Further information: Demographics of Africa and Languages of Africa
![Ethnic groups in Africa](https://web.archive.org/web/20151126014801im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Africa_ethnic_groups_1996.jpg/350px-Africa_ethnic_groups_1996.jpg)
1996 map of the major ethnolinguistic groups of Africa, by the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division (substantially based on G.P. Murdock, Africa, its peoples and their cultural history, 1959). Color-coded are major 15 ethnolinguistic super-groups, as follows:
Afro-Asiatic
Hamitic (Berber, Cushitic) + Semitic (Ethiopian, Arabic)
Hausa (Chadic)
Niger Congo
Bantu
"Guinean" (Volta-Niger, Kru)
"Western Bantoid" (Senegambian, Bak)
"Central Bantoid" (Gur)
"Eastern Bantoid" (Southern Bantoid)
Mande
Nilo-Saharan (unity doubtful)
Nilotic
Central Sudanic+Eastern Sudanic
Kanuri
Songhai
other
Khoi-San (unity doubtful; Khoikhoi, San, Sandawe, Hadza)
Malayo-Polynesian (Malagasy)
Indo-European (Afrikaaner)
Afro-Asiatic
Hamitic (Berber, Cushitic) + Semitic (Ethiopian, Arabic)
Hausa (Chadic)
Niger Congo
Bantu
"Guinean" (Volta-Niger, Kru)
"Western Bantoid" (Senegambian, Bak)
"Central Bantoid" (Gur)
"Eastern Bantoid" (Southern Bantoid)
Mande
Nilo-Saharan (unity doubtful)
Nilotic
Central Sudanic+Eastern Sudanic
Kanuri
Songhai
other
Khoi-San (unity doubtful; Khoikhoi, San, Sandawe, Hadza)
Malayo-Polynesian (Malagasy)
Indo-European (Afrikaaner)
The ethnic groups of Africa number in the thousands, each generally having its own language (or dialect of a language) and culture. The ethnolinguistic groups include various Afro-Asiatic, Indo-European, Khoisan, Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan populations.
Overview[edit]
For more details on this topic, see Demographics of Africa.
The official population count of the various ethnic groups in Africa has in some instances been controversial because certain groups believe populations are fixed to give other ethnicities numerical superiority (as in the case of Nigeria's Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba and Igbo people).[1][2][3] The following ethnic groups number 10 million people or more:
Central Africa[edit]
- Luba in Democratic Republic of the Congo (ca. 15 million)
- Mongo in Democratic Republic of the Congo (ca. 15 million)
- Kongo in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola and Republic of the Congo (ca. 10 million)
- Kanuri in Nigeria,[4] Niger,[5] Chad[6] and Cameroon[7] (ca. 10 million)
Horn of Africa[edit]
- Oromo in Ethiopia (ca. 30 million)
- Amhara in Ethiopia (ca. 25 million)
- Somali in Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya (ca. 16-19 million)
- Tigray-Tigrinya in Ethiopia and Eritrea (ca. 10 million)
North Africa[edit]
- Maghrebis in Maghreb (Born and raised)
- Egyptians in Egypt (ca. 91 million)
- Copt in Egypt and Sudan (ca. 40 million)
- Berber in Mauritania, Morocco (including Western Sahara), Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya (ca. 30 million)
Southeast Africa[edit]
- Hutu in Rwanda, Burundi, and Democratic Republic of Congo (ca. 15 million)
- Chewa in Malawi and Zambia (ca. 15 million)
- Luo in Uganda, Kenya, and Southern Sudan
Southern Africa[edit]
- Shona in Zimbabwe and Mozambique (ca. 15 million)
- Zulu in South Africa (ca. 10 million)
West Africa[edit]
- Ethnic groups of Rivers State in Nigeria
- Yoruba in Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast and Sierra Leone (ca. 40 million)
- Hausa in Nigeria, Niger, Benin, Ghana, Cameroon, Chad and Sudan (ca. 35 million)
- Igbo in Nigeria (ca. 32 million)
- Mande peoples in The Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Liberia, Guinea Bissau, Niger, Mauritania and Chad (ca. 30 million)
- Akan in Ghana and Ivory Coast (ca. 20 million)
- Fula in Guinea, Nigeria, Cameroon, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Niger, Chad (ca. 20 million)
List of African populations[edit]
Central Africa[edit]
Name | Family | Language | Region | Country | Population (million) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aka | Nilo-Saharan, Pygmy | Aka | Central/Northern | Western Central African Republic, Northwest Congo | The Aka are one of three groups of pygmies, collectively called On the playground, of the Ituri Rainforest | |
Baka | Pygmy | Baka | Central/Northern | Western Equatoria in South Sudan | 0.25 | There is also another ethnic group called Baka living across West Africa. |
