this, self, and Me are keywords used in some computer programming languages to refer to the object, class, or other entity which the currently running code is a part of. The entity referred to thus depends on the execution context (such as which object has its method called). Different programming languages use these keywords in slightly different ways. In languages where a keyword like "this" is mandatory, the keyword is the only way to access data and methods stored in the current object. Where optional, these keywords can disambiguate variables and functions with the same name.
Object-oriented programming
[edit]In many object-oriented programming languages, this
(also called self
or Me
) is a variable that is used in instance methods to refer to the object on which they are working. The first OO language, SIMULA 67, used this
to explicitly reference the local object.[1]: 4.3.2.3 C++ and languages which derive in style from it (such as Java, C#, D, and PHP) also generally use this
. Smalltalk and others, such as Object Pascal, Perl, Python, Ruby, Rust, Objective-C, DataFlex and Swift, use self
. Microsoft's Visual Basic uses Me
.
The concept is similar in all languages: this
is usually an immutable reference or pointer which refers to the current object; the current object often being the code that acts as 'parent' or 'invocant' to the property, method, sub-routine or function that contains the this
keyword. After an object is properly constructed, or instantiated, this
is always a valid reference. Some languages require it explicitly; others use lexical scoping to use it implicitly to make symbols within their class visible. Or alternatively, the current object referred to by this
may be an independent code object that has called the function or method containing the keyword this
. Such a thing happens, for example, when a JavaScript event handler attached to an HTML tag in a web page calls a function containing the keyword this
stored in the global space outside the document object; in that context, this
will refer to the page element within the document object, not the enclosing window object.[2]
In some languages, for example C++, Java, and Raku this
or self
is a keyword, and the variable automatically exists in instance methods. In others, for example, Python, Rust, and Perl 5, the first parameter of an instance method is such a reference. It needs to be specified explicitly. In Python and Perl, the parameter need not necessarily be named this
or self
; it can be named freely by the programmer like any other parameter. However, by informal convention, the first parameter of an instance method in Perl or Python is named self
. Rust requires the self object to be called &self
or self
, depending on whether the invoked function borrows the invocant, or moves it in, respectively.
Static methods in C++ or Java are not associated with instances but classes, and so cannot use this
, because there is no object. In other languages, such as Ruby, Smalltalk, Objective-C, or Swift, the method is associated with a class object that is passed as this
, and they are called class methods. For class methods, Python uses cls
to access to the class object.
Subtleties and difficulties
[edit]When lexical scoping is used to infer this
, the use of this
in code, while not illegal, may raise warning bells to a maintenance programmer, although there are still legitimate uses of this
in this case, such as referring to instance variables hidden by local variables of the same name, or if the method wants to return a reference to the current object, i.e. this
, itself.
In some compilers (for example GCC), pointers to C++ instance methods can be directly cast to a pointer of another type, with an explicit this
pointer parameter.[3]
Open recursion
[edit]The dispatch semantics of this
, namely that method calls on this
are dynamically dispatched, is known as open recursion, and means that these methods can be overridden by derived classes or objects. By contrast, direct named recursion or anonymous recursion of a function uses closed recursion, with early binding. For example, in the following Perl code for the factorial, the token __SUB__
is a reference to the current function:
use feature ":5.16";
sub {
my $x = shift;
$x == 0 ? 1 : $x * __SUB__->( $x - 1 );
}
By contrast, in C++ (using an explicit this
for clarity, though not necessary) the this
binds to the object itself, but if the class method was declared "virtual" i.e. polymorphic in the base, it's resolved via dynamic dispatch (late binding) so that derived classes can override it.
unsigned int factorial(unsigned int n)
{
if (n == 0)
return 1;
else
return n * this->factorial(n - 1);
}
This example is artificial since this is direct recursion, so overriding the factorial
method would override this function; more natural examples are when a method in a derived class calls the same method in a base class, or in cases of mutual recursion.[4][5]
The fragile base class problem has been blamed on open recursion, with the suggestion that invoking methods on this
default to closed recursion (static dispatch, early binding) rather than open recursion (dynamic dispatch, late binding), only using open recursion when it is specifically requested; external calls (not using this
) would be dynamically dispatched as usual.[6][7] The way this is solved in practice in the JDK is through a certain programmer discipline; this discipline has been formalized by C. Ruby and G. T. Leavens; it consists of the following rules:[8]
- No code invokes
public
methods onthis
. - Code that can be reused internally (by invocation from other methods of the same class) is encapsulated in a
protected
orprivate
method; if it needs to be exposed directly to the users as well, then a wrapperpublic
method calls the internal method. - The previous recommendation can be relaxed for pure methods.
