Zosterops | |
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Z. palpebrosus egregius, Sri Lanka | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Zosteropidae |
Genus: | Zosterops Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 |
Type species | |
Motacilla maderaspatana (Malagasy white-eye) Linnaeus, 1766
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Species | |
See text |
Zosterops (meaning "eye-girdle") is a genus of passerine birds containing the typical white-eyes in the white-eye family Zosteropidae. The genus has the largest number of species in the white-eye family. They occur in the Afrotropical, Indomalayan, and Australasian realms. Typical white-eyes have a length of between 8 and 15 cm (3 and 6 in). Their most characteristic feature is a conspicuous white feather ring around the eye, though some species lack it. The species in this group vary in the structural adaptations of the tongue.[1] The Zosterops [griseotinctus] group is an example of a "great speciator" inhabiting a vast area and showing a remarkable morphological differentiation on islands, some of which maybe as close as 2 km (1.2 mi) apart.[2]
Systematics
[edit]The genus Zosterops was introduced by the naturalists Nicholas Vigors and Thomas Horsfield in 1827.[3] The name combines the Ancient Greek words zōstēros "belt" or "girdle" and ōpos "eye".[4] The type species was designated as the Malagasy white-eye by René Lesson in 1828.[5][6]
The results of a series of molecular phylogenetic studies of the Zosteropidae published between 2014 and 2018 prompted a major revision of species limits, in which 10 new genera were introduced. In the reorganisation, the English names of three of the existing genera were replaced.[7][8][9][10][11]
Additionally, a study on Sri Lanka white-eyes (Zosterops ceylonensis) and Indian white-eyes (Zosterops palpebrosus) suggests that the Sri Lanka white-eye is the root species and the origin of all Zosterops species.[12] This raises questions upon the former theory of Southeast Asian origin.
Species
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zosterops_atricapilla_2.jpg/220px-Zosterops_atricapilla_2.jpg)
Z. atricapilla
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mauritius_grey_white-eye_%28Zosterops_mauritianus%29.jpg/220px-Mauritius_grey_white-eye_%28Zosterops_mauritianus%29.jpg)
Zosterops mauritianus
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mauritius_olive_white-eye_%28Zosterops_chloronothos%29.jpg/220px-Mauritius_olive_white-eye_%28Zosterops_chloronothos%29.jpg)
Zosterops chloronothos
There are over 100 species in the genus. This includes three species (denoted by a dagger † in the list below) that have become extinct since the 16th century.[11]
- Sri Lanka white-eye (Zosterops ceylonensis)
- Yellowish white-eye (Zosterops nigrorum)
- Black-capped white-eye (Zosterops atricapilla)
- Abyssinian white-eye (Zosterops abyssinicus)
- Pale white-eye (Zosterops flavilateralis)
- Mbulu white-eye (Zosterops mbuluensis) – split from Z. poliogastrus
- Chestnut-flanked white-eye (Zosterops erythropleurus)
- Swinhoe's white-eye (Zosterops simplex) – split from Z. japonicus
- Mountain blackeye (Zosterops emiliae)
- Warbling white-eye (Zosterops japonicus) – includes Japanese white-eye and mountain white-eye
- Indian white-eye (Zosterops palpebrosus) – formerly oriental white-eye
- Lowland white-eye (Zosterops meyeni)
- † Marianne white-eye (Zosterops semiflavus)
- Karthala white-eye (Zosterops mouroniensis)
- Réunion olive white-eye (Zosterops olivaceus)
- Mauritius olive white-eye (Zosterops chloronothos)
- Réunion grey white-eye (Zosterops borbonicus)
- Mauritius grey white-eye (Zosterops mauritianus)
- Mount Cameroon speirops (Zosterops melanocephalus)
- Forest white-eye (Zosterops stenocricotus)
