| Arbëresh | |
|---|---|
| Arbërisht(e) | |
| Pronunciation | [ˌæɾbəˈɾiʃt] |
| Native to | Italy |
| Region | Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Molise, Sicily |
| Ethnicity | Arbëreshë |
|
Native speakers
|
100,000 (2007)[1] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | aae |
| Glottolog | arbe1236[2] |
| Linguasphere | 55-AAA-aha to 55-AAA-ahe |
Arbëreshë (also known as Arbërisht, Arbërishtja or T'arbrisht) is an ethnolect spoken by the Arbëreshë, the Albanian ethnic and language group in Italy.
Contents
Classification[edit]
Arbëresh derives from the Tosk dialect spoken in southern Albania and ultimately from the Arvanitika dialect of the Albanian language. Arbëresh is spoken in Southern Italy in the regions of Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Molise, Apulia and Sicily. All dialects are closely related to each other but are not entirely mutually intelligible.
Arbëresh retains many archaisms of medieval Albanian from the time before the Ottoman invasion of Albania in the 15th century. It also retains some Greek elements, including vocabulary and pronunciation, most of which it shares with its relative Arvanitika. It has also preserved some conservative features that were lost in mainstream Albanian Tosk. For example, it has preserved certain syllable-initial consonant clusters which have been simplified in Standard Albanian (cf. Arbëresh gluhë /ˈɡluxə/ ('language/tongue'), vs. Standard Albanian gjuhë /ˈɟuhə/). Arbëresh most resembles the dialect of Albanian spoken in the south-central region of Albania, by the Albanian speaking population.
Arbëresh was commonly called 'Albanese' (Albanian in the Italian language) in Italy until the 1990s. Until recently, Arbëresh speakers had only very imprecise notions about how related or unrelated their language was to Albanian. Until the 1980s Arbëresh was exclusively a spoken language, except for its written form used in the Italo-Albanian Byzantine Church, and Arbëreshë people had no practical connection with the Standard Albanian language used in Albania, as they did not use this form in writing or in media. When a large number of immigrants from Albania began to enter Italy in the 1990s and came into contact with local Arbëreshë communities, the differences and similarities were for the first time made apparent. The Arbëreshë have mixed feelings towards the "new Albanians".[3]
Since the 1980s, some efforts have been organized to preserve the cultural and linguistic heritage of the language.
Arbëresh has been slowly declining in recent decades, but is currently experiencing a revival in many villages in Italy. Figures such as Zef Skirò Di Maxho have done much work on school books and other language learning tools in the language, producing two books 'Udha e Mbarë' and 'Udhëtimi', both used in schools in the village of Piana degli Albanesi, Sicily.
False friends[edit]
While the relation between Arbëresh and standard Albanian is close, the two are not 100% mutually intelligible and there are many false friends, for example:
| Arbëresh | Meaning | Albanian | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| shërbenj | to work | shërbej | to serve |
| punonj | to work in the fields | punoj | to work |
| u nëng/ngë jam | I am not | unë nuk jam | I am not |
| kopíl | young man | kopil | bastard |
| brekë | trousers | brekë | underpants |
| brumë | pasta | brumë | dough |
| zienj | to cook | ziej | to boil |
Dialects[edit]
Vaccarizzo Albanian[edit]
Vaccarizzo Albanian is a variety of the Arbëresh language. Spoken in the villages of Vaccarizzo Albanese and San Giorgio Albanese in Calabria by approximately 3,000 people. Vaccarizzo Albanian has retained many archaic features of both Gheg and Tosk dialects.
Distinctive features[edit]
Some features of Arbërisht distinguish it considerably from standard Albanian. In some cases these are retentions of older pronunciations.
Phonology[edit]
Vowels[edit]
- Ë
The letter ‹Ë› is pronounced as either a schwa [ə] or as a near-close near-back vowel [ʊ̜]. So the word Arbëresh is pronounced either [ɑɾbəˈɾɛʃ] or [ɑɾbʊ̜ˈɾɛʃ] depending on the dialect.