Implementations
[edit]C++
[edit]Early versions of C++ would let the this
pointer be changed; by doing so a programmer could change which object a method was working on. This feature was eventually removed, and now this
in C++ is an r-value.[9]
Early versions of C++ did not include references and it has been suggested that had they been so in C++ from the beginning, this
would have been a reference, not a pointer.[10]
C++ lets objects destroy themselves with the source code statement: delete this
.
C#
[edit]The keyword this
in C# works the same way as in Java, for reference types. However, within C# value types, this
has quite different semantics, being similar to an ordinary mutable variable reference, and can even occur on the left side of an assignment.
One use of this
in C# is to allow reference to an outer field variable within a method that contains a local variable that has the same name. In such a situation, for example, the statement var n = localAndFieldname;
within the method will assign the type and value of the local variable localAndFieldname
to n
, whereas the statement var n = this.localAndFieldname;
will assign the type and value of the outer field variable to n
.[11]
D
[edit]In D this
in a class, struct, or union method refers to an immutable reference of the instance of the enclosing aggregate. Classes are reference types, and structs and unions are value types. In the first version of D, the keyword this
is used as a pointer to the instance of the object the method is bound to, while in D2 it has the character of an implicit ref
function argument.
Dylan
[edit]In the programming language Dylan, which is an object-oriented language that supports multimethods and doesn't have a concept of this
, sending a message to an object is still kept in the syntax. The two forms below work in the same way; the differences are just syntactic sugar.
object.method(param1, param2)
and
method (object, param1, param2)
Eiffel
[edit]Within a class text, the current type is the type obtained from the current class. Within features (routines, commands and queries) of a class, one may use the keyword Current
to reference the current class and its features. The use of the keyword Current
is optional as the keyword Current
is implied by simply referring to the name of the current class feature openly. For example: One might have a feature `foo' in a class MY_CLASS and refer to it by:
class
MY_CLASS
feature -- Access
foo: INTEGER
my_function: INTEGER
do
Result := foo
end
end
Line #10 (above) has the implied reference to Current
by the call to simple `foo'.
Line #10 (below) has the explicit reference to Current
by the call to `Current.foo'.
class
MY_CLASS
feature -- Access
foo: INTEGER
my_function: INTEGER
do
Result := Current.foo
end
end
Either approach is acceptable to the compiler, but the implied version (e.g. x := foo
) is preferred as it is less verbose.
As with other languages, there are times when the use of the keyword Current
is mandated, such as:
class
MY_CLASS
feature -- Access
my_command
-- Create MY_OTHER_CLASS with `Current'
local
x: MY_OTHER_CLASS
do
create x.make_with_something (Current)
end
end
In the case of the code above, the call on line #11 to make_with_something is passing the current class by explicitly passing the keyword Current
.
Java
[edit]The keyword this
is a Java language keyword that represents the current instance of the class in which it appears. It is used to access class variables and methods.
Since all instance methods are virtual in Java, this
can never be null.[13]
JavaScript
[edit]In JavaScript, which is a programming or scripting language used extensively in web browsers, this
is an important keyword, although what it evaluates to depends on where it is used.
- When used outside any function, in global space,
this
refers to the enclosing object, which in this case is the enclosing browser window, thewindow
object. - When used in a function defined in the global space, what the keyword
this
refers to depends on how the function is called. When such a function is called directly (e.g.f(x)
),this
will refer back to the global space in which the function is defined, and in which other global functions and variables may exist as well (or in strict mode, it isundefined
). If a global function containingthis
is called as part of the event handler of an element in the document object, however,this
will refer to the calling HTML element. - When a method is called using the
new
keyword (e.g.var c = new Thing()
) then within Thingthis
refers to the Thing object itself. - When a function is attached as a property of an object and called as a method of that object (e.g.
obj.f(x)
),this
will refer to the object that the function is contained within.[14][15] It is even possible to manually specifythis
when calling a function, by using the.call()
or.apply()
methods of the function object.[16] For example, the method callobj.f(x)
could also be written asobj.f.call(obj, x)
.
