A summit meeting (or just summit) is a meeting of heads of state or government, usually with considerable media exposure, tight security, and a prearranged agenda. Notable summit meetings include those of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin during World War II. However, the term summit was not commonly used for such meetings until the Geneva Summit (1955).^[1] During the Cold War, when American presidents joined with Soviet or Chinese counterparts for one-on-one meetings, the media labelled the event as a "summit". The post–Cold War era has produced an increase in the number of "summit" events. Nowadays, international summits are the most common expression for global governance.^[2]

Notable summits[edit]

World War II conferences[edit]

• U.S.-British Staff Conference (ABC-1) (January 29–March 27, 1941)
• Atlantic Conference (August 9–12, 1941)
• Moscow Conference (September 29–October 1, 1941)
• Arcadia Conference (December 22, 1941 – January 14, 1942)
• Second Washington Conference (June 20–25, 1942)
• Second Moscow Conference (August 12–19, 1942)
• Cherchell Conference (October 21–22, 1942)
• Casablanca Conference (January 14–24, 1943)
• Bermuda Conference (April 19, 1943)
• Third Washington Conference (May 12–27, 1943)
• Quebec Conference (August 17–24, 1943)
• Third Moscow Conference (October 18–November 1, 1943)
• Cairo Conference (November 22-November 26, 1943)
• Tehran Conference (November 28-December 1, 1943)
• Second Cairo Conference (December 4–6, 1943)
• Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference (May 1–16, 1944)
• United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (Bretton Woods) (July 1–15, 1944)
• Dumbarton Oaks Conference (August 21–29, 1944)
• Second Quebec Conference (September 12–16, 1944)
• Fourth Moscow Conference (October 9, 1944)
• Malta Conference (January 30–February 2, 1945)
• Yalta Conference (February 4–11, 1945)
• United Nations Conference on International Organization (April 25–June 26, 1945)
• Potsdam Conference (July 17–August 2, 1945)

SAARC Summit[edit]

Arab League summits[edit]

Earth Summits[edit]

• 1992   Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• 2002   Earth Summit, Johannesburg, South Africa,
• 2012   Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

G-summits[edit]

Group of Six, heads of government

• 1975   1st G6 summit, Château de Rambouillet

Group of Seven, heads of government

Group of Eight, heads of government

Group of Twenty, heads of government

• 2008 G-20 Washington summit
• 2009 G-20 London summit
• 2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit
• 2010 G-20 Toronto summit
• 2010 G-20 Seoul summit
• 2011 G-20 Cannes summit
• 2012 G-20 Los Cabos Summit
• 2013 G-20 Saint Petersburg Summit
• 2014 G-20 Brisbane Summit

European summits[edit]

Inter-Korean summits[edit]

Millennium Development Goals[edit]

South American Summits[edit]

Summits of the Americas[edit]

UN International conferences on Afghanistan[edit]

Miscellaneous[edit]

• 1955   Geneva Summit
• 1967   Glassboro Summit Conference
• 1985   Shamrock Summit
• 1986   Reykjavík Summit
• 1989   Malta Summit
• 1990   World Summit for Children
• 2001   Agra summit
• 2001   Taba summit
• 2000   2000 Camp David Summit
• 2000   2000 al-Qaeda Summit
• 2003–2005   World Summit on the Information Society
• 2005   Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of 2005
• 2005   Slovakia Summit 2005
• 2012   Responsive Summit 2012
• 2015   Valletta Summit on Migration

References[edit]