Banda | Niger-Congo, Ubangian | Banda language | Chad Basin | Central African Republic[8] | 1.5 | |
Chewa | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Chichewa | Central/Southern | Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe | 9 | |
Chokwe | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Chokwe | Central | Angola, Congo (Kinshasa), Zambia | 1.1 | |
Efé | Nilo-Saharan, Pygmy | Efe | Central/Northern | Ituri Rainforest of Congo | The Efe are one of three groups of pygmies, collectively called BaMbuti, of the Ituri Rainforest | |
Gbaya | Niger-Congo, Ubangian | Gbaya language | Chad Basin | Central African Republic[8] | 1.5 | |
Kongo | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Kongo | Central | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Republic of the Congo | 10 | |
Kanuri | Nilo-Saharan, Western Saharan | Kanuri | Chad Basin | Nigeria,[4] Niger,[5] Cameroon,[7] Chad[6] | 10 | |
Lingala | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Lingala | Central | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola, Central African Republic | ||
Luba | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Luba-Kasai, Luba-Katanga | Central | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 13 | |
Kotoko | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic | Lagwan | Chad Basin | Cameroon, Chad | < 1 | |
Mbunda | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Mbúùnda, Chimbúùnda, Mpuun | Central | Angola, Zambia | 0.5 | |
Mbundu | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Kimbundu | Central | Angola | 2.4 | |
Moghamo | Niger-Congo, Southern Bantoid | Moghamo | Central/West | Cameroon, | 0.018 | |
Mongo | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Mongo | Central | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 12 | |
Ngamambo | Niger-Congo, Southern Bantoid | Ngamambo | Central/West | Cameroon, | 0.011 | |
Ovimbundu | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Umbundu | Central | Angola | 4.6 | |
Sara | Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic | Sara | Chad Basin | Chad,[6] Cameroon,[9] Central African Republic[10] | 3.5 | |
Sua | Nilo-Saharan, Pygmy | Sua | Central/Northern | Ituri Rainforest of Congo | The Sua are one of three groups of pygmies, collectively called BaMbuti, of the Ituri Rainforest | |
Zande | Niger–Congo, Ubangian | Zande | Chad Basin | South Sudan,[11] Central African Republic[8] | 1-4 | |
Zaghawa | Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Saharan | Zaghawa | Chad Basin | Chad, Sudan | < 1 |
Horn of Africa[edit]
Name | Family | Language | Region | Country | Population (million) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afar | Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic | Af Afar | Horn of Africa | Ethiopia, Djibouti, Eritrea | 1.5 | |
Agaw | Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic | Agaw | Horn of Africa | Ethiopia, Eritrea | 1 | |
Amhara | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Amharic | Horn of Africa | Ethiopia | 24 | |
Beja | Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic | Af Beja | Horn of Africa | Sudan, Eritrea | 2 | |
Bilen | Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic | Af Bilen | Horn of Africa | Eritrea | 0.2 | |
Gurage | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Gurage | Horn of Africa | Ethiopia | 1.9 | |
Oromo | Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic | Af Oromo | Horn of Africa | Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya | 30 | |
Saho | Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic | Af Saho | Horn of Africa | Eritrea, Ethiopia | 0.2 | |
Sidama | Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic | Af Sidama | Horn of Africa | Ethiopia | 3 | |
Somali | Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic | Af Somali | Horn of Africa | Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Kenya | 16-19 | |
Tigray-Tigrinya | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Tigrinya | Horn of Africa | Ethiopia, Eritrea | 9 | |
Tigre | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Af Tigre | Horn of Africa | Eritrea, Sudan | 1.5 |
North Africa[edit]
Name | Family | Language | Region | Country | Population (million) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berbers | Afro-Asiatic, Berber | Berber | Maghreb | Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Tunisia | 30+ | |
