The non-metropolitan counties and unitary authorities of England, colour-coded to show population. (Due to the small size of the City of London density is displayed as part of the overall Greater London area)
The demography of England has since 1801 been measured by the decennial national census, and is marked by centuries of population growth and urbanisation. Due to the lack of authoritative contemporary sources, estimates of the population of England for dates prior to the first census in 1801 vary considerably.
Contents
Population[edit]
The population at the time of the 2011 census was 53,012,456
- Male: 26,069,148
- Female: 26,943,308
- Total: 53,012,456[1]
- Total Fertility Rate: 1.97[2] (higher than Germany – 1.42 & Italy – 1.40, lower than France – 2.02)
Historical population[edit]
| Population 5000–100BC | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 5000BC | below 6000 | — |
| 3000BC | 100,000 | — |
| 1800BC | 300,000 | +200.0% |
| 100BC | 1,500,000 | +400.0% |
| Source: [3] | ||
| Population 1100–1751 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1100 | 3,250,000 | — |
| 1350 | 3,000,000 | −7.7% |
| 1541 | 2,774,000 | −7.5% |
| 1601 | 4,110,000 | +48.2% |
| 1651 | 5,228,000 | +27.2% |
| 1700 | 5,058,000 | −3.3% |
| 1751 | 5,772,000 | +14.1% |
| Source: Year(s) 1100[4] 1350[5] 1541 – 1751[6] |
||
| Population 1801–2011 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1801 | 7,754,875 | — |
| 1811 | 8,762,178 | +13.0% |
| 1821 | 10,402,143 | +18.7% |
| 1831 | 12,011,830 | +15.5% |
| 1841 | 13,654,914 | +13.7% |
| 1851 | 15,288,885 | +12.0% |
| 1861 | 18,325,052 | +19.9% |
| 1871 | 21,361,235 | +16.6% |
| 1881 | 24,397,385 | +14.2% |
| 1891 | 27,231,229 | +11.6% |
| 1901 | 30,072,180 | +10.4% |
| 1911 | 33,561,235 | +11.6% |
| 1921 | 35,230,225 | +5.0% |
| 1931 | 37,359,045 | +6.0% |
| 1941 | 38,084,321 | +1.9% |
| 1951 | 38,668,830 | +1.5% |
| 1961 | 41,159,213 | +6.4% |
| 1971 | 43,460,525 | +5.6% |
| 1981 | 45,978,080 | +5.8% |
| 1991 | 48,197,672 | +4.8% |
| 2001 | 49,138,831 | +2.0% |
| 2011 | 53,012,456 | +7.9% |
| Source: Year(s) 1801–2011[6][7][8][9] | ||
Place of birth[edit]
Places of birth given by respondents to the 2001 and 2011 censuses were as follows:
| Country of birth | 2001[10] | 2011[11] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | |
 England |
42,968,596 | 87.44% | 44,246,592 | 83.46% |
 Scotland |
794,577 | 1.62% | 708,872 | 1.34% |
 Wales |
609,711 | 1.24% | 506,619 | 0.96% |
 Northern Ireland |
215,124 | 0.44% | 206,735 | 0.39% |
 United Kingdom UK not otherwise specified |
6,499 | 0.01% | ||
 Ireland |
459,662 | 0.94% | 395,182 | 0.75% |