- Green white-eye (Zosterops stuhlmanni) – split from Z. poliogastrus
- Broad-ringed white-eye (Zosterops eurycricotus) – split from Z. poliogastrus
- Fernando Po speirops (Zosterops brunneus)
- Heuglin's white-eye (Zosterops poliogastrus) – formerly montane white-eye
- Kikuyu white-eye (Zosterops kikuyuensis)
- Socotra white-eye (Zosterops socotranus) – split from Z. abyssinicus
- Príncipe white-eye (Zosterops ficedulinus)
- Annobón white-eye (Zosterops griseovirescens)
- São Tomé white-eye (Zosterops feae)
- Black-capped speirops (Zosterops lugubris)
- Príncipe speirops (Zosterops leucophaeus)
- Taita white-eye (Zosterops silvanus)
- Northern yellow white-eye (Zosterops senegalensis) – formerly African yellow white-eye
- Orange River white-eye (Zosterops pallidus)
- South Pare white-eye (Zosterops winifredae) – split from Z. poliogastrus
- Cape white-eye (Zosterops virens)
- Southern yellow white-eye (Zosterops anderssoni) – split from Z. senegalensis
- Pemba white-eye (Zosterops vaughani)
- Seychelles white-eye (Zosterops modestus)
- Anjouan white-eye (Zosterops anjuanensis)
- Moheli white-eye (Zosterops comorensis)
- Malagasy white-eye (Zosterops maderaspatanus)
- Meratus white-eye (Zosterops meratusensis)
- Aldabra white-eye (Zosterops aldabrensis) – split from Z. maderaspatanus
- Kirk's white-eye (Zosterops kirki)
- Mayotte white-eye (Zosterops mayottensis)
- Lemon-bellied white-eye (Zosterops chloris)
- Wakatobi white-eye (Zosterops flavissimus) – split from Z. chloris
- Black-crowned white-eye (Zosterops atrifrons)
- Sangihe white-eye(Zosterops nehrkorni)
- Pale-bellied white-eye (Zosterops consobrinorum)
- Togian white-eye (Zosterops somadikartai)
- Black-ringed white-eye (Zosterops anomalus)
- Green-fronted white-eye (Zosterops minor)
- Black-fronted white-eye (Zosterops chrysolaemus) – split from Z. minor[13]
- Tagula white-eye (Zosterops meeki)
- Morotai white-eye (Zosterops dehaani) – split from Z. atriceps
- Cream-throated white-eye (Zosterops atriceps)
- Buru white-eye (Zosterops buruensis)
- Seram white-eye (Zosterops stalkeri)
- Javan white-eye (Zosterops flavus)
- Ashy-bellied white-eye (Zosterops citrinella)
- Canary white-eye (Zosterops luteus)
- Silvereye (Zosterops lateralis)
- Hume's white-eye (Zosterops auriventer) – split from Z. poliogastrus
- Sangkar white-eye (Zosterops melanurus) – split from Z. palpebrosus
- Everett's white-eye (Zosterops everetti)
- Vella Lavella white-eye (Zosterops vellalavella)
- Santa Cruz white-eye (Zosterops sanctaecrucis)
- Capped white-eye (Zosterops fuscicapilla)
- Oya Tabu white-eye (Zosterops crookshanki) – split from Z. fuscicapilla[13]
- Vanuatu white-eye (Zosterops flavifrons)
- Bare-eyed white-eye (Zosterops superciliosus)
- Sanford's white-eye (Zosterops lacertosus)
- Vanikoro white-eye (Zosterops gibbsi)
- Fiji white-eye (Zosterops explorator)
- Bismarck white-eye (Zosterops hypoxanthus)
- Biak white-eye (Zosterops mysorensis)
- Bougainville white-eye (Zosterops hamlini) – split from Z. rendovae[13]
- Guadalcanal white-eye (Zosterops oblitus) – split from Z. rendovae[13]
- Grey-throated white-eye (Zosterops rendovae)
- Olive-colored white-eye (Zosterops oleagineus)
- Dusky white-eye (Zosterops finschii)
- Grey-brown white-eye (Zosterops ponapensis)
- Kosrae white-eye (Zosterops cinereus)
- Rota white-eye (Zosterops rotensis)
- Yellow-throated white-eye (Zosterops metcalfii)
- Malaita white-eye (Zosterops stresemanni)
- Papuan white-eye (Zosterops novaeguineae)
- Ambon white-eye (Zosterops kuehni)
- Pearl-bellied white-eye (Zosterops grayi)
- Gizo white-eye (Zosterops luteirostris)
- Golden-bellied white-eye (Zosterops uropygialis)
- Ranongga white-eye (Zosterops splendidus)
- Solomons white-eye (Zosterops kulambangrae)
- Dark-eyed white-eye (Zosterops tetiparius)
- Christmas white-eye (Zosterops natalis)
