| Southern Qiang | |
|---|---|
| Region | Sichuan Province |
| Ethnicity | Qiang people |
|
Native speakers
|
81,000 (1999)[1] |
|
Sino-Tibetan
|
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qxs |
| Glottolog | sout2728[2] |
Southern Qiang is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Qiangic branch spoken by approximately 81,300 people along the Minjiang (岷江) river in Sichuan Province, China.
Unlike its close relative Northern Qiang, Southern Qiang is a tonal language.
Contents
Southern Qiang dialects[edit]
Southern Qiang is spoken in Li County (in Taoping 桃坪, etc.), Wenchuan County (in Longxi 龙溪, Luobozhai 萝卜寨, Miansi 绵虒, etc), and parts of Mao County. It consists of seven dialects: Dajishan, Taoping, Longxi, Mianchi, Heihu, Sanlong, and Jiaochang, which are greatly divergent and are not mutually intelligible.
Names seen in the older literature for Southern Qiang dialects include Lofuchai (Lophuchai, Lopu Chai), Wagsod (Wa-gsod, Waszu),[3] and Outside/Outer Mantse (Man-tzŭ).[4]
Liu (1998) adds Sanlong (三龍) and Jiaochang (較場) to the Southern subdialects.[5]
Longxi[edit]
Daqishan[edit]
Taoping[edit]
Miansi[edit]
Heihu[edit]
Sanlong[edit]
Jiaochang[edit]
Southern Qiang consonants[edit]
Consonants are presented in the table below.[6]
| Labial | Labio-dental | Dental | Retroflex | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless stop | p | t | k | q | ||||
| Aspirated stop | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | qʰ | ||||
| Voiced stop | b | d | ɡ | ɢ | ||||
| Voiceless affricate | ts | tʂ | tʃ | tɕ | ||||
| Aspirated affricate | tsʰ | tʂʰ | tʃʰ | tɕʰ | ||||
| Voiced affricate | dz | dʐ | dʒ | dʑ | ||||
| Voiceless fricative | f | s | ʂ | ɕ | x | χ | ||
| Voiced fricative | z | ʐ | ʑ | ɣ | ʁ | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||
| Semivowel | j, ɥ | w |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Southern Qiang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Southern Qiang". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ John McCoy & Timothy Light, ed., 1986, Contributions to Sino-Tibetan Studies, pp. 40, 65.
- ^ UC Berkeley, 1992, Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, vol. 15, pp. 76–77.
- ^ Liu, Guangkun (1998). Mawo Qiangyu Yanjiu. Sichuan Nationality Press.
- ^ Sun, Hongkai (1981). Qiangyu Jianzhi. Nationality Press.
Bibliography[edit]
- Bradley, David. (1997). "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification". In D. Bradley (Ed.), Papers in South East Asian linguistics: Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas (No. 14, pp. 1–71). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- Chang, Kun. 1967. "A comparative study of the Southern Ch'iang dialects". Monumenta Serica, XXVI:422 - 443.
- Evans, Jonathan P. 2001a. Introduction to Qiang Lexicon and Phonology: Synchrony and Diachrony. Tokyo:ILCAA, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
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