Here is a full taxonomy of the family Euphorbiaceae, according to the most recent molecular research.[1] This complex family previously comprised five subfamilies:[1] the Acalyphoideae, the Crotonoideae, the Euphorbioideae, the Phyllanthoideae and the Oldfieldioideae. The first three are uni-ovulate families, and the last two are bi-ovulate.
Now the Euphorbiaceae has been split into five families: The three uni-ovulate subfamilies have become the Euphorbiaceae in the strict sense, with the tribe Galearieae in the Acalyphoideae forming the most of the family Pandaceae.[1] Part of the bi-ovulate subfamily Phyllanthoideae has become the family Phyllanthaceae,[1] with the tribe Drypeteae as family Putranjivaceae.[1] The other bi-ovulate subfamily Oldfieldioideae has become the Picrodendraceae.[1]
Plants of the World Online places genus Phyllanoa in Euphorbiaceae.[2] Hayden et al. place it in Violaceae.[3]
Subfamily Acalyphoideae
[edit]Tribe Acalypheae
[edit]There are 12 subtribes and 32 genera:
- Subtribe Acalyphinae
- Acalypha (also Acalyphes, Acalyphopsis, Calyptrospatha, Caturus, Corythea, Cupameni, Galurus, Gymnalypha, Linostachys, Mercuriastrum, Odonteilema, Paracelsea, Ricinocarpus, Schizogyne, Usteria)
- Subtribe Adrianinae
- Adriana (also Meialisa, Trachycaryon)
- Subtribe Claoxylinae
- Claoxylon (also Erythrochilus, Erythrochylus)
- Claoxylopsis
- Discoclaoxylon
- Erythrococca (also Athroandra, Autrandra, Chloropatane, Deflersia, Poggeophyton, Rivinoides)
- Micrococca
- Subtribe Cleidiinae
- Cleidion (also Lasiostyles, Psilostachys, Redia, Tetraglossa)
- Sampantaea
- Wetria (also Pseudotrewia)
- Subtribe Dysopsidinae
- Dysopsis (also Mirabellia, Molina)
- Subtribe Lasiococcinae
- Clonostylis
- Homonoia (also called Haematospermum, Lumanaja])
- Lasiococca
- Spathiostemon (also Polydragma)
- Subtribe Lobaniliinae
- Subtribe Macaranginae
- Macaranga (also Adenoceras, Mappa, Mecostylis, Pachystemon, Panopia, Phocea, Tanarius)
- Subtribe Mareyinae
- Subtribe Mercurialinae
- Mercurialis (also Cynocrambe, Discoplis, Synema)
- Leidesia
- Seidelia
- Subtribe Ricininae
- Subtribe Rottlerinae
- Avellanita
- Deuteromallotus
- Hancea
- Mallotus (also Aconceveibum, Axenfeldia, Coelodiscus, Diplochlamys, Echinocroton, Echinus, Hancea, Lasipana, Plagianthera, Rottlera,Stylanthus)
- Rockinghamia
There are 6 genera:
- Adelia (also Ricinella)
- Crotonogynopsis
- Enriquebeltrania (also Beltrania)
- Garciadelia
- Lasiocroton
- Leucocroton
Tribe Agrostistachydeae
[edit]There are 4 genera:
- Agrostistachys (also Heterocalyx, Sarcoclinium)
- Chondrostylis (also Kunstlerodendron)
- Cyttaranthus
- Pseudagrostistachys
Tribe Alchorneae
[edit]There are 2 subtribes and 7 genera:
- Subtribe Alchorneinae
- Alchornea (also Bleekeria, Cladodes, Hermesia, Lepidoturus, Schousboea, Stipellaria)
- Aparisthmium
- Aubletiana
- Bocquillonia (also Ramelia)
- Orfilea (also Diderotia, Laurembergia)
- Subtribe Conceveibinae
- Conceveiba (also Conceveibastrum, Conceveibum, Veconcibea)
- Gavarretia
- Polyandra
There are 2 genera:
Tribe Bernardieae
[edit]There are 6 genera:
- Adenophaedra
- Amyrea