- Bridled white-eye (Zosterops conspicillatus)
- Citrine white-eye (Zosterops semperi)
- Plain white-eye (Zosterops hypolais)
- Wangi Wangi white eye (Zosterops paruhbesar)[14]
- Louisiade white-eye (Zosterops griseotinctus)
- Kolombangara white-eye (Zosterops murphyi)
- Large Lifou white-eye (Zosterops inornatus)
- † White-chested white-eye (Zosterops albogularis)
- Samoan white-eye (Zosterops samoensis)
- † Robust white-eye (Zosterops strenuus)
- Slender-billed white-eye (Zosterops tenuirostris)
- Small Lifou white-eye (Zosterops minutus)
- Green-backed white-eye (Zosterops xanthochroa)
- Rennell white-eye (Zosterops rennellianus)
References
[edit]- ^ Moreau, R. E.; Perrins, M.; Hughes, J. T. (1969). "Tongues of the Zosteropidae (white-eyes)". Ardea. 57: 29–47.
- ^ Moyle, R. G.; Filardi, C. E.; Smith, C. E.; Diamond, J. (2009). "Explosive Pleistocene diversification and hemispheric expansion of a "great speciator"". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (6): 1863–1868. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.1863M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809861105. PMC 2644129. PMID 19181851.
- ^ Vigors, Nicholas Aylward; Horsfield, Thomas (1827). "Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (in English and Latin). 15 (1): 170–334 [234]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00115.x. The title page is dated 1826.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 414. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Lesson, René P. (1828). Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Description des genres et des principales espèces d'oiseaux (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Roret. p. 286.
- ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 290.
- ^ Cox, S.C.; Prys-Jones, R.P.; Habel, J.C.; Amakobe, B.A.; Day, J.J. (2014). "Niche divergence promotes rapid diversification of East African sky island white-eyes (Aves: Zosteropidae)". Molecular Ecology. 23 (16): 4103–4118. Bibcode:2014MolEc..23.4103C. doi:10.1111/mec.12840. PMC 4255762. PMID 24954273.
- ^ Wells, D.R. (2017). "Zosterops white-eyes in continental South-East Asia. 1: proposed refinements to the regional definition of Oriental White-eye Z. palpebrosus". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 137 (2): 100–109. doi:10.25226/bboc.v137i2.2017.a12.
- ^ Wells, D.R. (2017). "Zosterops white-eyes in continental South-East Asia. 2: what is Zosterops auriventer Hume?". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 137 (2): 110–117. doi:10.25226/bboc.v137i2.2017.a13.
- ^ Lim, B.T.M.; Sadanandan, K.R.; Dingle, C.; Leung, Y.Y.; Prawiradilaga, D.M.; Irham, M.; Ashari, H.; Lee, J.G.H.; Rheindt, F.E. (2018). "Molecular evidence suggests radical revision of species limits in the great speciator white‑eye genus Zosterops". Journal of Ornithology. 160: 1–16. doi:10.1007/s10336-018-1583-7. S2CID 254162519.
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Sylviid babblers, parrotbills, white-eyes". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
- ^ Wickramasinghe, Nelum; Robin, V. V.; Ramakrishnan, Uma; Reddy, Sushma; Seneviratne, Sampath S. (2017). "Non-sister Sri Lankan white-eyes (genus Zosterops) are a result of independent colonizations". PLOS ONE. 12 (8): e0181441. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1281441W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181441. PMC 5549887. PMID 28792950.
- ^ a b c d "Species Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-05-28.
- ^ Anderson, Natali (2022-10-21). "Newly-Described Bird Species is Endemic to Indonesian Island | Sci.News". Sci.News: Breaking Science News. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
External links
[edit]- Zosterops photos & videos on the Internet Bird Collection