- Y to I
Arbërisht lacks the close front rounded vowel [y] of Albanian, which is replaced by the close front unrounded vowel [i]. For example ty ('you') becomes ti, and hyni ('enter') becomes hini.
Consonants[edit]
GJ, Q
The letters ‹GJ› and ‹Q› are pronounced as a palatalized voiced velar plosive [ɡʲ] and a palatalized voiceless velar plosive [kʲ], rather than a voiced palatal plosive [ɟ] and a voiceless palatal plosive [c] as in standard Albanian. E.g. the word gjith ('all') is pronounced [ɡʲiθ] rather than [ɟiθ], qiell ('heaven') is pronounced [kʲiɛx] rather than [ciɛɫ], and shqip ('albanian') is pronounced [ʃkʲɪp].
GL, KL
In some words, Arbëresh has preserved the consonant clusters /gl/ and /kl/. In Standard Albanian these have mostly become the palatal stops gj and q. E.g. glet not gjet ('s/he looks like...'), klumësht not qumësht ('milk'), and klisha instead of kisha ('church').
H, HJ
The letter ‹H› is pronounced as a voiceless velar fricative [x] (a sound also found in Greek: "χαρά" [xaˈra], 'joy'). As such, the Albanian word ha ('eat') is pronounced [xɑ], not [hɑ]. Arbëresh additionally has the palatalized counterpart, [xʲ]. Therefore, the word hjedh ('throw') is pronounced [xʲɛθ]. The letter combination HJ is present in a few standard Albanian words (without a voiceless velar fricative), but is not treated as a separate letter of the alphabet as it is in Arbëresh.
LL, G
The letter ‹LL› and usually also ‹G› are pronounced as a voiced velar fricative [ɣ] (also found in Greek: "γάλα" [ˈɣala], 'milk'). Often ‹G› is replaced by ‹GH› in the Arbëresh orthography. E.g. the word llah ('to eat until stuffed') is pronounced [ɣɑx], not [ɫɑh] as in Albanian, ghajdhur or gajdhur ('donkey') is pronounced [ɣajður], and grish ('invite') is pronounced [ɣriʃ].
Final devoicing of consonants[edit]
In contrast with standard Albanian Arbëresh has retained an archaic system[citation needed] of final devoicing of consonants. The consonants that change when in final position or before another consonant are the voiced stops b, d, g, gj; the voiced affricates x, xh; and the voiced fricatives dh, ll, v, z, zh.
| Original voiced | b [b] | d [d] | g [g]/[ɣ] | gj [gʲ] | x [dz] | xh [dʒ] | dh [ð] | ll [ɣ] | v [v] | z [z] | zh [ʒ] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Devoiced | p [p] | t [t] | k [k] | q [kʲ] | c [ts] | ch [tʃ] | th [θ] | h [x] | f [f] | s [s] | sh [ʃ] |
Examples:
- b > p: thelb ('clove') - thelp
- d > t: vend ('place') - vent
- dh > th: zgledh ('read') - zgleth
- g > k: lig ('bad') - lik
- gj > q: zogj ('chicks') - zoq
- j > hj: vaj ('oil') - vahj
- ll > h: uthull ('vinegar') - uthuh
- x > c: ndanx ('near') - ndanc
- z > s: loz ('dance') - los
- zh > sh: gozhda ('pin') - goshda
Stress[edit]
Stress in Arbëresh is usually on the penultimate syllable, as in Italian.
Morphology[edit]
In Arbëresh the first person present indicative (e.g. "I work") is marked by the word ending in NJ, whereas in Albanian this is normally marked by J. So, 'I live' is rrónj in Arbëresh and rroj in standard Albanian.
Non-Albanian vocabulary[edit]
Many Arbëresh words appear to be cognate with their corresponding Greek words that have either been lost in standard Albanian or are a result of Greek influence on the Arbëresh language via the Byzantine church or their proximity to Greek-speaking populations in their original villages in Albania.
