Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the B4GALT1gene.[5][6]
This gene is one of seven beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) genes. They encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose; all transfer galactose in a beta1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc, Glc, and Xyl. Each beta4GalT has a distinct function in the biosynthesis of different glycoconjugates and saccharide structures. As type II membrane proteins, they have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence that directs the protein to the Golgi apparatus and which then remains uncleaved to function as a transmembrane anchor. By sequence similarity, the beta4GalTs form four groups: beta4GalT1 and beta4GalT2, beta4GalT3 and beta4GalT4, beta4GalT5 and beta4GalT6, and beta4GalT7. This gene is unique among the beta4GalT genes because it encodes an enzyme that participates both in glycoconjugate and lactose biosynthesis. For the first activity, the enzyme adds galactose to N-acetylglucosamine residues that are either monosaccharides or the nonreducing ends of glycoprotein carbohydrate chains. The second activity is restricted to lactating mammary tissues where the enzyme forms a heterodimer with alpha-lactalbumin to catalyze UDP-galactose + D-glucose <=> UDP + lactose. The two enzymatic forms result from alternate transcription initiation sites and post-translational processing. Two transcripts, which differ only at the 5' end, with approximate lengths of 4.1 kb and 3.9 kb encode the same protein. The longer transcript encodes the type II membrane-bound, trans-Golgi resident protein involved in glycoconjugate biosynthesis. The shorter transcript encodes a protein which is cleaved to form the soluble lactose synthase.[6]
Amado M, Almeida R, Schwientek T, Clausen H (2000). "Identification and characterization of large galactosyltransferase gene families: galactosyltransferases for all functions". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1473 (1): 35–53. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00168-3. PMID10580128.
Gerber AC, Kozdrowski I, Wyss SR, Berger EG (1979). "The charge heterogeneity of soluble human galactosyltransferases isolated from milk, amniotic fluid and malignant ascites". Eur. J. Biochem. 93 (3): 453–60. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb12843.x. PMID33805.
Uejima T, Uemura M, Nozawa S, Narimatsu H (1992). "Complementary DNA cloning for galactosyltransferase associated with tumor and determination of antigenic epitopes recognized by specific monoclonal antibodies". Cancer Res. 52 (22): 6158–63. PMID1384956.
Kozarsky K, Penman M, Basiripour L, et al. (1989). "Glycosylation and processing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2 (2): 163–9. PMID2649653.
Robinson WE, Montefiori DC, Mitchell WM (1988). "Evidence that mannosyl residues are involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis". AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 3 (3): 265–82. doi:10.1089/aid.1987.3.265. PMID2829950.
Chatterjee SK, Mukerjee S, Tripathi PK (1995). "Analysis of the sequences of human beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase cDNA clones". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 27 (3): 329–36. doi:10.1016/1357-2725(94)00062-G. PMID7540104.
Kudo T, Narimatsu H (1995). "The beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase gene is post-transcriptionally regulated during differentiation of mouse F9 teratocarcinoma cells". Glycobiology. 5 (4): 397–403. doi:10.1093/glycob/5.4.397. PMID7579794.
1nf5: Crystal Structure of Lactose Synthase, Complex with Glucose
1nhe: Crystal structure of Lactose synthase complex with UDP
1nkh: Crystal structure of Lactose synthase complex with UDP and Manganese
1nmm: beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase mutant Cys342Thr complex with alpha-lactalbumin and GlcNAc
1nqi: crystal structure of lactose synthase, a 1:1 complex between beta1,4-galactosyltransferase and alpha-lactalbumin in the presence of GlcNAc
1nwg: BETA-1,4-GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASE COMPLEX WITH ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN AND N-BUTANOYL-GLUCOAMINE
1o0r: Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of bovine beta1,4-galactosyltransferase complex with UDP-galactose
1o23: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF LACTOSE SYNTHASE IN THE PRESENCE OF UDP-GLUCOSE
1oqm: A 1:1 complex between alpha-lactalbumin and beta1,4-galactosyltransferase in the presence of UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine
2ae7: Crystal Structure of Human M340H-Beta1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I (M340H-B4GAL-T1) in Complex with Pentasaccharide
2aec: Crystal Structure of Human M340H-Beta1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I (M340H-B4GAL-T1) in Complex with GlcNAc-beta1,2-Man-alpha1,6-Man-beta-OR
2aes: Crystal Structure of Human M340H-Beta1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I (M340H-B4Gal-T1) in Complex with GlcNAc-beta1,2-Man-alpha1,3-Man-beta-OR
2agd: Crystal Structure of Human M340H-Beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I(M340H-B4Gal-T1) in Complex with GlcNAc-beta1,4-Man-alpha1,3-Man-beta-OR
2ah9: Crystal Structure of Human M340H-Beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I (M340H-B4Gal-T1) in Complex with Chitotriose
2fy7: Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the human beta1,4-galactosyltransferase mutant M339H in apo form
2fya: Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the human beta1, 4-galactosyltransferase mutant M339H complex with manganese
2fyb: Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the human beta1,4-galactosyltransferase mutant M339H in complex with Mn and UDP-galactose in open conformation