- Bernardia (also Alevia, Bernarda, Bernhardia, Bivonia, Passaea, Phaedra, Polyboea, Traganthus, Tyria)
- Discocleidion
- Necepsia (also Neopalissya, Palissya)
- Paranecepsia
Tribe Caryodendreae
[edit]There are 3 genera:
- Alchorneopsis
- Caryodendron (also Centrodiscus)
- Discoglypremna
Tribe Chaetocarpeae
[edit]This tribe has 2 genera:
- Chaetocarpus (also Gaedawakka, Mettenia, Neochevaliera, Regnaldia)
- Trigonopleura (also Peniculifera)
Tribe Cheiloseae
[edit]There are 2 genera:
- Cheilosa
- Neoscortechinia (also Alcineanthus, Scortechinia)
Tribe Chrozophoreae
[edit]This tribe has 4 subtribes and 12 genera:
- Subtribe Chrozophorinae
- Chrozophora (also Crossophora, Crozophora, Ricinoides, Tournesol, Tournesolia)
- Subtribe Ditaxinae
- Argythamnia (also Argithamnia, Argothamnia, Argyrothamnia, Argytamnia, Odotalon, Serophyton)
- Caperonia (also Acanthopyxis, Androphoranthus, Cavanilla, Lepidococea, Meterana)
- Chiropetalum (also Aonikena, Desfontaena, Desfontaina, Desfontainea)
- Ditaxis (also Aphora, Paxiuscula, Stenonia)
- Philyra (also Phyllera)
- Subtribe Doryxylinae
- Doryxylon (also Mercadoa, Sumbavia)
- Melanolepis
- Sumbaviopsis (also Adisa, Adisca)
- Thyrsanthera
- Subtribe Speranskiinae
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mercurialis_annua_L_ag1.jpg/250px-Mercurialis_annua_L_ag1.jpg)
Tribe Dicoelieae
[edit]This tribe has one genus:
Tribe Epiprineae
[edit]There are 2 subtribes and 9 genera:
- Subtribe Epiprininae
- Adenochlaena (also Niedenzua, Centrostylis)
- Cephalocroton
- Cephalocrotonopsis
- Cladogynos (also Adenogynum, Baprea, Chloradenia)
- Cleidiocarpon (also Sinopimelodendron)
- Epiprinus
- Koilodepas (also Caelodepas, Calpigyne, Coelodepas, Nephrostylus)
- Subtribe Cephalomappinae
Tribe Erismantheae
[edit]There are 3 genera:
This tribe only has 1 genus:
- Omphalea (also Duchola, Hebecocca, Hecatea, Neomphalea, Omphalandria, Ronnowia)
Tribe Plukenetieae
[edit]There are 3 subtribes and 13 genera:
- Subtribe Dalechampiinae
- Dalechampia (also Cremophyllum, Dalechampsia, Megalostylis, Rhopalostylis)
- Subtribe Plukenetiinae
- Angostylis (also Angostyles)
- Astrococcus
- Haematostemon
- Plukenetia (also Accia, Angostylidium, Apopandra, Botryanthe, Ceratococcus, Elaeophora, Eleutherostigma, Fragariopsis, Hedraiostylus, Pseudotragia, Pterococcus, Sajorium, Tetracarpidium or Vigia)
- Romanoa (also Anabaena, Anabaenella)
- Subtribe Tragiinae
- Acidoton (also Durandeeldia, Gitara)
- Bia
- Cnesmone (also Cenesmon, Cnesmosa)
- Megistostigma (also Clavistylus)
- Pachystylidium
- Platygyna (also Acanthocaulon)
- Sphaerostylis
- Tragia (also Agirta, Allosandra, Ctenomeria, Lassia, Leptobotrys, Leptorhachis, Leucandra, Schorigeram, Zuckertia)
- Tragiella
Tribe Pycnocomeae
[edit]There are 2 subtribes and 7 genera:
- Subtribe Blumeodendrinae
- Blumeodendron
- Botryophora (also Botryospora, Botryphora)
- Podadenia
- Ptychopyxis (also Clarorivinia)
- Subtribe Pycnocominae
- Argomuellera (also Neopycnocoma, Wetriaria)
- Droceloncia
- Pycnocoma (also Comopyena)
Tribe Sphyranthereae
[edit]There is only 1 genus:
Subfamily Crotonoideae
[edit]Tribe Adenoclineae
[edit]There are 2 subtribes and 6 genera:
- Subtribe Adenoclininae