 EU Other EU Member Countries |
695,045 | 1.41% | ||
| EU Other EU Member Countries (joined pre 2001) |
894,908 | 1.69% | ||
| EU Other EU Member Countries (joined post 2001) |
1,085,351 | 2.04% | ||
 UN Other Countries |
3,396,116 | 6.91% | 4,961,698 | 9.36% |
| Total | 49,138,831 | 100.00% | 53,012,456 | 100.00% |
Live births in England and Wales by country of birth of mother and father[edit]
Live births (numbers and percentages): country of birth of mother, 2008 to 2014
| Country of birth of mother | 2014 (Number,%) | 2013 (Number,%) | 2012 (Number,%) | 2011 (Number,%) | 2010 (Number,%) | 2009 (Number,%) | 2008 (Number,%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 695 233 | 698 512 | 729 674 | 723 913 | 723 165 | 706 248 | 708 711 |
| United Kingdom | 507 587 (73,01) | 513 411 (73,50) | 540 572 (74,08) | 539 364 (74,51) | 541 321 (74,85) | 532 046 (75,33) | 537 854 (75,89) |
| Total outside United Kingdom | 187 610 (26,99) | 185 075 (26,50) | 189 079 (25,92) | 184 529 (25,49) | 181 827 (25,15) | 174 174 (24,67) | 170 834 (24,11) |
| EU | 64 067 (9,22) | 60 448 (8,65) | 59 061 (8,09) | 55 194 (7,62) | 52 868 (7,31) | 47 680 (6,75) | 44 022 (6,21) |
| New EU | 45 344 | 42 523 (6,09) | 40 971 (5,61) | 37 199 (5,14) | 34 363 (4,75) | 30 020 (4,25) | 26 215 (3,70) |
| Poland | 22 122 (3,18) | 21 275 (3,05) | 21 156 (2,90) | 20 495 (2,83) | 19 762 (2,73) | 18 159 (2,57) | 16 101 (2,27) |
| Rest of Europe (non EU) | 8 562 (1,23) | 7 959 (1,14) | 7 740 (1,06) | 7 401 (1,02) | 7 379 (1,02) | 7 136 (1,01) | 7 060 (1,00) |
| All Europe | 580 216 (83,46) | 581 818 (83,29) | 607 373 (83,24) | 601 959 (83,15) | 601 568 (83,19) | 586 862 (83,10) | 588 936 (83,10) |
| Africa | 35 030 (5,04) | 36 264 (5,19) | 37 837 (5,19) | 38 523 (5,32) | 39 828 (5,51) | 39 419 (5,58) | 39 744 (5,61) |
| North Africa | 3 733 (0,54) | 3 661 (0,52) | 3 488 (0,48) | 3 562 (0,49) | 3 839 (0,53) | 3 769 (0,53) | 3 555 (0,50) |
| Western Africa | 12 613 (1,81) | 12 906 (1,85) | 13 344 (1,83) | 13 067 (1,81) | 13 217 (1,83) | 12 861 (1,82) | 12 876 (1,82) |
| Central Africa | 2 275 (0,33) | 2 288 (0,33) | 2 356 (0,32) | 2 364 (0,33) | 2 599 (0,36) | 2 662 (0,38) | 2 700 (0,38) |
| Eastern Africa | 12 586 (1,81) | 13 305 (1,90) | 14 149 (1,94) | 14 800 (2,04) | 15 417 (2,13) | 15 400 (2,18) | 15 736 (2,22) |
| Southern Africa | 3 765 (0,54) | 4 032 (0,58) | 4 425 (0,61) | 4 651 (0,64) | 4 675 (0,65) | 4 654 (0,66) | 4 777 (0,67) |
| The Americas and the Caribbean | 11 191 (1,61) | 10 933 (1,57) | 11 317 (1,55) | 11 286 (1,56) | 11 494 (1,59) | 11 296 (1,60) | 11 282 (1,59) |
| North America | 4 586 (0,66) | 4 382 (0,63) | 4 567 (0,63) | 4 518 (0,62) | 4 604 (0,64) | 4 278 (0,61) | 4 422 (0,62) |