Examples:
- haristís [xaɾiˈstis] ('thank') shared with Greek εὐχαριστῶ [e̞fˌxariˈsto̞] ('thank you'). Arvanitika uses fharistisem.
- parkalés [paɾkaˈlɛs] ('I plead', 'please') shared with Greek παρακαλώ [paˌrakaˈlo̞] ('please').
- hórë [xɔˈɾə] ('village') shared with Greek χωρα (Chora: land, main village).
- amáhj [aˈmaxʲ] ('war') shared with Greek μάχη [maˈxi] ('battle')."
Alongside the Greek component in Arbëresh, there is a considerable vocabulary derived from Sicilian and other southern italian dialacts. Many of these words have retained their original meanings where Sicilian has given way to Italian in everyday speech amongst the non-Arbëresh Sicilian people.
Examples:
- rritrenjët ('toilets'), this derives from an apparently French word introduced to Sicilian via the Normans and is retained in Arbëresh, but not in modern Sicilian.
- rritëratë ('photograph'), this derives from the Italian/Sicilian word for 'picture' (ritratto) and is more common in Arbëresh than in modern Sicilian.
- ghranët ('money'), this derives from the Sicilian word granni, meaning 'money' in Sicilian but not in Italian. It is still used in some contexts by modern Sicilian speakers as well as in all situations in Arbëresh. The original Arbëresh word for 'money' was haromë, of unknown origin and no longer used.
- qaca ('square'), this comes from the Sicilian word chiazza which is used in all Arbëresh dialects as well as Sicilian. The Albanian word sheshi which means 'square' in standard Albanian means 'plateau' in Arbëresh.
Grammar of non-Albanian verbs[edit]
Alongside the Sicilian vocabulary element in Arbëresh, the language also includes grammatical rules for the inclusion of Sicilian-derived verbs in Arbëresh.
Examples:
- pincar ('think'), originally mendonj-mbanj mend; derived from the Sicilian 'pinzari'. Which conjugates in the present tense as follows:
- U pincar = I think
- Ti pincar = You think
- Ai/Ajo pincar = He/She thinks
- Na pincarjëm = We think
- Ata/Ato pincarjën = They think
- Ju pincarni = You (pl) think
In the past tense this conjugates as follows:
- U pincarta = I thought
- Ti pincarte = You thought
- Ai/Ajo pincarti = He/She thought
- Na pircartëm = We thought
- Ata/Ato pincartën = They thought
- Ju pincartët = You (pl.) thought
Comparison with other forms of Albanian[edit]
There are many instances in which Arberisht differs greatly from Standard Albanian, for instance:
| Arbërisht | Shqip | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Vjen më rarë or vjen më thënë | do të thotë or do me thënë | It means |
| Bëjëm të shkonj(piana degli albanesi) or mënd e më shkosh (santa cristina) | më le të kaloj | Let me pass |
| Shkòmë musturën | më jep piperin | Pass me the pepper |
| Zotërote/Strote ë një "zot"? | Zotëri, jeni prift? | Sir, are you a priest? |
| E ghrish zotërisë satë për një pasijatë | ju ftoj për një shëtitje | I invite you for a stroll |
| Zglith mirë | lexo mirë | Read well |
| Qëroi isht burinë i lig | moti është shumë keq | The weather is very bad |
| U rri Sëndastinë | jetoj në Sëndastinë | I live in Santa Cristina |
| Ka bëjëm të ngrënit | do ta gatuajmë ushqimin | We will prepare the food |
| U ka' jecur njera qacës | unë kam ecur deri sheshit | I have walked to the square |
| Ghajdhuri isht ghrishur ndë horën | gomari është ftuar në katund | The donkey is invited into the village |
| Jam e vete/m'e vete ngulem/flë | unë do të fle | I'm going to sleep |
| Lyp ndjesë se zgarrarta shumë | më fal se gabova shumë | I'm sorry that I've made so many errors |