- Adenocline (also Adenoclina, Diplostylis, Paradenocline)
- Ditta
- Glycydendron
- Klaineanthus
- Tetrorchidium (also Hasskarlia, Tetrorchidiopsis)
- Subtribe Endosperminae
- Endospermum (also Capellenia)
Tribe Aleuritideae
[edit]This tribe has 6 subtribes and 14 genera:
- Subtribe Aleuritinae
- Subtribe Benoistiinae
- Subtribe Crotonogyninae
- Crotonogyne (also Neomanniophyton)
- Cyrtogonone
- Manniophyton
- Subtribe Grosserinae
- Cavacoa
- Grossera
- Sandwithia
- Tannodia (also Domohinea)
- Tapoides
- Subtribe Neoboutoniinae
There are 15 genera:
- Acidocroton
- Baliospermum
- Baloghia (also Steigeria)
- Blachia (also Deonia)
- Codiaeum (also Crozophyla, Junghuhnia, Phyllaurea, Synaspisma)
- Colobocarpos
- Dimorphocalyx
- Dodecastigma
- Fontainea
- Hylandia
- Ophellantha
- Ostodes
- Pantadenia
- Pausandra
- Sagotia
- Strophioblachia
There are 6 genera:
- Astraea
- Brasiliocroton
- Croton (also Agelandra, Aldinia, Angelandra, Anisepta, Anisophyllum, Argyra, Argyrodendron, Astraea, Astrogyne, Aubertia, Banalia, Barhamia, Brachystachys, Calypteriopetalon, Cascarilla, Centrandra, Cieca, Cleodora, Codonocalyx, Comatocroton, Crotonanthus, Crotonopsis, Cyclostigma, Decarinium, Drepadenium, Eluteria, Engelmannia, Eremocarpus, Eutrophia, Friesia, Furcaria, Geiseleria, Gynamblosis, Halecus, Hendecandas, Heptallon, Heterochlamys, Heterocroton, Julocroton, Klotzschiphytum, Kurkas, Lasiogyne, Leptemon, Leucadenia, Luntia, Macrocroton, Medea, Merleta, Monguia, Myriogomphus, Ocalia, Oxydectes, Palanostigma, Penteca, Pilinophyton, Piscaria, Pleopadium, Podostachys, Saipania, Schradera, Semilta, Tiglium, Timandra, Tridesmis, Triplandra, Vandera)
- Mildbraedia (also Neojatropha, Plesiatropha)
- Moacroton (also Cubacroton)
- Paracroton (also Desmostemon, Fahrenheitia)
Tribe Elateriospermeae
[edit]This tribe only has 1 genus:
- Elateriospermum (also Elaterioides, Elaterispermum)
This tribe has 2 genera:
- Cladogelonium
- Suregada (also Ceratophorus, Erythrocarpus, Gelonium, Owataria)
Tribe Jatropheae
[edit]There are 8 genera:
- Annesijoa
- Deutzianthus
- Jatropha (also Adenorhopium, Adenoropium, Castiglionia, Collenucia, Curcas, Jatropa, Loureira, Mesandrinia, Mozinna, Zimapania)
- Joannesia (also Anda, Andicus)
- Leeuwenbergia
- Loerzingia
- Oligoceras
- Vaupesia
Tribe Manihoteae
[edit]This tribe has 2 genera:
- Cnidoscolus (also Bivonea, Jussieuia, Mandioca, Victorinia)
- Manihot (also Hotnima, Janipha, Manihotoides)
Tribe Micrandreae
[edit]There are 2 subtribes and 4 genera:
- Subtribe Micrandrinae
- Cunuria
- Micrandra (also Clusiophyllum, Pogonophyllum)
- Micrandropsis
Tribe Ricinocarpeae
[edit]There are 2 subtribes and 7 genera:
- Subtribe Bertyinae
- Bertya (also Lambertya)
- Borneodendron
- Cocconerion
- Myricanthe
- Subtribe Ricinocarpinae
- Alphandia
- Beyeria (also Beyeriopsis, Calyptrostigma, Clavipodium)
- Ricinocarpos (also Echinosphaera, Ricinocarpus, Roeperia)
Tribe Ricinodendreae
[edit]There are 3 genera:
Tribe Trigonostemoneae
[edit]There is only 1 genus:
- Trigonostemon (also Actephilopsis, Athroisma, Enchidium, Kurziodendron, Neotrigonostemon, Nepenthandra, Poilaniella, Prosartema, Silvaea, Telogyne, Tritaxis, Tylosepalum)