| Central America | 403 (0,06) | 365 (0,05) | 345 (0,05) | 373 (0,05) | 343 (0,05) | 318 (0,05) | 327 (0,05) |
| South America | 3 419 (0,49) | 3 301 (0,47) | 3 285 (0,45) | 3 282 (0,45) | 3 378 (0,47) | 3 295 (0,47) | 3 128 (0,44) |
| Caribbean | 2 783 (0,40) | 2 885 (0,41) | 3 120 (0,43) | 3 113 (0,43) | 3 169 (0,44) | 3 405 (0,48) | 3 405 (0,48) |
| Middle East and Asia | 65 725 (9,45) | 66 324 (9,50) | 69 667 (9,55) | 68 534 (9,47) | 66 348 (9,17) | 64 974 (9,20) | 64 861 (9,15) |
| Middle East | 7 073 (1,02) | 6 773 (0,97) | 6 781 (0,93) | 6 793 (0,93) | 6 657 (0,92) | 6 294 (0,89) | 5 640 (0,80) |
| Central Asia | 376 (0,05) | 364 (0,05) | 375 (0,05) | 360 (0,05) | 296 (0,04) | 303 (0,04) | 305 (0,04) |
| Eastern Asia | 6 072 (0,87) | 5 605 (0,80) | 6 541 (0,90) | 5 928 (0,82) | 5 931 (0,82) | 5 559 (0,79) | 5 399 (0,76) |
| Southern Asia | 46 485 (6,69) | 47 755 (6,84) | 49 302 (6,76) | 48 817 (6,74) | 46 737 (6,46) | 46 061 (6,52) | 46 412 (6,55) |
| India | 13 735 (1,98) | 14 044 (2,01) | 14 621 (2,00) | 14 892 (2,06) | 13 575 (1,88) | 12 499 (1,77) | 12 453 (1,76) |
| Pakistan | 17 943 (2,58) | 18 578 (2,66) | 19 091 (2,62) | 18 434 (2,55) | 17 840 (2,47) | 18 394 (2,60) | 18 826 (2,66) |
| Bangladesh | 7 783 (1,12) | 7 982 (1,14) | 8 224 (1,13) | 8 371 (1,16) | 8 360 (1,16) | 8 452 (1,20) | 8 629 (1,22) |
| South East Asia | 5 641 (0,81) | 5 774 (0,83) | 6 592 (0,90) | 6 561 (0,91) | 6 650 (0,92) | 6 679 (0,95) | 6 982 (0,99) |
| Antarctica and Oceania | 3 035 (0,44) | 3 147 (0,45) | 3 457 (0,47) | 3 591 (0,50) | 3 910 (0,54) | 3 669 (0,52) | 3 865 (0,55) |
| Australasia | 2 800 (0,40) | 2 921 (0,42) | 3 232 (0,44) | 3 350 (0,46) | 3 660 (0,51) | 3 426 (0,49) | 3 612 (0,51) |
| Other Oceania | 235 (0,03) | 226 (0,03) | 223 (0,03) | 239 (0,03) | 249 (0,03) | 243 (0,03) | 253 (0,04) |
| Not Stated | 36 (0,01) | 26 (<0,01) | 23 (<0,01) | 20 (<0,01) | 17 (<0,01) | 28 (<0,01) | 23 (<0,01) |
Age[edit]
The data below is based on the 2011 census.[12] In 2001, the mean age of England's population was 38.60, and the median age was 37.00.
| Ages attained (years) |
Population | % of total population |
% per year of age band |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0–4 | 3,318,449 | 6.26 | 1.25 |
| 5–9 | 2,972,632 | 5.61 | 1.12 |
| 10–14 | 3,080,929 | 5.81 | 1.16 |
| 15–19 | 3,340,265 | 6.30 | 1.26 |
| 20–24 | 3,595,321 | 6.78 | 1.36 |
| 25–29 | 3,650,881 | 6.89 | 1.38 |
| 30–34 | 3,509,221 | 6.62 | 1.32 |
| 35–39 | 3,549,116 | 6.69 | 1.34 |
| 40–44 | 3,885,934 | 7.33 | 1.47 |
| 45–49 | 3,879,815 | 7.32 | 1.46 |
| 50–54 | 3,400,095 | 6.41 | 1.28 |