| Ajo isht time shoqe | ajo është gruaja ime | She is my wife |
| Flit tarbrisht | fol shqip | Speak Albanian! |
| Jim shoq isht e ngulet | im shok është duke fjetur | My husband is sleeping |
| Më përqen rritëratën tënë | më pëlqen fotografia jonë | I like our photograph |
| Mortatë or motrëmëmë | hallë or tezë | Aunt |
| Lalë or vovi | xhaxha or Lalë (dialect) | Uncle or Older brother |
| Lalëbukri | Uncle by marriage | |
| Vova | motra e madhe | Older sister |
| Tata | babai or Tata (dialect) | Father |
| Mëmë | nëna or mamaja | Mother |
| Midhe' | edhe | Also |
| Vëllai (pronouncedLluai) | vëllai | brother |
| Ndrëngonj | Kuptoj | understand |
| Sprasmja | Fundi | end |
| Fundi/Bythi | Bythi | buttocks |
| Jotëm përherë të thëshjë të mos hash nga tajuri çë ngë ka' klënë pastruam! | Jot ëmë përherë/gjithmonë të thoshte të mos hash nga pjata që nuk është pastruar | Your mother always said don't eat from plates that haven't been cleaned! |
Compared with Standard Tosk Albanian (second row),
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Grammar comparison[edit]
There are many elements of Arberesh grammar that differ considerably from Albanian, for example:
| Arbërisht | Shqip | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ka shkosh | do kalosh | You will pass | Arbërisht uses the common Balkan participle ka, whereas Shqip uses do which translates as 'want', which is also a feature of the Balkan sprachsbund |
| flini alluras/anangasij | folni/flisni shpejt | Speak soon (pl.) | |
| flëni | flini | Sleep! (pl.) | |
| bëjëm të shkonj | më le të kaloj | Let me pass | Shqip uses 'allow me to pass' whereas Arbërisht uses 'we do to pass' and 'able to pass'. |
| u vajta | shkova | I went | Arbërisht conjugates from the Tosk word të vete whereas shkova means 'I passed' in Arbërisht |
| ke gjegjur | ke dëgjuar | You have heard | |
| zoti zën fill parkalesin | prifti fillon lutën | The priest starts the prayers | |
| ish stisur | isht ndërtuar | It was built | |
| jam e flas, je flet, ai isht e flet, ajo isht e flet, jem'e flasjëm, jan'e flasjën, jan'e flini | po flas, ti po flet, ai po flet, ajo po flet, po flasim, po flasin, po flisni | I am talking, you are talking, he is talking, she is talking, we are talking, they are talking, you (pl) are talking | The present continuous is marked with the structure 'I am, You are, He is, She is, We are, They are etc. Whereas Shqip uses po which literally means 'yes' |
| ku ë Mëria? | ku është Maria? | Where is Maria? | The locative marker te which literally means 'to' is added before ku 'where'. (A similar phenomena occurs in Welsh English and West Country English i.e. 'Where to you going?' or 'Where's he to?') |
| Mëria rri alarta | Maria është lartë | Maria is upstairs | |
| Si ë Zotërote? | Si jeni ju, Zotëri? | How are you sir? | The polite or formal is marked by use of Zotërote with ju being reserved for the plural only |
Name[edit]
The name Arbërishte is derived from the ethnonym "Albanoi", which in turn comes from the toponym "Arbëria" (Greek: Άρβανα), which in the Middle Ages referred to a region in what is today Albania (Babiniotis 1998). Its native equivalents (Arbërorë, Arbëreshë and others) formerly were the self-designation of Albanians in general. Both "Arbëria" and "Albania/Albanian" go further back to name forms attested since antiquity.
Within the Arbëresh community the language is often referred to as "Tarbrisht" or "Gjegje." It is not known why the term "gjegje" is used, however, this does mean "listen" in Arbërisht.
