Swatow dialect | |
---|---|
Shantou | |
汕頭話 Suan¹tao⁵ uê⁷ | |
Native to | China |
Region | Mainly in Shantou, southeastern Guangdong province. |
Early forms | |
Peng'im | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | shan1244 |
Linguasphere | 79-AAA-jif |
![]() Shantou dialect |
The Swatow dialect, or in Mandarin the Shantou dialect, is a Chinese dialect mostly spoken in Shantou in Guangdong, China. It is a dialect of Chaoshan Min language.[4] It is similar to and largely mutually intelligible with the Teochew dialect.
Phonology
[edit]Shantou dialect has 18 initials, 61 rimes and 8 tones.
Initials
[edit]Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | sibilant | |||||
Nasal | /m/ 毛 |
/n/ 腦 |
/ŋ/ 俄 |
|||
Plosive/ Affricate |
tenuis | /p/ 波 |
/t/ 刀 |
/ts/ 之 |
/k/ 哥 |
/ʔ/ 烏 |
aspirated | /pʰ/ 抱 |
/tʰ/ 天 |
/tsʰ/ 此 |
/kʰ/ 戈 |
||
voiced | /b/ 無 |
/g/ 鵝 |
||||
Continuant | voiceless | /s/ 思 |
||||
voiced | /l/ 羅 |
/z/ 入 |
/h/ 何 |
Rimes
[edit]i 衣 |
u 污 | |
a 亞 |
ia 呀 |
ua 娃 |
o 窩 |
io 腰 |
|
e 啞 |
ue 鍋 | |
ɯ 余 |
||
ai 哀 |
uai 歪 | |
oi 鞋 |
ui 威 | |
au 歐 |
iau 夭 |
|
ou 烏 |
iu 憂 |
|
ĩ 丸 |
||
ã 噯 |
ĩã 營 |
uã 鞍 |
ĩõ 羊 |
||
ẽ 楹 |
||
ɯ̃ 秧 |
||
ãĩ 愛 |
||
õĩ 閑 |
||
im 音 |
||
am 庵 |
iam 淹 |
|
iŋ 因 |
uŋ 溫 | |
aŋ 按 |
iaŋ 央 |
uaŋ 汪 |
oŋ 翁 |
ioŋ 雍 |
|
eŋ 英 |
||
ɤŋ 恩 |
||
iʔ 裂 |
||
aʔ 鴨 |
iaʔ 益 |
uaʔ 呴 |
oʔ 學 |
ioʔ 約 |
|
eʔ 厄 |
||
oiʔ 狹 |
iuʔ | |
ip̚ 邑 |
||
ap̚ 盒 |
iap̚ 壓 |
uap̚ 法 |
ik̚ 乙 |
uk̚ 熨 | |
ak̚ 惡 |
iak̚ 躍 |
uak̚ 獲 |
ok̚ 屋 |
iok̚ 育 |
|
ek̚ 液 |
||
m̩ 唔 |
Tones
[edit]No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tones | dark level 陰平 |
dark rising 陰上 |
dark departing 陰去 |
dark entering 陰入 |
light level 陽平 |
light rising 陽上 |
light departing 陽去 |
light entering 陽入 |
Tone contour | ˧ (33) | ˥˧ (53) | ˨˩˧ (213) | ˨ (2) | ˥ (55) | ˧˥ (35) | ˩ (11) | ˥ (5) |
Example Hanzi | 詩 | 死 | 四 | 薛 | 時 | 是 | 示 | 蝕 |
Tone sandhi
[edit]Shantou dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:
Original citation tone | Tone sandhi |
---|---|
dark level 33 |
23 |
light level 55 |
21 |
dark rising 53 |
35 |
light rising 35 |
21 |
dark departing 213 |
55 |
light departing 11 |
12 |
dark entering 2 |
5 |
light entering 5 |
2 |
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Shantou Dialect entry in Glossika
- Office of Chorography of Shantou City 汕头市地方志办公室 (1999). Shan tou shi zhi 汕头市志 ["Chorography of Shantou City"]. Vol. 72. Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe 新华出版社 ["Xinhua Publishing House"]. ISBN 9787501143870.
Further reading
[edit]- Fielde, Adele M. (1883). A pronouncing and defining dictionary of the Swatow dialect, arranged according to syllables and tones. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
- Fielde, Adele M. (1878). First Lessons in the Swatow Dialect. Swatow: Swatow Printing Office Company. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
- Lechler, Rudolf, Samuel Wells Williams , William Duffus (1883). English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Swatow. Swatow: English Presbyterian Mission Press. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Hsiung-chʻêng, Lin (1886). A handbook of the Swatow vernacular. Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
External links
[edit]Media related to Shantou dialect at Wikimedia Commons