| 55–59 | 2,996,992 | 5.65 | 1.13 |
| 60–64 | 3,172,277 | 5.98 | 1.20 |
| 65–69 | 2,508,154 | 4.73 | 0.95 |
| 70–74 | 2,044,129 | 3.86 | 0.77 |
| 75–79 | 1,669,345 | 3.15 | 0.63 |
| 80–84 | 1,258,773 | 2.37 | 0.47 |
| 85–89 | 776,311 | 1.46 | 0.29 |
| 90+ | 403,817 | 0.76 | – |
Life expectancy at birth[13]
- January 2001 – December 2003
- Males: 76.24 years
- Females: 80.72 years
- January 2002 – December 2004
- Males: 76.55 years
- Females: 80.91 years
- January 2003 – December 2005
- Males: 76.92 years
- Females: 81.14 years
Ethnicity[edit]
See also: Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
The 2001 and 2011 censuses recorded the following ethnic groups:
| Ethnic group | 2001 population |
2001 % |
2011 population |
2011 % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White: British | 42,747,136 | 87.0 | 42,279,236 | 79.8 |
| White: Irish | 624,115 | 1.3 | 517,001 | 1.0 |
| White: Irish Traveller/White Gypsy[note 1] | 54,895 | 0.1 | ||
| White: Other | 1,308,110 | 2.7 | 2,430,010 | 4.6 |
| White: Total | 44,679,361 | 91.0 | 45,281,142 |
85.4 |
| Asian or Asian British: Indian | 1,028,546 | 2.1 | 1,395,702 | 2.6 |
| Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | 706,539 | 1.4 | 1,112,282 | 2.1 |
| Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | 275,394 | 0.6 | 436,514 | 0.8 |
| Asian or Asian British: Chinese[note 2] | 220,681 | 0.5 | 379,502 | 0.7 |
| Asian or Asian British: Asian Other | 237,810 | 0.5 | 819,403 | 1.6 |
| Asian or Asian British: Total | 2,468,970 | 5.1 | 4,143,403 |
7.8 |
| Black or Black British: Caribbean | 561,246 | 1.1 | 591,016 | 1.1 |
| Black or Black British: African | 475,938 | 1.0 | 977,741 | 1.8 |
| Black or Black British: Other | 95,324 | 0.2 | 277,857 | 0.5 |
| Black or Black British: Total | 1,132,508 | 2.3 | 1,846,614 |
3.5 |
| Mixed: White and Caribbean | 231,424 | 0.5 | 415,616 | 0.8 |
| Mixed: White and African | 76,498 | 0.2 | 161,550 | 0.3 |
| Mixed: White and Asian Other | 184,014 | 0.4 | 332,708 | 0.6 |
| Mixed: Other Mixed | 151,437 | 0.3 | 283,005 | 0.3 |
| British Mixed: Total | 643,373 | 1.4 | 1,192,879 |
2.3 |
| Other: Arab[note 3] | 220,985 | 0.4 | ||
| Other: Any other ethnic group | 214,619 | 0.4 | 327,433 | 0.6 |
| Other: Total | 214,619 | 0.4 | 548,418 |
1.0 |
| Total | 49,138,831 | 100 | 53,012,456 |
100 |
Notes for table above
- ^ New category created for the 2011 census
- ^ In 2001, listed under the 'Chinese or other ethnic group' heading.
- ^ New category created for the 2011 census
- Source: 2001 Census KS06 Ethnic group: Key Statistics for local Authorities and 2011 Census: KS201EW Ethnic group: local authorities in England and Wales.