Arbëresh names[edit]
Every Arbëresh person is given a legal Italian name and also a name in Arbërisht. Quite often the Arbëresh name is merely a translation of the Italian name. Arbëresh surnames are also used amongst villagers but do not carry any legal weight; the Arbëresh surname is called an "ofiqe" in Arbërisht. Some Arberesh 'ofiqe' are 'Butijuni', 'Pafundi' (literally 'without anus', probably with the meaning of 'without end, infinite'), 'Skarpari' (shoemaker from Italian word 'scarpa'), 'Mut', 'Picanarët', 'Balolërat', 'Kashetërat', 'Lopa', 'Bikubiu' etc.
Examples of Italian names and their Arbëresh equivalents:
| Italian | Arbëresh |
|---|---|
| Giuseppe | Zef, Jusepi |
| Marco | Marku |
| Luca | Lekë |
| Gabriele | Bjelli, Gavril |
| Francesco | Françesk, Nxhiku |
| Nicola | Kola |
| Angela | Nxholliqe |
| Alessandro | Lishëndri |
| Mario | Marjucë |
| Maria | Marieja |
| Martino | Tinucë |
| Gaetano | Tani |
| Eleuterio | Lëfteri |
| Antonio | Ndon |
| Gaspare | Ghaspani |
| Domenica | Mima |
| Lorenzo | Lloreu |
| Giovanni | Jani, Xhuan, Vanù |
| Demetrio | Mitri |
| Spiridione | Dhoni |
| Rosalia | Sallja |
| Tommaso | Masinë |
| Cosimo | Gësmëni |
| Saverio | Shaverë |
| Andrea | Ndrica |
Writing system[edit]
The language is not usually written outside of the church and a few highly educated families, but officials are now using the standard Albanian alphabet, which is used on street signs in the villages as well as taught in schools.
Language samples[edit]
Pronouns[edit]
| Personal pronouns | Possessive pronouns | |||
| 1Sg. | u | I | jim | mine |
| 2Sg. | ti | you | jytë | yours |
| 3Sg.m. | aji | he | i/e tíj | his |
| 3Sg.f. | ajo | she | i/e saj | hers |
| 1Pl. | na | we | jynë | ours |
| 2Pl. | ju | you | juaj | yours |
| 3Pl.m. | ata | they (m.) | atyre | theirs (m.) |
| 3Pl.f. | ato | they (f.) | atyre | theirs (f.) |
Verbs[edit]
Arbëresh verbs often differ, somewhat drastically, from their Standard Albanian counterparts.
| Mood | Tense | Number and person | English equivalent (only sg. 1st) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||||||
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||
| Indicative | Pluperfect | kisha burë | kishe burë | kishë burë | kishëm burë | kishni burë | kishin burë | I had done |
| Imperfect | ish'e buja (she buja) | ish'e buje (she buje) | ish'e bun (she bun) | ishm'e bujëm | ishn'e buni | ishn'e bujën | I was doing | |
| Perfect | bura | bure | burë | burëm | burën | burën | I did | |
| Present perfect | ka burë | ka burë | ka burë | ka burë | ka burë | ka burë | I have done | |
| Present | bunj | bun | bun | bujëm | buni | bujën | I do, I am doing | |
| Future | ka bunj | ka bun | ka bun | ka bujëm | ka buni | ka bujën | I will do | |
| Imperative | Present | – | buje! | – | – | buni! | – | do! (2nd person only) |
| Type | Form | English |
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | të bunj | to do |
| Gerund | jam e bunj | doing |
| The verb HAVE | The verb BE | |||||||
| Pres. | Imperf. | Subj.Impf. | Subj.Perf. | Pres. | Imperf. | Subj.Impf. | Subj.Perf. | |
| 1Sg. | kam | keshë | të kem | të keshë | jam | jeshë | të jem | të jeshë |