Copts | Afro-Asiatic, Egyptian | Coptic | Nile Valley | Egypt, Sudan | 40 | |
Egyptians | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Arabic | Nile Valley | Egypt | 91 | |
Fur[12] | Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic | Fur language | Nile Valley | Sudan | 1.0 | |
Maghrebis | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Arabic | Maghreb | Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya | 88 | |
Nubians | Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic | Nobiin | Nile Valley | Sudan, Egypt | 1.0[12] | |
Tuareg | Afro-Asiatic, Berber | Tuareg | Maghreb/Sahara | Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia | 1.2 | |
Zaghawa | Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Saharan | Zaghawa | Chad Basin | Chad, Sudan | 0.2 |
East Africa (Great Lakes Region)[edit]
Name | Family | Language | Region | Country | Population (million) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alur | Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Luo | Alur | East/Central | Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo | ||
Anuak | Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Luo | Anuak | Southeast/Horn | South Sudan, Ethiopia |
Acholi|| Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Luo ||Acholi || East || Uganda, South Sudan || || |
|
Banyoro | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Nyoro (Runyakitara) | East | Uganda | 1.4 | |
Chagga | Niger-Congo, Bantu | Bantu | Kilimanjaro | Tanzania | 8 | |
Dinka | Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic | Dinka language | Nile Valley | South Sudan[11] | 5 | |
Ganda | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Ganda | East | Uganda | 3 | |
Langi | |Lango | East | Uganda | |||
Hutu | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Rwanda-Rundi | East, Central | Rwanda, Burundi, DR Congo | 16 | |
Kamba | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Kamba | East | Kenya | ||
Kalenjin | Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Highland | Kalenjin | East | Kenya | 3 | |
Kikuyu | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Gikuyu | East | Kenya | 5.3 | |
Kwama | Nilo-Saharan | Kwama | East/Horn | South Sudan, Ethiopia | ||
Lugbara people | Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic | Lugbara | East | Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo | 11 | |
Luo | Nilo-Saharan, Luo, River-Lake | Luo | East | Kenya | ||
Luhya | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Luhya | East | Kenya | 5.4 | |
Maasai | Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Plains | Maasai | East | Kenya, Tanzania | 0.9 | |
Makonde | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Makonde | Southeast | Tanzania, Mozambique | 1.3 | |
Ameru | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Meru | East | Kenya | ||
Nuer | Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic | Nuer language | Nile Valley | South Sudan[11] | 3 | |
Samburu | Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Plains | Samburu | East | Kenya | 0.1 | |
Shilluk | Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Luo | Shilluk language | Nile Valley | South Sudan[11] | 1.5 | |
Swahili | Niger-Congo, Bantu | Swahili | East | Tanzania, Kenya, Mozambique | 0.1 | |
Tutsi | Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic | Rwanda-Rundi | East, Central | Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo | 3 | |
Great Lakes Twa (Batwa) | Pygmy | Rundi, Kiga | East, Central | Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo | 0.8 |
Southern Africa[edit]
Name | Family | Language | Region | Country | Population (million) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrikaner | Indo-European | Afrikaans | South | South Africa, Namibia | 3.5 | |
San (Bushmen) | Khoisan | Khoisan | South | South Africa, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Botswana, Namibia, Angola | 0.09 | |
Ambo (Ovambo, Owambo) | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Ovambo | South | Namibia | 0.9 | |
Bemba | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Bemba language | South | Zambia | 5.0 | |
Cape Coloured | Indo-European | Afrikaans | South | South Africa | 4.7 | |
Herero | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Herero | South | Namibia, Botswana, Angola | 0.2 | |
Wayeyi | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Shiyeyi | South | Namibia, Botswana, Angola | 0.3 | |
