Although a wide variety of bird species have been shown to contract and spread Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, from waterfowl to poultry and birds of prey, mammalian infections have been of particular interest to researchers due to their potential to develop mutations that increase the risk of mammal-to-mammal spread and transmission to and among humans.[1][2][3]
Other influenza strains are common among mammals, including humans, but this list only shows those who have been proven to carry H5N1. In October 2022, mink became the first detected mammal able to engage in mammal-to-mammal spread of H5N1.[3]
Animal | Date detected (or publicized) | Spread amongst themselves? | Spreads to humans? | Captive or wild infection? | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
American black bear | November 2022 | [4] | |||
Amur leopard | September 2022 | [4] | |||
Artic fox | 2023 | Captive | [5] | ||
Asian golden cat | 2009 | Captive | [1] | ||
Beech marten | 2007 | Wild | [1] | ||
Bobcat | May 2022 | [4] | |||
Bottlenose dolphin | August 2022 | [4] | |||
Caspian seal | December 2022 | Under Investigation | Wild | [6] | |
Cat | 2004 | Captive | [1] | ||
Clouded leopard | 2009 | Captive | [1] | ||
Cow | March 2024 | Captive | [7] | ||
Coyote | June 2022 | [4] | |||
Dog | 2004 | Captive | [1] | ||
Donkey | 2009 | [1] | |||
Elephant seal | November 2023 | Wild | [8] | ||
Eurasian otter | 2021 | Wild | [9] | ||
Fisher | June 2022 | [4] | |||
Fur seal | November 2023 | Wild | [8] | ||
Goat | March 2024 | Captive | [10] | ||
Grey seal | July 2022 | [4] | |||
Grizzly bear | December 2022 | [4] | |||
Harbor seal | July 2022 | [4] | |||
Human | May 1997 | Wild | [11] | ||
Kodiak bear | December 2022 | [4] | |||
Leopard | 2003 | Captive | [1] | ||
Lion | 2009 | Captive | [1] | ||
Mink | October 2022 | Yes[2] | Captive | [3] | |
Owston's palm civet | 2006 | [1] | |||
Pig | 2004 | Captive | [1] | ||
Polar bear | December 2023 | Wild | [12] | ||
Raccoon | June 2022 | [4] | |||
Red fox | May 2021 | Wild | [13] | ||
Sea lion | November 2022 | Wild | [14] | ||
Skunk | August 2022 | [4] | |||
Striped skunk | June 2022 | [4] | |||
Tiger | 2003 | Captive | [1] | ||
Virginia opossum | May 2022 | [4] |
See also[edit]
- Influenza A virus
- 2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak
- Avian influenza
- Swine influenza
- COVID-19 pandemic and animals
- Cross-species transmission
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kaplan, Bryan; Webby, Richard (5 December 2013). "The avian and mammalian host range of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza". Virus Research. 178 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.004. PMC 3922066. PMID 24025480.
- ^ a b Nuki, Paul (2 February 2023). "How worried should we be about avian flu?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ a b c Pelley, Lauren (2 February 2023). "Bird flu keeps spreading beyond birds. Scientists worry it signals a growing threat to humans, too". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "2022-2023 Detections of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Mammals". Avian Influenza. USDA APHIS. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ Schnirring, Lisa (20 July 2023). "H5N1 avian flu strikes more Finnish fur farms, second fox species". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ Merrick, Jane (1 February 2023). "Mass death of seals raises fears bird flu is jumping between mammals, threatening new pandemic". The i newspaper. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ^ Schnirring, Lisa (25 March 2024). "Sick cows in 2 states test positive for avian flu". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ^ a b Hinds, Tom (22 January 2024). "Catastrophic Mortality of Elephant Seals in Argentina Identified as Outbreak of Avian Influenza". UC Davis. Veterinary Medecine. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ Balla, Reemul (2 February 2023). "Bird flu found in nine otters and foxes since 2021". Sky News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ Schnirring, Lisa (20 March 2024). "Avian flu detected for first time in US livestock". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ "Past Reported Global Human Cases with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) (HPAI H5N1) by Country, 1997-2024". cdc.gov. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ Weston, Phoebe (2 January 2024). "Polar bear dies from bird flu as H5N1 spreads across globe". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ^ Rijks, Jolianne; Hesselink, Hanna; Lollinga, Pim; Wesselman, Renee; Prins, Pier; Weesendorp, Eefke; Engelsma, Marc; Heutink, Rene; Harders, Frank; Kik, Marja; Rozendaal, Harry; van den Kerkhof, Hans; Beerens, Nancy (November 2021). "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Wild Red Foxes, the Netherlands, 2021". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 27 (11): 2960–2962. doi:10.3201/eid2711.211281. PMC 8544991. PMID 34670656.
- ^ Prater, Erin (8 February 2023). "The spillover of bird flu to mammals must be 'monitored closely,' WHO officials warn: 'We need to be ready to face outbreaks in humans'". Fortune. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
External links[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- HHS U.S. Department of Health & Human Services's Pandemic Influenza Plan