| 2Sg. | ke | keshe | të kesh | të keshe | je | jeshe | të jesh | të jëshe |
| 3Sg. | ka | kish | të ket | të kish | ishtë, është | ish | të jet | të ish |
| 1Pl. | kemi | keshëm | të kemi | te keshëm | jemi | jeshëm | të jeshëm | të jeshëm |
| 2Pl. | kini | keshëtë | të kini | te keshëtë | jini | jeshëtë | të jeshëtë | të jeshëtë |
| 3Pl. | kanë | kishnë | të kenë | të kishnë | janë | ishnë | të jenë | të ishnë |
Some common phrases[edit]
| Falem | Hello. |
| Çë bën? Si rri? | What are you doing? How are you? |
| Jam shumë mirë | I am very well |
| Zotrote e haristis, jini mirë? | Thank you, and are you well? |
| O, jam edhe mirë? | Yes, I'm fine too. |
| Zotrote flini arbërisht? | Do you speak Arbërisht? |
| Ka vjen? | Where are you from? |
| Jam gjymsë arbëresh | I'm half Arbëresh |
| Mëma jime isht lëtire | My mother is Italian |
| Ju parkales | Please |
| Gëzonem të ju njoh | Pleased to meet you |
| Mirë menatë | Good morning |
| Shihemi | See you soon |
| Gjegjemi alluras | We'll speak soon |
| Si thërritet? | What's your name? |
| Mua më thonë Marieja | My name is Maria |
| Ëj/o | Yes (Piana degli Albanesi) |
| Ara/ëj | Yes (Santa Cristina Gela) |
| Ora/ëj | Yes (Contessa Entellina) |
| Jo | No |
Sample text[edit]
Shërbesa e Kurorës - The Italo-Albanian Marriage Ceremony
Zoti : Gjergji, do ti të marsh për grua Linën çë ë ke këtú te ana, si urdhuron Klisha Shejte, e të qëndrosh lidhur me atë në të mirën si edhé në të ligën gjithë ditët e gjellës tënde?
Priest: Do you George want to take as your legitimate wife Lina who is present here according to the instructions of the Holy Church and to be faithful through the good and the bad all of your life?
Dhëndërri: O, e dua!
Groom: Yes, I do want that!
Zoti: Bekuar kloft Perëndia jínë nga herë, naní e për gjithëmonë e për jetë të jetëvet.
Priest: blessed be our God for all time, now and always in the centuries of centuries.
Populli: Amín.
People: Amín.
Zoti: Në paqe parkalesjëm t'ën Zonë.
Priest: In peace we pray to the Lord.
Populli: Lipisí, o i Madh'yn'Zot.
People: Our Great God, we beseech you.
Bekimi të unazavet
Zoti: Me këtë unazë shërbëtori i Perëndis, Gjergji, lidhet me shërbëtorën e Perëndis, Lina, në embër të Atit, të Birit e të Shpirtit Shejt.
Priest: The servant of God, George, is tied to the servant of God, Lina, in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
Zoti jep krinjët e këndon Msalmin 127: Të limë atá çë i trëmben t'ynë Zoti e çë jecjën te udhët e Tij.
the priest delivers the candles and intones Psalm 127 Make happy those who fear the Lord and may they walk in His ways.
Lëvdi tij, o i madh'yn'Zot, lëvdi tij. Dhóksa si, o Theós imón, dhóksa si Glory to you, our God, glory to you.
Se ti ka hashë bukën e shërbëtyrës s'duarvet tote. Lumë ti e fatbardhë ka jeshë. Jotë shoqe ka jet si dhri me pemë te muret e shpis tënde. Bijët tatë si degë ullinjësh rrethë triesës tënde. Shi kështú ka jet bekuar njeriu çë ka trëmbësirën e Perëndisë.
That you will eat the bread of the work of your hands. You will be happy and enjoy all that is good. See your wife as a fertile vine in the intimacy of your home. That your daughters will be like olive branches around your table. That those who fear the Lord will be blessed.