To work around the different meaning of this
in nested functions such as DOM event handlers, it is a common idiom in JavaScript to save the this
reference of the calling object in a variable (commonly called that
or self
), and then use the variable to refer to the calling object in nested functions.
For example:
// In this example $ is a reference to the jQuery library
$(".element").hover(function() {
// Here, both this and that point to the element under the mouse cursor.
var that = this;
$(this).find('.elements').each(function() {
// Here, this points to the DOM element being iterated.
// However, that still points to the element under the mouse cursor.
$(this).addClass("highlight");
});
});
Notably, JavaScript makes use of both this
and the related keyword self
[17] (in contrast to most other languages which tend to employ one or the other), with self
being restricted specifically to web workers.[18]
Finally, as a reliable way of specifically referencing the global (window or equivalent) object, JavaScript features the globalThis
keyword.[19]
Lua
[edit]In Lua, self
is created as syntactic sugar when functions are defined using the :
operator.[20] When invoking a method using :
, the object being indexed will be implicitly given as the first argument to the function being invoked.
For example, the following two functions are equivalent:
local obj = {}
function obj.foo(arg1, arg2)
print(arg1, arg2) -- cannot use "self" here
end
function obj:bar(arg)
print(self, arg) -- "self" is an implicit first argument before arg
end
-- All functions can be invoked both ways, with "." or with ":"
obj:foo("Foo") -- equivalent to obj.foo(obj, "Foo")
obj.bar(obj, "Bar") -- equivalent to obj:bar("Bar")
Lua itself is not object-oriented, but when combined with another feature called metatables, the use of self
lets programmers define functions in a manner resembling object-oriented programming.
PowerShell
[edit]In PowerShell, the special automatic variable $_
contains the current object in the pipeline object. You can use this variable in commands that perform an action on every object or on selected objects in a pipeline.[21]
"one", "two", "three" | % { write $_ }
Also starting with PowerShell 5.0, which adds a formal syntax to define classes and other user-defined types,[22] $this
variable describes the current instance of the object.
Python
[edit]In Python, there is no keyword for this
. When a member function is called on an object, it invokes the member function with the same name on the object's class object, with the object automatically bound to the first argument of the function. Thus, the obligatory first parameter of instance methods serves as this
; this parameter is conventionally named self
, but can be named anything.
In class methods (created with the classmethod
decorator), the first argument refers to the class object itself, and is conventionally called cls
; these are primarily used for inheritable constructors,[23] where the use of the class as a parameter allows subclassing the constructor. In static methods (created with the staticmethod
decorator), no special first argument exists.
Rust
[edit]In Rust, types are declared separately from the functions associated with them. Functions designed to be analogous to instance methods in more traditionally object-oriented languages must explicitly take self
as their first parameter. These functions can then be called using instance.method()
syntax sugar. For example:
struct Foo {
bar: i32,
}
impl Foo {
fn new() -> Foo {
Foo { bar: 0, }
}
fn refer(&self) {
println!("{}", self.bar);
}
fn mutate(&mut self, baz: i32) {
self.bar = baz;
}
fn consume(self) {
self.refer();
}
}
This defines a type, Foo
, which has four associated functions. The first, Foo::new()
, is not an instance function and must be specified with the type prefix. The remaining three all take a self
parameter in a variety of ways and can be called on a Foo
instance using the dot-notation syntax sugar, which is equivalent to calling the type-qualified function name with an explicit self
first parameter.
let mut foo = Foo::new(); // must called as a type-specified function
foo.refer(); // prints "0". Foo::refer() has read-only access to the foo instance
foo.mutate(5); // mutates foo in place, permitted by the &mut specification, need foo to be declared mut
foo.consume(); // prints "5" and destroys foo, as Foo::consume() takes full ownership of self
// equivalent to foo.refer()
Foo::refer(foo); // compilation error: foo is out of scope
Self
[edit]The Self language is named after this use of "self".
