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Iota (uppercase Ι, lowercase ι; Greek: Ιώτα) is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet. It was derived from the Phoenician letter Yodh.[1] Letters that arose from this letter include the Roman I and J and the Cyrillic І (І, і), Yi (Ї, ї), Je (Ј, ј), and iotified letters (e.g. Yu (Ю, ю)).
In the system of Greek numerals iota has a value of 10.[2]
Iota represents the sound [i]. In ancient Greek it occurred in both long [iː] and short [i] versions, but this distinction was lost in Koine Greek.[3]
Iota participated as the second element in falling diphthongs, with both long and short vowels as the first element. Where the first element was long, the iota was lost in pronunciation at an early date, and was written in polytonic orthography as iota subscript, in other words as a very small ι under the main vowel, for instance ᾼ ᾳ ῌ ῃ ῼ ῳ. The former diphthongs became digraphs for simple vowels in Koine Greek.[3]
The word is used in a common English phrase, 'not one iota', meaning 'not the slightest amount', in reference to a phrase in the New Testament: "until heaven and earth pass away, not an iota, not a dot, (King James Version: '[not] one jot or one tittle') will pass from the Law until all is accomplished." (Mt 5:18)[4]
The word 'jot' (or iot) derives from iota.[5]
The German, Portuguese and Spanish name for the letter J (Jot / jota) is derived from iota.
Symbol[edit]
- In some programming languages (e.g. Go, APL, A+) iota (either its lowercase symbol
ι
oriota
, as a keyword) is used to represent an array of consecutive integers. For example, in APLι4
gives1 2 3 4
. - The lowercase iota symbol is sometimes used to write the imaginary unit, but more often Roman i or j is used.
- In mathematics, the inclusion map of one space into another is sometimes denoted by the lowercase iota.
- In logic, the lowercase iota denotes the definite descriptor.
- The lowercase iota symbol has Unicode code point U+03B9 and the uppercase U+0399.
Character encodings[edit]
- Greek Iota / Ypogegrammeni
Character | Ι | ι | ᶥ | ℩ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA | GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA | MODIFIER LETTER SMALL IOTA | TURNED GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 921 | U+0399 | 953 | U+03B9 | 7589 | U+1DA5 | 8489 | U+2129 |
UTF-8 | 206 153 | CE 99 | 206 185 | CE B9 | 225 182 165 | E1 B6 A5 | 226 132 169 | E2 84 A9 |
Numeric character reference | Ι | Ι | ι | ι | ᶥ | ᶥ | ℩ | ℩ |
Named character reference | Ι | ι | ||||||
DOS Greek | 136 | 88 | 160 | A0 | ||||
DOS Greek-2 | 173 | AD | 227 | E3 | ||||
Windows 1253 | 201 | C9 | 233 | E9 | ||||
TeX | \iota |
Character | ͺ | ͅ | ι | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI | COMBINING GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI | GREEK PROSGEGRAMMENI | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 890 | U+037A | 837 | U+0345 | 8126 | U+1FBE |
UTF-8 | 205 186 | CD BA | 205 133 | CD 85 | 225 190 190 | E1 BE BE |
Numeric character reference | ͺ | ͺ | ͅ | ͅ | ι | ι |
- Coptic Iaude
Character | Ⲓ | ⲓ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER IAUDE | COPTIC SMALL LETTER IAUDE | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 11410 | U+2C92 | 11411 | U+2C93 |
UTF-8 | 226 178 146 | E2 B2 92 | 226 178 147 | E2 B2 93 |
Numeric character reference | Ⲓ | Ⲓ | ⲓ | ⲓ |
- Latin Iota
Character | Ɩ | ɩ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER IOTA | LATIN SMALL LETTER IOTA | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 406 | U+0196 | 617 | U+0269 |
UTF-8 | 198 150 | C6 96 | 201 169 | C9 A9 |
Numeric character reference | Ɩ | Ɩ | ɩ | ɩ |
- Cyrillic Iota
Character | Ꙇ | ꙇ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IOTA | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IOTA | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 42566 | U+A646 | 42567 | U+A647 |
UTF-8 | 234 153 134 | EA 99 86 | 234 153 135 | EA 99 87 |
Numeric character reference | Ꙇ | Ꙇ | ꙇ | ꙇ |
- Technical Iota
Character | ⍳ | ⍸ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL IOTA | APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL IOTA UNDERBAR | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 9075 | U+2373 | 9080 | U+2378 |
UTF-8 | 226 141 179 | E2 8D B3 | 226 141 184 | E2 8D B8 |
Numeric character reference | ⍳ | ⍳ | ⍸ | ⍸ |
- Mathematical Iota
Character | 𝚰 | 𝛊 | 𝛪 | 𝜄 | 𝜤 | 𝜾 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL IOTA |
MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL IOTA |
MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL IOTA |
MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL IOTA |
MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL IOTA |
MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL IOTA |
||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 120496 | U+1D6B0 | 120522 | U+1D6CA | 120554 | U+1D6EA | 120580 | U+1D704 | 120612 | U+1D724 | 120638 | U+1D73E |
UTF-8 | 240 157 154 176 | F0 9D 9A B0 | 240 157 155 138 | F0 9D 9B 8A | 240 157 155 170 | F0 9D 9B AA | 240 157 156 132 | F0 9D 9C 84 | 240 157 156 164 | F0 9D 9C A4 | 240 157 156 190 | F0 9D 9C BE |
UTF-16 | 55349 57008 | D835 DEB0 | 55349 57034 | D835 DECA | 55349 57066 | D835 DEEA | 55349 57092 | D835 DF04 | 55349 57124 | D835 DF24 | 55349 57150 | D835 DF3E |
Numeric character reference | 𝚰 | 𝚰 | 𝛊 | 𝛊 | 𝛪 | 𝛪 | 𝜄 | 𝜄 | 𝜤 | 𝜤 | 𝜾 | 𝜾 |
Character | 𝝞 | 𝝸 | 𝞘 | 𝞲 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL IOTA |
MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL IOTA |
MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL IOTA |
MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL IOTA |
||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 120670 | U+1D75E | 120696 | U+1D778 | 120728 | U+1D798 | 120754 | U+1D7B2 |
UTF-8 | 240 157 157 158 | F0 9D 9D 9E | 240 157 157 184 | F0 9D 9D B8 | 240 157 158 152 | F0 9D 9E 98 | 240 157 158 178 | F0 9D 9E B2 |
UTF-16 | 55349 57182 | D835 DF5E | 55349 57208 | D835 DF78 | 55349 57240 | D835 DF98 | 55349 57266 | D835 DFB2 |
Numeric character reference | 𝝞 | 𝝞 | 𝝸 | 𝝸 | 𝞘 | 𝞘 | 𝞲 | 𝞲 |
These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.
References[edit]
- ^ Victor Parker, A History of Greece, 1300 to 30 BC, (John Wiley & Sons, 2014), 67.
- ^ "Greek numbers". History.mcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 2014-05-04.
- ^ a b see Koine Greek phonology
- ^ Ammer, Christine (1997). The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms. p. 445.
- ^ "Jot | Define Jot at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2014-05-04.