Swadesh list[edit]
| No. | English | Arberesh Arbërisht, T'arbërisht |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | u |
| 2 | you (singular) | ti |
| 3 | he | aj, ajo |
| 4 | we | na, ne |
| 5 | you (plural) | ju |
| 6 | they | ata, ato |
| 7 | this | ky, kjo |
| 8 | that | aj, ajo |
| 9 | here | këtu |
| 10 | there | atì, atje |
| 11 | who | kush |
| 12 | what | çë |
| 13 | where | ku |
| 14 | when | kur |
| 15 | how | si |
| 16 | not | nëngë |
| 17 | all | gjithë |
| 18 | many | shumë, burinë |
| 19 | some | ca |
| 20 | few | |
| 21 | other | jetër |
| 22 | one | një |
| 23 | two | di |
| 24 | three | tri, tre |
| 25 | four | kartë |
| 26 | five | pesë |
| 27 | big | i math, e madhe |
| 28 | long | i, e glatë |
| 29 | wide | i, e trash |
| 30 | thick | |
| 31 | heavy | i rënt, e rëndë |
| 32 | small | i, e vogël |
| 33 | short | i, e shkurtur |
| 34 | narrow | |
| 35 | thin | i hoh, e hollë |
| 36 | woman | grua |
| 37 | man (adult male) | burrë |
| 38 | man (human being) | njeri |
| 39 | child | fëmijë |
| 40 | wife | shoqja |
| 41 | husband | shoqi |
| 42 | mother | mëma |
| 43 | father | tata |
| 44 | animal | animall |
| 45 | fish | pishk |
| 46 | bird | zok |
| 47 | dog | kjen |
| 48 | louse | |
| 49 | snake | |
| 50 | worm | |
| 51 | tree | lis |
| 52 | forest | |
| 53 | stick | |
| 54 | fruit | |
| 55 | seed | |
| 56 | leaf | |
| 57 | root | |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | |
| 59 | flower | lule |
| 60 | grass | |
| 61 | rope | |
| 62 | skin | likur |
| 63 | meat | mish |
| 64 | blood | gjak |
| 65 | bone | asht |
| 66 | fat (noun) | |
| 67 | egg | ves |
| 68 | horn | |
| 69 | tail | |
| 70 | feather | |
| 71 | hair | kripë |
| 72 | head | krie |
| 73 | ear | vesh |
| 74 | eye | si |
| 75 | nose | hun |
| 76 | mouth | |
| 77 | tooth | |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | gluhë |
| 79 | fingernail | |
| 80 | foot | këmp |
| 81 | leg | këmp |
| 82 | knee | gluri |
| 83 | hand | dorë |
| 84 | wing | krah |
| 85 | belly | bark |
| 86 | guts | |
| 87 | neck | |
| 88 | back | kurrdhuc |
| 89 | breast | |
| 90 | heart | zëmbër |
| 91 | liver | |
| 92 | to drink | pi |
| 93 | to eat | ha |
| 94 | to bite | |
| 95 | to suck | |
| 96 | to spit | |
| 97 | to vomit | |
| 98 | to blow | |
| 99 | to breathe | marr frim |
| 100 | to laugh | kjesh |
| 101 | to see | shoh |
| 102 | to hear | gjegjem |
| 103 | to know | di |
| 104 | to think | pincar |
| 105 | to smell | |
| 106 | to fear | |
| 107 | to sleep | flë |
| 108 | to live | rronj |
| 109 | to die | vdes |
| 110 | to kill | vras |
| 111 | to fight | |
| 112 | to hunt | |
| 113 | to hit | |
| 114 | to cut | |
| 115 | to split | |
| 116 | to stab | |
| 117 | to scratch | |
| 118 | to dig | |
| 119 | to swim | |
| 120 | to fly | |
| 121 | to walk | jec |
| 122 | to come | vinj |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ngulem |
| 124 | to sit | ujem |
| 125 | to stand | |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | |
| 127 | to fall | bie |
| 128 | to give | jap |
| 129 | to hold | |
| 130 | to squeeze | |
| 131 | to rub | |
| 132 | to wash | lah |
| 133 | to wipe | |
| 134 | to pull | |
| 135 | to push | |
| 136 | to throw | |
| 137 | to tie | |
| 138 | to sew | |
| 139 | to count | |
| 140 | to say | them |
| 141 | to sing | këndonj |
| 142 | to play | los |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | |
| 145 | to freeze | |