Himba | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Otjihimbo (Herero dialect) | South | Namibia | 0.05 | |
Goffal | Indo-European | Zimbabwean English | South | Zimbabwe | 0.03 | |
Kalanga | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Shona | South | Zimbabwe | 0.1 | |
Khoikhoi | Khoisan | Khoekhoegowab | South | - | ||
Makua | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Makua | South/East | Mozambique, Tanzania | 1.1 | |
Nambya | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Shona | South | Zimbabwe | 0.1 | |
North Ndebele | Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni | Sindebele | South | Zimbabwe | 1.5 | |
South Ndebele | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Southern Ndebele | South | South Africa | 0.7 | |
Shona | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Shona | South | Mozambique, Zimbabwe | 10.6 | |
Sotho | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Sotho | South | Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe (Gwanda District) | 5.3 | |
Swazi | Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni | Swazi | South | Swaziland, South Africa, Mozambique | 3.5 | |
Tonga | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Shona | South | Zimbabwe, Zambia | 2 | |
Tsonga | Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni | Swazi | South | Swaziland, South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (Chiredzi and Mwenezi Districts) | 5.5 | |
Tswana | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Tswana | South | Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe | 4.5 | |
Venda | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Venda | South | South Africa, Zimbabwe | 1 | |
Xhosa | Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni | Xhosa | South | South Africa | 7.9 | |
Zulu | Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni | Zulu | South | South Africa | 10.6 |
West Africa[edit]
Name | Family | Language | Region | Country | Population (million) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akan | Niger–Congo, Kwa | Akan | West | South Ghana, Ivory Coast | 20 | An ethnic group of related sub-groups. The largest subgroups are the Ashanti and the Fante |
Aku | (Creole) | Aku | West | Gambia | 0.01 | |
Baka | Niger Congo, Ubangian | Baka | West/Central | Southeastern Cameroon, Northern Congo, Northern Gabon | 0.3-0.4 | The Baka are also known as Bebayaka, Bebayaga, or Bibaya, or (along with the other Mbenga peoples) the derogatory Babinga. |
Bambara | Niger–Congo, Mande | Bambara | West | Mali | 3 | |
Basaa | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Basaa | West | Cameroon | 0.2 | |
Bassa | Niger–Congo, Kru | Bassa | West | Liberia | 0.3 | |
Beti-Pahuin | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Ewondo, Fang, Bulu | West | Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, São Tomé and Príncipe | 3.3 | group of 20 sub-ethnicities |
Biafada | Niger–Congo | Biafada | West | Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau | 0.04 | |
Mole-Dagbani | Niger–Congo, Gur | Dagbani | West | Ghana, Burkina Faso | 8.6 | Dagomba, Mamprusi, Nanumba, Mossi, Gurma |
Dendi | Niger–Congo | Dendi | West | Benin | 0.1 | |
Edo (also called Bini or Benin) | Niger–Congo, Edo | Edo | West | Nigeria | 1.6 | |
Efik | Niger–Congo, Cross River | Ibibio-Efik | West | Nigeria, Cameroon | 0.5 | |
Eket | Niger–Congo, Cross River | Eket (Ibibio dialect) | West | Nigeria, Cameroon | 0.3 | |
Esan | Niger–Congo, Kwa | Esan | West | Nigeria | 0.5 | |
Ewe | Niger–Congo, Gbe | Ewe | West | Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Volta Region (British Togoland), Togoland | 4.8 | |
Fon | Niger–Congo | Fon | West | Benin, Nigeria | 3.5 | |
Fulani | Niger–Congo, Senegambian | Fula | West | Guinea, Nigeria, Cameroon, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Niger, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Chad, Togo, Ivory Coast | 20 | |
Ga | Niger–Congo, Kwa | Ga, Ga-Adangme | West | Togo, Greater Accra | 2 | |
Gwari | West | Nigeria | 1 | |||
Hausa | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic | Hausa | West/Northern | Nigeria, Niger, Ghana, Benin, Chad, Cameroon, Sudan | 30-35 | |
Igbo (Ibo) | Niger–Congo, Volta–Niger | Igbo | West | Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea | 30[13] | Includes various subgroups. |