Subfamily Euphorbioideae
[edit]Tribe Euphorbieae
[edit]This tribe has 3 subtribes and 6 genera:
- Subtribe Anthosteminae
- Subtribe Euphorbiinae
- Cubanthus (to be transferred to Euphorbia)
- Euphorbia (also Ademo, Adenopetalum, Adenorima, Agaloma, Aklema, Alectoroctonum, Allobia, Anisophyllum, Anthacantha, Aplarina, Arthrothamnus, Bojeria, Ceraselma, Chamaesyce, Characias, Chylogala, Crepidaria, Ctenadena, Cyathophora, Cystidospermum, Dactylanthes, Dematra, Desmonema, Diadenaria, Dichrophyllum, Dichylium, Diplocyathium, Ditritra, Elaeophorbia, Endadenium, Endoisila, Epurga, Esula, Euforbia, Eumecanthus, Euphorbiastrum, Euphorbiodendron, Euphorbiopsis, Euphorbium, Galarhoeus, Hexadenia, Kanopikon, Kobiosis, Lacanthis, Lathyris, Lepadena, Leptopus, Lophobios, Lortia, Lyciopsis, Medusea, Monadenium, Nisomenes, Ossifraga, Peccana, Pedilanthus, Petalandra, Pleuradena, Poinsettia, Pythius, Sclerocyathium, Stenadenium, Sterigmanthe, Synadenium, Tithymaloides, Tithymalopsis, Tithymalus, Torfasadis, Treisia, Tricherostigma, Trichosterigma, Tumalis, Vallaris, Ventenatia, Xamesike, Zalitea, Zygophyllidium)
Tribe Hippomaneae
[edit]This tribe has 2 subtribes and 33 genera:
- Subtribe Carumbiinae
- Homalanthus (also Carumbium, Dibrachion, Dibrachium, Duania, Wartmannia)
- Subtribe Hippomaninae
- Actinostemon (also Dactylostemon)
- Adenopeltis
- Anomostachys
- Balakata
- Bonania (also Hypocoton)
- Colliguaja
- Conosapium
- Dalembertia (also Alcoceria)
- Dendrocousinsia
- Dendrothrix
- Ditrysinia
- Duvigneaudia
- Excoecaria (also Commia, Glyphostylus)
- Falconeria
- Grimmeodendron
- Gymnanthes (also Adenogyne, Ateramnus)
- Hippomane (also Mancanilla, Mancinella)
- Mabea
- Maprounea (also Aegopicron, Aegopricon, Aegopricum)
- Microstachys
- Neoshirakia (also Shirakia)
- Pleradenophora
- Pseudosenefeldera
- Rhodothyrsus
- Sapium (also Carumbium, Gymnobothrys, Sapiopsis, Seborium, Shirakiopsis, Stillingfleetia, Taeniosapium) - Chinese tallow
- Sclerocroton
- Sebastiania (also Clonostachys, Cnemidostachys, Elachocroton, Gussonia, Microstachys, Sarothrostachys, Tragiopsis)
- Senefeldera
- Senefelderopsis
- Shirakiopsis
- Spegazziniophytum
- Spirostachys
- Stillingia (also Gymnostillingia)
- Triadica
There are 4 genera:
- Algernonia
- Hura
- Ophthalmoblapton
- Tetraplandra (also Dendrobryon)
Tribe Pachystromateae
[edit]There is one genus:
- Pachystroma (also Acantholoma)
Tribe Stomatocalyceae
[edit]There are 2 subtribes and 4 genera:
- Subtribe Hamilcoinae
- Subtribe Stomatocalycinae
- Pimelodendron (also Stomatocalyx)
- Plagiostyles
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Wurdack, K. J.; Hoffmann, P.; Chase, M. W. (2005), "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of uniovulate Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto) using plastid RBCL and TRNL-F DNA sequences", American Journal of Botany, 92 (8): 1397–1420, doi:10.3732/ajb.92.8.1397, PMID 21646159
- ^ Phyllanoa Croizat. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ W.J. Hayden et al. Two enigmatic biovulate Euphorbiaceae from the Neotropics: relationships of Chonocentrum and the identity of Phyllanoa. Am. J. Bot. (1996)