| 146 | to swell | |
| 147 | sun | dieh |
| 148 | moon | hënxë |
| 149 | star | izë |
| 150 | water | ujë |
| 151 | rain | shi |
| 152 | river | lum |
| 153 | lake | ghaghu |
| 154 | sea | dejt |
| 155 | salt | krip |
| 156 | stone | gur |
| 157 | sand | |
| 158 | dust | |
| 159 | earth | dhe |
| 160 | cloud | |
| 161 | fog | |
| 162 | sky | kjieh |
| 163 | wind | erë |
| 164 | snow | sborë |
| 165 | ice | akuh |
| 166 | smoke | |
| 167 | fire | zjarr |
| 168 | ash | |
| 169 | to burn | djek |
| 170 | road | dhrom |
| 171 | mountain | mal |
| 172 | red | kukj |
| 173 | green | virdhi |
| 174 | yellow | |
| 175 | white | i barth, e bardhe |
| 176 | black | i zi, e zezë |
| 177 | night | natë |
| 178 | day | ditë |
| 179 | year | vit |
| 180 | warm | vap |
| 181 | cold | titim |
| 182 | full | plot |
| 183 | new | i ri, e re |
| 184 | old | i, e vjetrë |
| 185 | good | i,e mirë |
| 186 | bad | i, e lik |
| 187 | rotten | |
| 188 | dirty | |
| 189 | straight | dreqtë |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | |
| 194 | wet | lagët |
| 195 | dry | |
| 196 | correct | dreqtë, gjushtu |
| 197 | near | dancë |
| 198 | far | gharghu |
| 199 | right | drejtë |
| 200 | left | shtrëmbra |
| 201 | at | te |
| 202 | in | në |
| 203 | with | me |
| 204 | and | e |
| 205 | if | në |
| 206 | because | përçë |
| 207 | name | embër |
Footnotes[edit]
- ^ Arbëresh at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Arbëreshë Albanian". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ New Albanian Immigrants in the Old Albanian Diaspora: Piana Degli Albanesi. Eda Derhemi
References[edit]
- Babiniotis, Georgios (1985): Συνοπτική Ιστορία της ελληνικής γλώσσας με εισαγωγή στην ιστορικοσυγκριτική γλωσσολογία. ["A concise history of the Greek language, with an introduction to historical-comparative linguistics] Athens: Ellinika Grammata.
- Babiniotis, Georgios (1998), Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας ["Dictionary of Modern Greek"]. Athens: Kentro Lexikologias.
- Breu, Walter (1990): "Sprachliche Minderheiten in Italien und Griechenland." ["Linguistic minorities in Italy and Greece"]. In: B. Spillner (ed.), Interkulturelle Kommunikation. Frankfurt: Lang. 169-170.
- GHM (=Greek Helsinki Monitor) (1995): "Report: The Arvanites". Online report
- Hammarström, Harald (2005): Review of Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th Edition. LINGUIST List 16.2637 (5 Sept 2005). Online article
Vol. II. Livadia: Exandas, 1999 PDF.
- Η Καινή Διαθήκη στα Αρβανίτικα: Διάτα ε Ρε ['The New Testament in Arvanitika']. Athens: Ekdoseis Gerou. No date.
- Kloss, Heinz (1967): "Abstand-languages and Ausbau-languages". Anthropological linguistics 9.
- Salminen, Tapani (1993–1999): Unesco Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe. [1].
- Strauss, Dietrich (1978): "Scots is not alone: Further comparative considerations". Actes du 2e Colloque de Language et de Litterature Ecossaises, Strasbourg 1978. 80-97.
- Thomason, Sarah G. (2001): Language contact: An introduction. Washington: Georgetown University Press. Online chapter
- Trudgill, Peter (2004): "Glocalisation [sic] and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe". In: A. Duszak, U. Okulska (eds.), Speaking from the margin: Global English from a European perspective. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. Online article
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