Xbase++
[edit]Self
is strictly used within methods of a class.
Another way to refer to Self
is to use ::
.
See also
[edit]- Anonymous recursion – Recursion without calling a function by name
- Inheritance (object-oriented programming) – Process of deriving classes from, and organizing them into, a hierarchy
- Self-reference – Sentence, idea or formula that refers to itself
- Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming) – Complication arising from delegation and related techniques in object-oriented programming
- Program Segment Prefix – Data structure in DOS
References
[edit]- ^ Dahl, Ole-Johan; Myhrhaug, Bjørn; Nygaard, Kristen (1970). "Common Base Language, Norwegian Computing Center".
- ^ Powell, Thomas A, and Schneider, Fritz, 2012. JavaScript: The Complete Reference, Third Edition. McGraw-Hill. Chapter 11, Event Handling, p 428. ISBN 978-0-07-174120-0
- ^ Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) – Bound member functions
- ^ "Closed and Open Recursion", Ralf Hinze, July 2007
- ^ Open Recursion, Lambda the Ultimate
- ^ "Selective Open Recursion: A Solution to the Fragile Base Class Problem", Jonathan Aldrich
- ^ "Selective Open Recursion: A Solution to the Fragile Base Class Problem", Lambda the Ultimate
- ^ Aldrich, Jonathan, and Kevin Donnelly. "Selective open recursion: Modular reasoning about components and inheritance." SAVCBS 2004 Specification and Verification of Component-Based Systems (2004): 26. citing for the JDK-adopted solution C. Ruby and G. T. Leavens. "Safely Creating Correct Subclasses without Seeing Superclass Code". In Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications, October 2000. doi:10.1145/353171.353186 also available as technical report TR #00-05d
- ^ ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E): Programming Languages - C++. ISO/IEC. 2003.
- ^ Stroustrup: C++ Style and Technique FAQ
- ^ De Smet, Bart, 2011. C# 4.0 Unleashed. Sams Publishing, Indianapolis, USA. Chapter 4, Language Essentials, p 210. ISBN 978-0-672-33079-7
- ^ NOTE: The line numbers are for reference purposes only. Eiffel does not have line numbers in the class text. However, there is a line number option in the Eiffel Studio IDE, which can be optionally turned on for reference purposes (e.g. pair programming, etc).
- ^ Barnes, D. and Kölling, M. Objects First with Java. "...the reason for using this construct [this] is that we have a situation that is known as name overloading - the same name being used for two different entities... It is important to understand that the fields and the parameters are separate variables that exist independently of each other, even though they share similar names. A parameter and a field sharing a name is not a problem in Java."[citation needed]
- ^ Crockford, Douglas, 2008. JavaScript: The Good Parts. O'Reilly Media Inc. and Yahoo! Inc. Chapter 4, Functions, p 28. ISBN 978-0-596-51774-8
- ^ Powell, Thomas A, and Schneider, Fritz, 2012. JavaScript: The Complete Reference, Third Edition. McGraw-Hill. Chapter 5, Functions, pp 170–1. ISBN 978-0-07-174120-0
- ^ Goodman, Danny, with Morrison, Michael, 2004. JavaScript Bible, 5th Edition. Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, USA. Chapter 33, Functions and Custom Objects, p 987. ISBN 0-7645-5743-2
- ^ Mozilla Developer Network: Window.self
- ^ Mozilla Developer Network: Web Worker API
- ^ Mozilla Developer Network: globalThis
- ^ "Programming in Lua : 16".
- ^ msdn. "PowerShell: About Automatic Variables". docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ msdn. "about_Classes". docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
- ^ Unifying types and classes in Python 2.2, Guido van Rossum, "Overriding the __new__ method"
Further reading
[edit]- Meyers, Scott, 1995. More Effective C++: 35 New Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs. ISBN 0-201-63371-X Scott Meyers
- Stroustrup, Bjarne, 1994. The Design and Evolution of C++. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. ISBN 0-201-54330-3 Bjarne Stroustrup