Languages[edit]
The most common main languages spoken in England according to the 2011 census are shown below.[14]
| Rank | Language | Usual residents aged 3+ | Proportion |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | English | 46,936,780 | 92.02% |
| 2 | Polish | 529,173 | 1.04% |
| 3 | Panjabi | 271,580 | 0.53% |
| 4 | Urdu | 266,330 | 0.52% |
| 5 | Bengali (with Sylheti and Chatgaya) | 216,196 | 0.42% |
| 6 | Gujarati | 212,217 | 0.42% |
| 7 | Arabic | 152,490 | 0.30% |
| 8 | French | 145,026 | 0.28% |
| 9 | Portuguese | 131,002 | 0.26% |
| 10 | Spanish | 118,554 | 0.23% |
| 11 | Tamil | 99,773 | 0.20% |
| 12 | Turkish | 98,083 | 0.19% |
| 13 | Italian | 90,547 | 0.18% |
| 14 | Somali | 84,387 | 0.17% |
| 15 | Lithuanian | 84,327 | 0.17% |
| 16 | German | 75,190 | 0.15% |
| 17 | Persian/Farsi | 75,179 | 0.15% |
| 18 | Tagalog/Filipino | 67,593 | 0.13% |
| 19 | Romanian | 66,496 | 0.13% |
| 20 | Russian | 66,271 | 0.13% |
| – | Welsh | 8,248 | 0.02% |
| – | Cornish | 554 | 0.00% |
| – | Other | 1,209,614 | 2.37% |
| Population | 51,005,610 | 100.00% |
Religion[edit]
Main article: Religion in England
Religious structure, according to the 2011 census
Christianity (59.39%)
Islam (5.02%)
Hinduism (1.52%)
Sikhism (0.79%)
Judaism (0.49%)
Buddhism (0.45%)
Other religion (0.43%)
No religion (24.74%)
Not declared (7.17%)
Respondents to the 2001 and 2011 censuses gave their religions as follows:
| Religion | 2001[15] | 2011[16] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | |
| Christian | 35,251,244 | 71.74% | 31,479,876 | 59.38% |
| Muslim | 1,524,887 | 3.10% | 2,660,116 | 5.02% |
| Hindu | 546,982 | 1.11% | 806,199 | 1.52% |
| Sikh | 327,343 | 0.67% | 420,196 | 0.79% |
| Jewish | 257,671 | 0.52% | 261,282 | 0.49% |
| Buddhist | 139,046 | 0.28% | 238,626 | 0.45% |
| Other religion | 143,811 | 0.29% | 227,825 | 0.43% |
| No religion | 7,171,332 | 14.59% | 13,114,232 | 24.74% |
| Religion not stated | 3,776,515 | 7.69% | 3,804,104 | 7.18% |
| Total population | 49,138,831 | 100.00% | 53,012,456 | 100.00% |
See also[edit]
- Demography of the United Kingdom
- Demography of Scotland
- Demography of Wales
- Demography of Northern Ireland
- Demography of London
- Demography of Birmingham
- Demography of Greater Manchester
- United Kingdom Census 2011
- National Statistics Socio-economic Classification
- Census 2001 Ethnic Codes
- Lists of UK locations with large ethnic minority populations
- List of English districts by population
- List of urban areas in England by population
- List of towns and cities in England by historical population
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 27 March 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ^ "National Statistics Online – Live births". Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
- ^ Prior, Francis (2004). BC Life in Britain and Ireland Before the Romans. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0007126934.
- ^ John Hatcher and Mark Bailey, Modelling the Middle Ages, Oxford University press, 2001, pg. 29 ISBN 978-0-19-924412-6
- ^ Stuart James Borsch, The Black Death in Egypt and England: a comparative study, University of Texas Press, 2005.
- ^ a b Wrigley and Schofield, "The Population History of England, 1541–1871. A reconstruction.", Harvard University Press, 1981, Table 7.8, pgs. 208-9, [1]
- ^ At the time of the first census. Census officials estimated that there had been an increase of 77% in the preceding 100 years. In each county women were in the majority. Notes for 1801 taken from Kent 1800–1899 – A Chronicle of the Nineteenth Century Bob Ogley (Froglets Publications 2003) ISBN 1-872337-51-1. Wrigley and Schofield estimate 8,664,000 based on birth and death records.]
- ^ Vision of Britain a population through time England, Retrieved 9 August 2013
- ^ 2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom, 27 March 2011 Published ONS 12 December 2011, Retrieved 9 August 2013
- ^ Census 2001 Key Statistics – Local Authorities KS05 Country of birth, Accessed 6 September 2014
- ^ 2011 Census: KS202EW National identity, local authorities in England and Wales, Accessed 22 December 2012
- ^ UK Statistics (27 March 2011). "2011 Census: Usual resident population by five-year age group and sex, United Kingdom and constituent countries". UK Statistics. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ^ Neighbourhood Statistics. "Life Expectancy at Birth for City of London, London, England". Neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
- ^ "View:England". NOMIS. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
- ^ "Religion (2001 Census)". data.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ^ "2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
External links[edit]
- National Statistics
- Populstat population figure site – main source for 1801–1991
- Genealogical documents
- England map by county population
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