Part of the Politics and Economics series |
Electoral systems |
---|
![]() |
![]() ![]() |
The Tideman Alternative method, also called Alternative-Smith voting, is a voting rule developed by Nicolaus Tideman which selects a single winner using ranked ballots. This method is Smith-efficient, making it a kind of Condorcet method, and uses the alternative vote (RCV) to resolve any cyclic ties.
Procedure
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tideman-Alternative-Smith.png/220px-Tideman-Alternative-Smith.png)
The procedure for Tideman's rule is as follows:
- Eliminate all candidates who are not in the top cycle (most often defined as the Smith set).
- If there is more than one candidate remaining, eliminate the candidate ranked first by the fewest voters.
- Repeat the procedure until there is a Condorcet winner, at which point the Condorcet winner is elected.
The procedure can also be applied using tournament sets other than the Smith set, e.g. the Landau set, Copeland set, bipartisan set, or the split-cycle set.
Features
[edit]Strategy-resistance
[edit]Alternative Smith strongly resists both strategic nomination and strategic voting by political parties or coalitions (although like every system, it can still be manipulated in some situations). The Smith and runoff components of the system each cover the other's weaknesses:
- Smith-efficient methods are difficult for any coalition to manipulate, because no majority-strength coalition will have an incentive to remove a Condorcet winner: if most voters prefer A to B, A can already defeat B.
- This reasoning does not apply to situations with a Condorcet cycle, however.
- While Condorcet cycles are rare in practice with honest voters, burial (ranking a strong rival last, below weak opponents) can often be used to manufacture a false cycle.
- Instant runoff voting is resistant to burial, because it is only based on each voter's top preference in any given round. This means that burial strategies effective against the Smith-elimination step are not effective against the instant runoff step.
- On the other hand, instant-runoff voting is highly vulnerable to a lesser evil (decapitation) strategy: defeating a greater evil requires voters to rank a strong candidate first, rather than support their sincere favorite.
- However, if such a candidate exists (with majority support), they will usually be a Condorcet winner, and elected in the first round.
The combination of these two methods creates a highly strategy-resistant system.
Spoiler effects
[edit]Alternative Smith fails independence of irrelevant alternatives, meaning it can sometimes be affected by spoiler candidates. However, the method adheres to a weaker property that eliminates most spoilers, sometimes called independence of Smith-dominated alternatives (ISDA). This method states that if one candidate (X) wins an election, and a new alternative (Y) is added, X will still win the election as long as Y is not in the highest-ranked cycle.
Comparison table
[edit]The following table compares Alternative Smith with other single-winner election methods:
Criterion Method |
Majority | Majority loser | Mutual majority | Condorcet winner |
Condorcet loser | Smith |
Smith-IIA |
IIA/LIIA |
Cloneproof | Monotone | Participation | Later-no-harm |
Later-no-help |
No favorite betrayal |
Ballot type | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-plurality | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Single mark | |
Approval | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Approvals | |
Baldwin | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Ranking | |
Black | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Ranking | |
Borda | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Ranking | |
Bucklin | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Ranking | |
Coombs | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Ranking | |
Copeland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Ranking | |
Dodgson | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Ranking | |
Highest median | Yes | Yes |
No |
No | No | No | No | Yes |
Yes | Yes | No |
No | Yes | Yes | Scores | |
Instant-runoff | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Ranking | |
Kemeny–Young | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | LIIA Only | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Ranking | |
Minimax | Yes | No | No | Yes |
No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
No | No | Ranking | |
Nanson | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Ranking | |
Plurality | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Single mark | |
Random ballot |
No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Single mark | |
Ranked pairs | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | LIIA Only | Yes | Yes | No |
No | No | No | Ranking | |
Runoff | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Single mark | |
Schulze | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
No | No | No | Ranking | |
Score | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes |
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Scores | |
Sortition |
No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | None | |
STAR | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Scores | |
Tideman alternative | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Ranking | |
Table Notes |
|
References
[edit]- Green-Armytage, James. Four Condorcet-Hare Hybrid Methods for Single-Winner Elections.