Ijaw | Niger–Congo, Ijoid | Ijaw | West | Nigeria | 14[4] | Sub-groups include Andoni, Ibani, Kalabari, Nembe, Ogbia and Okrika. |
Jola | Niger–Congo, Senegambian | Jola, Kriol | West | Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau | 0.5 | |
Kanuri | Nilo-Saharan, Western Saharan | Kanuri | Chad Basin | Nigeria,[4] Niger,[5] Cameroon,[7] Chad[6] | 10 | |
Mandé | Niger–Congo, Mande | Mandingo | West/Central | The Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Guinea Bissau, Ghana, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Mauritania, Chad | 13 | |
Marka | Niger–Congo, Mande | Marka | West/Northern | Mali | 0.4 | |
Mende | Niger–Congo, Mande | Mende | West | Sierra Leone | 2 | |
Papel | Niger–Congo | Papel | West | Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau | 0.1 | |
Serer | Niger–Congo, Senegambian | Serer, Cangin | West | Found mostly in Senegal and The Gambia. Small number in Mauritania. Also found in the West. | 1.9[14][15] | The Serer people include: Serer-Sine, Serer-Safene, Serer-Ndut, Serer-Palor, Serer-Niominka, Serer-Laalaa, Serer-Noon. Apart from the Serer-Sine, they speak Cangin languages rather than Serer. |
Songhai[5] | Nilo-Saharan | Songhai | West | Mali | 5 | |
Tiv | Niger–Congo, Bantu | Tiv | West | Nigeria, Cameroon | 2 | |
Urhobo | Niger–Congo, Volta–Niger | Urhobo | West | Nigeria | 1-1.5 | |
Wolof | Niger–Congo, Senegambian | Wolof | West | Senegal, The Gambia, Mauritania | 4 | |
Yoruba | Niger–Congo, Volta–Niger | Yoruba | West | Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast[16] Sierra Leone[17] | 38 | |
Zarma[5][18] | Nilo-Saharan | Zarma | West | Niger | 5 |
See also[edit]
- Bantu peoples
- Demographics of Africa
- Demographics of the Arab League
- Indigenous peoples of Africa
- Languages of Africa
- Recent African origin of modern humans
References[edit]
- ^ Onuah, Felix (29 December 2006). "Nigeria gives census result, avoids risky details". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
- ^ Lewis, Peter (2007). Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria. University of Michigan Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-472-06980-2. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
- ^ Suberu, Rotimi T. (2001). Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 154. ISBN 1-929223-28-5. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
- ^ a b c d "The World Factbook: Nigeria". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ a b c d e "The World Factbook: Niger". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ a b c d "The World Factbook: Chad". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ a b c Peter Austin, One Thousand Languages (2008), p. 75, books.google.com/books?isbn=0520255607:"Kanuri is a major Saharan language spoken in the Lake Chad Basin in the Borno area of northeastern Nigeria, as well as in Niger, Cameroon, and Chad (where the variety is known as Kanembul[)]."
- ^ a b c "The World Factbook: Central African Republic". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ Stefan Goodwin, Africas Legacies Of Urbanization (2006),p. 191, books.google.com/books?isbn=0739133489:"...and further west the even more numerous Sara [western Central African Republic, southern Chad, and northern Cameroon."
- ^ Peoples of Africa: Burkina Faso-Comoros - Volume 2 (2001), p. 86, books.google.com/books?isbn=076147160X:"The Central African Republic is a land of many different peoples... The Sara (SAHR) live in the grain-growing lands of the north as well as across the border in Chad."
- ^ a b c d "The World Factbook: South Sudan". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ a b "The World Factbook: Sudan". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ Nigeria at CIA World Factbook: "Igbo 18%" out of a population of 177 million (2014 estimate)
- ^ Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie. In Senegal alone, estimated figure for 2007 is 1,840,712.1
- ^ Gambia keep poor records of its ethnic minorities. Estimated Gambian figure is 31,900 (2006) Ethnologue.com
- ^ Joshua Project. "Yoruba". United States Center for World Mission. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
- ^ National African Language Resource Center. "Yoruba" (pdf). Indiana University. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
- ^ "The World Factbook: Sudan". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
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