana, H.; De Koter, A.; Gräfener, G.; Langer, N.; Vink, J. S.; De Mink, S. E.; Kaper, L. (2015). "Massive stars on the verge of exploding: The properties of oxygen sequence Wolf-Rayet stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 581: A110. arXiv:1507.00839. Bibcode:2015A&A...581A.110T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425390. S2CID 56093231.
- ^ Hadfield, L. J.; Crowther, P. A. (October 2007). "A survey of the Wolf-Rayet population of the barred, spiral galaxy NGC 1313". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 381 (1): 418–432. arXiv:0708.2039. Bibcode:2007MNRAS.381..418H. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12284.x. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 3024190.
- ^ Ramachandran, V.; Hamann, W.-R.; Hainich, R.; Oskinova, L. M.; Shenar, T.; Sander, A. A. C.; Todt, H.; Gallagher, J. S. (2018-07-01). "Stellar population of the superbubble N 206 in the LMC. II. Parameters of the OB and WR stars, and the total massive star feedback". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 615: A40. arXiv:1802.07494. Bibcode:2018A&A...615A..40R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832816. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; Foellmi, C.; Schnurr, O.; Hamann, W.-R. (May 2014). "The Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. A comprehensive analysis of the WN class". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 565: A27. arXiv:1401.5474. Bibcode:2014A&A...565A..27H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322696. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 55123954.
- ^ Tramper, F.; Gräfener, G.; Hartoog, O. E.; Sana, H.; De Koter, A.; Vink, J. S.; Ellerbroek, L. E.; Langer, N.; Garcia, M.; Kaper, L.; De Mink, S. E. (2013). "On the nature of WO stars: A quantitative analysis of the WO3 star DR1 in IC 1613". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 559: A72. arXiv:1310.2849. Bibcode:2013A&A...559A..72T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322155. S2CID 216079684.
- ^ a b Abbott, Jay Brian (2004). "Quantitative spectroscopic studies of Wolf-Rayet stars in local group galaxies". Ph.D. Thesis. Bibcode:2004PhDT.......161A.
- ^ Nugis, T.; Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. (2000). "Mass-loss rates of Wolf-Rayet stars as a function of stellar parameters". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 360: 227. Bibcode:2000A&A...360..227N.
- ^ a b c d Rate, Gemma; Crowther, Paul A. (2020-03-01). "Unlocking Galactic Wolf-Rayet stars with Gaia DR2 - I. Distances and absolute magnitudes". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 493 (1): 1512–1529. arXiv:1912.10125. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.493.1512R. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3614. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ Pasquali, A.; Comerón, F.; Gredel, R.; Torra, J.; Figueras, F. (2002-12-01). "A new Wolf-Rayet star in Cygnus". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 396 (2): 533–538. arXiv:astro-ph/0210179. Bibcode:2002A&A...396..533P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021373. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hamann, W.-R.; Gräfener, G.; Liermann, A.; Hainich, R.; Sander, A. A. C.; Shenar, T.; Ramachandran, V.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M. (2019-05-01). "The Galactic WN stars revisited. Impact of Gaia distances on fundamental stellar parameters". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 625: A57. arXiv:1904.04687. Bibcode:2019A&A...625A..57H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834850. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 104292503.
- ^ Shenar, T.; Hainich, R.; Todt, H.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W.-R.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Eldridge, J. J.; Pablo, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Richardson, N. D. (2016). "Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: II. Analysis of the binaries". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 1604: A22. arXiv:1604.01022. Bibcode:2016A&A...591A..22S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527916. S2CID 119255408.
- ^ Crowther, Paul A.; Barlow, M. J.; Royer, P.; Hillier, D. J.; Bestenlehner, J. M.; Morris, P. W.; Wesson, R. (2024-02-01). "Oxygen abundance of γ Vel from [O III] 88 μm Herschel/PACS spectroscopy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 528 (2): 2026–2039. arXiv:2310.15170. Bibcode:2024MNRAS.528.2026C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae145. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ Sota, A.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Morrell, N. I.; Barbá, R. H.; Walborn, N. R.; Gamen, R. C.; Arias, J. I.; Alfaro, E. J.; Oskinova, L. M. (2019). "The Galactic WN stars revisited. Impact of Gaia distances on fundamental stellar parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. A57: 625. arXiv:1904.04687. Bibcode:2019A&A...625A..57H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834850. S2CID 104292503.
- ^ Paul Crowther. "Galactic Wolf Rayet Catalogue". Retrieved 2021-05-27.
- ^ Lau, Ryan M.; Eldridge, J. J.; Hankins, Matthew J.; Lamberts, Astrid; Sakon, Itsuki; Williams, Peredur M. (2020-07-01). "Revisiting the Impact of Dust Production from Carbon-rich Wolf-Rayet Binaries". The Astrophysical Journal. 898 (1): 74. arXiv:2006.08695. Bibcode:2020ApJ...898...74L. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9cb5. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 219708543.
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction