Urum | |
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Урум | |
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Pronunciation | [uˈrum] |
Native to | Ukraine |
Ethnicity | Urums (Turkic-speaking Greeks) |
Native speakers | 190,000 (2000)[1] |
Turkic
| |
Dialects |
|
Cyrillic, Greek | |
Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | uum |
Glottolog | urum1249 |
ELP | Urum |
![]() Urum is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) | |
Urum (Урум, Ουρούμ) is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand ethnic Greeks who inhabit a few villages in southeastern Ukraine. Over the past few generations, there has been a deviation from teaching children Urum to the more common languages of the region, leaving a fairly limited number of new speakers.[3] The Urum language is often considered a variant of Crimean Tatar.
Name and etymology
[edit]The name Urum is derived from Rûm 'Rome', the term for the Byzantine Empire in the Muslim world. The Ottoman Empire used it to describe non-Muslims within the empire. The initial vowel in Urum is prothetic. Turkic languages originally did not have /ɾ/ in word-initial position, and so in borrowed words they used to add a vowel before it. The common use of the term Urum appears to have led to some confusion, as most Turkish-speaking Greeks were called Urum. The Turkish-speaking population in Georgia is often confused with the distinct community in Ukraine.[4][5]
Classification
[edit]Urum is a Turkic language belonging to the West Kipchak branch of the family. Johanson (2021) classifies it as a variety of Crimean Tatar.[6]
Phonology
[edit]Vowels
[edit]Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
Close | i | ü /y/ | ı /ɯ/ | u |
Close-mid | e | o | ||
Near-open | ä /æ/ | ö /œ/ | ||
Open | a |
Examples
[edit]- šar - city[7]
- äl - hand
- göl - lake
- yel - wind
- yol - road
- it - dog
- üzüg - ring
- ğız - girl
- ğuš - bird
Consonants
[edit]Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ ⟨nʼ⟩ | ŋ | ||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c ⟨tʼ⟩ | k | |||
voiced | b | d | ɟ ⟨dʼ⟩ | g | ||||
Affricate | voiceless | (ts) | tʃ ⟨č⟩ | |||||
voiced | dʒ ⟨ǰ⟩ | |||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | (θ) | s | ʃ ⟨š⟩ | x ⟨h⟩ | h | |
voiced | v | (ð) | z | ʒ ⟨ž⟩ | ɣ ⟨ğ⟩ | |||
Approximant | (w) | j | ||||||
Lateral | plain | l | ||||||
velarized | ɫ | |||||||
Flap | ɾ | ɾʲ ⟨rʼ⟩ |
/θ, ð/ appear solely in loanwords from Greek. /t͡s/ appears in loanwords. [w] can be an allophone of /v/ after vowels.[7][8]
Writing system
[edit]A few manuscripts are known to be written in Urum using Greek characters.[9] During the period between 1927 and 1937, the Urum language was written in reformed Latin characters, the New Turkic Alphabet, and used in local schools; at least one primer is known to have been printed. In 1937, the use of written Urum stopped. In 2000, Alexander Garkavets uses the following alphabet:[10]
А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | (Δ δ) | Д′ д′ |
(Ђ ђ) | Е е | Ж ж | Җ җ | З з | И и | Й й | К к |
Л л | М м | Н н | Ң ң | О о | Ӧ ӧ | П п | Р р |
С с | Т т | Т′ т′ | (Ћ ћ) | У у | Ӱ ӱ | Υ υ | Ф ф |
Х х | Һ һ | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы |
Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | Θ θ |
In an Urum primer issued in Kyiv in 2008, the following alphabet is suggested: [11]
А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ґ ґ | Д д | Д' д' | Дж дж |
Е е | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н |
О о | Ӧ ӧ | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | Т' т' | У у |
Ӱ ӱ | Ф ф | Х х | Ч ч | Ш ш | Ы ы | Э э |
Publications
[edit]Very little has been published on the Urum language. There exists a very small lexicon,[12] and a small description of the language.[13] For Caucasian Urum, there is a language documentation project that collected a dictionary,[14] a set of grammatically relevant clausal constructions,[15] and a text corpus.[16] The website of the project contains issues about language and history.[17]
References
[edit]- ^ Urum at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "Про затвердження переліку мов національних меншин (спільнот) та корінних народів України, яким загрожує зникнення". Official webportal of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 7 June 2024.
- ^ "Did you know Urum is endangered?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
- ^ Казаков, Алексей (December 2000). Понтийские греки (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2008-01-27.
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G., ed. (2005). "Ethnologue Report for Urum". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International.
- ^ Johanson, Lars (2021). Turkic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
- ^ a b Stavros, Skopeteas (2016). "The Caucasian Urums and the Urum language/Kafkasya Urumları ve Urum Dili". Handbook of Endangered Turkic Languages.
- ^ Podolsky, Baruch (1986). Notes on the Urum language. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 99–112.
- ^ "Urum". Language Museum. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015.
- ^ Гаркавець, Олександр (2000). Урумський словник (pdf) (in Ukrainian and Urum). p. 632.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Смолина, Мария (2008). Урумский язык. Урум дили (приазовский вариант). Учебное пособие для начинающих с аудиоприложением (in Russian and Urum). Odzhakʺ. p. 168. ISBN 978-966-8535-15-4.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Podolsky, Baruch (1985). A Tatar - English Glossary. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-00299-9.
- ^ Podolsky, Baruch (1986). "Notes on the Urum Language". Mediterranean Language Review. 2: 99–112.
- ^ Skopeteas; Moisidi; Sella-Mazi; Yordanoglu (2010). "Urum basic lexicon. Ms" (PDF). University of Bielefeld. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-26.
- ^ Verhoeven; Moisidi; Yordanoglu (2010). "Urum basic grammatical structures. Ms" (PDF). University of Bremen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-26.
- ^ Skopeteas; Moisidi (2010). "Urum text collection. Ms". University of Bielefeld. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-19.
- ^ "Urum documentation project". Archived from the original on 2012-04-26.
External links
[edit]- Urum DoReCo corpus compiled by Stavros Skopeteas, Violeta Moisidi, Nutsa Tsetereli, Johanna Lorenz and Stefanie Schröter. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations.